新高考英语二轮复习课时练第1部分阅读理解与阅读七选五专题1第7 体裁微解说明文 (含解析)

这是一份新高考英语二轮复习课时练第1部分阅读理解与阅读七选五专题1第7 体裁微解说明文 (含解析)，共12页。
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。主要具有以下特点：
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下：
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·B)
Like mst f us，I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste.The arugula(芝麻菜) was t make a nice green salad，runding ut a rast chicken dinner.But I ended up wrking late.Then friends called with a dinner invitatin.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed，the arugula went bad.Even wrse，I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry，“fd waste ges against the mral grain，” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry.It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away—frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water，fuel，and ther resurces used t grw it.That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem.In fact，Ryte writes，“if fd waste were a cuntry，it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand，let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr.Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time—but fr him，it’s mre like 12 bxes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn，D.C.，which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals.Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished(有瑕疵的)prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields.And the strawberries？Vlunteers will wash，cut，and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius，yet s ften we just dn’t think.“Everyne can play a part in reducing waste，whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat，” Curtin says.
24．What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A．We pay little attentin t fd waste.
B．We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C．We waste mre vegetables than meat.
D．We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段内容可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
25．What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the text?
A．Mral decline.
B．Envirnmental harm.
C．Energy shrtage.
D．Wrldwide starvatin.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段可知，浪费食物的一个后果就是会造成环境问题。故选B。
26．What des Curtin’s cmpany d?
A．It prduces kitchen equipment.
B．It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C．It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.
D．It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn，D.C.，which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals.”可知，Curtin的公司可以将不需要的食物重新做成健康膳食，故选D。
27．What des Curtin suggest peple d?
A．Buy nly what is needed.
B．Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C．G shpping nce a week.
D．Eat in restaurants less ften.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段Curtin所说的话可知，Curtin建议人们不要买过多的食物，购买自己所需要的量就好，故选A。
A
(2022·安徽江南十校一模联考)
Fd made frm atmspheric carbn culd feed the wrld while helping t fight climate change，accrding t Slar Fds，a Finnish cmpany funded in 2017.“We can cllect CO2 anywhere，” said its CEO Pasi Vainika，whse cmpany has develped a prtein pwder made using CO2.“That’s a strategic shift where raw materials are in the air.” The prtein pwder，called Slein，can be turned int meat and dairy substitutes r added t fds and shakes.
Slar Fds uses special units t pull CO2 frm the atmsphere.T turn it int prtein，micrbes(微生物)，similar t thse in the prductin f wine and ygurt，will be fed n it t grw and reprduce.During the prcess，water is split int hydrgen and xygen.Alng with a grwth medium cntaining necessary minerals，the three gases are pumped in t feed the micrbes.Harvested and dried，that remaining mixture becmes Slein—a yellw pwder made up f single-cell prtein，with a nutrient cmpsitin similar t wheat flur.
Slar Fds claims that Slein remves mst f the emissins assciated with mdern agriculture，which is respnsible fr almst ne-third f all greenhuse gas emissins.“One kilgram f Slein sends ut 0.2 kilgram f CO2e(二氧化碳当量)．In cmparisn，beef herds prduce arund 100 kilgrams and chicken 10 kilgrams，”said Vainikka.“We can remve the climate impact f mdern fd systems n the planet，which tday accunt fr abut 30 per cent f glbal greenhuse gas emissins.”He further stressed that while the cmpany’s factries als require sme land used fr industrial farming，nly abut ne-tenth f the land is needed cmpared t phtsynthesis(光合作用)．“We culd free up agricultural land t grw back frests，” he added，“and thse remve carbn permanently frm the atmsphere.”
Prbably ptimists are nw cntenting themselves with the pleasant scene f masses f trees absrbing CO2 n the planet.Hwever，while that may sund great，Vainikka puts it right，“It can happen nly if we prduce enugh Slein frm CO2 t replace meat and dairy at a large scale.”And that still remains a lng way t g.
