高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题15阅读理解之议论文（含解析）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题15阅读理解之议论文（含解析），共36页。试卷主要包含了命题趋势，题型概述，选项特点等内容，欢迎下载使用。
专题15 阅读理解之议论文



一、命题趋势
议论文是英语中的重要文体，而其议论文中涉及到的长句难句比较多，这就增加了阅读理解的难度。议论文体裁文章写法或正反论证或提出问题，分析问题，解决问题或提出论点，给出理由（证据），再重申论点。版权所有
二、题型概述
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。
三、选项特点
1．正确选项的特点
(1)、一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
(2)、以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
(3)、文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
2．干扰选项的特点
(1)、可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
(2)、可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
(3)、可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
解题技法
审题口诀：
议论把握三要素，论点论据与论述。
论点常现首尾句，阐明观点与态度。
事实数据与理论，只为论点来服务。
归纳演绎或比对，明达此理何须怵！







[方法1]　把握文章的论点、论据和论证。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。
【典例剖析】
How would you go without your smartphone? For many of us, our smartphone is the first and last thing we look at every day. We depend on it to perform a number of tasks and connect with our friends and family. But have we become addicted to our phones?
Certainly, the inventor of the first mobile phone. American engineer Martin Cooper, thinks we might be. In a BBC interview, he suggested people quit scrolling (刷屏) and “get a life”. But of course, once we start scrolling or watching videos, we just can’t kick the habit. Psychologist Jean Twenge says we feel regret for “checking our phone again and again if we’re waiting for a text or getting really into social media then kind of, looking up and realising that an hour has passed.”
But does it matter if we make the most of this technology? Possibly, because like medicine, the problem appears when it is withdrawn. A study from King’s College London found young people couldn’t control the amount of time they spend on their phone. Such behaviour means that people become “anxious” or “upset” if they are not allowed to be on the phone continuously, which can cause anxiety and mental health problems.
Interestingly, another study by the London School of Economics Science suggests we don’t just look at our phones when we receive text or email messages. The people they studied felt an automatical (自动的) need to check their phone, just as a smoker would light a cigarette.
One solution could be an app that rewards (奖励) students for time spent away from their phones. Another choice is changing your smartphone to a dumbphone that has none of the things that turn your attention away. But mainly, perhaps, we just need to look up more and reconnect with the real world!
【语篇解读】
本文是篇议论文。智能手机已经成为人们生活中不可缺少的部分，很多人也都形成了手机依赖症。文章讲述了手机依赖症的特点及产生的问题，并希望人们能够多点时间放下手机，投入到现实世界中来。
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Benefits from Smartphones B．Addiction to Smartphones
C．Development of Smartphones D．Disadvantages of Smartphones
【详情解析】
主旨大意题。第一段“ But have we become addicted to our phones?(但是我们已经对手机上瘾了吗？)”提出了文章的主题，下文对这一主题展开了描述，提出了人们对手机上瘾的症状和产生的问题，最后对此提出了建议。由此可知，B. Addiction to Smartphones(智能手机成瘾)适合作本文标题。故选B。
【答案】B
[方法2]　互推法：
在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
【典例剖析】
I am a good mother to three children. I have tried never to let my profession stand in the way of being a good parent. I no longer consider myself the center of the universe. I show up. I listen. I try to laugh. I am a good friend to my husband. I have tried to make marriage vows(誓约) mean what they say. I am a good friend to my friends, and they to me. Without them, there would be nothing to say to you today.
So here's what I wanted to tell you today:
Get a life. A real life, not a desire of the next promotion(提升), the bigger paycheck, the larger house.
Get a life in which you are not alone. Find people you love, and who love you. And remember that love is not leisure(空闲); it is work. Pick up the phone. Send an email. Write a letter. And realize that life is the best thing and that you have no business taking it for granted.
It is so easy to waste our lives, our days, our hours, and our minutes. It is so easy to exist instead of to live. I learned to live many years ago. Something really bad happened to me, something that changed my life in ways that, if I had my choice, it would never have been changed at all. And what I learned from it is what, today, seems to be the hardest lesson of all: I learned to love the journey, not the destination. I learned to look at all the good in the world and try to give some of it back because I believed in it, completely and totally. And I tried to do that, in part, by telling others what I had learned.
By telling them this: Read in the backyard with the sun on your face. Learn to be happy. And think of life as a deadly illness, because if you do, you will live it with joy and passion(激情) as it ought to be lived.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文。文章作者认为工作不应该影响真正的生活，我们要过一种真实的生活。
The underlined sentence “It is so easy to exist instead of to live.” in the fifth paragraph probably has the same meaning as “________”
A．it is so easy to keep alive but not to live a real life
B．it is very hard to live a real life
C．it is so easy to make a living
D．it is more difficult to exist than to live a happy life
【详情解析】
词句猜测题。根据第三段“Get a life. A real life, not a desire of the next promotion(提升), the bigger paycheck, the larger house.”（获得一种生活。一种真实的生活，而不是对下一次晋升、更高的薪水、更大的房子的渴望。）以及第五段第五句和第六句“And what I learned from it is what, today, seems to be the hardest lesson of all: I learned to love the journey, not the destination. I learned to look at all the good in the world and try to give some of it back because I believed in it, completely and totally. ”（我从中学到的，在今天看来，似乎是最艰难的一课：我学会了热爱过程，而不是目的地。我学会了去看世界上所有美好的事物，并试着将其中的一些回报给他人，因为我完全、完全地相信它。）可知，“It is so easy to exist instead of to live.”的意思是活着很容易，但过真正的生活却不容易。故选A。
【答案】A
[方法3]　深推法：
推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
【典例剖析】
In July, Australian artist Matthew Griffin had his work Pickle(《酸黄瓜》)exhibited at a New Zealand gallery. The work is merely a pickle taken from a McDonald’s burger, stuck onto the gallery’s ceiling with ketchup(番茄酱)on it. With a price tag of NZ$10,000 (about 42,200 yuan), it started an ongoing debate: Is this art?
In fact, this is not the only strange artwork people have seen in recent years. In 2019, Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan’s work Comedian featured a store-bought banana with duct tape(强力胶). Far before that, Artist Rogier van der Zwang used 3D animation instead of painting materials to make visual rainbow. These trends bring us back to the classic discussion on how to understand art.
As British art historian Ernst Gombrich famously put it, “There really is no such thing as art. There are only artists.” Art is a personal expression; ultimately its agency is created by the artist. As each era cultivates its unique artists, the private message an artwork conveys can connect with every individual across time. Great artists from the past to the present all enjoy both fame and criticism. The way they appeal to certain audiences and encourage a wide range of debates and interpretations is exactly the charm of art.
Opponents may hold that despite the artist’s right to create, it is not up to the artist to determine if a piece of work is considered art. It is true that we see only the leftover of a cheeseburger. There is no real technique in Griffin’s Pickle. However, this is also where it is open to interpretation: For some, the pickle seems meaningless and artificial; for some, the pickle can be a commercial and cultural symbol. There is undoubtedly an innovation of “form”. It shows the artist’s exploration of the vehicle of art. The slice of pickle can be seen as a symbol. The ketchup plays an influence on the colors, with the surrounding white wall being another vehicle for expression.
