新高考英语二轮复习课时练第1部分阅读理解与阅读七选五专题1第7 常考话题一科普知识类 (含解析)

这是一份新高考英语二轮复习课时练第1部分阅读理解与阅读七选五专题1第7 常考话题一科普知识类 (含解析)，共12页。
科普知识类说明文是高考阅读理解中的重难点题材，考生往往在这类文章中失分严重，因此，考生需要了解科普知识类文章的主要特点和命题方式。
科普知识类说明文长难句居多，题目往往是推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，考生在扩大词汇量的同时，还需要努力增强分析长难句的能力，把握文章的主旨。具体答题策略如下：
(2019·全国Ⅰ·C)
As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn，the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e-spaces.At present，these technlgies are still expensive，thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置) that gets arund this prblem：a smart keybard.This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key.The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique t each persn.Thus，the keybard can determine peple’s identities，and by extensin，whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it’s cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn’t require a new type f technlgy that peple aren’t already familiar with.Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy，the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch”fur times using the smart keybard.Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed，with very lw errr rates.The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive，plastic-like parts.The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
28．Why d the researchers develp the smart keybard?
A．T reduce pressure n keys.
B．T imprve accuracy in typing.
C．T replace the passwrd system.
D．T cut the cst f e-space prtectin.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“At present，these technlgies are still expensive，thugh.”和第二段第一句“Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置) that gets arund this prblem：a smart keybard.”可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
29．What makes the inventin f the smart keybard pssible?
A．Cmputers are much easier t perate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develp fast.
C．Typing patterns vary frm persn t persn.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的“The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique t each persn.Thus，the keybard can determine peple’s identities...”可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使得智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。
30．What d the researchers expect f the smart keybard?
A．It’ll be envirnment-friendly.
B．It’ll reach cnsumers sn.
C．It’ll be made f plastics.
D．It’ll help speed up typing.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.”可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日投入市场销售。故选B。
31．Where is this text mst likely frm?
A．A diary. B．A guidebk.
C．A nvel. D．A magazine.
答案 D
解析 文章出处题。本文介绍了一种新型低成本设备——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是与科技有关的文章，结合所给选项可知，本文可能出自一本杂志。故选D。
A
Biprinting is medically and bi-technlgically equal t 3D printing.By using the same principles，the aim is t rapidly develp living structures similar t human-grwn rgans and tissue that can be used t heal peple r test new drugs.
Of curse，printing bilgical tissue is much mre cmplex than building a mechanical part.There are cmplex layers f cells in living tissue.Biprinters use biink made frm cells，bichemical nutrients and bilgical stands t supprt cells in an exact rder.Biinks have t perate under cnditins that are suitable fr living，grwing tissue，s they cannt really be printed at temperatures that tp bdy temperature.
Perhaps the simplest frm f biprinting is inkjet printing.Biink is sprayed thrugh tiny tubes s it has t be almst liquid and this limits the bilgical materials that can be printed.Mst 3D printers perate by squeezing material thrugh a pipe and biprinters can use squeezing t，thugh care has t be taken nt t damage cells thrugh extreme frce.Other techniques such as laser-assisted biprinting r electrspinning(静电纺丝) are incredibly exact and can be used with thicker biinks，but they are mre tricky t use with living cells and nt as rapid r able t create large quantities f tissue.
Once the biprinter has dne its wrk，the pst-prcessing stage begins.Bireactr systems are ften emplyed t help the tissue grw up.They can be used t cpy the frces and bichemical supprt that tissue needs t grw and differentiate crrectly.
Biprinting may be a relatively new field but the results s far are encuraging.Stem cells，which have the ptential t turn int several types f cells，are being used t create bne.Organ printing can imprve the health f sciety in general by wiping ut the prblem f diseases caused by rgan failure，cstly treatments and scial care.That prmise may be years away frm realizatin but rapid prttyping(原型技术) enabled by biprinting is pushing medical advances frward at pace.
1．What des the underlined wrd “they” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Cells. B．Biinks.
C．Nutrients. D．Bilgical stands.
答案 B
解析 代词指代题。根据第二段最后一句可知，生物墨水必须在适合的条件下工作，所以它们不能在高于体表温度的状况下打印。由此可推知，画线词they指代的是生物墨水。故选B。
2．What shuld we pay attentin t when using biprinting?
A．The srt f human rgans.
B．The thickness f biinks.
C．The frce f squeezing.
D．The rder f cells.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，生物打印机也可以通过挤压原料的方式运作，不过要注意不能过度用力，否则会损坏细胞。故选C。
3．What can we infer frm the 3rd and 4th paragraphs?
A．The prcess f biprinting is practical.
B．Bireactr systems tend nt t damage cells.
C．Mst 3D printers limit the bilgical materials.
