新高考英语二轮复习题型专练09 人物传记类阅读理解(含解析)

这是一份新高考英语二轮复习题型专练09 人物传记类阅读理解(含解析)，共20页。

高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）09
专练09 人物传记类阅读理解
【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考试方向】记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。阅读此类文章应特别注意：（1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生，发展，高潮和结局；（2）若是＂哲理故事＂，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义；（3）若是 ＂逸闻趣事＂，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。
【得分要点】高考阅读理解体裁纷繁多样，但每套试卷通常包含一到两篇记叙文。在所有的阅读体裁中，记叙文的难度相对是比较低的。如果掌握了阅读的技巧，多多实践，阅读能力就有可能大大提高。
要熟练掌握记叙文的阅读技巧，了解记叙文的写作特点与命题特点也是有必要的。
一、记叙文写作特点
记叙文是一种记载和叙述事件由来，描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。消息、通讯、传记、游记、小说、童话、寓言以及记叙性的散文等文体，都属于记叙文的范畴。
就写作顺序而言，记叙文要么是按时间顺序，要么是按事件的重要性的顺序来展开。不管是哪种叙述方法，最后经常会有一两句话抒发作者的情绪与感悟，这是记叙文的精华所在，也是阅读的难点所在，可谓＂一篇之妙，在于落句＂。
二、记叙文命题特点
从命题形式上看，常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开距离的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略即：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意，方能成功。
三、记叙文答题技巧
一把钥匙开一把锁。要解答好记叙文阅读理解题，就应该有一套针对性强的方法和技巧。下面是我们在阅读教学中积累下来的一点心得体会，希望能对大家有所帮助。
No.1 顺藤摸瓜
记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节，包括记叙文的5W（what, who, when, where, why）要素。因此我们作答细节题的时候，就没有那么复杂，一般只需要由前到后，从上到下，一题一题地做就可以了。
No.2 左顾右盼
在做题过程中，我们大都不能在文中找到与题干一字不差的词语或句子。这时我们需要认真研究问题，抓住题干中的关键词语，然后到文中准确地找到与之相关的语句，或是疑似语句的位置，接着去左顾，或右盼，在前句或后句寻找线索。
No.3 刨根问底
如前所述，主旨大意题或推理判断、作者意图题等实际上是同一类型的问题，或者说是可用同种方法解答的题型。在解答此类题目的时候，不可被题干的表象所迷惑，要像剥洋葱一样，一层一层地剥；在四个可选项中，一个一个地去证实，去排除。特别是解答推论或暗指类的题目，比如＂What can be inferred from …?＂或是What does the author imply in…?＂之类的题目，文中所陈述的往往不是答案。我们要在文前文后去查找，在字里行间里去寻觅。有时还少不了借助自己的生活经验和常理来体会这言外之意。
No.4 拨云见日
每年的高考阅读题中，特别是记叙文的阅读题，都会出现一至两道词义猜测题。而这些词汇往往是你素昧平生的，或者和你有点头之交，在文中却另有新意的，总之，猜的是那些在高考词汇表要求之外的词汇。小小的一个词，一个短语，考核的不是你的语法的熟练程度，也不是你的记忆力，而是你对文章通篇或者一个段落的整体把握和变通能力。
这时，你不仅需要＂左顾右盼＂，还需要在几句话，一个段落，乃至整篇文章的字里行间中快速搜寻，看看前面、后面都发生了些什么；反复琢磨人物、事物，或者人物与事物之间的内在联系，才可能在最后拨开团团迷雾，从四个选项中选出正确答案。
【真题再现】 【2020·新高考全国卷I，B】
Jenifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree.
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition(学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jenifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed(牺牲)to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. ''Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers,'' she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family-and that's pretty powerful.
4. What did Jennifer do after high school?
A. She helped her dad with his work.
B. She ran the family farm on her own.
C. She supported herself through college.
D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
5. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield?
