高中英语Unit 1 Science and Scientists知识点教学设计

选择性必修二 Unit 1 Science and Scientists

【词汇短语】

1. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. (P2)

它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。

severe  /sɪˈvɪə(r)/  adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的

【例句】

She suffered from severe depression after losing her job.

她失业后患了严重的抑郁症。

Even petty mistakes could bring on severe punishment.

就算是小错也可能带来严厉的惩罚。

We delayed our hiking due to the severe weather conditions.

由于天气恶劣，我们推迟了徒步旅行。

【拓展】

severely  adv. 严重地；严厉地

severity  n. 严重性

2. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all. (P2)

然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。

once and for all  最终地；彻底地

【例句】

We need to settle this once and for all.

我们需要把这事一次解决。

He called this a once and for all decision.

他称这是不可改变的决定。

3. In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. (P2)

关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。

contradictory  /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri/  adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的

【例句】

The advice I received was often contradictory.

我所得到的建议常常是相互矛盾的。

It was contradictory to the existing facts.

那与存在的事实相矛盾。

【拓展】

contradiction  n. 矛盾；不一致

4. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. (P2)

另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。

infection  /ɪnˈfekʃn/  n. 感染；传染

【搭配】

mild/slight/severe infection  轻微感染/严重感染

【例句】

It could lead to infection and other problems.

它可能会导致感染或其他问题。

A cold is an infection of the upper respiratory tract.

感冒是上呼吸道的感染。

【拓展】

infect  vt. 使感染；使传染

infectious  adj. 传染的；传染性的

5. Snow subscribed to the second theory. (P2)

斯诺赞同第二种看法。

subscribe  /səbˈskraɪb/  vi. 认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费）

【搭配】

subscribe to  同意；赞同

subscribe to the view/belief/theory  赞同观点/信念/理论

【例句】

I subscribed to a journal this year.

今年我订了一份期刊。

We do not subscribe to this theory.

我们不认同这项理论。

【拓展】

subscriber  n. 订阅者；消费者；用户

subscription  n. 订阅（费）；会费

6. It was correct, but he still needed proof. (P2)

这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。

proof  /pruːf/  n. 证据；证明；检验

【搭配】

positive/conclusive proof  确切的/确凿的证据

living proof  活生生的例证

【例句】

Keep your receipt as proof of purchase.

保存好收据作为购货凭证。

You have no proof of my involvement in anything.

你没有证据证明我参与了任何活动。

【拓展】

prove  v. 证明，证实；证明是

7. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16,

37, 38, and 40). (P2)

宽街水泵附近有多例死亡（尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅）。

multiple  /ˈmʌltɪpl/  adj. 数量多的；多种多样的  n. 倍数

【搭配】

multiple choice  多项选择的

multiple store  连锁商店

【例句】

She is a multiple job holder.

她是个兴趣多样的职业者。

14, 21 and 28 are all multiples of 7.

14、21和28都是7的倍数。

8. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. (P2)

斯诺怀疑水泵是罪魁祸首。

blame  /bleɪm/  vt. 责怪；指责；把……归咎于  n. 责备；指责

【搭配】

blame sb/sth for sth  因某事责怪某人/某事

blame sth on sb/sth  把某事的责任归咎于某人/某事

sb/sth is to blame (for sth)  某人/某物（对某事）负有责任

take/accept the blame  承担责任，承认是自己的错

share the blame  共同承担责任

【例句】

Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame.

错在我们，这是无法改变的事实。

I couldn’t think of letting you take the blame.

我没想到过让你承担责任。

9. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. (P2)

这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。

intervention  /ˌɪntəˈvenʃn/  n. 介入；出面；干涉

【例句】

He had timed his intervention well.

他选择介入的时机恰到好处。

Usually no further intervention is required.

通常，不需更进一步的介入。

Government intervention in a competitive market is not always a bad thing.

在竞争市场中，政府干预并不总是一件坏事。

【拓展】

intervene  v. 干预，介入，插手；打岔，插话

10. ... and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. (P3)

……世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。

substantial  /səbˈstænʃl/  adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的

【搭配】

a substantial breakfast  丰盛的早餐

a substantial salary  丰厚的薪水

【例句】

We need to make substantial economies.

我们需要厉行节约。

The social services account for a substantial part of public spending.

社会福利事业占了一大部分的公共支出。

11. ... and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. (P3)

……世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。

decrease  /dɪˈkriːs/  n. 减少；降低；减少量

vt. & vi. （使大小、数量等）减少；减小；降低

【搭配】

decrease from ... to ...  从……降低到/减小到……

a decrease in/of sth  某物的减少

on the decrease  在减少

【例句】

The price of wheat has decreased by 15%.

小麦价格降低了15%。

There is a decrease of nearly 6% in the number of visitors to the museum.