1．What can we say abut Slein?
A．It is in the air.
B．It can be changed int meat.
C．It can take in CO2.
D．It is gd fr the envirnment.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，Slein 是利用收集的二氧化碳研制的一种蛋白质粉，能够被加工成肉、奶等的替代品，这有助于应对气候变化，从而实现保护环境的目的。所以该公司开发的产品对环境有利。故选D。
2．What are needed t prduce Slein accrding t paragraph 2?
A．Wine and water.
B．Water and minerals.
C．Micrbes and ygurt.
D．Wine and micrbes.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三、四句可知，微生物(用于发酵)、水(分解成氢气和氧气)和含有矿物质的生长培养基都是必备物质。故选B。
3．What des paragraph 3 mainly tell us abut Slein?
A．Its present situatin.
B．Its pssible benefits.
C．Its prductin prcess.
D．Its ptential drawbacks.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。第三段第一句为主题句，研究人员再通过对比说明，相同重量的蛋白质，Slein比牛肉和鸡肉产生更少的二氧化碳，因此会解放更多的耕地，用于退耕还林。故选B。
4．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Air Prtein Prduced，CO2 Reduced
B．Cllecting Air，Remving CO2
C．Climate Changing，Danger Cming
D．Prtect Earth，Save Ourselves
答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。第一段概括介绍 Slar Fds 公司利用空气中的二氧化碳生产蛋白质粉 Slein 的基本信息；第二段介绍这一生产过程及所需物质；第三段阐述该技术的优势及长远意义；第四段主要介绍该技术的前景。综上，A项概括了文章大意——从空气中获取二氧化碳生产蛋白质Slein，减少二氧化碳。故选A。
B
Calling vegetables and fruits “ugly” can be a recipe fr sales success，accrding t a new study.
A French supermarket chain made internatinal headlines when it began marketing misshapen prduce as “ugly” in 2014.Since then，fd stres arund the wrld have launched campaigns t sell “imperfect prduce”．Sme have been successful，while thers haven’t—but until nw，researchers hadn’t adequately explained why cnsumers rejected imperfect prduce，r what marketing apprach was mst likely t whet their appetites.
The researchers cnducted seven studies that tested the effects f “ugly” labeling by having participants purchase prduce at a farmer’s market and nline，and by examining peple’s impressins abut misshapen fds.Interestingly，they fund that cnsumers expected the imperfect prduce t be less tasty and even less nutritius than mre traditinally attractive fds.
But it’s nt all bad news fr unattractive fds.The researchers als fund that when the prduce is labeled “ugly”， cnsumer hesitancy disappears—and it’s nt because f humr r riginality.Calling items “ugly” signals t cnsumers that the nly difference between items is appearance，which makes them aware f their bias(偏见) and significantly increases their willingness t buy the less attractive prduce.
“We’re pinting t the surce f the rejectin，” explains Jhn Meredith，the lead researcher.“It makes peple aware f the limited nature f their bjectin t the unattractive prduce and makes it clear t cnsumers that there are n ther prblems in the prduce ther than attractiveness.”
The research als fund cnsumers spent mre n the misshapen prduce labeled “ugly” instead f “imperfect”．And even thugh the ugly prduce was sld at a 25 percent discunt，it turned ut t be mre prfitable fr sellers，as the cst f acquiring the ugly prduce was lwer.Hwever，if the price reductin was t sharp，participants expected the “ugly” fds t be f lw quality.
5．What is the new study mainly abut?
A．Fd quality.
B．Cnsumer demand.
C．Marketing apprach.
D．Bias against appearance.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段内容及下文可知，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”是一种成功的营销方法，这项新的研究主要是关于营销方法的研究。故选C项。
6．What des the underlined phrase “whet their appetites” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Satisfy their need t eat better.
B．Stimulate their desire f buying.
C．Encurage them t risk trying ut.
D．Raise their cncerns abut nutritin.