A. To take care of her kids easily. B. To learn from the best nurses.
C. To save money for her parents. D. To find a well-paid job there.
6. What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?
A. Her health. B. Her time with family.
C. Her reputation. D. Her chance of promotion.
7. What can we learn from Jenifer's story?
A. Time is money. B. Love breaks down barriers.
C. Hard work pays off. D. Education is the key to success.
【答案】4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Jennifer在家里不能提供大学教育的情况下，通过自己的努力，以及家人的帮助完成了四年学位。她的努力不仅让自己以优异的成绩毕业，还给家人，尤其是她的三个孩子树立了榜样，让他们得到了激励。
4.细节理解题。根据第二段的After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.(高中毕业后，Jennifer上了一所当地的技术学院来支付她的学费，因为家里没有额外的钱用来支付大学教育)可知，高中毕业后Jennifer通过自己挣钱来完成大学教学，因为家里没有额外的钱。C. She supported herself through college.(她自食其力读完了大学)符合以上说法，故选C项。
5.细节理解题。根据第三段的She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Misnistry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids.(她选择了位于马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的UW-Eau Claire项目，因为她可以在离家近的地方攻读四年的学位。她可以开车去上课，晚上可以回家照顾孩子)可知，Jennifer选择位于马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的UW-Eau Claire项目是因为离家近，这样便于照顾她的三个孩子。A. To take care of her kids easily.(为了方便照顾她的孩子)符合以上说法，故选A项。
6.细节理解题。根据最后一段的Jennifer sacrificed to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study.(Jennifer为了实现自己的目标牺牲了很多，她放弃了很多个和孩子待在一起的晚上，错过了很多重要的活动)可知，为了实现自己的目标Jennifer放弃了和家人待在一起的时光。B. Her time with family.(她与家人的时光)符合以上说法，故选B项。
7.推理判断题。根据最后一段的Through it all, she remind in good academic standing and graduated with honors.(虽然经历了这些，但她一直保持着良好的学术地位，并以优异的成绩毕业)和However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family-and that’s the pretty powerful.(然而，她的孩子们在见证母亲获得学位的过程中得到了重要的一课。Jennifer是第一代毕业生，这对她的家庭来说是一种激励--这是非常强大的。)可知，Jennifer在艰苦的环境中通过自己的努力不仅以优异的成绩毕业，还给孩子树立了榜样，同时也让家人得到了激励。由此推测，我们可以从Jennifer的故事中学到:努力总会有回报。C. Hard work pays off.(努力会得到回报)符合以上说法，故选C项。
【题型演练】
1
The 2020 Nobel Prize in literature has been awarded to former U.S. Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）Louise Gluck. The prize committee cited “her unique poetic voice that with plain beauty makes individual existence universal”. Gluck is the first American woman to win the award since Toni Morrison in 1993. Gluck, 77, joins a list of literary giants and previous Nobelists who include, in this century, Canadian short-story master Alice Munro, Chinese magical-realist Mo Yan, etc.
Gluck’s work includes 12 collections of poetry and a few volumes of essays on literary writing. “All are characterized by a striving for clarity（清晰）. Childhood and family life, the close relationship with parents and siblings, is a theme that has remained central to her,” Anders Olsson, the chairman of the Nobel Committee for Literature, said. “She seeks the universal, and in this she takes inspiration from myths and classical motifs,” Olsson added, citing her 2006 collection Averno, which the committee described as “masterly” for its “visionary interpretation of the myth of Persephone’s (珀尔塞福涅) fall into hell in the captivity (囚禁) of Hades(哈得斯), the god of death”.
Being a professor at Yale and a resident of Cambridge, Gluck also served as U.S. Poet Laureate from 2003 to 2004 and is no stranger to awards. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1993 for her collection of poems titled The Wild Iris, in which “she describes the incredible return of life after winter in the poem Snowdrops,” the Nobel literature committee said Thursday. She also won the 2014 National Book Award for the poem Faithful and Virtuous Night. In 2016, President Obama awarded the National Humanities Medal to Gluck in a White House ceremony.
The publicity-shy Gluck did not immediately issue any comment about the latest honor for her body of work, which spans more than half a century. In a 2012 interview, she acknowledged that prizes can make “existence in the world easier” but did not amount to the immortality(不朽) of a true artist.