After all, art welcomes various responses, which explains why viewing art is such an engaging experience.
In a word, we should always keep an open mind toward any embodiment(化身)of art.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文。讲述了 澳大利亚艺术家马修·格里芬(Matthew Griffin)的作品《泡菜》，只是从麦当劳汉堡上取下的腌黄瓜，粘在画廊的天花板上，上面涂着番茄酱。它的标价为1万新西兰元(约合4.22万元人民币)。由此引发了一场持续的关于艺术的争论。
According to this passage , art can be best described as ______.
A．connective but unreal B．charming but untouchable
C．abstract but engaging D．appealing but controversial
【详情解析】
推理判断题。根据第三段末“Great artists from the past to the present all enjoy both fame and criticism. The way they appeal to certain audiences and encourage a wide range of debates and interpretations is exactly the charm of art.(从过去到现在的伟大艺术家都享有声誉和批评。它们吸引特定观众的方式，鼓励广泛的辩论和解释，这正是艺术的魅力)”及倒数第二段“After all, art welcomes various responses, which explains why viewing art is such an engaging experience.(毕竟，艺术欢迎各种各样的反应，这就解释了为什么观看艺术是一种如此吸引人的体验)”可知，艺术是迷人的，也是引发争议的。故选D项。


精做高考真题
Passage 1、（2021·北京·高考真题）
Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．
1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A．Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B．Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C．The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D．Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
2．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach
3．What can we learn from this passage？
A．Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．
B．New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．
C．Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．
D．Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．
4．What can we infer from this passage？
A．It is crucial to improve the definition of time．B．A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C．We should live in harmony with nature． D．History is a mirror reflecting reality．
【语篇解读】
本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
【详情解析】
1．【B】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。
2．【D】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
3．【C】细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。
4．【C】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。
Passage 2、（2020·海南·高考真题）
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway（晃动）. The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
5．What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?
A．It carried more weight than it could. B．It swayed violently in a strong wind
C．Its roadway was damaged by vehicles D．Its access was blocked by many people.
6．Which of the following is Dr. Petroski's idea according to paragraph 3?
A．No design is well received everywhere
B．Construction is more important than design.
C．Not all disasters are caused by engineering design
D．Improvements on engineering works are necessary.
7．What does the last paragraph suggest?
A．Failure can lead to progress. B．Success results in overconfidence
C．Failure should be avoided. D．Success comes from joint efforts.
8．What is the text?
A．A news report B．A short story.
C．A book review D．A research article.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文。主要讲述了对彼得罗斯基博士的书《原谅设计：理解失败》的评论，工程设计可能会因为某些原因带来失败，但失败才能带来进步。
【详情解析】
5．【A】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway”可以看出，1987年5月，金门大桥举行了一个50岁生日聚会。这座桥禁止机动车通行，人们可以在桥上散步。组织者预计将有5万人到场。相反，多达80万人挤满了通往大桥的道路。当25万人在桥上时，工程师们注意到了一个可怕的现象：路面在被要求承载的最重荷载作用下变得平了。更糟的是，它开始晃动。因此可以看出，金门大桥50岁生日那天，它的重量超过了它的承受能力。故选A。
6．【C】推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.”可知，虽然他承认工程设计可能会因为那些想出或设计它们的人只是把事情弄错了失败，但在这本书中，彼得罗斯基博士拓宽了他的视野，考虑了这种失败发生的更大背景。有时，由于一个好的设计是用不合格的低质量材料建造的，所以装置会失败。或者，一个设计工作得如此好，以至于在其他地方一次又一次地被采用，用似乎是无害的改进，直到突然间，它完全不起作用了。因此可以推测出，根据第三段，不是所有的灾难都是由工程设计引起的是彼得罗斯基博士的想法。故选C。
7．【A】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的 “It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以看出，A项与此相呼应，即失败能带来进步，故选A。
8．【C】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns.”可知，这个故事是《原谅设计：理解失败》一书中的一个，这本书既是对工程的一封情书，也是对其崩溃的赞歌。并且后面两段都在写这本书里的内容以及评价，再根据倒数第二段的“Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.”可知，读者不仅会遇到他们以前听过的故事，还会遇到一些新的故事和关于工程师对公众的责任以及如何帮助年轻工程师掌握它们的动人讨论。再结合最后一段“It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以推测出，这些内容都是关于这本书的评论，因为这篇文章是书评，故选C。
Passage 3、（2020·北京·高考真题）
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever.
9．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?
A．Enormous in quantity. B．Changeable daily.
C．Stable in quality. D．Present everywhere.
10．What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
A．Help to tackle problems. B．Make brains more active.
C．Benefit ambitious people. D．Set up powerful databases.
11．As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________.
A．supportive B．disapproving
C．fearful D．uncertain
12．What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?
A．It may be only a dream. B．It will come into being soon.
C．It will be controlled by humans. D．It may be more dangerous than ever.

【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
【详情解析】
9．【D】词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。
10．【A】细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。
11．【B】推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。
12．【A】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。
Passage 4、（2016·浙江·高考真题）
＂Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.＂
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).
Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have.
13．The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.
A．introduce a topic B．present an argument
C．describe the characters D．clarify his writing purpose
14．An important negative effect of gossip is that it _________.
A．breaks up relationships B．embarrasses the listener
C．spreads information around D．causes unpleasant experiences
15．In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.
A．gives them a feeling of pleasure B．helps them to make more friends
C．makes them better at telling stories D．enables them to meet important people
16．Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can ________.
A．provide students with written rules
B．help people watch their own behaviors
C．force schools to improve student handbooks
D．attract the police’s attention to group behaviors
17．What advice does the author give in the passage?
A．Never become a gossiper. B．Stay away from gossipers.
C．Don’t let gossip turn into lies. D．Think twice before you gossip.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。
【详情解析】
13．【A】推理判断题。根据文章第三段的Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)可知，我们的许多谈话都是闲话。所以判断出短文以对话的形式开始，就是为了引出第三段既本文的主题。故选A。
14．【D】细节理解题。根据文章第四段的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain可知，闲话的一个重要的负面影响是它会伤害被谈论的人，人们常认为闲话是无害的，但残酷的谎言会引起痛苦。所以闲话的一个重要的负面影响是引起不愉快的经历。故选D。
15．【A】细节理解题。根据文章第五段的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us可知人们散播传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选A。
16．【B】细节理解题。根据文章第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。
17．【D】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have可知，下次当你有传播最新消息的冲动时，想想你为什么想八卦，你的“有趣的故事”会有什么影响。由此判断出作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。
Passage 5、（2017·浙江·高考真题）
Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.
How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
18．What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?
A．American kids’ sleeping habits. B．Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C．Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D．Learning problems and lack of sleep.
19．How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?
A．7 hours. B．8 hours.
C．10 hours. D．18 hours.
20．Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?
A．They are affected by certain body chemicals. B．They tend to do things that excite them.
