高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists单元测试同步训练题

这是一份高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists单元测试同步训练题，共14页。试卷主要包含了5分，满分5分）等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Unit 1 Science and Scientists 单元测试卷
（考试时间：100分钟 分值：100分）
班级：_________ 姓名：__________ 得分：__________

一、 单词拼写（共10小题；每小题0.5分，满分5分）
1. If you _________ (怀疑；疑有) a gas leak, don’t strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
2. Why do I always get the __________ (责怪；指责) for everything that goes wrong?
3. Nobody knows exactly where the __________ (导弹) base is.
4. Britain has lost her __________ (领导地位) in the shipbuilding industry.
5. A drop of oil of this size is easily seen in a __________ (显微镜).
6. We may talk of beautiful things but beauty itself is __________ (抽象的).
7. Troops have been sent to __________ (保卫；防守) the borders.
8. All this adds up to a new __________ (概念) of the universe.
9. He even doesn’t know the basic __________ (框架；结构) of society.
10. Mrs Green’s ideas are __________ (相互矛盾的；不一致的) to the existing facts.

二、 单句语法填空（共10小题；每小题0.5分，满分5分）
1. The ________ (find) was based on a new research.
2. A healthy diet should help your body resist __________ (infect).
3. Scenes from our childhood still appear __________ (vivid) before us.
4. He worked as a motor __________ (mechanical).
5. Our __________ (assist) is ready to answer all your questions.
6. She was an extremely __________ (gift) poet.
7. Without __________ (intervene) they will be a headache to the nation.
8. Going to college brought about a dramatic __________ (transform) in her outlook.
9. We didn’t have any definite __________ (prove).
10. __________ (initial) Jack was unwilling to accept the defeat.

三、 完成句子（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）
1. 最重要的是，我要感谢父母无条件地信任我。
_____________, I’d like to thank my parents for believing in me unconditionally.
2. 他上周得了严重的流感。
He _____________ with a really bad cold last week.
3. 全球金融危机会再次爆发吗？
Will a global financial crisis _____________ again?

4. 问题已得到根本解决。
The problem has been settled _____________.
5. 史密斯先生负责学校工作。
Mr Smith is _____________ the school work.

四、 阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
The advancement of human civilization is possible just because of enormous contribution made by scientists. They are one of the most influential people of today’s world. With practical advantages in engineering, medicine and technology, they have helped us to get a better understanding about the world and different working phenomena that govern us. Their names are remembered in the sands of time for their work in the welfare of mankind with different inventions that has made our modern lives easy. Here is a list of the four great scientists we’ve ever seen who changed the world.
Louis Pasteur (1822—1895)
Pasteur contributed greatly towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies (狂犬病), anthrax and other infectious diseases. He also invented the process of pasteurization (加热杀菌法) to make milk safer to drink. He probably saved more lives than any other person.
Otto Hahn (1879—1968)
Hahn was a German chemist who discovered nuclear fission (裂变) in 1939. He was a pioneering scientist in the field of radio-chemistry, and discovered radioactive elements in 1921. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944.
Nikola Tesla (1856—1943)
Tesla worked on electromagnetism and AC current. He obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions from electricity to radio transmission, but many inventions developed by Tesla were not put into patent protection. He played a key role in the development of modern electricity.
James Clerk Maxwell (1831—1879)
Maxwell made great progress in understanding electro-magnetism. His research in electricity and kinetics laid the foundation for quantum (量子) physics. Einstein said of Maxwell, “The work of James Clerk Maxwell changed the world forever.”

1. What contribution did Louis Pasteur make to society?
A. The development of medicine. B. Radio-chemistry.
C. Modern electricity. D. Quantum physics.
2. Who was thought highly of by Einstein?
A. Louis Pasteur. B. Otto Hahn.
C. Nikola Tesla. D. James Clerk Maxwell.
3. What can we infer about the four people?
A. They are medical pioneers. B. They are Nobel Prize winners.
C. They are great contributors to society. D. They are founders of modern physics.