1. What can we know about Gluck from Paragraph 1?
A. She is as popular as the Chinese novelist Mo Yan.
B. She won the Nobel Prize for her special literary style.
C. She is the first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature.
D. She is the only Poet Laureate in modern American history.
2. What do Gluck’s poems mainly focus on?
A. Daily life. B. Nature.
C. Careers. D. Classical myths.
3. What is the purpose of Paragraph 3?
A. To show Gluck’s contributions to literature.
B. To prove Gluck’s great passion for writing.
C. To present Gluck’s outstanding achievements.
D. To stress Gluck’s influence on other poets.
4. What does Gluck think about the honor she has received?
A. She is content with it.
B. She takes it very seriously.
C. She deserves a higher honor.
D. She doesn’t attach great importance to it.
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述2020年诺贝尔文学奖前美国桂冠诗人Louise Gluck的事迹和杰出成就。
1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The 2020 Nobel Prize in literature has been awarded to former U.S. Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）Louise Gluck. The prize committee cited “her unique poetic voice that with plain beauty makes individual existence universal”.” 2020年诺贝尔文学奖授予前美国桂冠诗人Louise Gluck。评奖委员会称赞“她独特的诗意的声音，用朴素的美使个人存在的普遍性”。由此可知，Louise Gluck被授予诺贝尔文学奖是因为她独特的文学风格。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Gluck’s work includes 12 collections of poetry and a few volumes of essays on literary writing. “All are characterized by a striving for clarity（清晰）. Childhood and family life, the close relationship with parents and siblings, is a theme that has remained central to her,”” 格拉克的作品包括12本诗集和几卷文学写作随笔。所有这些都以力求清晰为特征。童年和家庭生活，与父母和兄弟姐妹的亲密关系，一直是她的核心主题。由此可知她的诗主要关注的都是日常生活。故选A。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Being a professor at Yale and a resident of Cambridge, Gluck also served as U.S. Poet Laureate from 2003 to 2004 and is no stranger to awards. …In 2016, President Obama awarded the National Humanities Medal to Gluck in a White House ceremony.” 作为耶鲁大学教授和剑桥大学的居民，Gluck还在2003年至2004年期间担任美国桂冠诗人，对获奖并不陌生。她的诗集《野鸢尾花》(the Wild Iris)于1993年获得普利策奖。周四，诺贝尔文学委员会称，“她在诗《雪花莲》(Snowdrops)中描述了冬天之后生命令人难以置信的回归。”她还凭借诗歌《忠贞之夜》获得了2014年美国国家图书奖。2016年，奥巴马总统在白宫的一个仪式上为Gluck颁发了国家人文奖章。这些都是Gluck的文学成就。由此可以推断本段就是在介绍她的文学成就，故选C。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The publicity-shy Gluck did not immediately issue any comment about the latest honor for her body of work, which spans more than half a century. In a 2012 interview, she acknowledged that prizes can make “existence in the world easier” but did not amount to the immortality(不朽) of a true artist.”不愿在公众面前露面的Gluck没有立即对这项最新的荣誉发表任何评论，她的作品跨越了半个多世纪。在2012年的一次采访中，她承认，奖项可以让“在这个世界上存在更容易”，但不能让一个真正的艺术家不朽。由此可推断，Gluck不重视奖项和荣誉，更注重的时真正的艺术，故选D。
2
Elizabeth Freeman was born about 1742 to African American parents who were slaves. At the age of six months she was acquired, along with her sister, by John Ashley, a wealthy Massachusetts slaveholder. She became known as “Mumbet” or “Mum Bett”.
For nearly 30 years Mumbet served the Ashley family. One day, Ashley’s wife tried to strike Mumbet’s sister with a spade. Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead. Furious, she left the house and refused to come back. When the Ashleys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick. With his help, Mumbet sued（起诉）for her freedom.
While serving the Ashleys, Mumbet had listened to many discussions of the new Massachusetts constitution. If the constitution said that all people were free and equal, then she thought it should apply to her. Eventually, Mumbet won her freedom — the first slave in Massachusetts to do so under the new constitution.
Strangely enough, after the trial, the Ashleys asked Mumbet to come back and work for them as a paid employee. She declined and instead went to work for Sedgewick. Mumbet died in 1829, but her legacy lived on in her many descendant（后裔）. One of her great-grandchildren was W. E. B. Du Bois, one of the founders of the NAACP, and an important writer and spokesperson for African American civil rights.
Mumbet’s tombstone, still stands in the Massachusetts cemetery where she was buried. It reads, in part: “She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years. She could neither read nor write, yet in her own sphere she had no superior or equal. ”
5. What led to Mumbet running away from the Ashleys?
A. Finding a new employer. B. Wanting to be a lawyer.
C. Being abused and angry. D. Attending to her sister.
6. What influence did the discussion of the new constitution have on Mumbet?
A. It helped Mumbet to better serve the Ashleys.
B. It reminded Mumbet to win her equality and freedom.
C. It caused Mumbet to violate the new constitution.
D. It helped Mumbet to apply for a job smoothly.
7. What do we know about Mumbet after the trial?
A. She chose to work for a lawyer.
B. She became a writer in her own field.
C. She founded the NAACP for her grandchildren.
D. She jumped at the chance to be a paid employee.
8. What is the text mainly about?
A. A story of a famous writer and spokesperson.
B. The friendship between a lawyer and a slave.
C. The life of a brave African American woman.
D. A trial that shocked the whole world.
【答案】5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。本文讲述了生来就是奴隶的伊丽莎白•弗里曼为了获得自由和平等的权力而进行勇敢的斗争，最后终于获得自由的故事。
5. 细节理解题。通过文章第二段“One day, Ashley’s wife tried to strike Mumbet’s sister with a spade. Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead. Furious, she left the house and refused to come back.”（ 一天，阿什利的妻子试图用铁锹打芒贝的妹妹。芒贝保护了她的妹妹，反而受到了打击。她怒气冲冲地离开了房子，拒绝回来。）可知芒贝逃跑的原因是自己和妹妹受到了虐待且很生气，故选C项。
6. 细节理解题。通过文章第三段“While serving the Ashleys, Mumbet had listened to many discussions of the new Massachusetts constitution. If the constitution said that all people were free and equal, then she thought it should apply to her.”（ 在为阿什利一家服务时，芒贝听了许多关于马萨诸塞州新宪法的讨论。如果宪法规定人人自由平等，那么她认为宪法应该适用于她。）可知新宪法提醒玛贝特要赢得平等和自由。故选B项
7. 细节理解题。文章第四段第一，二句“Strangely enough, after the trial, the Ashleys asked Mumbet to come back and work for them as a paid employee. She declined and instead went to work for Sedgewick.”（奇怪的是，审判结束后，阿什利一家要求玛贝特回来，作为一名有薪雇员为他们工作。她拒绝了，转而为塞奇威克工作。）说明玛贝特拒绝了成为有薪雇员，转而为律师塞奇威克工作。故选A项。
8. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Elizabeth Freeman was born about 1742 to African American parents who were slaves.”伊丽莎白·弗里曼大约在1742年出生，父母都是奴隶。根据第三段“ Eventually, Mumbet won her freedom — the first slave in Massachusetts to do so under the new constitution.”最终，玛贝特赢得了她的自由——她是马萨诸塞州根据新宪法获得自由的第一个奴隶。根据第四段“ Mumbet died in 1829, ”1829年去世。所以短文主要是关于一位勇敢的非裔美国女性的一生。故选C项。
3
Rose McGee bakes sweet potato pies for mourning communities all over the country. This year, she found herself serving sweet relief in her own backyard. On the first night of the police curfew in Minneapolis last summer, Rose McGee barely slept. "People I know were out on the streets, says the 69-year-old resident of nearby Golden Valley. "I was worried.” McGee decided to stay up the following night and bake sweet potato pies.
