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    高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题25语法填空之如何巧取动词提示词(含解析)

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    高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题25语法填空之如何巧取动词提示词(含解析)

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    这是一份高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题25语法填空之如何巧取动词提示词(含解析),共41页。试卷主要包含了非谓语形式的变化等内容,欢迎下载使用。
    专题25 如何巧取动词提示词

    动词是历年高考的必考点,对动词有关知识的掌握是考生在语法填空中得高分的关键。动词的变化形式比较多,有谓语形式的变化(如时态语态和主谓一致及虚拟语气)、非谓语形式的变化(如不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词)。


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    有提示词
    谓语动词
    2
    2
    1
    1
    1
    1
    0
    2
    非谓语动词
    2
    2
    4
    3
    0
    2
    2
    2
    名词
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    2
    1
    形容词
    0
    1
    1
    2
    3
    2
    2
    2
    副词
    1
    1
    0
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0
    数词
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    0
    0
    代词
    0
    0
    1
    0
    1
    0
    1
    0
    无提示词
    介词
    1
    0
    1
    1
    0
    1
    1
    1
    冠词
    1
    1
    0
    1
    1

    1
    1
    连词
    1
    1
    1

    1
    1
    1
    1
    其他词
    1(定语从句关系代词)
    1(特殊疑问词)
    0
    1(定语从句关系代词)
    1(主语从句关系代词)
    1(定语从句关系代词)
    0
    0

    『命题专家谈高考』
    【考纲解读】
    语法填空旨在通过语篇测试考生的英语语言知识与技能,将语法考查提高到语篇层次,在完整、真实、综合的语境中多角度考查考生运用语法知识理解篇章的能力。
    语法填空考查形式分为有提示词(7个)和无提示词(3个)两种形式。有提示词多考查实词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)的词性转换和基本用法,如动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致;名词的数;形容词和副词的比较等级等。无提示词多考查虚词的用法,主要考查介词、冠词和连词等。
    【备考建议】
    1.该题型以后会更加突出语篇,强调运用。因此,考生要及时转变观念,关注语法在语篇中的交际使用情况,将学习英语的关注点转移到语言的实际运用上来。
    2.同时,还要加强语篇逻辑分析能力和精细阅读能力的培养,继续重视语言运用的准确性。
    3.语法和词汇知识是综合运用语言能力的基础,要与真实的交际场景和语篇运用紧密结合。



    微技能一 如何确定作谓语和作何种谓语
    No.1思维定向——先定向是否作谓语
    解题步骤
    典例印证
    第一步:确定是否作谓语
    首先,分析句子结构,找出句中是否缺少谓语,如果缺少谓语,则该空格应填谓语动词。
    第二步:确定作谓语的三点注意
    1.根据语境、并列谓语、时间标志词等确定用哪种时态;
    2.根据主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系,以确定语态;
    3.根据主语确定谓语动词的数,做到主谓一致。
      The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history.It 61.____________ (build) originally to protect the city 62.in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
    【分析】
    第一步 确定填谓语。分析句子成分可知,空处和has now been completely restored (修复)作并列谓语。
    第二步 考虑时态语态和主谓一致。有时间状语in the Tang dynasty可知发生在过去,根据主语it (the Great Wall)与动词build之间是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。
    [尝试解答] was__built

    No.2解题规则——再确定作何种谓语
    技法一 提示词为动词时,确定时态的4根据
    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.慧眼识别
    标志词
    1. In the first century, many people in Roman Empire ____________ (work) underground in mines to support their families.
    2.At the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, Sichuan ____________ (attract) a large number of travelers over the years.
    3.This is for the seventh national population census (人口普查).China ____________ (conduct) a national survey every 10 years since the 1990s.
    4. That promise may be years away from realization but rapid typing enabled by bioprinting at present ____________ (push) medical advances forward at pace.
    5.Since December 2001, it ____________(be)on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list.
    6.By about 6000 BC,people __________________
    (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
    认清常考时态的标志性时间状语
    (1)看到often, usually, always, every time, sometimes等时间状语, 要想到用一般现在时。
    (2)看到yesterday, last year, in 2020, the other day, two days ago, 一段时间+later等时间状语,要想到用一般过去式。
    (3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week, in the future, soon等时间状语,要想到用一般将来时。
    (4)看到at this moment, at present, now等时间状语,要想到用现在进行时。
    (5)看到since, recently, lately, already , in the last/past few years, so far/up to now, for+时间段, ever since...等时间状语,要想到用现在完成时。
    (6)看到by then , by the end of...等时间状语,要想到用过去完成时。
    2.瞻前顾后
    找并列
    7.There, he not only did well as a student but also ____________ (become) an accomplished public speaker.
    8.When/As he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and ____________(point) down the river.
    (1)可根据并列连词and, but, or, rather than, neither...nor...,not only...but also...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态。
    (2)同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词时态要一致。
    3.通过“常用
    句式”法 
    9.This was the first time I ____________ (experience) sandstorms and I don’t ever want to be in one again.
    10.I____________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
    11.I say to him with a cheerful smile,“Go to exercise and you ____________(feel) better.”
    12.Therefore, it is high time that we ____________ (take) effective measures to improve the current situation.
    掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题快速且行之有效的方式,因此平时要积累并熟记一些常用句式。如:
    (1)was/were doing sth when sb did...
    (2)had (just) done sth when+一般过去时
    (3)This/It/That was the first/second...time that sb had done...
    (4)祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句用一般将来时
    (5)It’s (high) time that...did/should do sth
    4.通过“语境
    暗示”法 
    13.This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then,with the rise of science,changes began.New methods ____________(mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
    14.As a result, as the number of qubits(量子位) ____________ (increase), the computing ability of quantum computers rises too.
    分析句子结构, 发现提示词作谓语, 且没有标志性的时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,通过正确理解语境即通过题干中的语境暗示解题,也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
    答案
    1.worked [考查时态。句意:在公元一世纪,罗马帝国的许多人为了养家糊口都在地下矿井里工作。结合上文“In the first century”可知,应用一般过去时。]
    2.has attracted [考查时态和主谓一致。句意:四川地处青藏高原的边缘,多年来吸引了大量游客。分析句子结构可知,空处为本句的谓语动词,结合时间状语over the years可知,时态应为现在完成时,结构为have/has done,主语Sichuan为第三人称单数,谓语动词用单数形式,故填has attracted。]
    3.has conducted [考查时态和主谓一致。句意:自上世纪90年代以来,中国每10年进行一次全国性调查。根据后文since the 1990s可知,应用现在完成时,主语为China,故助动词用has。]
    4.is pushing [考查时态和主谓一致。句意:这一前景可能还需要数年时间才能实现,但目前生物打印带来的快速打印功能正在推动医学进步的步伐。表示动作目前正在进行,应用现在进行时,主语为rapid typing,谓语动词用单数。]
    5.has been [考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的时间状语“since December 2001”可知,应用现在完成时;主语it是单数概念,谓语动词应用单数。]
    6.had discovered [考查时态。分析句子成分可知,简单句中除了提示词外无其他谓语动词,且主语和提示词之间为主动关系,本句中时间标志词By about 6000 BC为“by+过去时间点”结构,意为“到……为止”,句子应该用过去完成时。]
    7.became [考查时态。分析句子结构可知,not only与but also连接的是两个并列谓语,not only后用了一般过去时(did),but also后也应该使用一般过去时(became)。]
    8.pointed [考查时态。分析句子结构可知,and连接并列谓语,根据上文they smiled,可知此处应用一般过去时,故填pointed。]
    9.had experienced [考查时态。此题为固定句式 “This was the first time that sb had done sth”因此,从句用过去完成时。]
    10.was driving [考查时态。句意:我正开车去伦敦,这时突然发现自己走错了路。此题考查固定句式“be doing sth when...”,表示“正在做某事时突然……”。]
    11.will feel [考查时态。此题为固定句式:祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句用一般将来时。]
    12.took/should take [考查时态。句意:因此,采取一些必要措施来改善这种情况已经是当务之急的时候了。此处考查固定句式“It’s (high) time that...did/should do sth”。]
    13.meant [考查时态。结合句意可知,New methods与mean是主谓关系,同时前两句的时态为一般过去时,故填meant。]
    14.increases [考查时态和主谓一致。句意:因此,随着量子位的增加,量子计算机的计算能力也随之提高。根据句意可知,句子为as引导的时间状语从句,句子陈述的是客观事实,应用一般现在时,increase意为“增加”,句中“the number of ”意为“……的数量”,后接名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数,故应填increases。]
     技法二 提示词为动词时,明确逻辑关系定语态
    确定谓语动词的语态,分析语境,弄明白所给动词与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。如果所给动词的主语是这个动词动作的执行者,该动词就用主动语态;若所给动词的主语是这个动词动作的承受者,该动词就用被动语态。