C．They follow their parents’ examples. D．They don’t need to go to school early.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文。首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要不同的睡眠时间，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。
【详情解析】
18．【A】细节理解题，根据第一段“According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.”可知，第一段向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的。故选A项。
19．【C】细节理解题，根据第二段“For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal”可知，11岁的上学小孩子的睡眠时间需要10个小时，故选C项。
20．【B】细节理解题，根据第三段“She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep”,可知， Carskadon说，睡前的这些活动会让孩子们兴奋不已，让他们难以平静下来入睡。所以 Carskadon认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动。故选B项。
　挑战名校考题
Passage 1、（湖北省荆荆宜三校2022-2023高三11月份联考试卷）
Not long ago, “blind box economy” suddenly became popular, winning the heart of large numbers of faithful fans.People simply get interested in it. A couple spent 200,000 yuan on them. Another sixty-year-old guy spent over 700,000 yuan in buying blind boxes. Statistics showed that last year 300,000 hobbyists made deals through a second-hand shopping platform.
The blind boxes usually contain attached dolls of comics and animation, or film and television, or specially designed ones. A single blind box usually costs about thirty to fifty yuan. But there is no mark on the box, and only after opening it can the buyer see what he has bought. This is rather like buying lottery (彩票) tickets, for the buyer has to bet on his luck.
However，addiction to blind box is much like that to gambling (赌博). It is not easily obvious compared with lottery ticket. Nobody knows whether sellers of blind boxes exaggerated (夸大) the winning rate so as to attract people to buy them, thus digging a consumption trap. Besides, it is also unknown whether the objects in the blind boxes are genuine or not. The blind box economy promoted its second-hand trade. The price of some classic dolls or dolls of limited edition have skyrocketed in second-hand trade platforms, and some may reach thirty to forty times. But it is difficult for buyers to judge whether it is the result of real supply and demand, or the consequence of business men’s tricks.
The basis of the “blind box economy” is the cultural trend of collection. Many of the target consumers are young people who lack experience of life. They are thus attracted by deliberately exaggerated probability of “winning a prize” and constantly throw money to buy blind boxes in order to gain dolls that they desire. Or they may buy at second-hand trade platform high-priced blind box dolls, thinking they can keep value preserved and appreciated, thus falling into the fixed pattern of trap carefully designed by businessmen.
Therefore, it is necessary to remind young people to control their consumption in case they become addicted.
1．Why are a couple and a sixty-year-old guy mentioned in paragraph 1?
A．To stress the importance of “blind box economy”.
B．To give the sum of money spent on “blind box economy”.
C．To show the popularity of “blind box economy”.
D．To prove older people can afford to pay more.
2．What might contribute to “blind box economy”?
A．The unknown objects in the blind boxes. B．The desire to make a fortune overnight.
C．The skyrocketed price of some classic dolls. D．The high winning rate exaggerated by sellers.
3．What can be learned from paragraph 4?
A．Young people should be reminded to control themselves.
B．Young people are more likely to be attracted and tricked.
C．Young people have the potential to win big prizes
D．Young people can manage their life economically.
4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage?
A．To inform readers. B．To promote products. C．To list reasons. D．To warn consumers.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章对“盲盒经济”的流行进行了分析并表明了其中的危害，建议人们在购买盲盒之前要三思。
【详情解析】
1．【C】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Not long ago, “blind box economy” suddenly became popular, winning the heart of large numbers of faithful fans. People simply get interested in it. A couple spent 200,000 yuan on them. Another sixty-year-old guy spent over 700,000 yuan in buying blind boxes.(不久前，“盲盒经济”突然流行起来，赢得了大批忠实粉丝的心。人们只是对它感兴趣。一对夫妇花了20万元买的。另一位60岁的老人花了70多万元买了盲盒)”可推知，第一段中提到一对夫妇和一个六十岁的人买盲盒，是为了表明“盲盒经济”的流行。故选C。
2．【D】细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Nobody knows whether sellers of blind boxes exaggerated (夸大) the winning rate so as to attract people to buy them, thus digging a consumption trap.(没有人知道盲盒的卖家是否为了吸引人们购买而夸大了中奖率，从而陷入了消费陷阱)”可知，卖家夸大的中奖率导致了盲盒经济，故选D。
3．【B】细节理解题。根据第四段“Many of the target consumers are young people who lack experience of life.(盲盒经济的主要对象是缺乏生活经验的年轻人)”可知，缺乏经验的年轻人更容易被吸引、被骗，故选B。
4．【D】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Therefore, it is necessary to remind young people to control their consumption in case they become addicted.(因此，有必要提醒年轻人控制他们的消费，以防他们上瘾)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是警告消费者在购买盲盒之时要谨慎。故选D。
Passage 2、（2023届浙江省绍兴市高三11月份高考科目诊断性考试）
I major in Mechanical Engineering and Political Science. When someone hears what I study, I’m usually meant with two reactions. First up is a small smile with the word “overachiever” on the tip of their tongue. The second is a look of confusion, followed by an exaggerated (夸张的) “why?”. The short answer: I want to be a problem solver, and engineering teaches me how to become that type of person. In addition, I also want to be able to look at the bigger picture.
It’s the beginning of a new year, and a lot of first-years have plans for double or triple majors. However, as most of us quickly realize after that first fall semester, college is a lot! We are unavoidably forced to make choices - do we keep trying to make our double or triple majors work or do we completely switch gears? The thing I wished someone told me on day one is if you’re passionate about something, it’s not going to feel like work. Political Science can be challenging, but to me, it’s fun to read the Constitution (宪法) and see the impact each word has on our interpretation.
This may sound hard to accept, but if you are double or triple majoring because you think you’re in a race with your peers, you’re only running yourself into the ground. Don’t double or triple major if you are doing it for a mark on your resume (简历), because then your life will be a living hell for the next four years. What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have - whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do.
Always think about your “why” when it comes to the schedule a double or triple major entails. Because at the end of the day, it’s going to be you doing the homework - so try to enjoy what you’re doing along the ride for what it’s worth.
5．How do people tend to feel about the writer’s majors?
A．Impressed or puzzled. B．Ashamed or challenged.
C．Satisfied or confused. D．Amazed or concerned.
6．What enables the writer to enjoy learning Political Science?
A．The value of studying the Constitution. B．The influence of learning engineering.
C．His career planning for the future. D．His enthusiasm for the major.
7．According to the author, what causes multiple majors’ hard situation in college?
A．Adjusting the schedule for majors constantly.
B．Pursuing multiple majors out of competitive motivation.
C．Making random choices without sufficient consideration.
D．Estimating the difficulty of multiple majoring inaccurately.
8．What is the author’s purpose of writing the text?
A．To promote the concept of multiple majoring.
B．To explain the reasons for choosing a double major.
C．To compare the gains and losses of multiple majoring.
D．To stress the significance of passion in multiple majoring.