参观博物馆人数下降将近6%。

12. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. (P3)

幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。

thanks to  幸亏；由于

【例句】

Thanks to that job I became an avid reader.

多亏了那份工作，我才成了一个喜欢阅读的人。

Thanks to your help, we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.

亏得你们帮忙，我们才提前完成了任务。

【拓展】

thanks to = due to = owing to = because of = as a result of

13. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study

diseases. (P3)

此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。

transform  /trænsˈfɔːm/  vt. 使改观；使改变形态  vi. 改变；转变

【搭配】

transform sb/sth (from sth) into sth  将某人/某物（从某物）转变为某物

【例句】

Solar energy can be transformed into power.

太阳能可以转化为能量。

It was an event that would transform my life.

那是能够彻底改变我一生的一件事。

【拓展】

transformation  n. （彻底的）改变；改观

14. He used his great influence to change the thinking of the scientific community on this issue.

(P4)

他利用自己的巨大影响力改变了科学界对这个问题的看法。

thinking  /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/  n. 想法，看法；态度；思想；思维；见解

【搭配】

clear/critical thinking  清晰的思维/批判性的思维

lateral thinking  横向思维

put on your thinking cap  动脑筋，通过思考解决问题

【例句】

My father is very rigid in his thinking.

我父亲的思想非常顽固。

His thinking on social issues has changed considerably over the years.

这些年来，他对社会问题的见解有了很大改变。

15. It blocks a key protein in the body’s cells that is to blame for the spread of cold-causing virus.

(P4)

它阻断了人体细胞中的一种关键蛋白质，这种蛋白质导致了感冒病毒的传播。

cell  /sel/  n. 细胞；小房间；单间牢房

【搭配】

brain/nerve cell  脑细胞/神经细胞

cell division  细胞分裂

prison cell  囚室

【例句】

All living things are composed of cells.

所有的生物都由细胞组成。

They keep her locked up in one of these little cells.

她关在其中一个小房间里。

16. What was the finding that Snow announced? (P5)

斯诺宣布了什么发现？

finding  /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/  n. 发现；调查结果；（法律）判决

【例句】

The findings caught Carli off guard.

这些发现让卡利措手不及。

The findings have been published in the journal Nature Geoscience.

研究结果已在《自然地球科学》期刊上发表。

The government hopes the court will announce its findings before the end of the month.

政府希望法庭能在月底前宣布其判决结果。

17. You stand in front of a white light, and it casts different shadows of you, in every colour of the

rainbow. (P6)

你站在一束白光面前，它以彩虹的每一种颜色投射出不同的你的影子。

cast  /kɑːst/  vt. 投射；向……投以（视线、笑容等）；投掷

【例句】

She cast a welcoming smile in his direction.

她向他微笑以示欢迎。

The setting sun cast an orange glow over the mountains.

橘红色的夕阳辉映着群山。

The sad news cast a shadow over the proceedings.

这个坏消息给事件的进程蒙上了一层阴影。

18. You stand in front of a white light, and it casts different shadows of you, in every colour of

the rainbow. (P6)

你站在一束白光面前，它以彩虹的每一种颜色投射出不同的你的影子。

shadow  /ˈʃædəʊ/  n. 阴影；影子；背光处

【搭配】

in the shadow of  在……的阴影下，在……的光环下；在……附近

【例句】

The children were having fun, chasing each other’s shadows.

孩子们追逐着彼此的影子，玩得很开心。

The shadows lengthened as the sun went down.

随着太阳西下，影子越拉越长。

He didn’t want to cast a shadow on their happiness.

他不想给他们的幸福蒙上阴影。

19. You stand in front of a white light, and it casts different shadows of you, in every colour of the

rainbow. (P6)

你站在一束白光面前，它以彩虹的每一种颜色投射出不同的你的影子。

rainbow  /ˈreɪnˌbəʊ/  n. 彩虹

【例句】

In the rainbow, one color melts into another.

在彩虹中，各种颜色互相交融。

When the sun shines through a light rain, it makes a rainbow.

当太阳的光线穿过小雨时便形成了彩虹。

At sight of the rainbow, the children were more glad than the parents.

看见彩虹，孩子们比大人更高兴。

20. A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid, but if you put any

pressure on it, it suddenly becomes hard as concrete. (P7)

非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以像液体一样倾倒它，但如果你对它施加任何压力，

它会突然变得像混凝土一样坚硬。

pour  /pɔː(r)/  vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟（饮料）

【搭配】

pour out  倾吐；诉说

pour in  大量地涌入；倾倒；蜂拥而来

【例句】

Tears poured down his cheeks.

眼泪顺着他的面颊簌簌地落下。

The rain continued to pour down.

大雨哗哗地下个不停。

Although I poured it carefully, I still spilt some.