    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.依据逻辑关系,辨析主动或被动
    Born in 712, Du Fu lived through the violent fall of China’s brilliant Tang Dynasty.He had the desire to serve his country, but his life ____________ (destroy) by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755.
    2.People tend to focus on the first factor.However,greater attention should ____________(place) on longevity(长寿).
    3.Moreover, knowledge has become more and more complicated and it can’t ____________ (understand) if we do not practice it again and again.
    4.Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering,so people were able to raise more children.And,as more children were born,more food ________(need).
    动词的语态一般和时态放在一起进行考查。做好此类试题,考生需要掌握以下几点:
    (1)分析句子结构, 发现提示词作谓语, 若与主语之间是主动关系, 应考虑用主动语态,若是被动关系则考虑用被动语态。
    (2)被动语态的基本形式为:be+过去分词, 情态动词+be done。
    (3)做题步骤一般分为两步:先考虑语态,再考虑时态。
    (4)主谓一致常和动词的时态、语态放在一起考查。
    2.牢记主动表被动含义句式结构
    5.The book which were written by Zhou Meisen, a famous writer in Jiangsu,____________ (sell) well.
    6.The books which were written by Zhou Meisen, a famous writer in Jiangsu,____________ (sell) out here.
    提示词作谓语, 且表示的是主语所具有的特征时, 应考虑用主动形式表示被动含义。
    答案
    1.was destroyed [考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:他有报效祖国的愿望,但755年的安史之乱毁了他的生命。此处缺乏谓语,由时间状语the An Lushan Rebellion of 755可知,时态用一般过去时,主语his life和谓语destroy是被动关系,用一般过去时的被动语态(was/were done),主语his life是单数,谓语也用单数形式。]
    2.be placed [考查语态。由短语place greater attention on可知,attention 与place之间是被动关系,故用被动语态。]
    3.be understood [考查语态和主谓一致。句意:此外,知识已经变得越来越复杂,如果我们不一次又一次地实践它,它是不可能被我们理解的。此处主语与谓语动词构成被动关系,且can’t后跟动词原形。故填be understood。]
    4.was needed [考查时态语态。结合句意“出生的孩子越多,需要的粮食就越多”可知,more food与need构成被动关系,且文章的基本时态为一般过去时,故填was needed。]
    5.sell [考查语态和主谓一致。根据句意可知, sell在此处表示事物所具有的特征,意为“卖得好, 畅销” 应用主动形式表示被动含义,同时,本句主语books是复数形式,故填sell。]
    6.have been sold [考查时态语态和主谓一致。根据句意可知, sell在此处强调动作, 指书“已经卖完”,应用现在完成时的被动语态。又因主语books是复数形式,故填have been sold。]
     技法三 提示词为动词时, 确定主谓一致的三原则
    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.语法一
    致原则
    1.Amy, as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
    2.Often,only a small part of a museum’s collection ____________(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
    (1)由分数、百分数或者some, a part of等修饰时,要根据所修饰的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。
    (2)分析句子结构, 发现提示词作谓语, 看到主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引导的短语时,要考虑谓语动词的数与前面的主语保持一致。
    2.就近一
    致原则
    3.Even though there ____________ (be) more opportunities to go out and do fun things in the city, it may take focus away from your studies.
    4.Not only the students but also their teacher ____________ (move) deeply by the moving story.
    5.As a matter of fact, not only the students but also the teacher ____________ (wish) for a relaxing holiday.
    (1)分析句子结构, 发现提示词作谓语, 看到主语由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...,not...but...等连接时,要考虑就近原则确定谓语动词的单复数。
    (2)分析句子结构, 发现提示词作谓语,看到there, here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
    3.意义一
    致原则
    6.Practicing, to sum up,____________ (be) of greatest importance for those who are determined to learn knowledge well.
    7.Our school is carrying on a reform in education and each boy and each girl ____________ (have) access to a table computer as well as the Internet.
    (1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时,谓语动词用单数。
    (2)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。
    答案
    1.was given [考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意:埃米和她的兄弟们上周回到村里时受到了热烈的欢迎。A as well as B作主语时,谓语动词的数由A,也就是本题中的Amy决定;由last week可知give表示的动作发生在过去,且Amy与give是被动关系,故填was given。]
    2.is [考查时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语often可知该句应用一般现在时,设空处为谓语动词,主语为only a small part of a museum’s collection,是单数形式,故填is。]
    3.are [考查时态和主谓一致。句意:即使在城市里有更多的外出和做有趣的事情的机会,这可能会分散你学习的注意力。陈述的是客观事实,用一般现在时,根据there be句型中的主语more opportunities可知应用are。]
    4.was moved [考查语态和主谓一致。句意:不仅学生,老师也被这个故事深深地打动了。not only...but also...并列主语时根据就近一致原则确定谓语动词用单数, move与主语their teacher 是被动关系, 故填was moved。]
    5.wishes [考查主谓一致。句意:事实上,不仅仅是学生,老师也希望有个放松的假期。根据就近一致的原则,应该填wishes。]
    6.is [考查时态和主谓一致。句意:总之,对于那些决心学好知识的人来说,实践是最重要的。句子陈述客观事实用一般现在时,主语为Practicing,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。]
    7.has [考查时态和主谓一致。句意:我们学校进行教育改革,每个男孩和女孩都有机会使用电脑以及互联网。根据并列句的时态可知,此处应用一般现在时;根据意义一致的原则, each boy and each girl 作主语,谓语动词用单数,故填has。]
    微技能二 如何确定作非谓语和作何种非谓语
    No.1思维定向——先定向是否作非谓语
    解题步骤
    典例印证
      分析句子结构,所给提示词是动词时, 若句中已有谓语动词, 而又无连词(并列连词连接并列句或并列谓语,从属连词引导从句)时,则要考虑填非谓语动词。
     Later,they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and,in dry areas,____________(make) use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields.
    【分析】 分析句子结构可知,句中已经有谓语动词learned,故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)作状语。
    [尝试解答] making



    No.2解题规则——再确定具体用何种非谓语
    判断非谓语动词的2个基本原则
    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.判断主动
    还是被动
    1.Orange trees are more than decoration;they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.They make great gifts and you see them many times ____________ (decorate)with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
    2.The World Health Organization (WHO) has decided that the novel coronavirus (新型冠状病毒) outbreak is considered as an international public health emergency,____________ (set) off the global action to prevent the spread of the virus.
    动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式的区别:
    逻辑主语与非谓语动词是主谓关系时, 用动词-ing形式;是动宾关系时用动词-ed形式。
    2.判断时间
    先后关系
    3.A bird habitat can be a natural or man-made area ____________ (provide) birds with an environment that supplies food and water.
    4. According to a study ____________ (publish) in the magazine Science, the changes in the sounds of our oceans, seas, and other waterways affect many sea animals.
    (1)非谓语动词表示正在进行, 用动词-ing形式;
    (2)表示已经完成,用动词-ed形式;
    (3)表示将来发生的动作,用不定式to do形式。

    答案
    1.decorated [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,句中已有谓语动词make及see,故空处应作非谓语动词。又因句中them指代前句中的orange trees,与decorate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,此处作宾语补足语。]
    2.setting [考查非谓语动词。句意:世界卫生组织(世卫组织)决定将新型冠状病毒的爆发视为国际公共卫生紧急事件,触发了全球行动来抵制病毒的传播。分析句子结构可知,本句已有谓语,分句之间无连词连接,此处应用非谓语动词形式;结合语境可知,此处应用动词-ing短语作结果状语,表示自然而然的结果。故填setting。]
    3.providing [考查非谓语动词。句意:鸟类栖息地可以是一个自然或人为的区域,为鸟类提供食物和水的环境。area 后跟定语,area 与 provide 是逻辑上的主谓关系,且 provide 表示正在进行的动作。]
    4.published [考查非谓语动词。句意:根据发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究,海洋和其他水域的声音变化影响了许多海洋动物。动词publish意为“发表”,和逻辑主语study构成被动关系,且动作已完成。所以应用过去分词作后置定语。]
    判断非谓语动词的5种妙法
    妙法1 非谓语动词作主语和表语——成分分析法
    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.非谓语动
    词作主语
    1.____________ (track) down more than 1 billion Chinese citizens is by no means easy.This year, about 7 million staff will be needed to visit homes for registration work.
    2.On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take ____________ (get) there.
    3.It is possible ____________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
    1.句中缺少主语,找到句子的谓语部分,确定用动词-ing形式还是不定式作主语。
    2.掌握用动词-ing形式/不定式作主语的句型:
    (1)It is/was+形容词(for/of sb)+to do sth
    (2)It is no use/good doing sth
    (3)It takes sb some time to do sth
    (4)It’s worthwhile to do/doing sth
    2.非谓语动
    词作表语
    4.I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel ____________(challenge).
    5.Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but the results so far are ____________ (encourage).

