高考英语一轮复习高分突破练习专题20阅读理解之推理判断题（含解析）

这是一份高考英语一轮复习高分突破练习专题20阅读理解之推理判断题（含解析），共23页。

专题20阅读理解知推理判断
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考向分析

推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断
考点导航

01细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
02因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。
03人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题
高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：
（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。
（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。
（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
04篇章结构推断题
根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。
05文章结论推断题
由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。
06写作目的推断题
这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend to, meant to, in order to等。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的目的和态度。
与写作目的对应的文章如下：
（1）to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
（2）to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。
to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性文章。
（3）开头提出问题——让读者关注主题。
简介相关事物——为了引出主题。
列举具体事例——说明文段的主题

对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。
这种问题的提问方式通常有：
1. From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that.
2. We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that…
3. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.
4. The author implies that by the year 2080, .
5. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should.
6. The author mentions the fact that…to show.
7. This passage would most likely be found in _________?
8. The author’s attitude toward …is _________?
9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _________?
这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：
1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。

【分析】

Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。
29. C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。
31. A
【解析】推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, people who owners of successful papers, had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。

Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.
Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.
…
1. How does the writer explain birds’ singing?
A. By comparing birds with human beings.
B. By reporting experiment results.
C. By describing birds’ daily life.
D. By telling a bird’s story.
【答案】A
【解析】由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。

By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”
45. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
45. C
【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warning trend Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。