D．Laser-assisted biprinting can prduce much tissue.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段可知，喷墨印刷是最简单的生物印刷形式。生物打印机通过挤压原料的方式运作。其他技术，如激光辅助生物打印或电纺也非常精准。一旦生物打印机完成工作，生物反应器系统经常会被用来帮助组织生长。由此可知，生物打印的过程是切实可行的。故选A。
4．Which is the suitable title fr the passage?
A．Biprinting Cures Diseases f Peple
B．Biprinting Is Similar t 3D Printing
C．Biprinting Gets Care frm Sciety
D．Biprinting Has Much Ptential
答案 D
解析 标题归纳题。根据文章最后一句并且结合全文内容可知，本文通过介绍生物打印的所需材料、实施过程和相关用途等告诉读者生物打印技术很有前景。因此，D项适合作本文标题。故选D。
B
Human innvatin(创新) has allwed peple t explre space fr decades.Within a space statin，astrnauts have enugh air，fd and water t cmplete missins f a year r lnger withut a resupply.But missins t further reaches f space are a different matter.Establishing a base n the mn r sending humans t Mars seems just n the hrizn.That can nly happen if innvative and flprf ways are develped t supply humans with enugh air，water and fd.
One cmpany，Interstellar Labs，has develped an advanced，clsed lp system that can grw plants anywhere，even in space.They call their AI managed greenhuses BiPds and they are designed t be very efficient.In fact，Interstellar Labs claims that BiPds reduce the amunt f land and water needed t prduce fd by 99 percent.That is nt an impssible claim.BiPds dn’t use any sil t grw plants，and the vast majrity f water is recycled and recirculated.
Plants are grwn inside BiPds using aerpnics，the practice f hanging plants in the air and spraying a mist f nutrient-rich water n their rts.By using aerpnics，the BiPd system carefully cnserves water with amazing results.Accrding t Interstellar labs，BiPd-grwn plants are up t 300 times mre prductive than traditinally grwn plants，using nly a small amunt f water.
The cnditins inside f a BiPd are cntrlled by AI，which can change anything frm the lighting t the temperature and humidity t maximize grwth.This ptimizes(使最优化) grwing cnditins n matter what the envirnment is utside，including the emptiness f space.
The BiPds themselves can be built in almst any envirnment，t.The pd’s structure is made with a 3D printer using raw materials in liquid frm.The inside part is sealed with an inflatable membrane(充气膜) that is als 3D-printed.This means that a BiPd culd be built right n the surface f the mn r Mars，making transprting a large structure unnecessary.
Like mst technlgies develped fr space explratin，BiPds can als be used n Earth t prvide highly efficient fd prductin systems even in the harshest envirnments.
5．In writing paragraph 1，the authr aims t .
A．present a tpic B．make a cmparisn
C．reach a cnclusin D．prpse a definitin
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句及下文对可以在太空种植植物的先进闭环系统的介绍可推断，作者写作第一段是为了引出主题。故选A。
6．Which f the fllwing best describes BiPds?
A．They are widely used fr space explratin.
B．They are highly prductive and efficient greenhuses.
C．They are easy t perate withut need fr sil r water.
D．They are designed t be used in harsh envirnments n Earth.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句和第三段最后一句可知，BiPds是高产和高效的温室。故选B。
7．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Fd Cnsumptin in Space Statin
B．Space Explratin with BiPds
C．Grwing Fd in Space Pds
D．3D Printers Used in Space Lab
答案 C
解析 标题归纳题。根据第二段第一句及全文可知，文章主要介绍了一家公司开发的一种名为BiPd的先进的闭环系统，可以在太空种植植物，为宇航员提供食物。C项概括了文章主要内容，故选C。
8．What is the writer’s attitude t the BiPds?
A．Psitive. B．Cautius.
C．Ambiguus. D．Disapprving.
答案 A
解析 观点态度题。根据第二段至第六段内容可推断，作者认为BiPds有许多优点，对BiPds的态度是积极的。故选A。
强化练(十四) 科普知识类说明文
A
(2022·安徽“皖南八校”联考)
Every persn yawns.S d many ther vertebrate(有脊椎的) animals，including snakes，dgs，cats，sharks，and chimpanzees.While yawning is cntagius(会传染的)，nt everyne catches a yawn.Arund 60%－70% f peple yawn if they see anther persn yawn in real life r in a pht r even read abut yawning.Cntagius yawning als ccurs in animals，but it desn’t necessarily wrk the same way as in peple.
Scientists have prpsed many theries fr why we catch yawns.Prbably the mst ppular thery is that yawning serves as a frm f nnverbal cmmunicatin.Catching a yawn shws yu’re accustmed t a persn’s emtins.Scientific evidence cmes frm a 2010 study at the University f Cnnecticut，which cncluded yawning des nt becme cntagius until a child is abut fur years ld when empathy(共情) skills develp.In the study，children with autism，wh may have impaired empathy develpment，caught yawns less ften than their peers.