    非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。
    (1)现在分词作表语,意为“令人感到……的”;
    (2)动名词作表语,表示对主语内容的进一步说明和解释;
    (3)过去分词作表语,意为“本身感到……的”。
    (4)不定式作表语,表将来或目的。
    答案
    1.Tracking [考查非谓语动词。句意:追踪10亿多中国公民绝非易事。分析句子结构可知,track在句中应用非谓语动词形式,本句缺少主语,故应用动名词短语作主语,句首单词首字母要大写。]
    2.to get [考查非谓语动词。此处是“It takes (sb) some time to do sth”句型,意为“花费(某人)多长时间做某事”。]
    3.to walk [考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知,此处是固定句型“It is+adj.+(for sb)to do sth”,It是形式主语,动词不定式短语是真正的主语。]
    4.challenged [考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构可知,空格处作系动词feel的表语,主语为he,故要用 challenged,表示“受到挑战的”。]
    5.encouraging [考查非谓语动词。句意:生物打印可能是一个相对较新的领域,但迄今为止的结果令人鼓舞。根据上文are可知应填形容词encouraging,作表语,表示“令人鼓舞的”,修饰物。]
    妙法2 非谓语动词作宾语——关键词语法
    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.作介词的
    宾语用
    动名词
    1.After ____________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!
    2.I won’t call myself the most accomplished person when it comes to ____________ (hold) chopsticks.
    介词和带介词to的固定搭配后一定跟动词-ing形式作宾语,但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语,且前面有实义动词do时,不定式就要省略to。
    2.只能跟动
    名词作宾
    语的动词
    和短语 
    3.He had been considering ____________ (jump) from a bridge.He later found the Good Samaritan and thanked him for his kindness.He may one day find a way to pay him back in kind—though that’s not the point.
    4.This included digging up the road,____________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
    5.We paced around to avoid ____________ (get) frostbite (冻伤)as the temperature stayed close to -30 ℃ and our drill batteries became too cold to work.
    6.The guide dog being denied ____________ (board) is just the tip of the iceberg, compared to the various difficulties faced by the country’s visually impaired population every day when they leave their home.
    ·喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy, consider, escape, avoid)
    ·不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help, give up, risk)
    ·感激承认很值得(appreciate, admit, be worth)
    ·介意想象莫推延(mind, imagine, delay, put off)
    ·允许完成是期望(allow, permit, finish, look forward to)
    ·建议继续勤操练(suggest, go on, practise)
    ·致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to, excuse, insist on)
    ·继续成功不错过(keep on, succeed in, miss)
    3.只能跟不
    定式作宾
    语的动词
    7.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim ____________ (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
    8.At one point, someone offered ____________ (trade) me an alcoholic beverage (饮料) and a golden feathered headdress for my camera.
    9.While China has overcome the worst of this wave of the pandemic (大流行) so far, and most schools are fully prepared ____________ (open) with in-person classes, Canada is still facing new cases here and there every day.
    ·三个希望两答应(hope, wish, expect, agree, promise)
    ·两个要求莫拒绝(demand, ask, refuse)
    ·设法学会做决定(manage, learn, decide/determine)
    ·不要假装在选择(pretend, choose/select)
    ·计划提出俩打算(plan, offer, intend, mean)
    ·申请失败负担起(apply, fail, afford)
    ·准备愿望又碰巧(prepare, desire, happen)
    4.既可跟动
    名词作宾
    语,又可
    跟不定式
    作宾语但
    表达含义
    不同的动
    词和短语
    10.I still remember ____________ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
    11.Most people, at one time or another, have been on the receiving end of a random act of kindness—that moment when a complete stranger stops ____________ (offer) aid, generosity or sympathy.
    remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, need, try, mean 等。注意它们含义的不同之处。
    ·remember
    ·mean
    ·stop
    ·regret
    答案
    1.spending [考查非谓语动词。空前的After为介词,后应接动词的-ing形式。故填spending。]
    2.holding [考查非谓语动词。句意:说到拿筷子,我不会称自己为最有成就的人。在when it comes to...这一固定句型中,to是介词,后接名词或动名词。]
    3.jumping [考查非谓语动词。句意:他一直在考虑从桥上跳下去。consider doing sth“考虑做某事”,用动名词作宾语。]
    4.laying [考查非谓语动词。设空处作include的宾语,应用动名词形式。laying和句中的digging up, building并列。]
    5.getting [考查非谓语动词。句意:由于温度保持在零下30 ℃附近并且我们的钻机电池变得太冷而无法工作,因此我们四处走动以避免冻伤。avoid doing “避免做某事”,用动名词作宾语。]
    6.boarding [考查非谓语动词。deny doing sth是固定用法, 所以空格处需用动名词作宾语。]
    7.to have [考查非谓语动词。aim to do sth “力求做某事”为固定搭配。故本空用不定式to have。]
    8.to trade [考查非谓语动词。句意:有一次,有人提出用一杯酒精饮料和一个金色羽毛头饰换我的相机。offer to do sth “主动提出做某事”是动词习惯用法,不定式作宾语。]
    9.to open [考查非谓语动词。句意:虽然中国已经克服了这次流行病浪潮中最严重的一波,并且大多数学校已经为开学做好了充足的准备,但是加拿大仍然每天都有新病例出现。固定搭配be prepared to do sth “准备好做某事”。]
    10.visiting [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,remember作谓语,且空处不作并列谓语,故应填非谓语动词,此处考查remember doing sth表示“记得做过某事”,故填visiting。]
    11.to offer [考查非谓语动词。句意:大多数人,曾经都接受过随意的善举——那个时刻,一个完全的陌生人停下来提供帮助、慷慨或同情。stop to do sth “停下来做某事”,根据句意,空格处用不定式作目的状语。]
    妙法3 非谓语动词作定语——关系分析法
    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.动词-ing
    形式作
    定语 
    1.They represent the earth ____________ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
    2.Even today, people ____________ (suffer) under COVID-19 are still inspired by Du Fu’s poems.
    3. It’s a very ____________ (worry) picture of risk and urgent need for action.
    (1)动词-ing形式作定语表示主动、正在进行;
    (2)若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done 结构。
    (3)表示心理状态的动词-ing形式的形容词,意为“令人……的”。
    2.动词-ed
    形式作
    定语 
    4.The national voluntary tree-planting campaign,____________ (launch) in China in 1981, has seen volunteers plant 76 billion trees across the country since then.
    5.A video ____________ (post)online shows three tourists,two women and a man,are scrawling on the wall of Badaling section of the Great Wall at around 1 pm.
    (1)动词-ed形式作定语表示被动、完成。
    (2)动词-ed形式的形容词,意为“(人)感到……的”,也可修饰体现内心感受的look,expression,tears,smile,voice等名词。
    3.不定式
    作定语
    6. As darkness falls, the best place ____________(witness)the city is on the wall, where one can’t help but imagine the distant past.
    7.Freud was one of the first scientists ____________ (make) serious research of the mind.The mind is the collection of activities ____________ (base) in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason.
    8.Vinnie confirmed her ability ____________ (make) a full-length statue by highlighting the heavy labor she had done before.
    9. COVID-19 has the potential ____________ (wipe) out different kinds of apes if humans don’t take steps to prevent its spread.
    (1)看到由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词(代词)常用不定式作定语。
    (2)看到由the only,the last,the next等修饰的名词(代词)常用不定式作定语。
    (3)看到被修饰的名词(代词)是ability,attempt,chance, desire,eagerness,potential,reason,right,something,anything,time,way,wish等词时,常用不定式作定语
    答案
    1.coming [考查非谓语动词。句意:它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为represent,所以空格处为非谓语动词。逻辑主语earth与come back to life之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词作后置定语。]
    2.suffering [考查非谓语动词。句意:即使到了今天,遭受着新冠的人们仍然受到杜甫诗歌的启发。本句已有谓语are inspired且无连词,其它动词用非谓语形式,名词people和动词suffer是逻辑上的主谓关系,用现在分词(doing)表主动,做名词people的后置定语。]
    3.worrying [考查非谓语动词。句意:这是一幅非常令人担忧的风险景象,迫切需要采取行动。修饰后文名词picture,应用-ing结尾的形容词worrying,作定语。]
    4.launched [考查非谓语动词。句意:1981年中国发起了全国性的自愿植树运动,自那时以来,志愿者们在全国植树760亿棵。分析句子结构可知此处用作定语,因其所修饰的名词campaign与launch之间是被动关系,所以应用过去分词作定语。]
    5.posted [考查非谓语动词。句意:网上发布的一段视频显示,下午1点左右,三名游客(两女一男)正在长城八达岭段的墙上涂鸦。句中有谓语动词show,post“发布”是非谓语作后置定语,post和video是被动关系,用过去分词。]
    6.to witness [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知此处用作定语,因其所修饰的名词前有最高级修饰,所以应用不定式作定语。]
    7.to make; based [考查非谓语动词。句意:弗洛伊德是最早对思维进行认真研究的科学家之一。思维是大脑活动的集合,涉及我们的行动,思维,感觉和推理方式。分析句子结构可知,空格处应填非谓语动词。由空前的the first可知,应用动词不定式作定语,故填to make; 第二空格base与activities之间为被动关系, 故用过去分词作定语。]
    8.to make [考查非谓语动词。句意:Vinnie通过强调她以前做过的繁重的劳动来证实她制作全身塑像的能力。抽象名词ability后常用不定式作后置定语。]
    9.to wipe [考查非谓语动词。句意:如果人类不采取措施阻止COVID-19的传播,COVID-19有可能消灭各种类人猿。表示“有可能做某事”为have the potential to do sth,所以空处为动词不定式作后置定语,修饰potential。]
    妙法4 非谓语动词作状语——逻辑关系法
    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.动词-ing
    形式作
    状语 
    1. On the last day of our week-long stay,we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,____________ (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
    2. Music has no obvious adaptive function, ____________ (make) scientists who study music wonder what forces originally gave rise to it.
    句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,就用动词-ing形式(doing):
    (1)表伴随、时间或条件等要用现在分词;
    (2)自然而然的结果用现在分词。
    2.动词-ed
    形式作
    状语 
    3.____________ (compare) with today’s best supercomputers, Jiuzhang can calculate 100,000 billion times faster.
    4.____________(follow) by a wedding photographer, the couple made a surprise visit to the hospital before heading to the reception.
    句子的主语是分词动作的承受者,则要用动词-ed形式(done)。
    3.不定式
    作状语
    5.Due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), people all over the world are wearing masks ____________ (reduce) the risk of infection.
    6.He got up early and hurried to the bus station, only ____________ (find) the early train had gone.
    7.Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive ____________ (perform) consistently over a large area.
    8.The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ________________(improve) water quality.
    (1)不定式可以用作目的状语。
    (2)only to do sth为不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果。
    (3)形容词或动词-ed形式作表语时,后接不定式作状语。常见词有:happy, lucky, anxious, proud, disappointed, surprised, delighted, foolish, pleased, fortunate等。
    (4)牢记“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”句式,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
    答案
    1.listening [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处应填非谓语动词形式与and后面的现在分词meeting并列,主语we与listen之间是主动关系,故用现在分词短语作状语。]
    2.making [考查非谓语动词。句意:音乐没有明显的适应功能,这使得研究音乐的科学家们想知道是什么力量最初导致了音乐的产生。分析句子结构可知make在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与上文整个句子构成主动关系,故应用现在分词形式作结果状语。]
    3.Compared [考查非谓语动词。句意:与当今最好的超级计算机相比,九章的计算速度快了10万亿倍。分析句子可知,句中有谓语动词“calculate”且句中无连词,故应用compare的非谓语动词,主语Jiuzhang与compare之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,故应用过去分词作状语。]
    4.Followed [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,句中已经有谓语动词made,逻辑主语the couple与follow之间是被动关系,故用过去分词作状语。]
    5.to reduce [考查非谓语动词。句意:由于新型冠状病毒肺炎的爆发,世界各地的人们都戴口罩,以降低感染风险。分析句子结构可知reduce在句中应用非谓语动词形式,此处作目的状语应用不定式。]
    6.to find [考查非谓语动词。find是意料之外的结果,故应用动词不定式作状语。]
    7.to perform [考查非谓语动词。此处是“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构,用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。]
    8.to improve [考查非谓语动词。句意:为了提高水的质量,政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻。此处为不定式作目的状语。]
    妙法5 非谓语动词作宾补——固定搭配法
    思维定向
    典题试做
    解题原则
    1.不定式作
    宾语补 
    足语  
    1.Something significant is happening to the world population—it is aging.The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected ____________(increase) to 42 by 2050.
    2.What the scientists did on Chang’e-5 paid off at last, which inspires more and more Chinese people ____________ (devote) themselves to further space research.
    常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有tell, order, allow, permit, enable, persuade, force, warn, encourage, inspire, expect等。
    2.have的固
    定用法 
    3.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ____________(take).
    4.During the Qin Dynasty, to keep the enemy out of his empire, Emperor Qin Shihuang had all walls ____________ (join) up.
    ·have sb/sth doing让某人/某物一直做
    ·have sth done让某事被做
    ·have sb do sth让某人做某事
    3.分词作宾
    语补足语
    5.They make great gifts and you see them many times ____________(decorate)with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
    6.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ改编)Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign ____________ (praise) the filmmakers .
    7.At the party, the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself ____________(notice).
    (1)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示主动、进行;
    (2)动词-ed形式作宾语补足语表示被动、完成;
    常用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语的动词有have, make, get, find, see, notice, watch, hear, feel, want, like等。
    答案
    1.to increase [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,句中已有谓语is expected,且空格处不作并列谓语,故此处应用非谓语动词。be expected to do sth “被期望做某事”是固定用法,不定式作宾语补足语。]
    2.to devote [考查非谓语动词。句意:科学家们在嫦娥五号上所做的最终得到了回报,它激励着越来越多的中国人致力于进一步的太空研究。结合句意表示“激励某人做某事”可知短语为inspire sb to do sth。]
    3.taken [考查非谓语动词。句意:我需要一个新护照,因此我得照张相片。宾语my photograph与take之间为被动关系,have sth done “让某事被做”为固定用法,因此用过去分词作宾语补足语。]
    4.joined [考查非谓语动词。句意:在秦朝时,为了御敌于国门之外,秦始皇下令将所有的城墙修筑起来。宾语all walls与had之间为被动关系,have sth done “让某事被做”为固定用法,因此用过去分词作宾语补足语。]
    5.decorated [考查非谓语动词。句中them指代前句中的orange trees,与decorate之间为被动关系,所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。]
    6.praising [考查非谓语动词。a sign作介词with的宾语,sign与praise之间为主谓关系,故用现在分词作宾语补足语。]
    7.noticed [考查非谓语动词。句意:在晚会上,那个漂亮的女孩穿了一条很吸引人的裙子以引起注意。make sb done“使某人被……”,为固定用法,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。]