【语篇解读】
本文是议论文。文章主要讲述大学生不要盲目为了竞争而选择多个专业，一定要是因为热情和激情才去选择多个专业。

【详情解析】
5．【A】细节理解题。根据第一段“When someone hears what I study, I’m usually meant with two reactions. First up is a small smile with the word “overachiever” on the tip of their tongue. The second is a look of confusion, followed by an exaggerated (夸张的) “why?”.”(当有人听到我学习的内容时，我通常会有两种反应。首先是一个小小的微笑并且说“太有成就了”。第二种是困惑的表情，接着是夸张的“为什么？”。)可知，当人们听到作者的专业时，有的会很佩服，有的是很困惑。故选A。
6．【D】推理判断题。根据第二段“Political Science can be challenging, but to me, it’s fun to read the Constitution (宪法) and see the impact each word has on our interpretation.”(政治学可能具有挑战性，但对我来说，阅读《宪法》，看看每一个字对我们的解释有什么影响是很有趣的。)和第三段“What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have - whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do.”(让你印象深刻的是你所拥有的激情——无论是在你的学习、职业生涯中，还是在你的职业和学习将使你能够做的其他事情中。)可知，是热情和激情使得作者喜欢学习政治学。故选D。
7．【B】细节理解题。根据第三段“This may sound hard to accept, but if you are double or triple majoring because you think you’re in a race with your peers, you’re only running yourself into the ground. Don’t double or triple major if you are doing it for a mark on your resume (简历), because then your life will be a living hell for the next four years.”(这听起来可能很难接受，但如果你是双主修或三主修，因为你认为你在与同龄人竞争，你只是把自己撞到地上。如果你是为了简历上的一个分数而选择双主修或三主修，那么你的生活在接下来的四年里将是一个地狱。)可知，在作者看来，选择多个专业让大学生们处在糟糕的状况的原因是，他们只是为了在跟同龄人竞争才选择多个专业的。故选B。
8．【D】推理判断题。根据第三段“What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have - whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do.”(让你印象深刻的是你所拥有的激情——无论是在你的学习、职业生涯中，还是在你的职业和学习将使你能够做的其他事情中。)和最后一段“Always think about your “why” when it comes to the schedule a double or triple major entails. Because at the end of the day, it’s going to be you doing the homework - so try to enjoy what you’re doing along the ride for what it’s worth.”(当涉及到一个双主修或三主修课程的时间表时，一定要考虑你的“为什么”。因为在一天结束的时候，是你自己在做家庭作业，所以试着享受你在旅途中所做的一切，因为它是值得的。)可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是在建议人们要带着激情去选择专业，强调激情在多专业中的重要性。故选D。
Passage 3、（上海市复旦大学附中2022-2023高三阶段性评估英语试卷）
My friend was heartbroken. Her 8-year-old son had come home from school reporting that they were weighed in gym class, and that it had led to a discussion among the boys about their weights. It was the first time her son had realized that he was significantly heavier than most of his friends, and he came home that day with a brand-new message in his head: Being heavier wasn’t a good thing.
Her story gave me flashbacks to my own gym class weigh-ins. I remember being called up one by one, how the scale was connected to a large digital readout big enough for everyone to see—and how, sadly, it felt like a competition among the girls to be the lightest.
Though it varies from state to state, many schools have a program in place to measure health and fitness in gym class. The assessment usually includes things like push-ups, flexibility tests, and a scale. Weight is then used with the child’s height to calculate their body mass index (BMI). But is BMI a valid and important market of health or a harmful practice that should be retired?
“BMI measurement in school can provide some benefits, provided the measurements are done privately and sensitively, free of judgement,” says Dr. Muth. “When it’s not done with the utmost care, the downside outweighs any upside and it’s potentially harmful and stigmatizing.” Weighing students should not be done within sight or hearing distance of other students.
Still, it’s inevitable that some kids will compare numbers, and that can be potentially harmful. According to the National Eating Disorders Association, up to 60 percent of elementary school girls are worried about being too heavy. On the flip side, boys may feel shame if they’re seen as too small or scrawny. That’s why it’s important to avoid any stigmatizing language.
“We shouldn’t assume that higher weight kids are less healthy. That’s weight stigma, which can increase the risk for eating disorders,” says Rebecca Scritch-field, R. D．, author of Body Kindness. Besides, she adds, some kids naturally tend higher on the growth curve, and that’s normal for them.
Weighing students in school can be beneficial to help kids get on a healthier path, but it must be done properly. That means away from other students and without any weight stigma attached. Parents should also communicate with schools to know when and how weigh-ins are being done in order to decide whether or not their kid should participate.
9．What annoyed the author’s friend was that _________.
A．She has gained much weight after a gym class.
B．Her son has gained much weight though with exercises.
C．Her son refused to attend the gym class because of his weight.
D．Her son felt embarrassed when weighed publicly in gym class.
10．According to the passage, what can we know about BMI?
A．BMI is employed to measure children’s health, which are used in all schools.
B．In order to calculate BMI, a child’s weight and height are needed.
C．BMI is such an important factor that it should be made public among kids.
D．The disadvantages of BMI measurement in school outweighs any advantages.
11．What does “scrawny” (paragraph 5) mean?
A．tall B．depressed C．energetic D．skinny
12．What is the author’s attitude towards weighing students in school?
A．It should be totally banned. B．Parents should protest against it.
C．It should be held cautiously. D．It should be posted in public.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文，作者在文中论述了孩子们是否应该在体育课上称重。作者认为在学校称孩子体重可能有助于帮助孩子走上更健康的道路，但要正确处理。做得不好，它可能会伤害儿童。
【详情解析】
9．【D】推理判断题。根据第一段“My friend was heartbroken. Her 8-year-old son had come home from school reporting that they were weighed in gym class, and that it had led to a discussion among the boys about their weights. It was the first time her son had realized that he was significantly heavier than most of his friends, and he came home that day with a brand-new message in his head: Being heavier wasn’t a good thing.(我的朋友伤心欲绝。她8岁的儿子放学回家说，他们在体育课上称了体重，这引起了男孩们关于体重的讨论。这是她儿子第一次意识到自己比大多数朋友都重得多，那天他回到家，脑子里有一个全新的信息：重一点不是一件好事。)”可推知孩子们在体育课上公开称了体重，朋友的孩子因为自己比别人重很多而感到尴尬，这让朋友很生气、难过。故选D。
10．【B】细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Weight is then used with the child’s height to calculate their body mass index (BMI).(然后根据体重和身高来计算他们的身体质量指数(BMI))”可知计算BMI需要身高和体重。故选B。
11．【D】词义猜测题。根据第五段的第二、三句“According to the National Eating Disorders Association, up to 60 percent of elementary school girls are worried about being too heavy. On the flip side, boys may feel shame if they’re seen as too small or scrawny. (根据美国National Eating Disorders Association的数据，高达60%的小学女生担心自己太胖。另一方面，如果男孩被认为太小或scrawny，他们可能会感到羞耻。)”中的“On the flip side(另一方面)”以及“too small or scrawny”可知scrawny与too heavy意思相反，与small意义相近，所以D选项“skinny(极瘦的，皮包骨的) ”符合词义。故选D。
12．【C】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Weighing students in school can be beneficial to help kids get on a healthier path, but it must be done properly. That means away from other students and without any weight stigma attached. Parents should also communicate with schools to know when and how weigh-ins are being done in order to decide whether or not their kid should participate.(在学校给学生称重可以帮助孩子们走上更健康的道路，但必须正确地进行。这意味着远离其他学生，没有任何体重耻辱。家长还应该与学校沟通，了解何时以及如何进行称重，以便决定他们的孩子是否应该参加称重。)”可知作者认为在学校给学生称重可以帮助孩子们走上更健康的道路，但必须正确地进行，谨慎对待，以免对学生造成伤害。故选C。
Passage 4、（2022-2023学年度山东·青岛二中高三期中考试）
Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood overlap between strength-based science and the research on narcissism (自恋).