检测训练

1、
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.
9.What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?
A.Enormous in quantity. B.Changeable daily.
C.Stable in quality. D.Present everywhere.
10.What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
A.Help to tackle problems. B.Make brains more active.
C.Benefit ambitious people. D.Set up powerful databases.
11.As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________.
A.supportive B.disapproving
C.fearful D.uncertain
12.What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?
A.It may be only a dream.
B.It will come into being soon.
C.It will be controlled by humans.
D.It may be more dangerous than ever.
【答案】9.D 10.A 11.B 12.A
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
9.词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。
10.细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。
11.推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。
12.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。
2、
Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life.
They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.
1.What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?
A.They produce oxygen. B.They cover a vast area.
C.They are well managed. D.They are rich in wildlife.
2.Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests?
A.Heavy rains B.Big trees.
C.Small plants. D.Forest animals.
3.Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other?
A.For more sunlight. B.For more growing space.
C.For self-protection. D.For the detection of insects.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Life-Giving Rainforests B.The Law of the Jungle
C.Animals in the Amazon D.Weather in Rainforests
【答案】1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A
【分析】
本文是说明文。热带雨林被称为“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过25%的现代药物是由其植物提炼。热带雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美誉，因其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的能力尤为强大。仅亚马逊热带雨林产生的氧气就占全球氧气总量的1/3。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals.得知，热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。可知，热带雨林有丰富的野生动物，故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.得知，热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系，高大的树木有枝干，树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪的伤害。可知，大树有助于热带雨林生存，故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars.得知，科学家们认为这是植物阻止任何树木疾病扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为了自我保护，故选C。
4.主旨大意题。本文首先讲述了热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次，热带雨林就是地球的肺——它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳，并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后，雨林可以自我形成所需降雨的75%，而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云，这些雨云则可以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热带雨林”，故选A。
3、
The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol.
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
"Please bring that pistol to me," I said. "I'm going to put it in my Grandma's Box."
"What's that?" they asked.
"It's a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren," I replied,
"You don't have grandchildren," someone said.
"I don't now." I replied. "But someday I will. When I do, my box will be full of wonderful things for them."
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes. students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away—since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging.
The-years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy with that year's class. Then someone said, "Now you can use your Grandma's Box." From then on instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would say, "That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon."
I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with my own children. They enjoyed hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected. Then one Christmas I received a surprise gift—a large, beautifully made wooden chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandma's Box a reality.
5.What was the author's purpose in having the conversation with the students?
A.To collect the water pistol. B.To talk about her grandchildren.
C.To recommend some toys. D.To explain her teaching method.
6.What do the underlined words "the offender" in paragraph 8 refer to?
A.The student's parent. B.The maker of the Grandma's Box.
C.The author's grandchild. D.The owner of the forbidden fruit.
7.What did the students do after they learned about the birth of Gordon?
A.They went to play with the baby. B.They asked to see the Grandma's Box.
C.They made a present for Gordon. D.They stopped asking their toys back.
8.What can we infer about the author?
A.She enjoys telling jokes. B.She is a strict and smart teacher.
C.She loves doing woodwork. D.She is a responsible grandmother
【答案】5.A 6.D 7.D 8.B
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲叙了作者为收集学生们带到学校的玩具，想出了一个“奶奶的盒子”的办法。到后来，作者的第一个孙子出生，学生们也不再来要求归还他们的财物了，作者也在某一年圣诞节收到了儿子制作的大木箱，将“奶奶的盒子”变成了现实。