B
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. He was a quiet child who spent much of his time alone. He was slow to talk and had difficulty learning to read. When Albert was five years old, his father gave him a compass. The child was filled with wonder when he discovered that the compass needle always pointed in the same direction — to the north. He asked his father and his uncle what caused the needle to move.
Albert did not like school. The German schools of that time were not pleasant. Students could not ask questions. Albert said he felt as if he were in prison.
In 1905, Albert Einstein published some important papers in a German scientific magazine. They included one of the most important scientific documents in history. It explained what came to be called his “Special Theory of Relativity (相对论)”. Ten years later he expanded it to a “General Theory of Relativity”.
In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. It was given to him not for his theories of relativity, but for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect(光电效应).
Albert Einstein left Germany in 1933. He moved to the United States to continue his research. Einstein became a citizen of the United States in 1940.
Einstein was a famous man, but you would not have known that by looking at him. His white hair was long and wild. He wore old clothes. He showed an inner joy when he was playing his violin or talking about his work. Students and friends said he had a way of explaining difficult ideas using images that were easy to understand.
Einstein spent the last twenty­five years of his life working on what he called a “unified field theory”. He hoped to find a common mathematical statement that could tie together all the different parts of physics. However, he did not succeed.
Albert Einstein died in 1955 at the age of seventy­six.

4. What do we know about Albert Einstein in his childhood?
A. He was very clever.
B. He liked talking with people.
C. He was curious about new things.
D. He was good at inventing new things.
5. What’s the right order of the following events about Albert Einstein?
a. He became a citizen of the United States.
b. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
c. He put forward his “General Theory of Relativity”.
d. He left Germany for the United States.
A. d, b, c, a B. d, a, c, b
C. b, c, d, a D. c, b, d, a
6. What can be inferred about Albert Einstein from the passage?
A. Albert Einstein didn’t like asking questions at school.
B. Albert Einstein hated school for its strict rules.
C. Albert Einstein cared little about how he looked.
D. Albert Einstein’s lessons were too difficult to understand.
7. What’s the passage mainly about?
A. The life story of Albert Einstein.
B. The scientific discoveries of Albert Einstein.
C. Albert Einstein and his theories of relativity.
D. How Albert Einstein won great success in his life.

C
A list of Benjamin Franklin’s inventions reveals a man of many talents and interests. His natural curiosity about things and the way they work made him try to find ways to make them work better.
Ben had poor vision and needed glasses to read. He got tired of constantly taking them off and putting them back on, so he decided to figure out how his glasses would let him see both near and far. He had two pairs of glasses cut in half and put half of each lens (镜片) in a single frame. Today, we call them bifocals (双光眼镜).
Everyone knows the story of Ben’s famous kite flight. Although he made important discoveries and advancements, Ben did not “invent” the electricity. He did, however, invent the lightning rod which protects buildings and ships from lightning.
In colonial America, most people warmed their homes by building a fire in a fireplace even though it was dangerous and used a lot of wood. Ben figured that there had to be a better way. His invention of an iron furnace stove allowed people to warm their homes less dangerously and with less wood. The furnace stove that he invented is called the Franklin Stove. Interestingly enough, Ben also established the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live more safely.
As a postmaster, Ben had to figure out routes for delivering the mail. He went out riding in his carriage to measure the routes and needed a way to keep track of the distance. He invented a simple odometer (里程表) and attached it to his carriage.
Later, other famous inventors, like Tomas A. Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, followed in Ben’s footsteps by trying to find ways to help people live better.

8. How many things invented by Benjamin Franklin are mentioned in the text?
A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6.
9. What can we know about Franklin from the text?
A. Franklin invented the bifocals because of his poor vision.
B. Franklin invented the odometer to make his riding easier.
C. Franklin first invented the electricity and then the lightning rod.
D. Franklin invented the odometer when he worked in a post office.
10. What characteristic did Franklin, Edison and Bell have in common?
A. They had a strong desire to make life better.
B. They were excellent students at school.
C. They were born in the same age.
D. They made people’s life simple.
11. Which of the following could be the best title for the text?
A. The Life of Benjamin Franklin
B. Benjamin Franklin, A Great Inventor
C. A Man of Many Talents and Interests
D. How to Help People Live Better