There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. Some researchers say that about 25% of young people showing symptoms of narcissism. The inflated ego of Generation Me is reflected in reality TV, celebrity worship, and out-of-control consumerism.
We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon, but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful counter-reaction to approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves.
In my own research on strength-based parenting, it is common for people to wrongly think this approach to be the cause of narcissism. Their argument seems to be that a child who knows their strengths will automatically view themselves as better than everyone else. It is argued that the self-assurance that comes with identifying and using their positive qualities will make a child selfish and uncaring. Genuine confidence about one’s strengths is categorized as over-confidence; desirable self-knowledge is branded as excessive self-admiration.
Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and our daily life. The New York Times noted that narcissism is a favored topic and that people everywhere are diagnosing others with it.
The fear that a strength-based approach will cause narcissism also occurs because of our binary (非此即彼) thinking. We mistakenly believe that one cannot be both confident and humble. We focus on Donald Trump and Kim Kardashian rather than Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. Without confidence in their strengths, Gandhi and Mother Teresa couldn’t have achieved so much, and yet modesty and selflessness are their qualities.
When we assume that strength-focus is the same as a self-focus, we fail to make the idea clear that people who know their strengths are, actually, more likely to be pro-social and ready to help others.
It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths.
13．Which of the following opinions may the writer agree with?
A．Strength-based parenting leads to narcissism.
B．It’s unhelpful for us to make our children feel good about themselves.
C．To say all kids are potential narcissists is overstating the case.
D．Children who know their strengths tend to be more selfish and uncaring.
14．Why are teenagers’ strengths often considered as narcissism?
A．There is a lack of narcissism in our common sense.
B．Academic journals report more on narcissism.
C．Many people are diagnosed with narcissism by doctors.
D．The general public has less access to strengths psychology.
15．What’s the author’s attitude towards young kids’ strength-based approaches?
A．Skeptical B．Favorable. C．Neutral. D．Doubtful.
16．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood B．Teens’ Narcissism Diagnosis
【语篇解读】
本文为一篇议论文。一直以来，人们对个人优势和自恋两者之间认识不足，导致了对青少年的自信产生误解。作者解释了对青少年的自信被误解为自恋的这一现象，及其产生原因，并认为：以突出孩子们优势为基础的教养方式是有益的。
【详情解析】
13．【C】推理判断题。根据第三段“We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon, but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful counter-reaction to approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves.(我们对这种现象的担忧是正确的，但是我们担心所有的孩子都是潜在的自恋者，这对那些试图让孩子和青少年自我感觉良好的方法造成了无益的反作用力。)”以及最后一段“It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths. (很容易得出这样的结论：每个年轻人都有成为自恋狂的风险，但我想为与我共事过的成千上万个关心他人、体贴他人、谦逊的孩子们说话——即使他们发挥了自己的长处。)”可推知，作者认为不是所有孩子都是潜在的自恋者，这样的说法过于夸大事实。故选C项。
14．【D】推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“Genuine confidence about one’s strengths is categorized as over-confidence; desirable self-knowledge is branded as excessive self-admiration. (对自己实力的真正自信被归类为过度自信；合适的自我认识被认为是过度的自我欣赏。)”，以及第五段中的“Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and our daily life. (为什么会出现这种情况？这在一定程度上是因为人们对自恋的了解多于对优点的了解。虽然优势心理学在很大程度上还停留在学术期刊的范围内，但对自恋的研究已经进入了大众媒体和我们的日常生活。)”可知，青少年因优势产生的自信常常被误认为是自恋，是因为大众对自恋很熟悉，而对优势心理学接触较少、相对陌生。故选D项。
15．【B】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“In my own research on strength-based parenting, it is common for people to wrongly think this approach to be the cause of narcissism. (在我自己对基于优势的教养方式的研究中，人们普遍错误地认为这种方式是自恋的原因)”可知，人们认为基于优势的育儿方式会导致孩子自恋，但其实他们是错误的；根据最后一段“It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths. (很容易得出这样的结论：每个年轻人都有成为自恋狂的风险，但我想为与我共事过的成千上万个关心他人、体贴他人、谦逊的孩子们说话——即使他们发挥了自己的长处。)”可推知，在研究基于优势的教养方式中，看到了成千上万个关心他人、体贴他人、谦逊的孩子们，说明这个教养方式是可行的，不能把孩子自恋贵就在这种育儿方式上，故作者很赞成基于优势的教养方式。故选B项。
16．【A】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood overlap between strength-based science and the research on narcissism. (心理科学充满了有趣的话题，其中许多都连贯地描述了人性，但有些则创造了看似矛盾的故事。其中一例是，在基于优点的心理科学与自恋研究之间存在微妙而被误解的重叠部分。)”，文章接下来对青少年的自信被误解这一现象及原因的详细阐述可知，文章主要介绍了青少年的自信被误解这一现象以及产生的原因。再结合最后一段“It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths. (人们很容易得出这样的结论：每个年轻人都有成为自恋狂的风险，但我想为与我共事过的成千上万个关心他人、体贴他人、谦逊的孩子们说话——即使他们发挥了自己的长处。)”可知，D选项“Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood (被误解的青少年的自信)”能够概括全文，适合作本文的标题。故选A项。
Passage 5、（吉林省吉林市部分重点高中2022-2023高三10月份第一次调研英语试卷）
What would you look like when you are 80 years old? It seems too far away to imagine, but an app named FaceApp tries to show you.
The app creates transformations of users’ faces using various filters(滤镜) and features. The FaceApp aging challenge went viral last month. Even many celebrities like Taylor Swift and Justin Bieber shared their wrinkly, grey-haired selfies on social media.
FaceApp helps us stop thinking of things that don’t matter and focus on the present. “We view these images as inferred fiction, not realized and therefore unreal,” US author Nicci Gerrard told The New York Times. “We think of our younger selves, because in one sense that’s who we are. Our younger stories are all still part of us, while our older selves don’t yet exist.” However, not everyone can laugh at their older selves. For some, aging is terrifying and it’s hard to accept what the future holds in terms of looks and feelings. As MetroUK noted, “FaceApp is making people into a painful crisis.”
In addition, FaceApp is facing a number of accusations regarding user privacy. When a user makes changes to a photo, it needs to be uploaded to the servers in Russia, where the company is located, then AI filters your image and sends it back to you. By using the app, you grant FaceApp the license to use, reproduce, change, adapt, and publish your image, as stated in its service agreement.