In the morning, goods were first sent to mourners at George Floyd's memorial site. She delivered her baked goods first to just 14 miles away, and then to protestors and volunteers at the Minneapolis branch of the NAACP. The following weekend, she took dozens more to a temporary food distribution center in St. Paul where many grocery stores had been destroyed.
Sadly, McGee has made Sweet Potato Comfort Pies, as she calls them, all too often in recent years. She baked her first pack in 2014, after news of unrest broke out in Ferguson, Missouri, following the police killing of Michael Brown. McGee drove more than 500 miles to Ferguson to personally deliver the 30 pies she had made in the same year. The next year, she shipped more to Charleston, South Carolina, where nine worshippers had been shot dead at the Mother Emanuel AME Church. After two years, McGee's pies comforted those in and around Minneapolis after police officers fatally shot Jamar Clark and Philando Castile. “Looking at those who are in suffering, I am in sorrow. I'm looking forward to comforting them. As people carry these pies, they're able to have dialogues, able to listen to each other.” McGee says, “If we don't start listening more, I don't know how we'll ever be able to move forward. The pies are simply what can promote that.”
9. The reason why McGee was worried on that night is that .
A. her neighbors might stay up too late
B. potato pies were not enough to distribute
C. many neighbors were arrested by the police
D. people hung out together in the night against the curfew
10. What happened in the year of 2015?
A. The police and residents came into battle.
B. Nine worshippers were killed by gunshot.
C. The police murdered Jamar Clark purposely.
D. McGee baked her first sweet potato pies successfully.
11. McGee made Sweet Potato Comfort Pie to .
A. warn the police not to mistreat citizens B. comfort those who suffered family abuse
C. motivate the residents to fight for fairness D. teach people how to build a good relationship
12. What does the underlined word "that" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. People's helping in suffering. B. The relief from victims in accidents.
C. The comfort given to people in hardship. D. People's being willing to communicate.
【答案】9. D 10. B 11. D 12. D
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。本文讲述了Rose McGee如何用自制的食物来促进人们相互交流及理解的故事。
9. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“On the first night of the police curfew in Minneapolis last summer, Rose McGee barely slept. "People I know were out on the streets, says the 69-year-old resident of nearby Golden Valley. "I was worried.”(去年夏天，在明尼阿波利斯警察宵禁的第一天晚上，Rose McGee几乎没睡。这位Golden Valley的69岁居民说：“我认识的人都跑到街上去了，我很担心。”)”可知，McGee担心的原因是害怕邻居们违反宵禁令而与警察产生冲突。故选D。
10. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“She baked her first pack in 2014, after news of unrest broke out in Ferguson, Missouri, following the police killing of Michael Brown.McGee drove more than 500 miles to Ferguson to personally deliver the 30 pies she had made in the same year. The next year, she shipped more to Charleston, South Carolina, where nine worshippers had been shot dead at the Mother Emanuel AME Church.( 2014年，Michael Brown被警察枪杀后，密苏里州弗格森市爆发骚乱。麦吉驱车500多英里来到弗格森，亲自送去她当年做的30个馅饼。第二年，她又向南卡罗莱纳的查尔斯顿运送了更多的派，在那里的伊曼纽尔圣母教堂有9名拜神者被枪杀)”可知，2015年9位拜神者在教堂被枪杀。故选B。
11. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Looking at those who are in suffering, I am in sorrow. I'm looking forward to comforting them. As people carry these pies, they're able to have dialogues, able to listen to each other.(看着那些在受苦的人，我很悲伤。我期待着去安慰他们。当人们拿着这些馅饼的时候，他们能够对话，能够彼此倾听)”可知，McGee 制作Sweet Potato Comfort Pie 的目的是为了教人们如何倾听对方并建立良好的关系。故选D。
12. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“If we don't start listening more, I don't know how we'll ever be able to move forward.(如果我们不开始更多地倾听，我不知道我们将如何继续前进)”可知，这些馅饼是为了促进人们去交流。故that 指代“人们愿意倾听对方，相互交流”。故选D。
4
A history of vaccination
EBOLA, a deadly virus, has become one of the world’s biggest problems this summer. Since last December, it has killed over 1,200 people, most of them in West Africa.
Scientists all over the world are acting to stop the “monster”. They are developing medicines, but more importantly, they are experimenting with vaccines to prevent people from getting infected in the first place.