D
It’s often said that creative people see the world differently from the rest of us and a Harvard study is providing one explanation. Scientists studied brain scans of people after asking them to come up with creative uses for everyday objects. And they found a specific pattern of connectivity that correlated with the most creative responses.
“What this shows is that the creative brain works differently,” said Roger Beaty, the first author of the study. Beaty and his colleagues examined brain data from previous studies and found that, by simply measuring the strength of connections in these people’s brain networks, they could estimate the originality of these people’s ideas.
While the data showed that regions across the brain were involved in creative thought, Beaty said the evidence pointed to three subnetworks. And they were the default mode (默认状态) network, the salience (突出) network and the executive (管理的) control network. They appear to play key roles in creative thought. The default mode network, he said, is involved in memory and mental acting, so the theory is that it plays an important role in processes like mind­wandering, imagination, and natural thinking. The salience network notices important information. When it comes to creativity, it may be responsible for arranging the ideas that come from the default mode network. Lastly, the executive control network works to help people keep their focus on useful ideas while getting rid of those that aren’t working. Beaty said, “People who think more flexibly and come up with more creative ideas are better able to use these networks that don’t typically work together and bring these systems online.”
Based on the results of that study, Beaty and his colleagues developed a predictive model and tested against brain scan data collected for earlier studies on creativity. “We used already­published data ... we found that based on how strong the connections are in these networks, we could guess pretty accurately how creative you’re going to be on a task, ” Beaty said. He added, “It’s also not clear whether this can be modified with some kind of training. Creativity is complex, and we’re only working on the surface here.”

12. What were the participants asked to do in the study?
A. To tell scientists their different ways of seeing the world.
B. To show their special ways to connect with others.
C. To talk about their most exciting experiences.
D. To think of new uses of ordinary objects.
13. What does the underlined word “estimate” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Improve. B. Judge.
C. Spread. D. Praise.
14. The default mode network will influence a person when the person is ________.
A. giving up useless ideas B. organizing thoughts
C. making decisions D. brainstorming
15. What can we infer from Beaty’s words in the last paragraph?
A. The study is very helpful in determining one’s creativity levels.
B. We can become more creative with the help of some training.
C. Enough work has been done to better understand creativity.
D. Some people can be born with higher levels of creativity.

五、七选五（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Be Creative
Most of us think that creativity is a quality belonging only to artists, writers, or dancers, rather than ourselves. 1 The following tips are a great beginning for developing our creativity.
1. Get out of your comfort zone.
We eagerly accept the familiar and fear the unknown. Break out of your usual patterns and welcome creativity into your life. As stated earlier, the human brain was designed to recognize patterns. 2 In fact, our comfort zone is nothing more than a collection of patterns. As we become more efficient at recognizing and using patterns, we rely less on creativity to find new paths. We should force ourselves out of our comfort zones and open up new possibilities.
2. Try different things.
If you always do what you’ve always done, you’ll always get what you’ve always got. We are creatures of habits and routines, and creativity hates routines. If you usually drive to work, take the subway for a few days. 3 Interrupt your routine, experiment and try something new. New things are often creative, but the same old thing never is.
3. 4
Having a great idea is not enough, you must work to make it a reality. Have you ever seen a new product and realized that you thought of the same thing long ago? Yet someone else is making money with“your” idea. 5 The difference between a dreamer and a doer is action. Do whatever it takes to bring your ideas to life. If you can put them into practice, you are well on your way to improving your creativity in all areas of your life.

A. Take action.
B. Seek several options.
C. Think from the other person’s point of view.
D. If you normally eat in the office, have lunch under a tree.
E. The truth is that we are all born with the capacity to be creative.
F. We continue to create patterns and routines for almost everything we do.
G. We all have great ideas sometimes, but only a few people turn their ideas into reality.

六、完形填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
An 84­year­old American woman, Janet Fein received her bachelor’s degree from the University of Texas at Dallas last week. Fein grew up in the Bronx area of New York City. When she was in high school, she just wanted to finish and get a job. After 1 early, at the age of 16, she went to work as a secretary. After getting married, she spent 18 years staying home with her five children. She then had several jobs 2 she retired at age 77. But even then, she was not ready to 3 during the retirement.
She worked for 20 years on earning an associated degree, which she received in 1995. But Fein told the AP she also 4 to earn a bachelor’s degree “with all of my heart.” Fein took part in a state program that lets people who are 65 and 5 take free classes at public universities in Texas. State officials say about 2,000 people used the 6 last year.
Even with all of her life experiences, she said she 7 reading, writing papers and learning new things. “With each class I 8 knew a lot, but I wanted more. And that made me happy.” Fein kept going to class even as her health conditions 9 . During her studies, it became 10 for her to use a walker (拐杖) to 11 and she required oxygen. She even
12 knee problems. So, instead of going to the university, Fein took online classes to finish the remaining part of her degree requirements. She never showed (a) 13 of giving up even with all of her difficulties.
Many people set the 14 of graduating from college at a very young age while Janet Fein waited a life time for her chance to reach that goal. As the saying goes, it’s never too late to learn. Learning can help people live a 15 life.