    精做高考真题
    1、(2022·全国新高考II卷)
    Henry Tyler made the catch of the year on the weekend. When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the ___1___ (fall) child.
    Eric Brown, only three years old, knocked Henry down when he fell. The boy is in the hospital and doctors say he'll be OK.
    ___2___ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto. On the day of the accident, Mrs. Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father. They both fell ___3___ (sleep) while watching TV.
    Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up ___4___ (see) them. When he looked down, he ___5___ (accidental ) slipped and fell over the edge. He hung on for a few minutes ___6___ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
    Henry ___7___ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly ___8___ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
    He saved my ___9___ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. "I don't know ___10___ to thank him.”
    "I just didn't want the boy to be hurt," said Henry.
    【语篇解读】
    本文是一篇记叙文,讲述的是正在修车的Henry拯救了挂在六楼公寓的阳台上,即将要掉下来的小孩Eric的故事。
    【详情解析】
    1.【falling】考查非谓语动词。句意:当亨利看到一个小男孩挂在六楼公寓的阳台上时,他跑了100米,跳过了1.2米高的栅栏,伸出双臂去接要掉下来的孩子。句中的hold out为谓语动词,设空处应该使用非谓语动词。根据句意,fall为动词,意为“掉落”, child和fall之间是主动关系,同时表示正在进行的含义。故应该使用现在分词作定语。故填falling。
    2.【The】考查冠词。句意:布朗一家住在多伦多郊外的一栋公寓楼里。根据句子结构,设空处要填写冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the+姓氏,意为“某某一家人”,the符合句意。同时该单词置于句首,首字母应该大写。故填The。
    3.【asleep】考查形容词。句意:他们俩看电视的时候都睡着了。根据句子结构可知,设空处应该填写形容词作表语。sleep为动词,意为“睡觉”,其形容词为asleep。fall asleep为固定搭配,意为“熟睡的”,asleep符合句意。故填asleep。
    4.【to see】考查非谓语动词。句意:过了一会儿,艾瑞克听到孩子们在外面玩耍的声音,醒了过来。他把一把椅子推到阳台上,爬上去看他们。句中的climb up为谓语动词,设空处应该使用谓语动词。根据句意,他要爬到阳台去看他们(外面玩闹的孩子们。),故应该使用to do不定式作目的状语。故填to see。
    5.【accidentally】考查副词。句意:当他往下看时,不小心滑了一跤,从悬崖边上掉了下去。根据句子结构,设空处应该填写副词修饰动词slipped。accidental为形容词,意为“意外的,失误的”,其副词为accidentally,意为“意外地,失误地”,符合句意。故填accidentally。
    6.【and】考查连词。句意:他坚持了几分钟,尖叫喊着他的父亲,但他的父亲没有听到他。根据句子结构,设空处应该填写连词,连接hung和screamed两个动作。根据句意,此处表示并列关系。故填and。
    7.【was fixing】考查动词。句意:听到尖叫声时,亨利正在修车。根据句子结构,设空处应该填写谓语动词。根据空后的when he heard the screams,可知,设空处的动作是正在发生的,同时该句描述的是过去的事实。故使用过去进行时。fix为动词,意为“修理”,其过去进行时为was fixing。故填was fixing。
    8.【threw】考查过去式。句意:他迅速把工具扔到一边,伸出胳膊跑了起来。根据句子结构,设空处与空后的and started构成并列结构。故应该使用一般过去时。throw为动词,意为“扔”,过去时为threw。故填threw。
    9.【son’s】考查名词所有格。句意:他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意,life与提示词son之间是所属关系,故应该使用名词所有格。故填son’s。
    10.【how】考查特殊疑问词。句意:我不知道如何去感谢他。根据句子结构,设空处填写的是特殊疑问词+to do不定式结构作宾语。根据句意,how意为“如何”,符合句意。故填how。
    2、(2021·全国·高考乙卷)
    Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact (影响) travel to undisturbed places. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become ___11___ (educate) about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the ___12___(develop) of the local areas.
    Ecotourism has ___13___(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept ___14___ the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness made it desirable.
    Due to ___15___ growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types ___16___ trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:
    ·Minimize the impact of ___17___(visit) the place.
    ·Build respect for and awareness of the environment and cultural practices.
    ·Provide ___18___(finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
    ·Make sure that the tourism provides experiences for both the visitors and the hosts.
    Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity.___19___(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim _____20_____(have) a low impact on the natural environment.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了生态旅游通常被认为是到未受干扰地区的低影响旅游。但是由于与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎,各种各样的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。实际上,生态旅游必须满足一些规定。
    【详情解析】
    11.【educated】考查形容词。句意:这不同于传统的旅游,因为它能让旅行者了解这个地区——无论是地理环境还是文化特色,并且经常为环境保护提供资金,并有利于当地的发展。分析句子成分可知,此处查固定搭配become educated about表示“对……有所了解”。故填educated。
    12.【development】考查名词。句意:这不同于传统的旅游,因为它能让旅行者了解这个地区——无论是地理环境还是文化特色,并且经常为环境保护提供资金,并有利于当地的发展。根据空格前的定冠词the可知,此处填入名词development,表示“发展”,作动词benefits的宾语。故填development。
    13.【its】考查代词。句意:生态旅游起源于20世纪70年代的环境运动。结合语意,此处表示生态旅游有它的起源,空处应用形容词性物主代词its,表示“它的”,符合句意。故填its。
    14.【until】考查介词。句意:直到20世纪80年代晚期才作为旅游观念被广泛接受。根据句意可知,此处表示“直到20世纪80年代晚期才作为旅游观念被广泛接受”,应用短语not…until…,表示“直到……才……”,符合句意。故填until。
    15.【the】考查冠词。句意:由于与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎,各种各样的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。结合语意,此处特指与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎,空处应用定冠词the表示特指。故填the。
    16.【of】考查介词。句意:由于与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎,各种各样的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。various types of 为固定搭配,表示“各种各样的”,所以空处应填介词of。故填of。
    17.【visiting】考查非谓语动词。句意:最大限度地减少参观这个地方的影响。根据空格前介词of可知,空格处应填动名词形式作介词of的宾语。故填visiting。
    18.【financial】考查形容词。句意:为当地人民提供财政援助和其他福利。空格修饰名词aid,应用形容词形式作定语,financial是形容词,表示“财政的”,符合句意。故填financial。
    19.【Activities】考查名词。句意:那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行和住宿的宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。分析句子结构,空处应用名词作句子主语,应用名词的复数形式表示泛指,置于句首,首字母大写。故填Activities。
    20.【to have】考查非谓语动词。句意:那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行和住宿的宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。aim to do为固定短语,表示“旨在,目的是”,符合句意,所以空处应用不定式形式。故填to have。
    3、(2020·浙江·高考真题)
    Some time after 10,000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived ___21___ ,through agriculture. Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on ___22___ could be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
    Farming produced more food per person ___23___ hunting and gathering,so people were able to raise more children. And,as more children were born,more food ___24___(need). Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology ___25___(change)lives.
    By about 6000 BC,people ___26___ (discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise. Later,they learned to work with the ___27___ (season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas, ___28___ (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
    This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then,with ___29___ rise of science,changes began. New methods _____30_____ (mean)that fewer people worked in farming. In the last century or so,these changes have accelerated. New power machinery and artificial fertilizers(化肥)have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了农业的发展历史。
    【详情解析】
    21.【in】考查介词。句意:公元前10000年以后,人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知,“they lived _____”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句,定语从句引导词被省略,可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语,即:they lived in the world. live in+名词,意为“居住在某地”。故填in。
    22.【what】考查名词性从句。句意:在几千年的时间里,他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖,而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子,宾语从句部分缺主语,所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意,此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。
    23.【than】考查固定搭配。句意:农业比狩猎和采集的人均粮食产量更高。结合句意可知,此句中将农业生产与狩猎和采集相比,应用比较连词than。more… than,意为“比……更”故填than。
    24.【was needed】考查时态语态。句意:随着越多的小孩出生,越多的食物被需要。分析句子,逻辑主语和need之间表示被动逻辑。同时此处描述的是过去的时间,所以时态应用过去时。故此处应用过去时的被动语态。food为不可数名词。故填was needed。
    25.【to change】考查非谓语动词。句意:农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子,简单句中已有动词gave故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意,此处需用不定式表示目的。故填to change。
    26.【had discovered】考查时态。句意:大约在公元前6000年,人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子,简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词,故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。by + 过去时间 译为“到…为止”,后面的句子用过去完成时。故填had discovered.
    27.【seasons】考查名词复数。句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子,提示词的词性为为可数名词,应用复数形式。故填seasons。
    28.【making】考查非谓语动词。句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子,make所处的分句中无主语,故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)形式做状语。故填making。
    29.【the】考查定冠词。句意:随着科学的崛起,事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着......的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。
    30.【meant】考查时态。句意:新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。分析句子,主句部分无其他动词,故此处需填时态。文章的整体时态是过去时,根据时态一致原则此处也应为过去时。逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。所以此处填过去时的主动形式。故填meant。
    4、(2020·全国·高考III卷)
    In ancient China lived an artist___31___ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud. One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their ___32___ (fine) work, so that he could choose the best. The artist was sure he would___33___(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old nan laughed. The wise old man told him to travel to the Li River~perhaps he could learn a little from the greatest artist in the world.
    Filled with ___34___ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. ___35___ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and ___36___ (point) down the river. The next morning he hired a boat and set out ___37___ (find) the well-known painter. As the small boat moved, ___38___ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue. And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds___39___ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ____40____ earth, Mother Nature.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇记叙文。主要记叙了一位画家画画栩栩如生,有一天他将画送给宰相时,这位睿智的老人告诉他去漓江旅行——也许他可以从世界上最伟大的艺术家那里学到一些东西。画家最后发现这位世界上最伟大的艺术家就是大自然母亲。
    【详情解析】
    31.【whose】考查定语从句。句意:中国古代有一位画家,他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist,且先行词在从句中作定语,故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