Studying cntagius yawning in ther animals may prvide clues t hw peple catch yawns.Cntagius yawning in animals may serve as a means f cmmunicatin.Siamese fighting fish yawn when they see their mirrr image r anther fighting fish，generally just prir t an attack.
Cntagius yawning is linked t temperature，in bth animals and peple.Mst scientists speculate it is a thermregulatry behavir，while sme researchers believe it is used t cmmunicate a ptential threat r stressful situatin.A 2010 study f budgerigars(虎皮鹦鹉) fund that yawning increased as temperature was raised near bdy temperature.
Peple cmmnly yawn when tired r bred.Similar behavir is seen in animals.One study fund the brain temperature in sleep deprived rats was higher than their cre temperature.Yawning reduced brain temperature，pssibly imprving brain functin.Researchers will d further study n this.
eq \x(语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家对人们为什么会打哈欠进行的理论研究。)
1．What can we learn abut yawning frm paragraph 1?
A．All animals yawn.
B．Reading abut yawning may make a persn yawn.
C．Only vertebrate animals yawn.
D．Yawning wrks the same fr human and animals.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第四句可知，读有关打哈欠的书可能会让人打哈欠。故选B。
2．Why des the authr mentin children with autism in paragraph 2?
A．T prve a thery.
B．T define a cncept.
C．T develp the theme.
D．T prvide the backgrund.
答案 A
解析 写作意图题。根据第二段最后两句可知，作者在第二段提到自闭症儿童来证明一个理论：打哈欠直到孩子四岁左右才会传染，那时他们的共情能力已经发展起来了。故选A。
3．Siamese fighting fish yawn t .
A．shw kindness
B．find a partner
C．give a threat
D．escape frm danger
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段第二、三句可推知，暹罗斗鱼通过打哈欠以示威胁。故选C。
4．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Mre research n yawning will be carried ut in the future.
B．Temperature is nt a factr cncerning yawning.
C．The secret t yawning has been wrked ut.
D．Yawning can imprve brain functin greatly.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段第三、四、五句可推知，未来还会有更多关于打哈欠的研究。故选A。
B
Using the pwer f artificial intelligence(AI)，scientists have revealed new insights int the creatin and destructin f mass extinctin.Cntrary t cnventinal knwledge，their study suggests that larger extinctins are nt always a frm f “creative destructin” that allws new rganisms(生物体) t radiate and evlve.Instead，it suggests that mass extinctin is rarely assciated with new species f radiatin.
Dr.Hyal Cuthill，the lead study authr frm the University f Essex in the UK and the Tky Institute f Technlgy，said in a statement，“Sme f the mst challenging things t understand the histry f life are the vast timelines invlved and the number f species.New machine learning applicatins can help us understand this infrmatin in human-readable frm.This means that we can，s t speak，hld the evlutin f half a billin years in the palm f ur hand and gain new insights frm what we see.”
They cncluded that mass extinctin and later radiatin were nt cnnected as previusly thught.Within 5 percent f the mst significant perids f disruptin(中断)，AI detected “big five” mass extinctins，seven mre mass extinctins，tw mass extinctin-radiatin events，and 15 mass radiatins.Mst imprtantly，it discvers that massive radiatin and extinctin rarely ccurred with each ther，changing the view that greater extinctin leads t a kind f deep cycle-like species radiatin f nature.It appears that larger extinctins are certainly nt the engine f evlutinary radiatin.Take the Cambrian eruptin fr example and it was abut 41 millin years ag when a large grup f animals first appeared n the recrd f the first fssil recrd and the dawn f a high mbile animal equipped with mdern physical features.
This new study fund that a handful f ther ntable explsins f bidiversity，including the Cambrian eruptin，usually ccurred at a time when they were largely islated(隔离) frm Guttenberg，a study c-authr frm the Tky Institute f Technlgy explained，“Ecsystems are dynamic and yu dn’t need anything t exist t allw smething new t appear.”
5．What des the first paragraph serve as?
A．An explanatin f artificial intelligence.
B．A backgrund f researchers’ study.
C．The reasns fr creative destructin.
D．The result f researchers’ new study.
答案 D
解析 段落大意题。根据第一段第二、三句可知，本段主要讲了这项研究的结果。故选D。
6．What can we infer frm Dr.Hyal Cuthill’s wrds?
A．AI cntributes a lt t the study f evlutin.
B．Understanding the histry f life is very difficult.
C．New AI machines learn applicatins better.