1. A. working B. graduating C. learning D. beginning
2. A. while B. after C. before D. unless
3. A. lie down B. work hard C. get off D. take a rest
4. A. bought B. wanted C. introduced D. ordered
5. A. older B. better C. faster D. bigger
6. A. experience B. degree C. program D. ability
7. A. stopped B. made C. enjoyed D. disliked
8. A. yet B. still C. even D. already
9. A. worsened B. improved C. increased D. lost
10. A. easy B. necessary C. fortunate D. true
11. A. look around B. get around C. take exercise D. go straight
12. A. became B. moved C. had D. turned
13. A. sign B. care C. lack D. style
14. A. example B. method C. goal D. standard
15. A. strict B. meaningful C. careful D. normal

七、 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Stephen Hawking, who tried 1 (explain) some of the most complicated questions of life while himself working under the shadow of a poor physical condition, has died at the age of 76.
He died 2 (peace) at his home in Cambridge in the early hours of Wednesday. The UK’s Press Association reported his 3 (die), citing (引用) a spokesman for the family.
“Mr Hawking and his contribution will be remembered forever,” Foreign Ministry spokesman Lu Kang said on Wednesday. “He was an outstanding scientist and a fighter who struggled against the disease and contributed greatly 4 mankind’s understanding of science.”
Born in Oxford, England on January 8, 1942, the British theoretical physicist
5 (know) for his groundbreaking work with black holes and relativity, and was the author of several popular science books, 6 (include) A Brief History of Time.
His 7 (child), Lucy, Robert and Tim, said: “We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today. He was a great scientist and 8 extraordinary man, 9 work and legacy (遗产) will live on for many years.” They praised 10 (he) courage and persistence and said his talent and humor inspired people across the world.

八、写作（满分15分）
假定你是李华。你校正在举办题为“科技改变我们未来的生活”的征文活动，要求同学们想象科技将如何改变我们的生活环境、工作和休闲方式。请根据你的畅想用英语写一篇短文。
注意：
1. 词数80左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________