    32.【finest】考查最高级。句意:一天,皇帝想让人给他画一幅肖像,于是他把所有伟大的画家都请来,展示他们最好的作品,以便他挑选最好的。结合句意,皇帝想要画家最好的作品,表示“最好的”此处应用形容词最高级finest。故填finest。
    33.【be chosen】考查动词语态。句意:画家确信他会被选中,但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时,这位老人笑了。本句中主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系,且would后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。
    34.【curiosity】考查名词。句意:怀着好奇心,艺术家收拾行囊离开了。with为介词,后跟名词curiosity作宾语,表示“好奇心”。故填curiosity。
    35.【When/As】考查连接词。句意:当他问河岸上的村民,他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时,他们笑着指着河的下游。本句为时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”,且从句中动词asked为短暂性动作动词,不能用while引导,故应用when或as引导。句首单词首字母要大写。故填When/As。
    36.【pointed】考查动词时态。句意:当他问河岸上的村民,他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时,他们笑着指着河的下游。根据上文they smiled and可知此处应用一般过去时。故填pointed。
    37.【to find】考查非谓语动词。句意:第二天早上,他租了一条船,出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.,后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
    38.【gently】考查副词。句意:当小船缓缓地沿着江面移动时,山在水中的倒影使他说不出话来。此处修饰动词moved应用副词gently作状语,表示“缓缓地”。故填gently。
    39.【surrounding】考查非谓语动词。句意:当他看到雾气从河上升起,山顶上乌云环绕,他不禁流下了眼泪。分析句子结构可知,the soft clouds 39 (surround) the mountain tops是独立主格结构做状语,surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系,故应用现在分词。故填surrounding。
    40.【on】考查介词。句意:这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
    5、(2019·全国·高考III卷)
    On our way to the house, it was raining ___41___ hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take ___42___(get) there. It was in the middle of Pearl City.
    We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ___43___ dogs, seven to be exact. They were well trained by their masters ___44___ had great experience with caring for these animals. Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ___45___(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. For breakfast, we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
    When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ___46___(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. They also shared with us many ___47___(tradition) stories about Hawaii that were ___48___(huge) popular with tourists. On the last day of our week-long stay, we ___49___(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, ____50____(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了他们去夏威夷度假途中的经历以及到了主人家后受到的礼遇,主人热情招待他们,还在工作之余带他们参加了很多当地的活动。
    【详情解析】
    41.【so】考查副词。句意:在我们去那座房子的路上,雨下得如此大以至于我们不能不想还要多久才能到达那里。“so...that...”意为“如此……以至于……”,固定句型。故填so。
    42.【to get】考查固定搭配。本句运用了take...to do sth.,意为“花费……做某事”,故此处应填to get。
    43.【of】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群……”。故填of。
    44.【who】考查定语从句。句意:它们被他们的主人训练地很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人),且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
    45.【recommended】考查一般过去时。句意:我们的主人跟我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物和参观的地方。“and”前后两个动作“shared”与“recommended”是并列关系,时态一致。故填recommended。
    46.【competition】考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式to watch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。
    47.【traditional】考查形容词。空格修饰名词stories,应用形容词形式,tradition的形容词为traditional,故填traditional。
    48.【hugely】考查副词。空格处修饰形容词popular,应用副词形式,huge的副词为hugely,故填hugely。
    49.【were invited】考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意:我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会。由“on the last day of our week-long stay”可知,句子时态为一般过去时,用被动语态。主语为we,故填were invited。
    50.【listening】考查非谓语动词。本句谓语动词为“were invited”,所以空格处动词listen应用非谓语动词形式。听音乐这个动作是由we发出的,所以选用现在分词形式。也可由and前后连接两个并列的结构这一规律解题,and后meeting interesting locals为分词形式,故空格处填listening。
     挑战名校考题
    1、(2023届河南省洛、平、许、济四市高三第一次质量检测)
    The sharp-eyed dolphin is one creature that we love to love. They have even been known to perform for whale-watchers or swim playfully with boats of fishermen. The dolphin’s____1____ (able) to please humans has made it one of our favourites in the animal kingdom.
    There are many____2____ (example) of dolphins fonning partmerships with people. For three generations, in Laguna, Brazil, bottle-nosed dolphins have been working with some fishermen ____3____ (catch) fish. In 2001, another group of fishermen from South Carolina ____4____ (tell) a story of how dolphins protected humans from danger. Their boat sank 50 kilometers from the shore and they found ____5____ (they) surrounded by some dangerous tiger sharks. Immediately dolphins arrived and began driving____6____ sharks away. They remained all night and the following day, ____7____ (protect) the fishermen from any sharks.
    But while dolphins show such friendliness towards humans, ____8____ (unlucky), humans don’t return the favour. Pollution and fishing nets are two of the terrible dangers they face. Up to 10,000 dolphins, and their cousins——the porpoises, are killed in the North Atlantic each year ____9____ a result of the fishing industry. Their habitats are destroyed and they are bothered by noise. We even catch them and keep them in tanks, despite seeing _____10_____ rich these intelligent creatures’ lives are in the wild.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了人们最喜欢的动物之一海豚的故事,谈论了它们目前所处的危险境地。
    【详情解析】
    1.【ability】考查名词。句意:海豚取悦人类的能力使它成为动物王国中我们最喜欢的动物之一。根据前文名词所有格dolphin’s可知,此处应用其名词ability“能力”作主语,助动词has提示主语为单数。故填ability。
    2.【examples】考查名词复数。句意:海豚与人亲热的例子有很多。根据前文many可知,此处可数名词example应用复数。故填examples。
    3.【to catch】考查非谓语动词。句意:在巴西拉古纳,瓶鼻海豚一直与一些渔民合作捕鱼,已经三代了。根据句意可知,此处应用动词不定式作目的状语, 表示“合作的目的是捕鱼”。故填to catch。
    4.【told】考查时态。句意:2001年,另一群来自南卡罗来纳州的渔民讲述了海豚如何保护人类免受危险的故事。根据时间状语In 2001可知,此处描述过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,谓语动词用过去式。故填told。
    5.【themselves】考查反身代词。句意:他们的船在距海岸50公里处沉没,他们发现自己被一些危险的虎鲨包围。主语的动作对象就是主语自身,故用其反身代词作宾语。故填themselves。
    6.【the】考查冠词。句意:海豚马上就来了,开始把鲨鱼赶走。后文sharks特指前文所提到的some dangerous tiger sharks,故用定冠词限定。故填the。
    7.【protecting】考查非谓语动词。句意:它们整夜和第二天都待在那里,保护着渔民不受鲨鱼的伤害。动词protect和前文没有连词连接,为非谓语动词,和主语之间是主动关系,故用其现在分词作状语,表伴随。故填protecting。
    8.【unluckily】考查副词。句意:虽然海豚对人类表现出如此友好,但不幸的是,人类并没有回报这种友好。修饰整句应用副词。故填unluckily。
    9.【as】考查介词、固定短语。句意:由于捕鱼业的发展,北大西洋每年有多达10,000只海豚和它们的近亲江豚被杀害。介词短语as a result of“由于……的结果”是固定搭配,符合句意。故填as。
    10.【how】考查宾语从句,感叹句。句意:我们甚至捕捉它们并把它们养在水箱里,尽管看到了这些聪明的生物在野外的生活是多么丰富。分析句意可知,seeing后接宾语从句,how+形容词或副词+主谓,构成感叹句,句中how修饰形容词rich。故填how。
    2、(2023届新疆伊宁联盟高三第四次联考)
    The invention of barcodes(条形码)is based on a very simple idea. We only need to give each product a specific number and print it. Then computers can read it ____11____(direct). We could simply print the number itself. But this can cause ____12____(problem). For example,an unclearly ____13____(print)”seven“could look like a”one“to a computer. It’s also true for”three“and”eight“.And”nine“looks similar to”six“if you turn it upside down.We need a better way ____14____ printing numbers so that they can ____15____(read)correctly at high speeds. That’s the problem bar-codes solve.
    Each number in a bar-code is shown by seven blocks of the same size. These are colored either black or white to show the number zero to nine. For example, ____16____ number”one“is shown in turn by two white stripes(条),two black stripes,two white stripes,and one black stripe. Even if you turn it upside down,it ____17____(be)not similar to any other number.
    A bar-code includes ____18____(differ)parts and each one provides a specific meaning. The ____19____(one)part of a bar-code tells you the country where the product was made. For example,690-692 is the bar-code for China. The second part tells you who produced the product. The final part is about the product itself. This is ____20____ bar-codes work.
    【语篇解读】
    本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了条形码发明的依据、作用、使用过程中的问题、以及数字说明等。
    【详情解析】
    11.【directly】考查副词。句意:然后电脑就可以直接读取了。设空处应用副词的形式修饰动词。故填directly。
    12.【problems】考查名词。句意:但是这会导致问题。设空处在句中作宾语,应用名词的形式,空前无限定词修饰,应用名词复数。故填problems。
    13.【printed】考查非谓语动词。句意:例如,一个打印不清楚的“7”在电脑上看起来可能像“1”。设空处在句中作非谓语,和其逻辑主语之间是逻辑的被动关系,应为动词的过去分词的形式作定语。故填printed。
    14.【of】考查介词。句意:我们需要一种更好的数字打印方法,以便能够在高速下正确读取数字。这就是条形码解决的问题。a way of doing sth做某事的方法。故填of。
    15.【be read】考查被动语态。句意见上题解析。设空处在句中作谓语,和句子的主语they之间为被动关系,根据空前的can,可知设空处为含有情态动词的被动语态。故填be read。
    16.【the】考查冠词。句意:例如,数字“1”依次由两条白色条纹、两条黑色条纹、两条白色条纹和一条黑色条纹表示。根据空前的“the number zero to nine. (数字从0到9)”可知,此处为特指。故填the。
    17.【is】考查动词时态。句意:即使你把它倒过来,它也和其他数字不一样。设空处在句中作谓语,强调客观情况,用一般现在时,主语为it,结合主谓一致。故填is。
    18.【different】考查形容词。句意:条形码包括不同的部分,每个部分都提供特定的含义。设空处修饰名词需要用形容词,故填different。
    19.【first】考查数词。句意:条形码的第一部分告诉你产品的生产国。设空处后为名词,设空处应用形容词的形式修饰名词,根据空前的the,可知设空处应用序数词的形式,故填first。
    20.【how】考查表语从句的引导词。句意:这就是条形码的工作原理。设空处引导表语从句,且在句中作方式状语。故填how。
    3、(2023黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市八校联合体高三上学期期中联考)
    The late writer Louis Cha is better known by his pen name Jin Yong. He wrote 14 novels. Most of the novels have been adapted many times ____21____(attract) generations of fans.
    Tian Long Ba Bu was again adapted for the eponymous TV series, ____22____ was broadcast on CCTV-8. Some fans bought the book as a private collection. Known ____23____ helming(执导) a series of ____24____(influence) TV series, Yu Rongguang said he was hooked on the project for his love of the original novel and fondness for its highlighted Chinese chivalrous spirit.
    “Among all the novels ____25____(write) by Cha, this tale features the most epic scope to examine how personal ____26____(opportunity) are interwoven with the destiny of their countries. It also arouses(引起) ____27____ in-depth look into the good and evil sides of humanity,” Yu said. The more you read Cha’s books, the ____28____(interested) you are.
    The 56-episode TV series ____29____(film) in about six months in Southwest China’s Yunnan Province, _____30_____(gather) a group of young actors, including Yo Yang, Bai Shu and Zhang Tianyang.