Despite the concerns over privacy, however, FaceApp does light up the Internet. It gives us the chance to take a look at our futures and perhaps let us consider how to prepare for it.
17．What can FaceApp do?
A．Tell how old users are. B．Show users’ images in old age.
C．Test users’ imagination. D．Help users contact celebrities.
18．Which of the following can replace the underlined words in Paragraph 2?
A．Caused trouble. B．Got updated.
C．Led to doubts. D．Became popular.
19．Which opinion may Nicci Gerrard agree with?
A．We should make full preparations for old age.
B．It’s unnecessary now for us to consider old age.
C．Our young stories deserve to be remembered.
D．It’s a good idea for us to stop using FaceApp.
20．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．How FaceApp gets users’ privacy involved. B．What punishment FaceApp is faced with.
C．How well FaceApp company serves users. D．What FaceApp service agreement contains.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文。主要介绍了一款受欢迎的 FaceApp软件。该软件可以让用户看到变老的样子。但对它的评价褒贬不一。
【详情解析】
17．【B】细节理解题。根据首段“What would you look like when you are 80 years old? It seems too far away to imagine, but an app named FaceApp tries to show you. (当你80岁时你会是什么样子？这似乎太遥远了，无法想象，但一个名为FaceApp的应用程序试图向你展示)”可知，FaceApp可以向用户展示他们80岁的样子。故答案为B。
18．【D】短语猜测题。第二段“Even many celebrities like Taylor Swift and Justin Bieber shared their wrinkly, grey-haired selfies on social media. (就连泰勒·斯威夫特和贾斯汀·比伯等许多名人也在社交媒体上分享了他们满脸皱纹、满头白发的自拍)”中的Even表示前后呈递进关系，由此可推测出划线部分表示 FaceApp“变得受欢迎”的含义，甚至很多名人也使用了该软件。故答案为D。
19．【B】推理判断题。根据第三段“We think of our younger selves, because in one sense that’s who we are. Our younger stories are all still part of us, while our older selves don’t yet exist.”(我们会想到年轻时的自己，因为在某种意义上，那就是我们。我们年轻时的故事仍然是我们的一部分，而年老时的自己还不存在)”可推知，Nicci Gerrard认为我们要活在当下，现在我们没有必要考虑老龄问题。故答案为B。
20．【A】主旨大意题。第四段的主旨句是首句“In addition, FaceApp is facing a number of accusations regarding user privacy. (此外，FaceApp还面临着许多关于用户隐私的指控)”，后文具体描述了FaceApp如何涉及个人隐私，所以本段主要描述了“FaceApp如何涉及个人隐私”。故答案为A。
Passage 6、（湖南省雅礼十六校2022-2023高三第一次联考试卷）
As many office workers adapt to remote work, cities may undergo fundamental change if offices remain under-utilized. Who will benefit if working from home becomes the norm?
Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers.
Unless employees are fully compensated, this could become a variant of parasitic (变异的) capitalism, whereby corporate profits increasingly rely on extracting value from the public- and now personal- realm, rather than on generating new value.
Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work.
If working from home becomes permanent, employees will have to dedicate part of their private space to work. This requires purchasing desks, chairs and office equipment.
It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid for. That depends on many things, but for purposes of illustration, I have run some estimates for Montreal. The exercise is simple but important, since it brings these costs out of the realm of speculation into the realm of meaningful discussion.
Rough calculations show that the savings made by employers when their staff works from home are of similar value to the compensation workers should receive for setting up offices at home.
What does this mean for offices in cities? One of two things may happen: Employers pass these costs onto employees. This would be a form of expropriation (侵占), with employees absorbing production costs that have traditionally been paid by the employer. This represents a considerable transfer of value from employees to employers.
When employees are properly compensated, employers’ real estate savings will be modest. If savings are modest, then the many advantages of working in offices-such as lively atmosphere, rapidity of communication, team-building and acclimatization (适应环境) of new employees-will encourage employers to shelve the idea of remote work and, like Yahoo in 2013, encourage employees to work most of the time from corporate office space.
21．What does the author say about working from home?
A．It will become the norm sooner or later.
B．It requires employees to adapt promptly.
C．It benefits employers at the expense of employees.
D．It will force cities to transform their infrastructure.
22．Why do some people oppose working from home?
A．It discourages team spirit. B．It undermines traditional values.
C．It invades employees’ privacy. D．It negatively impacts productivity.
23．Why did the author run the estimates for Montreal?
A．To provide convincing data for serious discussion.
B．To illustrate the ongoing change in working patterns.
C．To show the impact of remote working on productivity.
D．To exemplify how remote working affects the economy.
24．What is the author’s opinion on working from home?
A．It should be avoided if possible. B．It is only a temporary measure.
C．It can reduce companies’ real estate costs. D．It may affect employees’ corporate loyalty.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是如果在家办公成为常态，谁会受益。
【详情解析】
21．【C】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers.(雇主们辩称，当员工从办公室转移到家庭工作时，他们可以在房地产方面节省相当多的资金。然而，这些节省来自于将成本转嫁给工人)”可知，在家工作以牺牲员工的利益为代价让雇主受益。故选C。
22．【D】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work.(尽管雇主们得到了远程工作倡导者的一致支持，但也有人指出了远程工作带来的孤独感、生产力下降和效率低下)”可知，有些人反对在家工作是因为这会对生产力产生负面影响。故选D。
23．【A】推理判断题。根据倒数第四段的“It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid for. That depends on many things, but for purposes of illustration, I have run some estimates for Montreal.(这还意味着要有专门用于工作的私人空间：这些空间必须有暖气、清洁、维护和费用。这取决于很多因素，但为了说明，我对蒙特利尔进行了一些估算)”可知，作者要对蒙特利尔进行估算是为了为严肃的讨论提供有说服力的数据。故选A。
24．【A】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“If savings are modest, then the many advantages of working in offices-such as lively atmosphere, rapidity of communication, team-building and acclimatization of new employees-will encourage employers to shelve the idea of remote work and, like Yahoo in 2013, encourage employees to work most of the time from corporate office space.(如果节省的成本不多，那么在办公室工作的许多优势——比如活跃的氛围、快速的沟通、团队建设和新员工的适应能力——将鼓励雇主搁置远程工作的想法，并像2013年的雅虎一样，鼓励员工大部分时间在公司办公空间工作)”可知，作者对在家工作的看法是如果可能的话，应该避免这样做。故选A。
Passage 7、（广东省惠州市三校2022-2023高三第一次质量检测）
“I'm going to fail !"My best friend cried. She and I had this conversation almost every day while we were in high school.
The truth was that my friend never failed in any subjects. I just think that she can't accept failures because she lives her life as a perfectionist (完美主义者). What she fails to understand is that a lot of good can come from failures.
For example, failure can help build relationships. Once was cooking dinner for a friend. I was tired, and several dishes I tried to make turned out bad. I grew more and more upset until my friend told me that I shouldn't worry. She cared more about our friendship than the dishes. That day, I learned that failure doesn't always make people dislike you. In fact, after she said those words to me, I grew closer to her.