答案 B
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线短语上句“researchers hadn’t adequately explained why cnsumers rejected imperfect prduce”可知，画线短语所在句指的是研究者想知道什么样的营销方式能激发消费者购买不完美产品的欲望，“Stimulate their desire f buying”能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选B项。
7．Why are peple willing t buy ugly-labeled prduce withut hesitatin?
A．They are happy t spend less and have mre.
B．They are curius abut the special shapes f prduce.
C．They are attracted by the funny and creative idea f labeling.
D．They are led t believe ugly prduce has n quality prblems.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，人们会毫不犹豫地购买带有丑陋标签的产品是因为他们被引导相信丑陋的产品没有质量问题。故选D项。
8．Which way helps fd sellers make mre prfit accrding t the study?
A．Call the ugly prduce “ugly”．
B．Label the ugly prduce “imperfect”．
C．Grup the prduce by its attractiveness.
D．Price the ugly prduce at a sharp discunt.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The research als fund cnsumers spent mre n the misshapen prduce labeled ‘ugly’ instead f ‘imperfect’．And even thugh the ugly prduce was sld at a 25 percent discunt，it turned ut t be mre prfitable fr sellers，as the cst f acquiring the ugly prduce was lwer.”可知，把丑陋的产品称为“丑陋”可以帮助食品销售商获得更多利润。故选A项。
强化练(十三) 说明文
A
A paper published n Nvember 15 in Current Bilgy suggests that a patch(小块) f cells develped fr identifying human faces，the fusifrm face area(FFA)，is up and running in infants(婴儿) as yung as tw mnths ld.
Rebecca Saxe，a prfessr f brain and cgnitive sciences at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy，and her clleagues scanned 42 infants ranging in age frm tw t nine mnths using a special functinal magnetic resnance(磁共振) imaging(fMRI) helmet designed specifically fr babies.Data frm 16 f the infants had t be thrwn ut because it is extremely difficult t keep them happy，still and awake fr lng.Fr the 26 remaining infants，the scientists cmpared activity in visual areas f the brain while they watched 2.7-secnd vide clips that described faces，bdy parts，landscapes，and ther bjects.Results shwed mre activity in the areas f the brain’s visual system that are specialized fr recgnizing faces，bdies and scenes than areas fr ther bserved bjects.
“There’s every reasn t think that babies are brn expecting and lking fr their mst imprtant scial partners，”Saxe says.“Smething in their brain makes them interested in faces actually befre they’ve had any experience with faces at all.Babies lk tward face-like images frm hurs after birth.”
Other researchers are nt cnvinced by Saxe’s cnclusins.“I dn’t believe that there are face patches present at birth，” Livingstne says.He views that experience and learning are essential fr the develpment f the FFA.
T Kalanit Grill-Spectr，a psychlgy prfessr at Stanfrd University，the mst exciting part f the new paper is nt abut this questin f learned versus inbrn develpment.“I think the study is kind f attempting t address this questin，but it desn’t really prvide a perfect answer ne way r anther.What impressed me is the amunt f babies that they’ve scanned and with a lt f new innvatins in baby fMRI，” she says.“That’s ging t push the field frward.”
eq \x(语篇解读 这是一篇说明文，主要讲了一篇论文研究婴儿识别人脸的作用机制。)
1．Why were the data frm the 16 infants abandned?
A．Because the infants didn’t watch the vide clips.
B．Because the infants made n respnse t the bjects.
C．Because the infants culdn’t fcus n bjects fr sme time.
D．Because the infants were unwilling t wear helmets fr lng.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。由第二段第二句(来自16名婴儿的数据不得不被扔掉，因为让他们保持快乐，静止和长时间清醒是极其困难的)可知，数据被抛弃是因为使婴儿集中注意力太难了。故选C。
2．Hw did the researchers get the results?
A．By listing figures.
B．By asking questins.
C．By analyzing reasns.