    【语篇解读】
    本篇是一篇记叙文。讲述的是《天龙八部》的再一次翻拍。
    【详情解析】
    21.【to attract】考查非谓语动词。句意:大部分的小说被多次翻拍去吸引几代的粉丝。一句话中已经出现了谓语动词“have been adapted”,那么括号里的attract(吸引)就不能再使用谓语动词形式了,这里要考虑非谓语动词。再根据句意,这里想表达的是目的,是为了吸引粉丝,故填to attract。
    22.【which】考查定语从句。句意:天龙八部再一次被翻拍成同名电视剧,这部电视剧在CCTV8播放。逗号之后的句子中明显缺少句子的主语,而在CCTV8播放也说的是前面说到的电视剧,所以这里缺的主语就是前半句的指代,指代的是物,所以用which或者that,再由于这里有逗号,是非限制性定语从句,故填which。
    23.【for】考查介词。句意:因执导了一系列有影响力的电视剧而闻名的于荣光说,他之所以迷上这部剧,是因为他喜欢原著小说,喜欢剧中突出的中国侠义精神。固定搭配“known for”译为“因……而出名”,再根据整句话,这个意思符合整句话意思,故填for。
    24.【influential】考查形容词。句意:因执导了一系列有影响力的电视剧而闻名的于荣光说,他之所以迷上这部剧,是因为他喜欢原著小说,喜欢剧中突出的中国侠义精神。空之后是名词,这里应该用形容词修饰名词,所以变形容词形式,故填influential。
    25.【written】考查非谓语动词。句意:在金庸的所有小说中,这部小说以最宏大的视角审视了个人的机遇是如何与国家的命运交织在一起的。后面有介词by,这里表示被动意义,所以考虑被动语态;再因为这里是介词搭配,不用谓语动词,所以考虑非谓语动词过去分词形式表被动意义,故填written。
    26.【opportunities】考查名词单复数。句意:在金庸的所有小说中,这部小说以最宏大的视角审视了个人的机遇是如何与国家的命运交织在一起的。opportunity是可数名词,再根据后边的系动词are可知,这里应该使用复数形式,故填opportunities。
    27.【an】考查冠词。句意:于荣光说:“它引起了一个对于人性善恶的深度审视。”这里的look(考虑)是不可数名词,前面有形容词in-depth(深度的)修饰,不定冠词可以使用在有形容词修饰的不可数名词前;再因为这里跟着的in-depth是元音音素开头,故填an。
    28.【more interested】考查比较级。句意:金庸的书读的越多,你越有兴趣。固定句型“the+比较级,the+比较级”译为“越……就越……”,再因为interested是多音节单词,故比较级需要加more,故填more interested。
    29.【was filmed】考查被动语态。句意:这部56集电视剧会在中国西南部的云南省拍摄大概6个月,聚集了很多年轻的演员,例如:杨祐宁,白澍,张天阳。film这里是作动词意义“拍摄电影”,跟主语“TV series”(电视剧)是被动关系;再因为这句话中没有谓语动词,所以这里需要使用谓语动词,所以用被动语态;再根据文章使用的是一般过去时的被动语态,故填was filmed。
    30.【gathering】考查非谓语动词。句意:这部56集电视剧会在中国西南部的云南省拍摄大概6个月,聚集了很多年轻的演员,例如:杨祐宁,白澍,张天阳。前半句话已经有了谓语动词,是一句完整的话,所以这里不能使用谓语动词,要考虑非谓语动词形式。gather“聚集”的逻辑主语是后面的人,“人和聚集”的关系是主动的,所以选择现在分词形式表示主动意义,故填gathering。
    4、(2023届浙江省湖州、丽水、衢州三地市高三11月教学质量检测)
    What makes something a sport? Traditional definitions usually included some physical activity ___31___ shows athletic ability or strength. But some sports can take the form of mental competitions. For instance, chess ___32___ (recognize)as a sport by the International Olympic Committee in 1999. Now, some people wonder ___33___ eSports should also be considered sports.
    The word eSports is short for electronic sports. It is ___34___ form of competition in which professional players or gamers play video games either in teams or individually. ___35___ (typical), the winners receive prize money at the end of the competition.
    The first eSports event was the one ___36___ (hold)by Stanford University in the 1970s, for the game Spacewar! Over the next 30 years, video games exploded in ___37___ (popular). More and more countries, such as South Korea, China and the United States, started to develop eSports into an industry. In the 2000s, television broadcasts of the competitions,  ___38___ (feature) games like Street Fighter III, StarCraft, and Counter-strike, became popular. In the 2010s, thanks ___39___ online streaming services, eSports grew rapidly with more worldwide tournaments, more viewers, and larger ___40___ (prize). In 2020, the industry made more than US$1 billion for the first time ever.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇说明文,文章介绍了新兴的电子竞技比赛。
    【详情解析】
    31.【which/that】考查定语从句关系词。句意:传统的定义通常包括某种显示运动能力或力量的体育活动。句子结构分析可知“__31__shows athletic ability or strength”为限制性定语从句。设空处指代先行词some physical activity,在从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which或that。故填which/that。
    32.【was recognized】考查时态和语态。句意:例如,国际象棋在1999年被国际奥委会认可为一项运动。句子分析可知设空处在句中作谓语动词,由时间状语“in 1999”可知此句为一般过去时,主语“chess”与recognize之间为被动关系,所以此句用一般过去时的被动语态,chess作主语,谓语动词用单数,故填was recognized。
    33.【whether/if】考查名词性从句连接词。句意:现在一些人想知道电子竞技是否也应该被视为体育运动。句子结构分析可知设空处引导名词性从句作动词wonder的宾语,设空处在从句中不充当语法成分,表示“是否”,所以用whether或if。故填whether/if。
    34.【a】考查冠词。句意:这是一种比赛形式,职业玩家或游戏玩家以团队或个人的形式玩视频游戏。在句中form指的“类型、形式”是可数名词,在句中表泛指,空后的form发音以辅音音素开头,所以用不定冠词a,短语a form of意为“一种……的形式”。故填a。
    35.【Typically】考查副词。句意:通常,获胜者在比赛结束时获得奖金。句子分析可知,设空处作状语,修饰后文整个句子,副词typically意为“通常,一般”符合句意,设空处置于句首,首字母大写,故填Typically。
    36.【held】考查非谓语动词。句意:第一次电子竞技赛事是在20世纪70年代由斯坦福大学举办的,当时的游戏是Spacewar!句子分析可知设空处作后置定语修饰 the one ,the one与hold之间是被动关系,用过去分词,故填held。
    37.【popularity】考查名词。句意:在接下来的 30 年里,电子游戏大受欢迎。设空处在句中作介词in的宾语,所给词popular的名词popularity意为“受欢迎,流行”符合题意,故填popularity。
    38.【featuring】考查非谓语动词。句意:在2000年代,以 Street Fighter III, StarCraft, and Counter-strike等游戏为特色的比赛电视转播开始流行。句子结构分析可知,设空处为非谓语动词,the competitions与feature之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词,故填featuring。
    39.【to】考查介词。句意:在 2010 年代,由于在线流媒体服务,电子竞技发展迅速,拥有更多的全球锦标赛、更多的观众和更大的奖金。固定短语thanks to意为“因为,由于”符合句意,故填to。
    40.【prizes】考查名词复数。句意:在 2010 年代,由于在线流媒体服务,电子竞技发展迅速,拥有更多的全球锦标赛、更多的观众和更大的奖金。句子结构分析可知,设空处在句中作宾语,名词prize意为“奖,奖金”符合句意,此处为复数概念,故填prizes。
    5、(2023届江苏省淮安市两校(楚州中学、新马中学)高三10月联考)
    Born in Jining City, Shandong Province, in 1927, Qiao Yu, ____41____ household name in China, ____42____ real name was Qiao Qingbao, had a long career spanning seven decades. He wrote over 1,000songs, and has gained ____43____ (popular) among audiences. He also published poems ____44____ wrote scripts (剧本) for movies and Chinese operas.
    As a child, Qiao Yu, ____45____ (influence) by his father, read books about ____46____ (tradition) Chinese culture and recited Chinese poems. He only started school at the age of nine due to his family impoverishment.
    In 1946, he left his hometown ____47____ (study) at Beifang University, where he began publishing poems and novels. In 1948, Qiao Yu started to work with Chinese poets, ____48____ (write) and playwrights, such as He Jingzhi and Guang Weiran.
    One of his best-known songs is My Motherland, which is considered as an ode (颂歌) to China. Let Us Sway Twin Oars, also a song by Qiao Yu, ____49____ (publish) in 1955. ____50____ the song achieving a wide success, it is included in the teaching materials for music classes in Chinese primary and middle schools.
    【语篇解读】
    本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国著名词作家、剧作家乔羽的生平事迹。
    【详情解析】
    41.【a】考查不定冠词。句意:1927年出生于山东省济宁市的乔羽,在中国家喻户晓,原名乔庆宝,他的职业生涯长达70年。name是可数名词,此处泛指“一个家喻户晓的名字”,应用不定冠词修饰,且household发音是以辅音音素开头,故填a。
    42.【whose】考查定语从句。句意同上。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是Qiao Yu,关系词在从句中作定语,表示所属关系,应该用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
    43.【popularity】考查名词。句意:他写了1000多首歌,很受观众们喜爱。该空作gain的宾语,应该用名词popularity,popularity为不可数名词。故填popularity。
    44.【and】考查连词。句意:他还发表诗歌,为电影和中国戏曲写剧本。该空连接并列谓语published和wrote,连接并列成分,应用连词and。故填and。
    45.【influenced】考查过去分词。句意:在父亲的影响下,乔羽从小就阅读有关中国传统文化的书籍,背诵中国诗歌。分析句子可知,提示词是非谓语动词,与其逻辑主语Qiao Yu之间是被动关系,此处应用过去分词表示被动。故填influenced。
    46.【traditional】考查形容词。句意同上。该空作名词Chinese culture的定语,应该用形容词。故填traditional。
    47.【to study】考查非谓语动词。句意:1946年,他离开家乡到北方大学学习,在那里他开始出版诗歌和小说。结合句意可知,此处表示目的,应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to study。
    48.【writers】考查名词。句意:1948年,乔羽开始与贺敬之、广卫然等中国诗人、作家、剧作家合作。该空和名词poets及playwrights并列,应用名词writer“作家”作宾语,writer是可数名词,空前无其他限定词,应该用名词复数形式表示泛指。故填writers。
    49.【was published】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:《让我们荡起双桨》也是乔羽写的一首歌,在1955年出版。主语Let Us Sway Twin Oars和动词publish之间是被动关系,结合时间状语“in 1955”可知,此处应用一般过去时的被动语态,主语表示单数意义,be动词用was。故填was published。
    50.【With】考查介词。句意:由于这首歌的广泛成功,它被列入中国中小学音乐课教材。结合句意可知,此处表示“由于,随着”,应该用介词with,单词位于句首,首字母大写。故填With。
    6、(2023湖北省重点高中智学联盟高三10月联考)