That change happened largely because of the British doctor and scientist Edward Jenner, the pioneer of smallpox vaccination. Vaccination has always been a powerful shield against diseases. The names of those diseases used to be frightening household names, but now they are all but forgotten.
Jenner was born in England in 1749. In his time, smallpox was one of the greatest killers of the period, especially among children. But Jenner noticed that milkmaids seldom caught smallpox.
What was the secret? Jenner had a brave guess: Cows sometimes caught “cowpox”, a disease similar to smallpox but much less dangerous. The pus from the cow’s body got onto the milkmaids’ hands and protected them from smallpox.
In 1796 Jenner carried out an experiment on an 8-year-old boy, the son of his gardener. He first made some scratches on the boy’s arm, and then rubbed the pus into them. Later, when the boy was exposed to the smallpox virus, he wasn’t infected.
Jenner’s theory was proven: a less dangerous virus makes your body learn to destroy it. Your body can then more easily destroy any similar viruses that it later meets.
However, many people couldn’t accept his idea at the time. To them, it was disgusting to put material from a diseased animal into someone’s body.
An opponent drew a cartoon in 1802 in which people who were vaccinated began to grow cow’s heads.
But the obvious effects of vaccination won out, and vaccination soon became widespread.
The terms “vaccine” and “vaccination” came from variolae vaccinae, which Jenner used to call “cowpox”. To honor Jenner, people are now using the terms for inoculation against any disease.
So, when will Jenner’s legacy save people from Ebola?
It won’t take long, according to the World Health Organization. It is expecting to consider the emergency use of Ebola vaccines by the end of 2014.
13. What does the article mainly talk about?
A. How vaccinations protect us from dangerous diseases.
B. The common efforts of scientists to find a cure for Ebola.
C. How the first vaccine and vaccinations came about.
D. Edward Jenner’s fight against smallpox.
14. From the text we can conclude that Jenner ______.
A. cured people after they had smallpox
B. interviewed many milkmaids before he tested his theory
C. found that the smallpox vaccine worked better on children than adults
D. came up with a theory based on observation and his knowledge of diseases
15. What could be inferred from the article?
A. Jenner’s smallpox vaccine could be used to fight against Ebola.
B. Smallpox vaccination was not widely accepted by the public at first.
C. The way vaccines work has changed a lot over the years.
D. It will only take months before Ebola vaccines are widely used.
【答案】13. C 14. D 15. B
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了英国医生和科学家Edward Jenner是如何发明第一个疫苗的故事。
13. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“That change happened largely because of the British doctor and scientist Edward Jenner, the pioneer of smallpox vaccination. Vaccination has always been a powerful shield against diseases. The names of those diseases used to be frightening household names, but now they are all but forgotten.(这一变化的发生很大程度上要归功于英国医生和科学家Edward Jenner，天花疫苗的先驱。疫苗接种一直是抵抗疾病的有力屏障。这些疾病的名字曾经是骇人听闻的家喻户晓的名字，但现在几乎都被人遗忘了)”以及倒数第三段“The terms “vaccine” and “vaccination” came from variolae vaccinae, which Jenner used to call “cowpox”. To honor Jenner, people are now using the terms for inoculation against any disease.(术语“vaccine”和“vaccination”来自牛痘疫苗，Jenner过去称之为“牛痘”。为了纪念Jenner，现在人们都用这个词来表示对任何疾病的接种)”结合文章主要讲述了英国医生和科学家Edward Jenner是如何发明第一个疫苗的故事。可知，这篇文章主要讲了第一个疫苗和接种疫苗是如何诞生的。故选C。
14. 推理判断题。根据第三段“That change happened largely because of the British doctor and scientist Edward Jenner, the pioneer of smallpox vaccination.(这一变化的发生很大程度上要归功于英国医生和科学家Edward Jenner，天花疫苗的先驱)”；第四段“Jenner was born in England in 1749. In his time, smallpox was one of the greatest killers of the period, especially among children. But Jenner noticed that milkmaids seldom caught smallpox.( Jenner于1749年出生在英国。在他的时代，天花是当时最大的杀手之一，尤其是儿童。但Jenner注意到挤奶女工很少感染天花)”以及第五段“What was the secret? Jenner had a brave guess: Cows sometimes caught “cowpox”, a disease similar to smallpox but much less dangerous. The pus from the cow’s body got onto the milkmaids’ hands and protected them from smallpox.(秘密是什么？Jenner做了一个大胆的猜测：牛有时会感染“牛痘”，一种与天花相似但危险小得多的疾病。奶牛身上的脓流到了挤奶女工的手上，使她们免受天花的侵袭)”可推知，Jenner是基于观察和他对疾病的了解而提出了一个理论。故选D。
15. 推理判断题。根据倒数第六段“However, many people couldn’t accept his idea at the time. To them, it was disgusting to put material from a diseased animal into someone’s body.(然而，当时许多人无法接受他的想法。对他们来说，把患病动物的物质放入一个人的身体里令人恶心)”可推知，天花疫苗最初并没有被公众广泛接受。故选B。
5
On a cold November morning in Y osemite National Park, on the south-west face of EL Capitan, Alex Honnold holds on to the side of the wall with nothing but the tips of his fingers and two thin edges of shoes, attempting to do something that professionals have long wanted to do--a“free solo” climb of the world's most terrifying cliff (悬崖). That means he is alone and climbing without a rope as he makes his way up more than half a mile of rock.