参考答案
一、1. suspect 2. blame 3. missile 4. leadership 5.microscope
6. abstract 7. defend 8. concept 9. framework 10. contradictory
二、1. finding 2. infection 3. vividly 4. mechanic 5. assistant
6. gifted 7. intervention 8. transformation 9. proof 10. Initially
三、1. Above all
2. came down
3. break out
4. once and for all
5. in charge of
四、
A篇
本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四位科学家。他们四人都是社会的重要贡献者，为社会变革作出了巨大的贡献。
1. A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Pasteur contributed greatly towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies (狂犬病), anthrax and other infectious diseases.”可知Louis Pasteur促进了医学的发展。故选A。
2. D 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Einstein said of Maxwell, ‘The work of James Clerk Maxwell changed the world forever.’”可知爱因斯坦对James Clerk Maxwell的评价很高。故选D。
3. C 推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，他们四个人都是社会的重要贡献者，为社会变革作出了巨大的贡献。故选C。
B篇
本文是一篇记叙文。文章简要介绍了爱因斯坦的生平，以及他经过努力奋斗而取得的非凡成就。
4. C 推理判断题。根据第一段“The child was filled with wonder when he discovered that the compass needle always pointed in the same direction — to the north. He asked his father and his uncle what caused the needle to move.”讲述爱因斯坦对罗盘产生好奇的故事可以推断出，他对新事物充满好奇心。故选C。
5. D 细节理解题。根据第三段的“In 1905, Albert Einstein published some important papers in a German scientific magazine. Ten years later he expanded it to a ‘General Theory of Relativity’.”可知，1915年，爱因斯坦发表了“广义相对论”；根据第四段的“In1921, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics.”可知，他于1921年获得诺贝尔物理学奖；根据第五段的“Albert Einstein left Germany in 1933. He moved to the United States to continue his research. Einstein became a citizen of the United States in 1940.”可知，爱因斯坦于1933年离开德国前往美国，后来在1940年取得了美国国籍。故选D。
6. C 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段内容“Einstein was a famous man, but you would not have known that by looking at him. His white hair was long and wild. He wore old clothes.”可以推断出，爱因斯坦是一个在生活中不拘小节、不在乎自己外表的人。故选C。
7. A 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章简要介绍了爱因斯坦的生平，以及他经过努力奋斗而取得的非凡成就。故选A。
C篇
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了本杰明·富兰克林的四项发明。
8. B 细节理解题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了本杰明·富兰克林的四项发明：双光眼镜、避雷针、铁皮炉子和里程表。故选B。
9. D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的叙述可知，富兰克林在邮局工作时，发明了一个简单的里程表，并把它装在了他送邮件的车上。故选D。
10. A 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“by trying to find ways to help people live better”可推知，这些科学家们都有强烈的使人们的生活更加美好的愿望。故选A。
11. B 标题判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了本杰明·富兰克林从生活的实际出发，发明的一系列有利于自己、有利于他人的实用物品，因此B项最能概括文章的主要内容，是最佳标题。故选B。
D篇
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了有创造力的人看世界的角度与我们其他人不同，哈佛大学的一项研究提供了一种解释——他们发现一种特定的连接模式与最具创造性的反应相关。
12. D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Scientists studied brain scans of people after asking them to come up with creative uses for everyday objects.”可知，科学家在要求人们想出日常用品的创造性用途后，对他们的脑部扫描进行了研究。由此可知，此项研究的参与者被要求思考普通物体的新用途。故选D。
13. B 词义猜测题。根据画线单词上文“Beaty and his colleagues examined brain data from previous studies and found that, by simply measuring the strength of connections in these people’s brain networks”及语境可知，这里是说Beaty和同事们发现：通过简单地测量这些人的大脑网络中的连接强度，就可以判断这些人的想法的独创性。此处画线单词是一个动词，意为“判断”。故选B。
14. B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The default mode network, he said, is involved in memory and mental acting, so the theory is that it plays an important role in processes like mind-wandering, imagination, and natural thinking.”可知，默认模式网络与记忆和心理活动有关，所以理论上它在走神、想象和自然思考等过程中发挥着重要作用。由此可知，当一个人正在组织他的思维时，默认模式网络会影响他。故选B。
15. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Beaty所说的话“We used already-published data...We found that based on how strong the connections are in these networks, we could guess pretty accurately how creative you’re going to be on a task”可知，Beaty和他的同事们发现，根据这些网络中的联系有多强，他们可以非常准确地猜测你在一项任务上的创造力。由此可推知，他们已经做了足够多的工作。故选C。
五、
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从三方面说明了怎样才能富有创造性。