5.细节理解题。根据第一段中“I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol.(在缺席了15年之后，我又回到了教书的地方，处理从书包里掏出的各种各样的“禁果”。现在流行的是水枪)”以及第三段中“‘Please bring that pistol to me,’ I said. ‘I'm going to put it in my Grandma's Box.’(“请把那支水枪给我，”我说。“我要把它放在我‘奶奶的盒子’里。”)”由此可知，作者与学生进行对话的目的是收集水枪。故选A。
6.词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“I would return the belonging”结合上文提到作者把学生带到学校的玩具称为“禁果”，且作者的“盒子”里装的就是“禁果”，所以作者等到这些禁果的拥有者在一天结束的时候出现，然后就会归还他们的物品。由此可知，划线词意思为“禁果的拥有者”。故选D。
7.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“From then on instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would say, ‘That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon.’(从那时起，学生们不再来要求归还他们的财物，而是说：“没关系。把它放在你“奶奶给戈登的盒子”里)”由此可知，学生们在得知了戈登的出生后，他们不再索要玩具。故选D。
8.推理判断题。根据文章中作者要收集学生们从书包里掏出的各种各样的“禁果”，说明作者对待学生很严格；同时作者又想出了“奶奶的盒子”这个的方法来收集学生们的玩具，说明作者很聪明，由此可推知，作者是一个严格而聪明的老师。故选B。
4、
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
13.The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”.
A.digest the meal easily B.manage without breakfast
C.decide wisely what to eat D.eat whatever is offered
14.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?
A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B.Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C.They could walk at an average speed.
D.They had slow metabolic rates.
15.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?
A.They successfully lost weight. B.They consumed a bit more calories.
C.They burned more fat on average. D.They displayed higher insulin levels.
16.What could be learned from the research?
A.A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B.Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.
C.Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D.Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
【答案】13.B 14.A 15.B 16.D
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。
13.词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
14.细节理解题。根据第三段的They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。因此可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。
15.细节理解题。根据第六段的As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。
16.推理判断题。根据最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。
5、
Claire Wyatt, a 24-year-old British volunteer, led eight Cambodians living with disabilities on a 155-mile bike ride from Phnom Penh, the nation’s capital, to Siem Reap to raise money and deliver supplies to those in need in the coronavirus pandemic(新冠病毒大流行).
“Leading this trip was an incredibly special experience for me,” said Claire. “Not only was I encouraged by the determination of each and every rider, but also the team taught me every day not to focus on their disability.”
When she was first asked to lead the trip, Claire admitted, she was feeling nervous about her team traveling such a distance in just a few days because cycling with a disability can come with added physical and emotional challenges.
One team member named Dy, who lost an arm in an accident, biked using just one arm to balance. Another named Vulta could only pedal on one side due to polio(小儿麻痹). Despite all the difficulties, Claire realized quickly that she didn’t have to worry about her team. She saw them deal with rough area that she had seen abled cyclists give up on before.
The volunteers covered the distance in just four days, not only helping so many people across the country, but also overcoming huge difficulties to get there.
“The best thing about this ride is that the riders have all volunteered their time to do this. They are so enthusiastic about Cambodia and raising money for others in need,” said Claire. “The money raised will feed 99 families in Siem Reap.”
Claire recalled her favorite moment of the experience, when one of the cyclists pushed an exhausted teammate up a hill for 2 miles. “One moment that stood out for me was when Naret, our only female rider, was feeling tired,” she said. “Her fellow rider gently put his hand on her back and pushed her for 2 miles! They were encouraging each other to push through the tiredness.”
1. Why did Claire and eight Cambodians cycle 155 miles?
A. To challenge themselves. B. To help out needy people.
C. To take part in a competition. D. To raise money for the disabled.
2. What worried Claire before the ride?
A. She might be injured on the road.
B. She would be unable to lead the team.
C. Her team might be looked down on.
D. Her team couldn’t finish the route.
3. Which of the following can best describe the team?
A. Confident, calm and friendly.
B. Honest, patient and open-minded.
C. Strong-minded, brave and caring.
D. Curious, creative and experienced.
4. What did Claire think of the journey?
A. It could have taken less time.
B. It was amazing and inspiring.
C. It changed her idea about human nature.