Paul Preuss, the father of the free soloing, stated the key of the climbing was to master a mountain with superior physical and mental skill, not “artificial aid". Having made some 150 ropeless climbs by the age of 27, he fell to his death in 1913 while free soloing in the Austrian Alps. But Preuss's ideas survived and inspired the “free climbing”movement of the 1960s, which supported using ropes and other safety equipment. The next free soloist appeared in 1973, when Henry Barber climbed up the 1,00--feet north face of Yosemite's Sentinel Rock without a rope. In 1976, John Bachar free soloed New Dimensions, a 300-foot cliff in Yosemite and Peter Croft free soloed two of Yosemite's most celebrated routes--- Astroman and Rostrum--in the same day.
Croft's achievement stood until 2007, when Honnold, then 22, astonished the world by repeating Croft's Astroman--Rostrum masterpiece and free soloed two famously tough routes in Zion National Park and Y osemite. Now, Honnold is attempting much higher goals and he is well on his way to completing the greatest rock climb in history.
16. What can you learn about Alex Honnold from Paragraph 1?
A. He climbed with many other people.
B. He attempted to climb with artificial aid.
C. He free soloed the south-west face of EL Capitan with enough safety equipment.
D. He was the first person to attempt to free solo the south -west face of EL Captain.
17. What does the underlined word“survived" in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Lived longer. B. Continued to exist.
C. Escaped. D. Succeeded.
18. What can you learn from the passage?
A. Climbers mustn't use aid of any kind in climbing.
B. One' s strength and will matter a lot while free soloing.
C. Climbers should use any safety devices while free soloing.
D. Ropes could only be used as an“artificial aid”while free soloing.
19. What can best describe Honnold from the last Paragraph?
A. Ambitious. B. Encouraged.
C. Stubborn. D. Disappointed.

【答案】16. D 17. B 18. B 19. A
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了无保护攀岩的历史，讲述了Alex Honnold要完成历史上最伟大的攀岩。
16. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“On a cold November morning in Y osemite National Park, on the south-west face of EL Capitan, Alex Honnold holds on to the side of the wall with nothing but the tips of his fingers and two thin edges of shoes, attempting to do something that professionals have long wanted to do—a “free solo” climb of the world's most terrifying cliff (悬崖).”（ 11月的一个寒冷的早晨，Alex Honnold站在EL Capitan西南面的Y osemite National Park里，紧紧抓住墙壁，只用手指尖和两个薄薄的鞋边，试图做一件专业人士长期以来一直想做的事情——“无保护攀岩”世界上最可怕的悬崖。）可以推断，Alex Honnold要试图做一件专业人士长期以来一直想做而没有做到的事情。从而推断他是第一个试图无保护攀登EL Capitan西南面的人。故选D项。
17. 词句猜测题。根据划线词句的上文“Having made some 150 ropeless climbs by the age of 27, he fell to his death in 1913 while free soloing in the Austrian Alps.”（1913年，他在奥地利阿尔卑斯山无保护攀岩时摔死，当时他27岁，已经完成了150次无绳攀登。）可知，Preuss多次攀岩成功后，最终不幸摔死。根据划线词句“But Preuss's ideas survived and inspired the “free climbing” movement of the 1960s…”（但是Preuss的想法survived，并且激发了20世纪60年代的“无保护攀岩”运动……）转折的语义，可以推测到，Preuss人虽死，但他的想法却依然存在，选项B“继续存在”符合题意。故选B项。
18. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Paul Preuss, the father of the free soloing, stated the key of the climbing was to master a mountain with superior physical and mental skill, not “artificial aid”.”（无保护攀岩之父Paul Preuss曾说过，攀岩的关键在于用高超的身体和精神技能征服一座山，而不是“人工援助”。）可知，在无保护攀岩中一个人的力量起着重要作用。故选B项。
19. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“…Alex Honnold …attempting to do something that professionals have long wanted to do--a“free solo” climb of the world's most terrifying cliff (悬崖).”（……Alex Honnold……试图做一件专业人士长期以来一直想做的事情——“无保护攀登”世界上最可怕的悬崖。）和最后一段最后一句“Now, Honnold is attempting much higher goals and he is well on his way to completing the greatest rock climb in history.”（现在，Honnold 正在尝试更高的目标，他正在完成历史上最伟大的攀岩。）可知，Honnold雄心勃勃。故选A项。
6
In 2018, the state of California was on fire. Alexandria Villasenor, who was 13 at the time, witnessed the destruction of Northern California’s Camp Fire, which would go on to burn more than 150,000 acres of land. Villasenor was scared. “That’s when I found out how important climate education was,” she reflected. “And just how much we lacked climate education these past couple of years.”