    In 2014, 40.8 percent of the people in the village of Bianjiang in Guizhou Province ____51____ (be) struggling with poverty. The village, ____52____ (surround) by deep mountains, was 80 kilometers from Yanhe County. It took villagers four hours ____53____ (make) a round trip to buy daily ____54____ (necessary) outside the village, given that no roads were ____55____ (access) except for a narrow pass along the cliff’s edge.
    As poverty alleviation (扶贫) proceeds and the road system in the village improves, industries such as fish, chicken farming and growing mums have been developed. Now, a family of five can earn an average of 10,000 yuan ($1,435) a year through employment and industry bonuses. China ____56____ (rebuild) 108,000 schools since 2013 to improve compulsory education in poverty-stricken areas. Over 98 percent of villages have access to optical fiber communications and 4G technology.
    Through the alleviation project, China, home to nearly one ____57____ (five) of the world’s population, has ____58____ (complete) got rid of extreme poverty, ____59____ (make) an important contribution ____60____ the cause of global poverty alleviation.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了扶贫项目给贵州省边疆村所带来的变化,文章还介绍了中国扶贫攻坚所取得的重大成就。
    【详情解析】
    51.【were】考查动词时态。句意:2014年,贵州省边疆村40.8%的人口在贫困中挣扎。根据时间状语“In 2014”可知,此句应该用一般过去时,根据主语“40.8 percent of the people”可知,谓语动词应该用复数。故填were。
    52.【surrounded】考查非谓语动词。句意:这个村,被群山环绕,距盐河县城80公里。句子结构分析可知设空处为非谓语动词,surround与其逻辑主语The village之间为动宾关系,所以填过去分词表被动。故填surrounded。
    53.【to make】考查非谓语动词。句意:村民们到村外赶集购买生活必需品往返需要花四个小时,因为除了一条挂在悬崖峭壁上的羊肠小道外,没有道路可通行。句子结构分析可知此句为固定句型“It takes/took sb some time to do sth”意为“花费某人多少时间做某事”,句中it作形式主语,不定式作真正主语。故填to make。
    54.【necessities】考查名词复数。句意:村民们到村外赶集购买生活必需品往返需要花四个小时,因为除了一条挂在悬崖峭壁上的羊肠小道外,没有道路可通行。句子结构分析可知,设空处在句中作宾语,necessary的名词necessity“必需品”符合句意,necessity意为“必需品”时是可数名词,在句中为复数概念,所以用复数形式。故填necessities。
    55.【accessible】考查形容词。句意:村民们到村外赶集购买生活必需品往返需要花四个小时,因为除了一条挂在悬崖峭壁上的羊肠小道外,没有道路可通行。句子结构分析可知,设空处在句中作表语,access的形容词accessible意为“可接近的,可进入的”符合句意,故填accessible。
    56.【has built】考查动词时态。句意:自2013年以来,中国重建了10.8万所学校,以改善贫困地区的义务教育。根据时间状语“since 2013”可知,此句应该用现在完成时,China作主语,谓语动词用单数。故填has built。
    57.【fifth】考查分数。句意:通过扶贫工程,让拥有世界近五分之一人口的中国彻底摆脱了极端贫困,为全球扶贫事业做出了重要贡献。根据句意可知,“one__57__ (five)”意为“五分之一”,英文中分数用“基数词+序数词”表达的,其中基数词表示分子,序数词表示分母,所以设空处用five的序数词。故填fifth。
    58.【completely】考查副词。句意:通过扶贫工程,让拥有世界近五分之一人口的中国彻底摆脱了极端贫困,为全球扶贫事业做出了重要贡献。设空处修饰动词短语got rid of作状语,副词completely意为“完全地,彻底地”符合句意。故填completely。
    59.【making】考查非谓语动词。句意:通过扶贫工程,让拥有世界近五分之一人口的中国彻底摆脱了极端贫困,为全球扶贫事业做出了重要贡献。句子分析可知,设空处应为非谓语动词,“ China, home to nearly one __57___ (five) of the world’s population, has___58___ (complete) got rid of extreme poverty, ”与make an important contribution之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词形式。故填making。
    60.【to】考查介词。句意:通过扶贫工程,让拥有世界近五分之一人口的中国彻底摆脱了极端贫困,为全球扶贫事业做出了重要贡献。固定短语make an important contribution to意为“对……做出重要贡献”。故填to。
    7、(广东省2022-2023学年度高三上学期10月大联考)
    Citizen science is science for everyone. Specifically, citizen science is when the public ____61____ (voluntary) helps conduct research. Most citizen scientists collect data with tools provided ____62____ project directors. These data help professional scientists answer ____63____ (science) questions and solve important problems. Anyone can be a citizen scientist. All it takes is some time, ____64____ (curious), and a sense of wonder.
    Why is the term “citizen science” used? Most people and organizations in this field intend “citizen” ____65____ (mean) a general citizen of the world, not a legally-defined citizen of a country. When someone mentions “citizen science”, there tends to be ____66____ immediate understanding of what they’re talking about.
    Community science is one particular type of citizen science — one in ____67____ a community drives the project. In community science, a community may pose the research question, decide what type of data to collect, or use the results to inform some action. There ____68____ (be) typically a professional scientist or organization that works together with the community.
    Another reason is that science is for everyone, no matter whether you ____69____ (participate) in science or not in the past. The citizen science is devoted to making science inclusive to all and ____70____ (ensure) that every person has the right and the opportunity to participate in science.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇说明文。公民科学是面向大众的科学,是指公众自愿帮助进行研究的科学种类。文章对这一科学种类进行了详细介绍。
    【详情解析】
    61.【voluntarily】考查副词。句意:具体来说,公民科学是指公众自愿帮助进行研究。修饰动词helps应用副词voluntarily表示“自愿地”作状语。故填voluntarily。
    62.【by】考查介词。句意:大多数公民科学家使用项目主管提供的工具收集数据。根据“project directors”可知,此处是指由项目主管提供的工具,所以应用介词by引出动作的发出者。故填by。
    63.【scientific】考查形容词。句意:这些数据帮助专业科学家回答科学问题和解决重要问题。修饰名词questions应用形容词scientific表示“科学的”作定语。故填scientific。
    64.【curiosity】考查名词。句意:所需要的只是一些时间、好奇心和求知欲。根据“a sense of wonder”可知,此处应用名词curiosity表示“好奇心”作表语。故填curiosity。
    65.【to mean】考查动词不定式。句意:这一领域的大多数人和组织将“公民”定义为一般的世界公民,而不是法律定义的一国公民。intend sb to do意为“打算让某人做某事”,为固定搭配,所以应用to do不定式作宾语补足语。故填to mean。
    66.【an】考查冠词。句意:当有人提到“公民科学”时,人们往往会立即明白他们在说什么。名词understanding意为“理解”,此处为可数名词,且第一次出现,所以应用不定冠词表示泛指。immediate的开头发音为元音音素,所以冠词应用an。故填an。
    67.【which】考查定语从句。句意:社区科学是公民科学的一种特殊类型——由社区推动项目。根据“a community drives the project”可知,此处是指在社区科学的范畴里,所以在定语从句中缺少介词in的宾语,且先行词为one,one代指a science,应用关系代词which。故填which。
    68.【is】考查主谓一致和一般现在时。句意:通常有一个专业的科学家或组织与社区一起工作。此处描述客观事实,所以应用一般现在时。there be句型适用“就近原则”。故填is。
    69.【participated】考查一般过去时。句意:另一个原因是,科学是每个人的,无论你过去是否参与科学。空处为从句谓语动词,根据“in the past”可知,此处应用一般过去时。故填participated。
    70.【ensuring】考查动名词。句意:公民科学致力于使科学面向所有人,并确保每个人都有权利和机会参与科学。be devoted to doing意为“致力于做某事”,为固定搭配,所以此处应用动名词作宾语。故填ensuring。
    8、(2023届江西省南昌市八一中学等名校高三10月联考)
    Invisible ink is fun and exciting to use. You can send secret messages to your friends and family using ingredients that can ____71____ (find) around the house. There are many ____72____ (difference) solutions (溶液) that you can use as ink and even more options to reveal the message. Any liquid that is ____73____ (slight) acidic can be used as invisible ink. ____74____ a little bit of heat, you can reveal all of the secrets!
    Gather the necessary ____75____ (thing). To make an invisible ink pen, you will need Q-tips (棉签) or a paintbrush, an acidic solution, a shallow dish or bowl, white paper and a source of heat. The Q-tips or paintbrushes will be used to do the actual writing. Choose the item ____76____ works the best for you. Any of the ____77____ (follow) can serve as the acidic solution for the invisible ink: milk, vinegar or lemon juice. The heat source can be a candle, a hair dryer, an iron or even a lamp.
    Pour the acidic solution into a bowl. If you are using a lemon, squeeze (挤出) the lemon until the juice flows into the bowl. If you are using milk or vinegar, pour about half of a cup into the bowl. ____78____ exact amount isn’t important. You will only need enough ____79____ (write) your message. Do not use the liquid that you _____80_____ (use) for invisible ink already for anything else.
    【语篇解读】
    本篇是一篇说明文。描述了隐形墨水的制作过程。
    【详情解析】