Failure can make success ever more exciting. Every few years, there would be an important test in the PE class at our school. Students had to run a mile within eight minutes. I was never good at running, so I failed every time until the third year at school. Then I began working out regularly, and yet I still failed that year. A few days later, however, the teacher gave me and some other students another chance to run and I got a pass finally! You can 't imagine how excited I was after that. I felt the memory of the success was as sweet as honey, because I had to overcome failure to reach it.
Now its clear to see that failure can teach us good lessons. It's not an end—it can be a beginning.
25．What can we learn about the author's best friend from the first two paragraphs?
A．She liked taking tests. B．She was afraid of failures.
C．She often failed in study. D．She knew how to be perfect.
26．What did the author finally get from a failed cooking?
A．Bad feelings. B．Worries. C．A closer friendship. D．More experience.
27．Why did the author feel excited after the running test?
A．Because she could work out regularly.
B．Because she received honey as a reward.
C．Because she got another chance to take the test.
D．Because she achieved success after many failures.
28．The author wrote this passage________.
A．to show the negative effects of failures B．to point out her best friends fear of failures
C．to encourage the readers to face failures bravely D．to introduce different types of failures
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，作者通过自己的经历论述了失败的好处。
【详情解析】
25．【B】细节理解题。根据第二段的“I just think that she can't accept failures because she lives her life as a perfectionist.（我只是觉得她无法接受失败因为她过着完美主义者的生活。）”可知，作者最好的朋友害怕失败，故选B。
26．【C】细节理解题。根据第三段的“She cared more about our friendship than the dishes. That day, I learned that failure doesn't always make people dislike you. In fact, after she said those words to me, I grew closer to her.（比起盘子，她更在乎我们的友谊。那天，我明白了失败并不总是会让人们讨厌你。事实上，在她对我说了这些话之后，我和她更亲近了。 ）”可知，作者最终从一次失败的烹饪中得到了更亲密的友谊，故选C。
27．【D】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“I was never good at running, so I failed every time until the third year at school....A few days later, however, the teacher gave me and some other students another chance to run and I got a pass finally! （我从来不擅长跑步，所以每次都失败，直到三年级......然而，几天后，老师又给了我和其他同学一次跑步的机会，我终于通过了!）”可知，作者在跑步测试后很兴奋是因为她在多次失败后取得了成功。故选D。
28．【C】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段的“Now its clear to see that failure can teach us good lessons. It's not an end—it can be a beginning.（现在很明显，失败可以给我们很好的教训。这不是结束，它可能是一个开始。）”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励读者勇敢面对失败，故选C。
Passage 8、（2023届江苏省三名校（姜堰中学、沭阳中学、如东中学）高三10月月考
Earlier this month, British supermarket chain Morrisons announced that it would be removing “use by” dates on most of its milk. The idea behind this is to discourage people from throwing milk away based on a date, rather than sniffing (闻) and looking at it to determine whether it’s still safe for consumption.
The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway. They’re assigned somewhat randomly by food manufacturers that are not held to any regulatory standards for what determines a safe date nor what expertise (专门知识) is required to make such a judgment call—so it makes sense that they’d be too cautious.
What I find amusing, however, is that many people seem to be horrified by this approaching absence of “use by” dates.
In fact, I never look at expiration dates when I shop. To me, it’s as if they don’t exist. To be clear, I am not an absent-minded shopper. I pay close attention to both packaging and price. Despite having a full cart at checkout, I could tell you the exact price of every item in it. Any time I see a clearance rack (清仓货架) at the store, that’s usually where I go first because it’s exactly the stuff I want to buy—the cheaper, the better! If there’s any heavily discounted product that I’d normally use, I will certainly take it. Often, I’ll mentally adjust my weekly menu plan on the spot, based on what I find.
The handful of times I have looked at expiration dates have been for short-lived items like prepackaged salad greens. What I’ve found, however, is that the dates mean little. Even a package that claims to be fresh can still have rotten yellow leaves at the bottom, which turns me off. Therefore, the expiration date means next to nothing, but my visual assessment, combined with my intention for when I plan to eat it, is far more useful.
Food is your friend. Food is not out to kill you!
29．Why will Morrisons remove “use by” dates on most of its milk?
A．To reduce food waste. B．To improve customers’ senses.
C．To meet the regulatory standards. D．To be cautious about food quality.
30．What do we know about the author’s shopping habit from the text?
A．She shows little interest in packaging.
B．She cares more about the price.
C．She always avoids buying discounted products.
D．She is often careless about choosing goods.
31．Why does the author give the example of “prepackaged salad greens”?
A．To claim her favorite food. B．To introduce her cooking habit.
C．To stress the uselessness of expiration dates. D．To show the poor packaging of some food.
32．What is the best title for the text?
A．What Makes Us Waste More Food B．Why We Need “Use By” Dates
C．How I Choose Food for Cooking D．Why I Ignore Food Expiration Dates
【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文。作者通过自己消费习惯和生活中的例子的论述解释了为什么要忽视食物的保质期。
【详情解析】
29．【A】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The idea behind this is to discourage people from throwing milk away based on a date, rather than sniffing (闻) and looking at it to determine whether it’s still safe for consumption.(这背后的想法是阻止人们根据一个日期就扔掉牛奶，而不是闻和看它是否仍然可以安全食用。)”第二段“The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway.(事实是，每年有大量的食物被浪费是因为人们盲目地遵循保质期，而不是他们的感官。更糟糕的是，大多数日期都没有什么意义。)可知，为了减少食物浪费，莫里森公司将在大部分牛奶上去掉“食用截止日期”。故选A。
30．【B】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“I pay close attention to both packaging and price.(我非常注意包装和价格。)”可知，作者的消费习惯是她更关心价格。故选B。
31．【C】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The handful of times I have looked at expiration dates have been for short-lived items like prepackaged salad greens. What I’ve found, however, is that the dates mean little. Even a package that claims to be fresh can still have rotten yellow leaves at the bottom, which turns me off.( 我看过的几次保质期都是预先包装的蔬菜沙拉等短期食品。然而，我发现，日期意义不大。即使是号称新鲜的包装，底部也可能有腐烂的黄叶，这让我很反感。)”可推知，作者举了一个“预先包装的蔬菜沙拉”的例子来强调保质期的无用性。故选C。
32．【D】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Earlier this month, British supermarket chain Morrisons announced that it would be removing “use by” dates on most of its milk. (本月早些时候，英国连锁超市莫里森(Morrisons)宣布，将在大部分牛奶中去掉“食用日期”。)”和第二段“The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway.(事实是，每年有大量的食物被浪费是因为人们盲目地遵循保质期，而不是他们的感官。更糟糕的是，大多数日期都没有什么意义。)”以及下文中作者通过自己消费习惯和生活中的例子的论述可知，文章主要讲述了作者为什么会忽视食物的保质期。故选D。
Passage 9、（江苏省扬州中学2022-2023学年度高三开学考试）
In a classic episode of The Simpsons, Homer’s class reunion ends in shame when one of Homer’s guilty secrets is exposed: he never graduated from high school. To get his diploma, he must pass a science test. As he sits down to retake the exam, he holds one of his trademark dialogues with his brain. “All right, brain. You don’t like me and I don’t like you. But let’s just do this and I can get back to killing you with beer.”