Villasenor, now 15, is determined to have a bigger conversation. She quickly realized the fight requires international, government-level changes. For her, what started as local concern turned into a year-long protest in front of the United Nations’ New York City headquarters and a global campaign for more compulsory climate education. She sat on a bench in front of the headquarters, pleading for the world's leaders to take climate change seriously.
Her action received national attention, with millions of other students around the world joining in the movement. “It's completely unacceptable to not learn anything about our planet and our environment in school, after all the young people would “inherit” the Earth.” Villasenor said, “That’s why I think that climate education is so important, and that's why I focus a lot on it now.”
Right now, Villasenor is working with the Biden-Harris administration on its climate plan, which has promised to center the needs of young people and communities most impacted by climate change. She even spoke at the 2020 Democratic National Convention. “That was definitely a huge moment when I realized that people were listening to the voices of me and youth climate activists,” Villasenor said.
When she isn't connecting with her fellow youth activists or holding elected officials accountable to the climate concerns of their young voters, Villasenor is like most other teens. “My favorite thing to do, of course, is sleep.” she said. “I like to read a lot. I like fantasy books, normally. I also like to write.”
20. What made Villasenor realize the lack of climate education?
A. The state of California. B. The fire disasters in America.
C. 150,000 acres of land scaring her. D. The severe Camp fire in California.
21. What does the underlined part “have a bigger conversation” mean?
A. To talk with more local people to change their mind.
B. To convey her belief loudly to more global students.
C. To call on local people to fight with the leaders.
D. To protest to leaders at home and abroad to make changes.
22. We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. Villasenor turned her original appeal into a lasting and widespread one
B. Villasenor thinks the world’s leaders have taken climate change seriously
C. Millions of students around the world are joining in the movement
D. Young people should do more things for the earth so as to inherit it
23. Which of the following facts gives Villasenor a sense of achievement?
A. That she is working with the Biden-Harris administration on 1ts climate plan.
B. That her and other youth climate activists’ opinions caught people’s attention.
C. That she can sleep and read in her spare time.
D. That more schools have set up climate courses.
24. What is this passage mainly about?
A. The 15-year-old activist fighting for better climate education.
B. Climate education deserves everyone’s attention around the world.
C. A young girl and her climate education.
D. Young activists make their voices heard.
【答案】20. D 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. A
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了15岁的Alexandria Villasenor因为加利福尼亚严重的营火，意识到如今气候教育的缺乏。她通过长达一年的抗议活动，向国内外领导人提出抗议，要求做出改变，她的行动引起了全国的关注，世界各地数百万其他学生加入了这项运动。目前，Villasenor正在与Biden-Harris政府合作制定气候计划，该计划承诺将把受气候变化影响最严重的年轻人和社区的需求放在中心。
20. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Alexandria Villasenor, who was 13 at the time, witnessed the destruction of Northern California's Camp Fire, which would go on to burn more than 150,000 acres of land. Villasenor was scared. “That’s when I found out how important climate education was,” she reflected. “And just how much we lacked climate education these past couple of years.”(当时13岁的Alexandria Villasenor目睹了北加州营火的毁灭，这场大火将烧毁超过15万英亩的土地。Villasenor很害怕，她反思道：“那时我才发现气候教育有多么重要，以及过去几年我们有多缺乏气候教育。”)”可知，是加利福尼亚严重的营火让Villasenor意识到气候教育的缺乏。故选D。
21. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“She quickly realized the fight requires international, government-level changes. For her, what started as local concern turned into a year-long protest in front of the United Nations' New York City headquarters and a global campaign for more compulsory climate education. She sat on a bench in front of the headquarters, pleading for the world's leaders to take climate change seriously.(她很快意识到，这场斗争需要国际社会和政府层面的变革。对她来说，一开始只是当地的担忧，后来演变成了在联合国纽约总部门前长达一年的抗议活动，以及一场要求更多气候义务教育的全球运动。她坐在总部大楼前的长凳上，呼吁世界各国领导人认真对待气候变化问题)”可知，15岁的Villasenor决定向国内外领导人提出抗议，要求做出改变，即划线部分意思是“向国内外领导人提出抗议，要求做出改变”。故选D。
22. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“For her, what started as local concern turned into a year-long protest in front of the United Nations' New York City headquarters and a global campaign for more compulsory climate education.(对她来说，一开始只是当地的担忧，后来演变成了在联合国纽约总部门前长达一年的抗议活动，以及一场要求更多气候义务教育的全球运动)”以及第三段中“Her action received national attention, with millions of other students around the world joining in the movement.(她的行动引起了全国的关注，世界各地数百万其他学生加入了这项运动)”可推知，Villasenor把她最初的吸引力变成了持久和广泛的吸引力。故选A。
23. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中““That was definitely a huge moment when I realized that people were listening to the voices of me and youth climate activists,” Villasenor said.(“当我意识到人们在倾听我和青年气候活动家的声音时，那绝对是一个重大时刻，” Villasenor说)”可知，Villasenor和其他青年气候活动家的观点引起了人们的注意，这给了Villasenor一种成就感。故选B。
24. 主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Right now, Villasenor is working with the Biden-Harris administration on its climate plan, which has promised to center the needs of young people and communities most impacted by climate change. She even spoke at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.(目前，Villasenor正在与Biden-Harris政府合作制定气候计划，该计划承诺将以受气候变化影响最严重的年轻人和社区的需求为中心。她甚至在2020年民主党全国代表大会上发言)”及对15岁的Alexandria Villasenor的奋斗过程的介绍，可知，这篇文章主要讲述了这位15岁的活动家为更好的气候教育而奋斗的故事。故选A。
7
Louise Gluck has been no stranger to awards over her long and storied career, since her first publication in 1968. In 1993, she won the Pulitzer Prize for her collection of poems, The Wild Iris. And on Oct 8 she became the 16th woman to win the Nobel Prize in literature with the Nobel prizes first awarded in 1901.