D．Bilgical evlutin can be cntrlled easily.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可知，科学家可以借助“New machine learning applicatins”即AI人工智能来掌握5亿年的进化情况，由此可推知，人工智能技术对进化的研究贡献很大。故选A。
7．What is the researchers’ discvery?
A．Mass extinctin is unlikely t cause evlutinary radiatin.
B．The first animal with mdern features ccurred during eruptin.
C．The vlcanic eruptin led t a mass extinctin and radiatin.
D．The idea f deep cycle-like species radiatin has turned ut true.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句和第三段倒数第二句可知，大规模灭绝不可能引起进化辐射。故选A。
8．What is the text mainly abut?
A．New prcesses f bilgical evlutin.
B．New view f radiatin frm natural species.
C．New understanding f mass extinctin.
D．New utbreaks f bilgical ppulatins.
答案 C
解析 主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句及后文可知，文章主要介绍了科学家利用人工智能对大规模物种灭绝进行的研究情况及由此产生的新认识，故选C。
C
Midway thrugh The Matrix，Cypher feasts n an enrmus steak，well aware that his reality is nt real，part f a digital prgram telling his brain that the steak is a cnstructin and that it is “juicy and delicius”．Tw decades after the mvie made its first appearance，smething unexpected arises：The future f reality will nt nly be virtual but als synthetic(合成的)．Cypher’s future meal will be a physical ne，synthesized frm animal cells.
And the synthesis ges beynd dinner.Starting with cmpnents frm the natural wrld，scientists are learning t engineer micrrganisms and build bicmputing systems.Hwever，bilgy has a tendency t evlve in unexpected ways.
Synthesized meat is ne case in pint.The driving frces behind the meat mvement are practical.It has been estimated that cultured(培育的) meat wuld require 7 t 45 percent less energy and prduce 78 t 96 percent less greenhuse gas than cnventinal animals farmed fr cnsumptin.But nce we’re able t synthesize meat，theretically，we’ll have the capability t culture meat frm any animal，even thse we’d never cnsider eating tday，like dlphins r chimpanzees，which will pse a new regulatry challenge fr us.
Using synthetic bilgy，we can even edit and rewrite life，the technlgy f which is already in use.In 2021，scientists in sme cuntries annunced they had grwn mnkey embrys injected with human stem cells.Here cmes the situatin wrth cnsidering：such a mnkey-human hybrid will demnstrate qualities that are smewhere between humans，n which experimentatin isn’t allwed，and animals，which are ften raised specifically fr research.Hw will we decide when an animal becmes t human?
Depending n where yu stand，the synthetic realities land smewhere between “really exciting”and “critically cncerning”．As individuals，we undertake a shared respnsibility t make gd chices abut this cming synthetic technlgy.
eq \x(语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章讨论合成技术带来的挑战。)
9．What d we knw abut Cypher’s steak in the mvie?
A．It is anything but appetizing.
B．It is enjyed in a virtual wrld.
C．It is synthesized frm animal cell.
D．It is a cnstructin made by himself.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。由第一段第一句可知，塞弗知道自己处于虚拟现实中，牛排是数字程序构造出来的，他是在虚拟世界中享用牛排。故选B。
10．What’s the advantage f synthesized meat?
A．It is mre nutritius.
B．It is mre energy-cnsuming.
C．It is mre envirnment-friendly.
D．It is mre cntrllable in regulatin.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。由第三段第三句可知，合成肉所需要的能源更少，所产生的温室气体也更少。所以合成肉更环保。故选C。
11．What is the authr’s attitude t the experiment in paragraph 4?
A．Cautius. B．Favrable.
C．Pessimistic. D．Indifferent.
答案 A
解析 观点态度题。由第四段可知，作者指出该实验对象既表现出人的某些特点(这一部分不允许被实验)，也有动物的特点，最后一句作者提出的疑问表明作者对此实验持有谨慎的态度。故选A。
12．What is the purpse f the text?
A．T ppularize synthetic technlgy.
B．T indicate challenges f synthetic technlgy.
C．T stress the imprtance f synthetic technlgy.
D．T intrduce the develpment f synthetic technlgy.
答案 B
解析 写作意图题。文章第一段以《黑客帝国》片段引出合成肉的话题，第二段指出合成技术有朝不可预料方向发展的趋势，第三、四段以两个例子(合成肉带来的管控挑战和基因合成可能出现的伦理问题)说明合成技术的发展伴随着挑战，文章的目的在于指出合成技术带来的挑战。故选B。选材
当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。
特点
结构严谨、逻辑性强。
语言
文章中词汇的意义相对单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩。句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难，常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
命题
主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题，以推理判断题居多。
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。随着数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，对用户信息起防护作用的技术如指纹扫描等的市场正在增长，但这些技术仍然很昂贵。本文介绍了一种具有类似功能的新型低成本设备——智能键盘。
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