尽管我倒这东西很小心，还是洒了一些。

21. A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid, but if you put any

pressure on it, it suddenly becomes hard as concrete. (P7)

非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以像液体一样倒入，但如果你对它施加任何压力，

它会突然变得像混凝土一样坚硬。

concrete  /ˈkɒŋkriːt/  n. 混凝土  adj. 混凝土制的；确实的；具体的

【搭配】

in the concrete  实际上，具体的

【例句】

It is easier to think in concrete terms rather than in the abstract.

结合具体的事物来思考要比抽象思考容易些。

Each floor is a single thickness of concrete.

每层地板仅为一层混凝土。

They formed a boat out of concrete.

他们用混凝土造了一艘船。

22. ... because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the

country. (P7)

……因为他意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家。

defend  /dɪˈfend/  vt. 保卫；防守；辩解

【例句】

All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks.

我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够对付持刀袭击。

He has employed one of the UK’s top lawyers to defend him.

他请了英国一位顶尖律师为他辩护。

【拓展】

defence  n. 防御；保护；保卫

23. As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian

helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion... (P7)

二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的

重要研究工作……

assistant  /əˈsɪstənt/  n. 助理；助手

【例句】

My assistant will now demonstrate the machine in action.

现在我的助手将演示机器运转情况。

My job is somewhere between a secretary and a personal assistant.

我的工作介于秘书和私人助理之间。

24. He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only

developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. (P8)

他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。

in charge of  主管；掌管

【例句】

He was the officer in charge of operations.

他是负责指挥作战行动的军官。

He is in charge of the civilian side of the UN mission.

他在联合国使团中负责平民方面的事务。

She demanded to know who was in charge of this action.

她要求知道谁负责这次行动。

25. He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only

developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. (P8)

他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。

missile  /ˈmɪsaɪl/  n. 导弹

【例句】

The missile fell harmlessly into the sea.

导弹落到了海里，没有导致任何伤害。

At least 5 000 missiles were deployed along the border.

沿边境至少部署了5000枚导弹。

They claimed to have shot down one incoming missile.

他们声称击落了一枚来犯的导弹。

26. Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles... (P8)

在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹……

leadership  /ˈliːdəʃɪp/  n. 领导；领导地位；领导才能

【例句】

Strong leadership is needed to captain the team.

担任这个队的队长需要强有力的领导才能。

Leadership is about the ability to implement change.

领导才能就是要有实施变革的能力。

What most people want to see is determined, decisive action and firm leadership.

大多数人希望看到的是果决的行动和强有力的领导作风

【拓展】

lead  v. 带领；领路；引领

27. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably

his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. (P8)

然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘

画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。

outstanding  /aʊtˈstændɪŋ/  adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的

【例句】

These results are a further proof of his outstanding ability.

这些成果进一步证明了他的杰出才干。

His outstanding ability earned him a place on the team.

他非凡的能力为他在队中赢得了一席之地。

He’s known to be an outstanding physicist.

他被公认为一位杰出的物理学家。

28. Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. (P8)

史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。

gifted  /ˈɡɪftɪd/  adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的

【例句】

She was a gifted teacher who never talked down to her students.

她天生就是当老师的料，从来不用居高临下的口气对学生说话。

He was witty, amusing and gifted with a sharp business brain.

他机智诙谐，具有敏锐的商业头脑。

There are many gifted children in her class.

她班上有很多颇有天赋的孩子。

29. Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles,

his world became one of abstract thought. (P8)

他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。

abstract  /ˈæbstrækt/  adj. 抽象的；理想的  n. （文献等的）摘要

【例句】

He read through the papers and made an abstract of their contents.

他把那些论文都读了一遍并做了内容摘要。

It is easier to think in concrete terms rather than in the abstract.

结合具体的事物来思考要比抽象思考容易些。

The research shows that preschool children are capable of thinking in abstract terms.

研究表明，学龄前儿童具有抽象思维的能力。

30. The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. (P8)

稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德·霍伊尔教授。

concept  /ˈkɒnsept/  n. 概念；观念

【例句】

This concept has been applied successively to painting, architecture and sculpture.

这一概念相继应用于绘画、建筑和雕塑中。

He can’t grasp the basic concepts of mathematics.

他无法掌握数学的基本概念。

Adults should understand the concept of right and wrong.

成年人应该有是非观念。

31. Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with

telescopes. (P9)

不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。

astronomer  /əˈstrɒnəmə(r)/  n. 天文学家

【例句】

The astronomer scanned the heavens through the telescope.

天文学家通过望远镜来观察天空。

Space scientists and astronomers have taken another step forwards.

航天科学家和天文学家又取得了进展。

He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.

他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。

32. Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes.

(P9)

不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。

telescope  /ˈtelɪskəʊp/  n. 望远镜

【例句】

The telescope was pointing in the wrong direction.