D．By making cmparisns.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。由第二段倒数第二句(对于剩下的26名婴儿，科学家们比较了大脑视觉区域的活动，同时他们观看了描述面部、身体部位、风景和其他物体的2.7秒视频剪辑)可知，研究人员通过比较得出结论。故选D。
3．Which statement wuld Rebecca Saxe prbably agree with?
A．Infants can prcess facial patterns and give them meaning.
B．Specialized areas fr recgnizing faces are present at birth.
C．Sme abilities f the visual system are gradually develped.
D．Experience and learning are essential fr the develpment f the FFA.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。由第三段第二和第三句可知，Saxe认为婴儿识别人脸是天生的。故选B。
4．Which wrd best describes Grill-Spectr’s attitude t the way f the research?
A．Objective. B．Skeptical.
C．Favrable. D．Disapprving.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。由最后一段中的“What impressed me baby fMRI”(令我印象深刻的是他们扫描的婴儿数量以及婴儿fMRI中的许多新创新)可知，该研究方式使Grill-Spectr印象深刻，即Grill-Spectr支持该研究。故选C。
B
Every summer，the calls f thusands f swamp sparrws can be heard acrss Nrth America’s wetlands.These little brwn birds knw nly a few sngs，but they knw them very well.In fact，their musical set list prbably hasn’t changed much fr centuries.
Like humans，baby swamp sparrws learn t cmmunicate by cpying adults.Frm a yung age，they learn t cpy，r mimic，sngs sung by their elders.“Swamp sparrws very rarely make mistakes when they learn their sngs，” says bilgist Rbert Lachlan.In fact，their mimicry is s accurate that the music changes little between generatins.
Just like children，the sparrws dn’t remember every sng they hear.Lachlan says，“They dn’t just learn sngs at randm；they pick up cmmner sngs rather than rarer sngs.”In ther wrds，they learn sngs they hear mst ften.It’s an example f a strategy that scientists call cnfrmist bias.Until recently，this learning ability was thught t be special nly t humans.
Between 2008 and 2009，Lachlan’s research team recrded the calls f 615 male swamp sparrws acrss the nrtheastern United States.The researchers used cmputer sftware t break each sng int a cllectin f ntes，r syllables.They then measured the differences between the tunes.
The research revealed that nly 2 percent f male sparrws sang a different sng frm the standard tune.The cmbinatin f accurate mimicry and cnfrmist bias allws the birds t create traditins that last fr centuries.“With thse tw ingredients tgether，yu end up with traditins that are really stable，” says Lachlan.“The sng-types that yu hear in the marshes f Nrth America tday may well have been there 1,000 years ag.”Lachlan’s study is als amng the first t measure the lngevity f sng traditins within a bird species.
The findings are really exciting，says scientist Andrew Farnswrth.He hpes that future research will evlve frm these studies.Fr example，scientists may be able t identify hw ther animals are able t preserve their cultural traditins.“Seeing the ptential fr it in ther rganisms is super cl，” says Farnswrth.
5．What d we knw abut Lachlan’s research?
A．The calls f 615 female swamp sparrws were recrded.
B．Accurate mimicry allws the birds t create the centuries-lng traditins.
C．It aimed t study swamp sparrws’ learning ability.
D．Cmputer technlgy helped a lt during the research.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，计算机技术在研究期间帮了很多忙。故选D。
6．Which f the fllwing is an example f cnfrmist bias?
A．A new slang wrd becmes ppular with a grup f teenagers.
B．A dg learns t d a trick because its wner rewards it regularly.
C．A student memrizes histrical events fr a histry exam.
D．A student lves singing and jins the schl chrus.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段最后三句可知，A项“一个新的俚语在一群青少年中流行起来”是墨守成规的偏见的例子。故选A。
7．What is Andrew Farnswrth’s attitude twards the findings?
A．Indifferent. B．Negative.
C．Psitive. D．Cnservative.