Gluck was honored “for her unmistakable poetic voice that, with plain beauty, makes individual existence universal”. Often said to be an autobiographical poet, drawing from her life, “she is not to be regarded as a confessional poet (告白派诗人). Gluck seeks the universal,” Nobel Committee Chair Anders Olsson said in a statement.
Gluck, 77, the author of 12 poetry collections, has been able to turn her life experiences into universal themes covering life, loss, and loneliness. Because of this, readers have often found her poetry to be “dark”. However, there is much more than darkness in her voice, as noted by Olsson. “It is straightforward and a voice full of humor and biting wit,” he said.
For example, in her poem Snowdrops, she uses the coming of spring after winter to show rebirth of life after death. She leads readers down a depressing path only to reconnect with the light at the near end. At the conclusion of the poem, readers are left to feel the “raw wind of the new world” as they watch a new spring. This is often the case in Gluck’s poetry, being able to feel joy even after not having done so for a long time.
When her work Faithful Virtuous Night received a National Book Award for Poetry in 2014, a judge for the award went on to say, the collection comes from “a world where darkness blurs (使模糊) ordinarily sharp edges around the oppositions of our lives－loss and renewal, male and female, the living and the dead”.
Although she’s already a well-known writer, experienced in exploring pain and healing, Gluck did feel honored to be given the Nobel award. However, when asked what the prize means to her, the poet responded by saying, “It’s too new... I don’t know really what it means.” Her only hope is that she can continue her daily life.
25. What can we know about Louise Gluck?
A. Her first book was published in 1993.
B. The Wild Iris won her the Nobel Prize in literature.
C. She draws from her life experiences in her writing.
D. She is seen as a successful confessional poet.
26. What does Olsson think of Gluck’s poems?
A. They focus on individual existence. B. They are too dark for readers.
C. They are mainly about human psychology. D. They are frank and humorous in style.
27. Why does the author mention Snowdrops in paragraph 4?
A. To introduce the main plots of this poem.
B. To describe Gluck’s creativity in choosing themes.
C. To show the features of Gluck’s poetry.
D. To explain Gluck’s purpose in writing Snowdrops.
28. How does Gluck feel about winning the Nobel Prize in literature?
A. She is not qualified for the prize. B. It is not meaningful for her.
C. It may influence her daily life. D. The history of the award isn’t long.
【答案】25. C 26. D 27. C 28. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了诺贝尔文学奖获得者Louise Gluck的生平和作品集。
25. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Gluck, 77, the author of 12 poetry collections, has been able to turn her life experiences into universal themes covering life, loss, and isolation.(77岁的Gluck是12本诗集的作者，她将自己的人生经历转化为涵盖生命、失落和孤独的普遍主题)”可知，Louise Gluck的作品从生活经历中取材。故选C。
26. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, there is much more than darkness in her voice, as noted by Olsson. “It is straightforward and a voice full of humor and biting wit,” he said.(然而，正如Olsson所指出的那样，她的声音中不仅仅是黑暗。他说：“这是一个坦率的、充满幽默和尖刻智慧的声音”)”可知，Olsson认为Gluck的诗的风格坦率幽默。故选D。
27. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Because of this, readers have often found her poetry to be “dark”. However, there is much more than darkness in her voice, as noted by Olsson. "It is frank and also a voice full of humor and biting wit,” he said.(正因为如此，读者们经常发现她的诗歌是“黑暗的”。然而，正如Olsson所指出的那样，她的声音中不仅仅是黑暗。他说：“这是一个坦率的、充满幽默和尖刻智慧的声音。”)”以及第四段“For example, in her poem Snowdrops, she uses the coming of spring after winter to show rebirth of life after death. ....(例如，在她的诗《雪花莲》中，她用冬去春来来表现死后重生。她把读者引向一条令人沮丧的道路，却在接近尽头时又重新看到了光明。在诗歌的结尾处，读者们可以感受到“新世界的寒风”，因为他们看到了一个新的春天。Gluck的诗中经常出现这种情况，即使在很久没有这样做的情况下也能感到快乐)”可推知，第四段通过举例Snowdrops这个作品来展现Gluck诗歌的风格特点。故选C。
28. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Her only hope is that she can continue her daily life.(她唯一的希望就是能维持她的日常生活)”可推知，Gluck感觉获得诺贝尔文学奖可能会影响她的日常生活。故选C。