    71.【be found】考查被动语态。句意:你可以用能够在房子周围找到的材料给你的朋友和家人发送秘密信息。定语从句中,that关系代词,指代先行词ingredients (材料),在从句中作主语,和从句谓语动词find (发现)是被动关系,材料被发现;此外,can是情态动词,情态动词的被动语态can be done形式,故填be found。
    72.【different】考查形容词。句意:这里有很多你可以用来做墨水的不同的溶液或者其他更多的选择来揭露信息。空后solutions是名词,形容词作定语修饰名词,所以这里需要把名词变为形容词形式,故填different。
    73.【slightly】考查副词。句意:任何有轻酸性的液体都可以用来做隐形墨水。空后acidic是形容词,副词作状语修饰形容词,所以这里把形容词变为副词,故填slightly。
    74.【With】考查介词。句意:随着稍许加热,你就可以发现所有的秘密。根据前文“invisible ink”(隐形墨水)和后半句“you can reveal all of the secrets”(你就可以发现所有的秘密)可知,是需要一定的办法,这里根据意思可知是用慢慢加热的办法,介词with (用),首字母大写。故填With。
    75.【things】考查名词。句意:聚齐必要的东西。thing是可数名词,这里说必要的东西,没有明确指出是一件,所以需要变为复数,故填things。
    76.【that/which】考查定语从句关系词。句意:选择对你最适合的东西。空后是限制性定语从句,先行词是the item,指物,从句中缺少主语,用关系代词that/which,故填that/which。
    77.【following】考查名词。句意:下列的任何事物都可以充当隐形墨水的酸性溶液:牛奶,醋或者柠檬汁。根据“milk, vinegar or lemon juice”(牛奶,醋或者柠檬汁)可知,这里是进行了举例说明,那么前面就是一个总结。A of B译为“B的A”,A和B一般为名词,所以这里把动词follow变为名词形式,表示下列的东西,故填following。
    78.【The】考查冠词。句意:准确的数量是不重要的。这里说的数量是指代前面句子说的倒入的半杯牛奶或者醋,是具体指代,所以用定冠词表特指,首字母大写,故填The。
    79.【to write】考查非谓语动词。句意:你所需要的仅仅就是足够的东西去写信息。write用不定式作目的状语,故填to write。
    80.【have used】考查时态。句意:不要把你用来做隐形墨水的液体用在其他事情上。关键词already表示这个事情已经做过了;再根据句意,做隐形墨水的液体是已经用来写字了,这样的液体不要再用到其他事情上,是在这个动作之后,两个动作有明显的先后关系,所以考虑用现在完成时态;再者,主语是you,主动语态,故填have used。
    9、(2023届辽宁省葫芦岛市协作校高三上学期第一次月考)
    Earlier this year, 11-year-old Kashmea Wahi of London, England scored 162 on ____81____ intelligence quotient (IQ) test. That’s a perfect score. Does her high score mean she will go on to do great things—like Stephen Hawking or Albert Einstein, two of the ____82____ (great) scientists in the world? Maybe. But maybe not.
    Every student can learn no matter how intelligent. But some students struggle in school because of a ____83____ (weak) in one specific area of intelligence. These students often benefit ____84____ special education programs. There, they get extra help in the areas ____85____ they’re struggling. IQ tests can help teachers figure out which students need such extra help. Many colleges and universities also use exams similar to IQ tests ____86____ (select) students. And the US government—including its military—uses IQ tests when choosing who to hire.
    Most non-experts think intelligence is the reason why successful people do so well. Psychologists who study intelligence find this is only partly true. IQ tests can predict how well people will do in particular ____87____ (situation), such as thinking abstractly in science, engineering or art, or ____88____ (lead) teams of people. But there’s ____89____ (much) to the story. Extraordinary achievement depends on many factors, such as ambition, opportunity, the ability to think _____90_____(clear)—even luck. Intelligence matters, but not as much as you might think.
    【语篇解读】
    本文是说明文。文章讲述了智商测试可以帮助老师找出哪些学生需要额外的帮助。智力方面的大多数非专家认为,智力是成功人士表现得如此之好的原因。研究智力的心理学家发现,这只是部分正确的。非凡的成就取决于许多因素,如雄心、机遇、清晰思考的能力——甚至运气。
    【详情解析】
    81.【an】考查冠词。句意:今年早些时候,英国伦敦11岁的Kashmea Wahi在智商测试中得了162分。根据句意,此处泛指“一次智商测试”,intelligence以元音音素开头,用不定冠词an。故填an。
    82.【greatest】考查形容词最高级。句意:她的高分是否意味着她会继续做一些伟大的事情——比如斯蒂芬·霍金或阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,世界上最伟大的两位科学家?结合句意可知,用定冠词the修饰,此处应用great的最高级形式。故填greatest。
    83.【weakness】考查名词。句意:但是,有些学生在学校里表现不佳,是因为他们在某一特定的智力领域存在缺陷。根据空前的a可知,此处应该用weak的名词形式weakness,且用单数,故填weakness。
    84.【from】考查介词。句意:这些学生经常受益于特殊教育项目。benefit from意为“受益于”是固定短语,故填from。
    85.【where】考查定语从句。句意:在那里,他们在他们困难的领域得到额外的帮助,智商测试可以帮助老师找出哪些学生需要这种额外的帮助。分析句子可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词the areas,从句缺少地点状语,用关系副词where,故填where。
    86.【to select】考查非谓语动词。句意:许多学院和大学也使用类似于智商测试的考试来选择学生。use sth to do sth意为“应用某物做某事”,用不定式作目的状语,故填to select。
    87.【situations】考查名词单复数。句意:智商测试可以预测人们在特定情况下的表现,比如在科学、工程或艺术方面的抽象思维,或者领导团队。根据下文举例可知,此处应该用situation的复数形式。故填situations。
    88.【leading】考查非谓语动词。句意同上。本空与上文thinking并列,作介词as的宾语,用所给词的动名词形式。故填leading。
    89.【more】考查形容词。句意:但是,事情远不止这些。根据句意,还有更多的内容,用much的比较级more,故填more。
    90.【clearly】考查副词。句意:非凡的成就取决于许多因素,如雄心、机遇、清晰思考
    能力——甚至运气。此处用副词修饰动词think。故填clearly。
    10、(2023届安徽省皖南八校高三上学期第一次联考)
    Tech giant Baidu ____91____ (announce) on Monday that it had obtained permits to operate fully autonomous taxis without any human ____92____ (assist) on board in two of China’s megacities (特大城市), marking ____93____ first for the country.
    Baidu said it received the regulatory approvals for its autonomous ride-hailing service Apollo Go to operate on open roads during the daytime in Chongqing and Wuhan. The cities have populations of some 30 million and 11 million people, ____94____ (respective).
    The move represents a notable step forward for Baidu and a potential shift in China’s comfort with the new technology. In other cities ____95____ the company’s robotaxis operate, Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen ____96____ (include), Baidu is required to have a human safety operator present in the vehicle.
    The permits will allow Baidu ____97____ (provide) fully driverless robotaxi services in certain areas in Wuhan and in Chongqing. Service will be limited at first, though, with just five robotaxis ____98____ (operate) then in each city.
    In the United States, robotaxi offerings remain limited ____99____ numbers and ride-hailing giants like Uber and Lyft have abandoned in-house self-driving taxi efforts.
    In June, General Motors-backed Cruise gained permits in California to charge a fare for driverless rides in San Francisco. In July, _____100_____, Reuters reported that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration opened an investigation into a crash of a Cruise self-driving vehicle that resulted in minor injuries.
    【语篇解读】
    这是一篇新闻报道。科技巨头百度周一宣布,该公司已获得在中国两个特大城市运营无人驾驶出租车的许可,这是中国首次实现无人驾驶出租车。文章主要介绍了无人驾驶出租车的相关情况。
    【详情解析】
    91.【announced】考查时态。句意:科技巨头百度周一宣布,该公司已获得在中国两个特大城市运营无人驾驶出租车的许可,这是中国首次实现无人驾驶出租车。根据时间状语on Monday可知为一般过去时。故填announced。
    92.【assistants/assistance】考查名词。句意:科技巨头百度周一宣布,该公司已获得在中国两个特大城市运营无人驾驶出租车的许可,这是中国首次实现无人驾驶出租车。此处作宾语,表示“助手”可用assistant或assistance表示“帮助”,在否定句和疑问句中,any多与不可数或复数名词连用。故填assistants/assistance。
    93.【a】考查冠词。句意:科技巨头百度周一宣布,该公司已获得在中国两个特大城市运营无人驾驶出租车的许可,这是中国首次实现无人驾驶出租车。first可做名词,此句句意强调的是一个拿到了许可证的公司,其实没有强调第一,而且,作第一讲,first只能做形容词,the first整体做名词句意也不对。故填a。
    94.【respectively】考查副词。句意:这两个城市的人口分别为3000万和1100万。修饰动词应用副词respectively,作状语。故填respectively。
    95.【where】考查定语从句。句意:在该公司的机器人出租车运营的其他城市,包括北京、上海和深圳,百度被要求在车内配备一名人工安全操作人员。定语从句修饰先行词cities,在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导。故填where。
    96.【included】考查非谓语动词。句意:在该公司的机器人出租车运营的其他城市,包括北京、上海和深圳,百度被要求在车内配备一名人工安全操作人员。此处为独立主格结构,include与Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen构成被动关系,故用过去分词形式。故填included。
    97.【to provide】考查非谓语动词。句意:该许可证将允许百度在武汉和重庆的某些地区提供完全无人驾驶的机器人出租车服务。allow…to do sth.表示“允许……做某事”。故填to provide。
    98.【operating】考查非谓语动词。句意:不过,最初的服务将是有限的,届时每个城市只运营5辆机器人出租车。此处为with的复合结构,且robotaxis与operate构成主动关系,故用现在分词作宾补。故填operating。
    99.【in】考查介词。句意:在美国,机器人出租车的数量仍然有限,优步和Lyft等叫车巨头已经放弃了内部自动驾驶出租车的努力。表示在某方面用in,be limited in numbers数量少。故填in。
    100.【however】考查副词。句意:然而,今年7月,路透社报道称,美国国家公路交通安全管理局对一辆克鲁斯自动驾驶汽车的事故展开了调查,事故造成轻伤。后文讲到被调查了,上下文出现了转折且由逗号隔开,应用however。故填however。









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