答案 C
解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段可推知，Andrew Farnswrth对研究结果持积极态度。故选C。
8．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．The Amazing Lifespan f Swamp Sparrws
B．The Traditinal Musical Set List f Swamp Sparrws
C．The Evlutin f Swamp Sparrws in Nrth America
D．The Great Learning Ability f Swamp Sparrws
答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。根据第一段并结合文章主要介绍了科学家研究沼泽麻雀时发现它们的音乐曲目可能几个世纪以来都没怎么变过可知，B项“沼泽麻雀的传统音乐集”最符合文章标题。故选B。
C
(2022·广西南宁二模)
In rder t get rid f gldenrd frm the city，the gvernment f Wuhan is encuraging residents t reprt any findings f the plant，which is classified as a harmful alien(外来的) species.
Gldenrd is ne f the mst successful and widespread alien plant species.It is ften referred t as “the flwer f the devil”， as it spreads extremely fast and causes ther plants t die.
Besides Hubei Prvince，the plant has als been fund expanding in ther prvinces such as Jiangxi and Zhejiang.Althugh lcal authrities have tried t get rid f the plant，it is prving t be a difficult task.Gldenrd represents just ne f the alien species that are aggressive twards the cuntry’s native species.Statistics shw that by 2020，nearly 800 kinds f alien species had invaded the cuntry，amng which 638 species have invaded the cuntry’s agricultural and frestry ecsystems，causing direct ecnmic lsses f abut 200 billin yuan ($31.36 billin)．
At the United Natins Bidiversity Cnference held in Kunming，Yunnan Prvince，the invasin f alien species was the subject f discussins，as it was regarded as ne f the tw mst imprtant factrs leading t the lss f bidiversity，the ther being human-caused eclgical damage.
China passed its Bisecurity Law n April 15，2021，which prvides the legal basis fr preventing the invasin f alien species and prtecting bidiversity in the cuntry.The relevant departments als strictly carry ut prt inspectins and quarantines s as t keep harmful rganisms ut f the cuntry，and they strengthen early warning and mnitring systems s as t address the invasin as early as pssible.
Hwever，while gvernment departments are making every effrt t prevent and cntrl the situatin，the participatin f the peple shuld nt be ignred.It is als necessary，as Wuhan is ding，t encurage peple t pay attentin t invasive species and actively play a rle in keeping them at bay.Preventing any invasin by an alien species and prtecting bidiversity shuld nt just be the gvernment departments fighting alne，but als a peple’s war.
9．What can we learn abut gldenrd frm the text?
A．It riginates in Wuhan.
B．It des harm t peple’s health.
C．It is a great threat t the surrunding plants.
D．It causes an ecnmic lss f abut $31.36 billin.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“It is ften referred t as ‘the flwer f the devil’， as it spreads extremely fast and causes ther plants t die.”可知，秋麒麟草对周围的植物是一个巨大的威胁。故选C。
10．What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．China’s effrts t stp the invasin f alien species.
B．Relevant departments’ warning f gldenrd.
C．The legal basis t prtect bidiversity.
D．The imprtance f prt inspectins and quarantines.
答案 A
解析 段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，本段主要讲的是中国为阻止外来物种入侵所做的努力。故选A。
11．What d the underlined wrds “keeping them at bay” mean?
A．Keeping the invasive species ut f the cuntry.
B．Building sme barriers fr the species.
C．Preventing the flwers frm grwing fast.
D．Keeping the alien species safe at the prt.
答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“encurage peple t pay attentin t invasive species and actively play a rle in”可知，文章提出要鼓励人们关注入侵物种，并积极发挥作用，把入侵物种赶出这个国家。故选A。
12．In which sectin f a newspaper can this text be fund?
A．Business. B．Culture.
C．Envirnment. D．Opinin.
答案 C
解析 文章出处题。根据第一段再结合文章主要说明了秋麒麟草被列为有害外来物种，它扩散速度极快，会导致其他植物死亡，可推知，文章出自“环境”版面。故选C。选材
实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。
内容
用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物，说明一项研究。
形式
总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。
语言
主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
命题
主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。
策略指导
技法解读
抓首尾段
首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。
梳理文章结构
整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
破解长难句
结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。
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