D. It was more difficult than she had expected.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了24岁的英国志愿者Claire Wyatt带领8名柬埔寨残疾人，从柬埔寨首都金边骑行155英里，到Siem Reap筹集资金，并为那些在冠状病毒大流行中需要帮助的人提供物资的故事。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Claire Wyatt, a 24-year-old British volunteer, led eight Cambodians living with disabilities on a 155-mile bike ride from Phnom Penh, the nation’s capital, to Siem Reap to raise money and deliver supplies to those in need in the coronavirus pandemic(新冠病毒大流行).”（ 24岁的英国志愿者Claire Wyatt带领8名柬埔寨残疾人，从柬埔寨首都金边骑行155英里，到Siem Reap筹集资金，并为那些在冠状病毒大流行中需要帮助的人提供物资。）可知，Claire和8个柬埔寨人骑行155英里是为了帮助那些需要帮助的人。故选B项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“When she was first asked to lead the trip, Claire admitted, she was feeling nervous about ... with a disability can come with added physical and emotional challenges.”（Claire承认，当她第一次被要求带领这次旅行时，她对她的团队在短短几天内走这么远的路程感到紧张，因为残疾人骑自行车可能会带来额外的身体和情感上的挑战。）可知，她担心她的团队不能完成这么远的路程。故选D项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段“One team member named Dy, who lost an arm in an accident, biked using just ... ... that she had seen abled cyclists give up on before.”（一个名叫Dy的队员在一次事故中失去了一只手臂，他骑自行车只用一只手臂来保持平衡。另一个名叫 Vulta 的人由于脊髓灰质炎只能一边蹬踏。尽管困难重重，克莱尔很快意识到她不必担心她的团队。她看到他们处理崎岖的地区，她以前见过健全的骑自行车的人会放弃。）和第五段“The volunteers covered the distance in just four days, not only helping so many people across the country, but also overcoming huge difficulties to get there.”（ 志愿者们仅用了四天的时间就跑完了全程，不仅帮助了全国各地这么多的人，而且克服了巨大的困难。）以及第六段中Claire 所说的话“The best thing about this ride is that the riders have all volunteered their time to do this. They are so...in Siem Reap.”（这次骑行最好的一点是，骑手们都自愿花时间来做这件事。他们对柬埔寨充满热情，为其他需要帮助的人筹集资金。筹集到的资金将供应Siem Reap省的99个家庭。）可知，这是一个有坚强的意志，勇敢而有爱心的团队。故选C项。
4. 推理判断题。根据第二段中Claire 所说的话“Leading this trip was an incredibly special experience for me. Not only was I encouraged by the determination of each and every rider, but also the team taught me every day not to focus on their disability.”(领导这次旅行对我来说是一次难以置信的特殊经历。每位车手的决心不仅鼓舞了我，车队也每天教导我不要把注意力集中在他们的残疾上。)以及后文所描述的团队经历，可知Claire认为这次旅行是令人惊异并鼓舞人心的。故选B项。
6、
When our second baby was coining, I couldn’t help worrying about my older daughter. Would the introduction of a sibling(兄弟姐妹) be a problem for her? Would she like a sibling? My husband and I read all the books we could find on preparing for a sibling and came up with a plan of action to help our daughter get used to it.
Our plan went really smoothly for the first year of our daughters, living together. But as the little one grew and became a person with opinions and feet that walked and hands that could pick up toys easily, things got more difficult.
Having more than one kid is a management challenge — one I failed at daily. I immediately turned to a bestseller Siblings Without Rivalry by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish — and it was helpful. But it paid more attention to older siblings and those who are closer in age than our two.
And, then, two months ago I received a copy of Dr. Laura Markham’s Peaceful Parent, Happy Siblings, and it changed my parenting forever. It is a step-by-step guide to calming conflict and creating connection and even friendship between siblings. From laying the groundwork for emotional connection so kids are less likely to act out on their siblings, to managing fights, this is a great guide to helping your kids get along. And it actually includes examples you can relate to.
My husband and I are parenting differently and better since reading it. The book is of practical value and really worth reading. If you are thinking of adding another child to your family or you have trouble with the ones you have pick it up.
9. What worried the author?
A. When to have a second baby.
B. How to balance her work and life.
C. Whether her second baby would be healthy.
D. Whether her older daughter would accept a sibling.
10. How did their plan work when the second kid grew older?
A. It turned out rather rewarding. B. It proved quite reasonable.
C. It didn’t function effectively. D. It was very efficient.
11. What did the author think of the book Siblings Without Rivalry?
A. It was not helpful at all. B. It didn’t work so well for her family.
C. It eased conflicts in the family. D. It worsened her parenting problems.
12. What’s the author’s purpose in writing this text?
A. To entertain readers with family stories.
B. To inform readers of parenting problems.
C. To recommend a book to potential readers.
D. To warn parents of the cost of raising kids.
【答案】9. D 10. C 11. B 12. C
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了在第二个女儿成长过程中，经过不断摸索，终于发现Laura Markham博士的书《平和的父母，快乐的兄弟姐妹》有效地提供了适合她家庭的教育方式。
9. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“ Would the introduction of a sibling(兄弟姐妹) be a problem for her? Would she like a sibling? (有个兄弟姐妹的介绍对她来说会是个问题吗?她想要一个兄弟姐妹吗?)”可知，作者担心的是她的大女儿是否愿意再要一个兄弟姐妹。故选D项。
10. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“But as the little one grew and became a person with opinions and feet that walked and hands that could pick up toys easily, things got more difficult. (但是，当这个小家伙长大，成为一个有想法、脚可以走路、手可以很容易地拿起玩具的人，事情变得越来越困难。)”可知，第二个孩子长大后，他们的计划没有有效地发挥作用。故选C项。
11. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“ I immediately turned to a bestseller Siblings Without Rivalry by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish — and it was helpful. But it paid more attention to older siblings and those who are closer in age than our two. (我立刻看了Adele Faber和Elaine Mazlish的畅销书《没有竞争的兄弟姐妹》——这本书很有帮助。但它更多地关注年长的兄弟姐妹和那些比我们两个女儿年龄相近的人。)”可知，《没有竞争的兄弟姐妹》这本书对作者的家庭来说，不是很起作用。故选B项。
12. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The book is of practical value and really worth reading. If you are thinking of adding another child to your family or you have trouble with the ones you have pick it up. (这本书很实用，确实值得一读。如果你正在考虑再要一个孩子，或者你对已经生的孩子有困难，就可以拿起它来。)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是向潜在的读者推荐《平和的父母，快乐的兄弟姐妹》这本书。故选C项。
7、
Anna Akter, a nine-year-old student at a floating school in Bangladeshi remote Natore district, says she might have missed out on her education during annual floods without her boat-based classroom. The same goes for Khushi Khatun, who also studies at the boat school where she gets free tuition and materials. “Had there been no such school, she would have had to walk two kilometers along a muddy path or take a boat journey which may have discouraged her from studying, said her father, a farmer in Pangasia village.
Each year, much of the Bangladesh countryside is hit by flooding. With around two thirds of the country's 160 million people living in rural areas, during a normal rainy season, some 1.5 million students are estimated to be affected by floods.
The boats first served as the school bus, collecting children from different riverside stops. Instead of the students going to school, the school reaches them,” said Mohammed Rezwan, founder of Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha, the non-profit organization that introduced the country's first floating school system.
Rezwan, an architect, was born and brought up in Natore district, and he himself was lucky as he didn't miss school in the rainy season thanks to his family's boat. While at university, it occurred to him that if children couldn't make it to school, their classroom should go to them. So he established Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha in 1998 with $ 500 from his savings and scholarship money, and the floating school concept was launched in 2002.
The floating schools cover an area of 2 square km, offering primary level education to local children who might otherwise have stayed away from school. Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha now also trains adult villagers on children's and women's rights, nutrition and health, and how to farm ducks and fish alongside vegetables in “floating gardens, helping them adapt to the impacts of climate change.
17. What do the two girls do during the rainy season?
A. They study at a boat school. B. They go to a tuition-school.
C. They stay away from school. D. They take a boat to school.
18. What is special about a floating school?
A. The boat serves as a school bus. B. The boat is used as a classroom.
C. It never stops at a fixed spot. D. It offers free schooling to all children.
19. What made Rezwan start the floating school system?
A. His desire to make money. B. His interest in teaching.
C. His childhood experience. D. The farmers' request.
20. What is the purpose of this text?
A. To show the effects of climate on schools. B. To explain the climate of Bangladesh.
C. To praise Rezwan for his selfless acts. D. To introduce a new school system.
【答案】17. A 18. B 19. C 20. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。孟加拉国设立了第一个水上学校系统，可以在雨季让学生们不中断学习。文章介绍了推出这一学校系统的非营利组织Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha的创始人Mohammed Rezwan是如何产生水上学校这一想法的以及介绍了水上学校的一些背景知识。
17. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Anna Akter, a nine-year-old student at a floating school in Bangladeshi remote Natore district, says she...where she gets free tuition and materials.(Anna Akter是孟加拉国偏远地区纳托雷区一所水上学校的一名九岁学生，她说，如果没有她的水上教室，她可能就错过了每年洪水期间的教育机会。Khushi Khatun也是如此，她也在水上学校学习，在那里她可以获得免费的学费和材料)”可知，这两个女孩在雨季时，在一所水上学校学习。故选A。
18. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The boats first served as the school bus, collecting children from different riverside stops. Instead of the students going to school, ...that introduced the country's first floating school system.( 这些船首先充当了校车的角色，从不同的河边站点收集孩子们。引入该国第一个水上学校系统的非营利组织Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha的创始人Mohammed Rezwan说：“与其说是学生去上学，不如说是学校到了他们身边。”)”以及倒数第二段中“While at university, it occurred to him that if children couldn't make it to school, their classroom should go to them.(上大学时，他突然想到，如果孩子们不能去上学，那么他们的教室就应该为他们而来)”可推知，水上学校的特别之处是这条船被用作教室。故选B。
19. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Rezwan, an architect, was born and brought up in Natore district, and he himself was lucky as..., their classroom should go to them.(Rezwan是一名建筑师，他在纳托雷区出生长大，他自己也很幸运，因为他家的船让他在雨季没有缺课。上大学时，他突然想到，如果孩子们不能去上学，那么他们的教室就应该为他们而来)”可知，是Rezwan的童年经历促使他开设了水上学校。故选C。
20. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The boats first served as the school bus, collecting children from different riverside stops. ... school system.( 这些船首先充当了校车的角色，从不同的河边站点收集孩子们。引入该国第一个水上学校系统的非营利组织Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha的创始人Mohammed Rezwan说：“与其说是学生去上学，不如说是学校到了他们身边。”)”结合文章说明了孟加拉国设立了第一个水上学校系统，可以在雨季让学生们不中断学习。文章还介绍了推出这一学校系统的非营利组织Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha的创始人Mohammed Rezwan是如何产生水上学校这一想法的以及介绍了水上学校的一些背景知识。可推知，这篇文章的目的是介绍一种新的学校系统。故选D。