1. E 根据上一句“Most of us think that creativity is a quality belonging only to artists, writers, or dancers, rather than ourselves. (我们大多数人都认为创造性是一种只属于艺术家、作家或舞蹈家，而不是属于我们自己的品质)”可知，E项“The truth is that we are all born with the capacity to be creative. (事实上，我们天生都具有创造力)”承接上文，符合语境。E项中的“we”与上文中的“ourselves”相照应。故选E。
2. F 根据上下文语境尤其是上一句“As stated earlier, the human brain was designed to recognize patterns. (如前所述，大脑是用来识别模式的)”可知，F项“We continue to create patterns and routines for almost everything we do. (我们持续为我们所做的几乎所有事情创建模式和例程)”进一步解释大脑识别并创建模式的功能，符合语境。F项中的“patterns”在第二段出现了很多次。故选F。
3. D 根据第三段的小标题“Try different things.”可知，D项“If you normally eat in the office, have lunch under a tree.”与上文中的“If you usually drive to work, take the subway for a few days.”并列，都符合主题内容。故选D。
4. A 根据第四段第一句“Having a great idea is not enough, you must work to make it a reality. (有好的想法是不够的，你还得将想法变成现实)”可知，本段说明的是，创造力不能只是停留在想象的层面，而要付诸行动，因此A项“Take action. (采取行动)”符合语境。故选A。
5. G 根据下文“The difference between a dreamer and a doer is action.”可以判断出，G项中的“have great ideas”与“dreamer”对应，“turn their ideas into reality”与“doer”对应。因此G项照应下文。故选G。
六、
本文是一篇记叙文。文章通过讲述84岁的美国女士Janet Fein通过努力获得了得克萨斯大学达拉斯分校的学士学位的故事，向我们诠释了“活到老，学到老”的真谛。
1. B 根据下文的“at the age of 16, she went to work as a secretary”可知，她应该是早早地毕业（graduating）了。故选B。
2. C 根据常识可以推知，这里是说在她77岁退休之前（before）她做过好几份工作。故选C。
3. D 根据上文的“But even then”可知，这里表示转折，说明Fein在她退休期间也不准备休息（take a rest）。故选D。
4. B 根据上文语境及“also”可知，这里表示Fein还想（wanted）全心全意努力得到一个学士学位。故选B。
5. A 这门课程是为65岁甚至年纪更大的（older）人开设的。故选A。
6. C 根据上文提到的“Fein took part in a state program”可知，这里是说去年大约有两千人使用了这个项目（program）。故选C。
7. C 根据上下文语境可知，这里是说Fein享受（enjoyed）阅读、写论文和学习新事物。故选C。
8. D 根据上下文语境可知，这里是说Fein虽然每节课已经（already）了解了很多东西，但是她想要学得更多。故选D。
9. A Fein甚至在她身体状况变糟糕（worsened）时都坚持去学校。故选A。
10. B 根据语境可知，这里是描述Fein的身体状况变糟糕的具体情况：使用拐杖变得有必要（necessary）。故选B。
11. B 根据语境可知，这里是说Fei需要用拐杖才能到处走走（get around）。故选B。
12. C 根据语境可知，这里是说，Fei甚至有（had）膝盖问题。故选C。
13. A 根据语境可知，这里是说，即使面临很多困难，Fein也没有表现过要放弃的迹象（sign）。故选A。
14.C 由下文“reach that goal”可知，此处为建立目标（goal）。故选C。
15. B 学习能帮助人们生活得有意义（meaningful）。故选B。
七、
本文是一篇人物传记。文章主要对伟大的物理学家霍金进行了简单的介绍。
1. to explain 考查非谓语。句意：斯蒂芬·霍金在身体状况不佳的阴影下工作，试图解释一些生活中最复杂的问题。结合句意可知，这里表示“尽力做某事，试图做某事”，应用try to do sth.。故填to explain。
2. peacefully 考查词性转换。句意：星期三凌晨他在剑桥的家中平静地死去。此处在句中修饰动词died，修饰动词要用副词。故填peacefully。
3. death 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处前面由形容词his修饰，所以要用名词形式。故填death。
4. to 考查介词。句意：他是一位杰出的科学家和战士，他奋力抗击疾病，极大地促进了人类对科学的认识。contribute to为固定搭配，意为“促进，有助于”。故填to。
5. was known 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，这里缺少谓语，且know和主语physicist构成动宾关系，故应用被动语态；主语是单数，所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数；再根据下一句的时态可推断出，这里应用一般过去时态。故填was known。
6. including 考查非谓语。句意：他还是几本科普读物的作者，包括《时间简史》。分析句子结构可知，include和several popular science books是逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词表主动。故填including。
7. children 考查名词的单复数。根据下文“Lucy, Robert and Tim”可知，这里指霍金的三个孩子，所以用child的复数形式。故填children。
8. an 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，这里表示泛指，且extraordinary是以元音音素开头的单词。故填an。
9. whose 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，这里是非限制性定语从句，缺少关系词。关系词在从句中作定语，修饰名词work，表示“某人的”。故填whose。
10. his 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，这里表示他们（霍金的孩子们）赞扬他的（霍金的）勇气和毅力。故填his。
八、
With the development of science and technology, our life in the future will be quite different from what it is now.
In the future we’ll live in a greener and more beautiful world with trees, birds, blue skies and sunshine. And we’ll be able to arrange our daily routine like meals, bathing and sleep with our smart phones. Robots will be able to do all the housework for us. As for work, we’ll mostly work at home, communicating ideas for work online. If necessary, we can have video meetings with our partners around the world. During our free time, we’ll be able to travel to places of interest in new vehicles like flying cars. We’ll even enjoy space trips to the moon and other planets.
All in all, our life will become more comfortable and convenient.