望远镜对错了方向。

The information gathered by the telescopes will be processed by computers.

通过望远镜获得的信息将由计算机进行处理。

The space telescope has taken the clearest pictures ever of Pluto.

太空望远镜拍摄到了迄今为止最清晰的冥王星的照片。

33. Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. (P9)

除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。

brilliant  /ˈbrɪliənt/  adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的

【例句】

I have had the good fortune to work with some brilliant directors.

我有幸与一些卓越的主管人员共事。

The review is a brilliant piece of writing.

这篇评论很精彩。

Despite his boasts that his children were brilliant, neither of them went to college.

尽管他夸赞他的两个孩子聪明，他们却都没念上大学。

34. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. (P9)

最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。

fault  /fɔːlt/  n. 弱点；过错

【例句】

The accident happened through no fault of her own.

这一事故的发生不是她本人的过错。

I think the owners are at fault for not warning us.

我认为业主没有提醒我们是有责任的。

Why should I say sorry when it’s not my fault?

不是我的错为什么要我道歉？

35. Qian changed his major because of a shift in personal interest. (P9)

钱学森因为个人兴趣爱好的改变而换了专业。

shift  /ʃɪft/  n. 改变；转换；轮班  vi. & vt. 转移；挪动；转向

【例句】

There has been a shift of emphasis from manufacturing to service industries.

重点已经从制造业向服务行业转移。

She shifted her weight from one foot to the other.

她把身体的重量从一只脚换到另一只脚上。

We need to shift the focus of this debate.

我们需要转换一下辩论的焦点。

【语法知识】

1. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. (P2)

该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。

【分析】

本句是一个复合句。It是主语，seemed是系动词，that the woman liked...是表语从句。so...that...引导的是结果状语从句。在结果状语从句中，had it delivered是“have+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，由于it和deliver有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。

【例句】

It seems that he is not quite himself today.

他今天好像不怎么舒服。

The car is so expensive that I can’t afford it.

这辆车太贵了，我买不起。

I had my hair cut yesterday.

我昨天理发了。

【拓展】

“have+宾语+过去分词形式”的用法：

(1) 表示请（让）别人做某事

Can I have this parcel weighed here?

我可以在这儿称一下这个包裹吗?

(2) 表示经历或遭遇了某事

He had his finger cut this morning.

今天早晨他把手指割破了。

(3) 表示主动地完成某动作或解决某事

I have had all my mistakes corrected.

我把所有的错误都改正了。

(4) 表示容忍或允许做某事（用于否定句，尤其与won’t，can’t等连用）。

We won’t have anything said against the teacher.

我们不允许有人这样攻击老师。

2. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. (P3)

喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更容易得霍乱。

【分析】

本句是一个复合句。句中两个who引导的是定语从句，分别修饰the people和those。be likely to do...意为“可能做……”。

【例句】

Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.

有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。

The price is likely to go down because of the competition.

由于竞争，价格可能会下降。

You are likely to suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.

如果继续吸烟，你的身体健康可能会受到损害。

3. Subject Clauses

（1）定义：在英语中，有的从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词，称作名词性从句。复合句

中用作主语的从句叫作主语从句。

（2）语序：主语从句要用陈述句语序。

（3）分类：

① that, whether引导的主语从句

that, whether引导主语从句，在句中不充当成分，that本身没有词义，whether不能改if。

例：That the earth is round is a fact.

That he won the game made a tremendous stir in our country.

Whether she will win the prize is still unknown.

Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.

② 连接代词引导的主语从句

连接代词what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever等引导主语从句，在从句中充当一定的句子成分，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。

例：Whoever is the last to leave should turn off the lights.

What some scientists have found is that their long-term use can sometimes harm both the

land and people’s health.

Which team will win the match is still unknown.

Who will go makes no difference.

Whom we must serve is a question of vital importance.

③ 连接副词引导的主语从句

连接副词when, where, how, why等引导主语从句，在从句中作状语。

例：When she will be back depends on the weather.

Where she has gone is a mystery.

How this could be done was a good question

Why she didn’t show up remains a puzzle.

④ it作形式主语的主语从句

为避免头重脚轻，常由it作形式主语，把主语从句放在句末。

例：It is a fact that the earth is round.

It is unknown whether she will win the prize.

It is still a question when we shall have a sports meeting.

（4）注意事项：

① 主语从句中的that一般情况下不可省略。

It is a pity that we can’t be friends.  √

It is a pity we can’t be friends.  ×

That we can’t be friends is a pity.  √

We can’t be friends is a pity.  ×

② 主语从句在句子中充当主语, 句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数。

例：Why he refused to go is still a mystery.

That he is still alive is surprising.

Who will win the match is still unknown.

Where the party will be held has not yet been decided.