初中英语考试语法助词

1.助动词be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)的用法 (1) be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴?She was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。 (2)be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。He was asked to do the work.有人要他干这件工作。You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。 (3)be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况： ①表示计划、安排将要发生的事。Who are we to meet?我们要见谁呀?I'm to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。 ②表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必须去见校长。You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入房间。 ③表示义务、责任等，同should。You are to be back before 5.你得在5点钟以前回来。What is to be done?该干什么。 ④表示可能性，与情态动词may, can同义。Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。Not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。 ⑤表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告别了，没想到再也不能相见了。He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。 ⑥用于习语Where am I to go? 我该向何处去?What am I to do? 我该怎么办? 2.助动词have(has, had, having)的用法 (1)助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时He has been a doctor for 10 years.他当医生十年了。This is the place I have been longing to visit.这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。 (2)和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。We've missed the train. We'll have to wait for another one.我们己经误了火车，我们只能等下一列。-Do we have to start work?我们得立刻工作吗?-No. We don't have to.不，不必了。 3.do(does, did) 的用法 (1)构成疑问句或否定句How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。 (2)加强语气。He did tell that.他的确告诉了此事。Do come and see us.一定来看我们。 (3)代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。-You like popular music, don't you?你喜欢流行音乐，是吧?-Yes , I do.是的，我喜欢。He speaks French as fluently as she does.他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。 (4)用于倒装句中。Never did he pay attention to my words.他从不注意我的话。Only then did I understand the importance of English.只是那时，我才了解到英语的重要性。 (5)构成否定的祈使句。Don't be so careless.不要那么粗心。Do not hesitate to come for help.只管来求助。 4.shall(should)和will(would) 的用法 (1)shall(should)用于第一人称的将来时中I shall think it over.我要好好考虑一下。When shall I see you again?我何时再见到你?I rang up to tell her that I should leave for London. 我打电话告诉她我要去伦敦。 (2)will用于第二、第三人称的将来时态中，在现代英语中可以用于所有人称He will be 30 next month. 他下月将是30岁。You will have an English test tomorrow.明天你有英语小测验。He wanted to know when you would finish the writing.他想知道你何时完成写作。