Many a true word is spoken as a joke. Homer Simpson’s Everyman character really is an Everyman. For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work. It is so much easier to quit and let the brain’s autopilot take over.
And no wonder. Evolution has blessed the human brain with all kinds of mental shortcuts that make life manageable. If we had to think about every action or weigh up every decision, we would break down. As a result, certain ideas and modes of thinking come naturally to us, such as effortless thinking.
But at huge cost. Our mental shortcuts work fine at the level of individuals and small-scale societies, but in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, they are a danger to society. Effortless thinking is at the root of many of the modern world’s most serious problems: terrorism, hatred, inequality and religious extremism. All are caused by people disengaging their critical thinking and going with their gut (非理性的) feeling.
Everybody is capable of gut feeling, but also of the critical thinking. Both thinking styles are needed to make the world go round. Unfortunately, the latter requires training that is unavailable or unappealing to many people.
One of the bright spots in 2017 was the start of a movement called the March For Science. Those who believe in the power of science need to keep on marching, or give more power to people who don’t much like their own brains — or other people’s.
33．What does the author want to convey through Homer’s story?
A．Feeling is very important.
B．Drinking beer is harmful to one’s brain.
C．High school seniors should work hard.
D．Most people hate effortful thinking like Homer.
34．How do you read between the lines of the underlined sentence according to the passage?
A．Most people would rather tell jokes than tell the truth.
B．Most people don’t want to toil through scientific tests.
C．Most people would love to have their brains controlled by a pilot.
D．Most people like Simpson’s ordinary character are willing to think simple.
35．What does the author think of critical thinking?
A．It makes the world go round.
B．It needs necessary training.
C．It works fine at the level of personal affairs.
D．It leads to the March For Science in 2017.
36．What is the best title for the text?
A．Critical Thinking Is Urgently Needed B．Effortless Thinking Is Out of Date
C．We Need to March Towards Science D．Thinking Contributes to Social Problems
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇议论文。文章以电影《辛普森一家人》中荷马失败的同学会开始，揭露出大部分人不喜欢进行需要花费努力的批判性思维，论述了毫不费力的思考的危害以及当代世界迫切需要批判性思维这一话题。
【详情解析】
33．【D】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Homer Simpson’s Everyman character really is an Everyman. For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.(荷马·辛普森饰演的普通人真的是普通人。对大多数人来说，为了通过科学考试而进行的那种费力的思考感觉太辛苦了。)”可推知，作者想通过荷马的故事说明大多数人像荷马一样讨厌像费力的思考。故选D。
34．【D】词句猜测题。根据第二段中画线句下文的“For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.对大多数人来说，从事那种通过科学考试所需的轻松思考，感觉太像是艰苦的工作。)”可推知，划线句子想要表达的意思是荷马·辛普森饰演的普通人真的与普通人十分相似，即大多数像辛普森一样平凡的人都愿意简单地思考。故选D。
35．【B】推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句话“Unfortunately, the latter requires training that is unavailable or unappealing to many people.(不幸的是，后者需要的培训对许多人来说是不可能或没有吸引力的。)”可推知，作者认为批判性思维需要进行一些必要的培训。故选B。
36．【A】主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.(对大多数人来说，从事那种通过科学考试所需的轻松思考，感觉太像是艰苦的工作。)”及第四段中的“Effortless thinking is at the root of many of the modern world’s most serious problems: terrorism, hatred, inequality and religious extremism.(毫不费力的思考是当今世界许多最严重问题的根源：恐怖主义、仇恨、不平等和宗教极端主义。)”可知，本文主要介绍了现在多数人不喜欢批判性思维，即理性思维，而当今世界一些严重问题的根源在于人们缺乏理性思维。由此可知，A项“Critical Thinking Is Urgently Needed(批判性思维迫切被需要)”适合作文章最佳标题。故选A。
Passage 10、（2022年海南省高三期末学业水平诊断英语试题）
There is a difference between being an acquaintance（熟人）and being a friend. An acquaintance is someone whose name you know, who you see every now and then, who you probably have something in common with and who you feel comfortable around. It's a person that you can invite to your home and share things with. But they are the people who you don't share your life with, and whose actions sometimes you don't understand because you don't know enough about them.
On the other hand, a friend is someone you love. Not that you are “in love” with them, but you care about them and you think about them when they are not there. They are the people whose pictures you have and whose faces are in your head regardless. Friends are the people you feel safe around because you know they care about you. They tell you the truth and you do the same.
Friends are the people who won't laugh at you or hurt you, and if they do hurt you they try hard to make it up to you. They are the people you love, regardless of whether you realize it.
Friends are the people that hold the rings at your wedding, or maybe they are the people you marry. They are the people who stop you from making mistakes and help you when you do. They are the people whose hands you can hold, or who you can hug or give a kiss to. They understand the things you do and they love you for them.
They stick with you and stand by you. They hold your hands. They watch you live and you watch them live. Your life is not the same without them.
37．Which of the following might be your acquaintance?
A．Your girlfriend. B．Your neighbour.
C．Your elder brother. D．Your beloved grandma.
38．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．The things you do. B．The hugs you get.
C．The friends you've met. D．The mistakes you've made.
39．How is the text developed?
A．By listing facts. B．By giving examples.
C．By analyzing reasons. D．By giving definitions.
40．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．The benefit you can get from friends.
B．The importance of making many friends.
C．The necessity of telling acquaintances from friends.
D．The differences between friends and acquaintances.
【语篇解读】
本文为一篇议论文，讨论了熟人和朋友的不同之处。
【详情解析】
37．【B】推理判断题。根据第一段“An acquaintance is someone whose name you know, who you see every now and then, who you probably have something in common with and who you feel comfortable around. It's a person that you can invite to your home and share things with. But they are the people who you don't share your life with, and whose actions sometimes you don't understand because you don't know enough about them.(一个熟人是你知道他的名字，你偶尔会见到他，你可能和他有一些共同之处，和他在一起你觉得很舒服。 这是一个你可以邀请到家里和你分享东西的人。 但他们是那些你不愿与之分享生活的人，他们的行为有时你也不理解，因为你对他们了解不够)”可知，家人不属于“熟人”，女朋友可以和你分享生活，也不属于“熟人”。故选B项。
38．【A】词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“They understand the things you do and they love you for them.(他们理解你所做的事情，并因此而爱你)”可知，划线部分的代词指代前面“你所做的事”。故选A项。
39．【D】推理判断题。通读全文，第一段“There is a difference between being an acquaintance (熟人)and being a friend.(熟人和朋友有区别)”总起全文，并论述了“熟人”的特点，给“熟人”下了定义；第二段至第五段从不同角度论述了“朋友”的特点，让读者对“朋友”有了清晰的概念。故选D项。
40．【D】主旨大意题。第一段“There is a difference between being an acquaintance (熟人) and being a friend (熟人和朋友有区别)”总起全文，本文主要论述了朋友和熟人的不同之处。故选D项。