新高考英语二轮复习题型专练11 科学技术类阅读理解(含解析)

这是一份新高考英语二轮复习题型专练11 科学技术类阅读理解(含解析)，共17页。

高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）11
科学技术类阅读理解
【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考试方向】科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材。文章中词汇的意思比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的观点，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。所以，文中出现的句子结构通常较复杂，语法分析较困难。
1.结构严谨，逻辑性强。科普类文章属于说明文，一般由导语（introduction）、背景（background）、主体（main body）和结尾（end）四部分构成，在句首和句尾常出现主题句。这类文章通常有明确的主题，并且论证主题的事实逻辑结构严谨，层次分明，段落清晰。
2.从词汇角度来看，在科普类文中，词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。由于科普类文章读者对象是大众，所以语言上力求浅显易懂，用通俗的语言解释某种科学现象和科学道理，但其中有些词汇仍带有很强的术语性的烙印。但通过上下文解释考生可以推定词义，从而顺利解题。因此，科普类文章中尽管有专业词汇和术语，但可以通过上下文、构词法等来理解题目，猜出题意。
3.从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难，为了描述一个客观事实，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用及多种语法现象与一体的长句。常用被动语态、定语从句等
【得分要点】1、学生需先通读短文，把握文章大意，了解该短文是解释何种科学现象或科学道理的，抓住体现本文主题的关键词和关键句，提高阅读速度。
2、要做好科普类文章试题，考生还要掌握这类文章的特点和结构，真正读懂并理解它。在阅读这类文章时要遵循此类文章的一般结构：导语、背景、主体和结尾。阅读时要注意开头和结尾，往往可以归纳出文中的中心思想。
3、在了解全文大意和结构的基础上，学会解决what/how/why等一类的问题，他们是文章的关键，如果能够带着这些问题去阅读，则会更迅速地抓住文章的主题。
另外，还要通过读书看报等多普及科普知识，比如：太空与海洋、环境与污染、科技与创造发明、医疗卫生，动物世界等。这样长期坚持，既开阔了视野又能正确迅速地做好此类题。
【真题再现1】【2020·全国卷I，C】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28.细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。
29.细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。
30.细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。
31.推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。
【真题再现2】 【2020·全国卷II，B】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist D. A teaching program.
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. B
【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24.细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。B. Developing spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项。
25.细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling for difference in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine说，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' education.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C项。
26.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。
27.主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。
【题型演练】
1
Two American astronauts were greeted by more than a dozen private boats on Sunday as their SpaceX capsule landed safely in the Gulf of Mexico. A few boats went for a closer look at the capsule, which, aided by parachutes, gently hit the water off the coast of Florida. As the capsule bounced in the water, a recovery team instructed the boaters to stay away.
This raised concerns among NASA and SpaceX officials about security and safety procedures. The NASA administrator, Jim, acknowledged that the unprotected reception should not have happened. "If there is an emergency, the boats might have made recovery efforts, but there were poisonous smokes from the capsule. We need to do better next time," he said.
The Coast Guard waned boaters to stay clear of the area in a radio broadcast two hours before the splashdown, but many boaters ignored the requests and decided to enter the area, putting themselves in potential danger.
Robert L. Behnken and Douglas G. Hurley, the NASA astronauts, returned to Earth after nearly 64 days in orbit, most of them spent aboard the International Space Station. Their trip home was aboard the Crew Dragon, built by the private company SpaceX to transport NASA astronauts. The agency has relied on Russia for trips to space since the space shuttles were retired in 2011.
While the shuttles, like airplanes, landed on runways, SpaceX chose water landings, which NASA has not done since 1975, when the last of the Apollo modules went to space.
1. What were the boaters asked to do at the landing of the capsule?
A. Come to rescue the capsule.
B. Keep away from the capsule.
C. Take a photo with the capsule.
D. Warn others out of the landing area.
2. What does Jim think about the private boaters?
A. They were exposed to risks.
B. They were well organized.
C. They were scared of the capsule.
D. They dreamed of going to space.
3. What happened in 1975 according to the text?
A. The last of the Apollo modules went back to earth.
B. Water landings were introduced for space capsule.
C. The International Space Station was put to work.
D. NASA stopped using water landings for capsules.
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. NASA Begins to Send Spaceships on its Own after 45 Years
B. SpareX Capsule Made a Breakthrough by landing on Water
C. NASA Astronauts Returned to Earth after Working at ISS
D. Boats Entering Capsule Landing Area Raised Safety Concerns
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。美国SpaceX太空舱在返回地球时降落在一片水域，此时附近的渔船上前观看，由此引起作者对相关人员的安全担忧。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“As the capsule bounced in the water, a recovery team instructed the boaters to stay away.”（当太空舱在水中反弹时，一个救援小组指示船员离开。）可知，当太空舱着陆时，救援小组叫周围那些船上的人离远一些。故选B项。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中美国宇航局局长Jim所说“If there is an emergency, the boats might have made recovery efforts, but there were poisonous smokes from the capsule. We need to do better next time.”（“如果发生紧急情况，救生艇可能已经进行了抢救，但是太空舱里冒出了有毒的烟雾。我们下次需要做得更好。”）可推知，太空舱发出的有毒烟雾会对船员有危险，所以说船员们面临危险。故选A项。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the shuttles, like airplanes, landed on runways, SpaceX chose water landings, which NASA has not done since 1975, when the last of the Apollo modules went to space.”（当飞行器像飞机一样在跑道上着陆时，SpaceX 选择了水上着陆，这是 NASA 自1975年以来从未做过的，当时最后一个阿波罗组件进入了太空。）可以推断，在1975年，NASA最后使用太空舱水上着陆，在这之后就停用了。故选D项。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段内容和第二段第一句“This raised concerns among NASA and SpaceX officials about security and safety procedures.”（这引起了 NASA 和 SpaceX 官员对安保和安全程序的担忧。）可知，本文讲述美国SpaceX太空舱返回地球时降落在一片水域，一些船只前去观看而引起的人们对相关人员的安全担忧。选项D“船只进入太空舱着陆区引起安全担忧”围绕主题，简明扼要，适合作标题。故选D项。
2
Do you want something different for dinner? Try some space food. Many scientists are living for months aboard the International Space Station high above the earth. It's too expensive to carry food to feed people living in space. Therefore, people in space will need to grow food for themselves. But how can they grow food without soil and sunlight?
Today, we already have hydroponic vegetables. The science of hydroponics is not new. Many writers believe that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually a large hydroponic system. This system could have used fresh water that was rich in oxygen and minerals for the plants. Hydroponic systems need light. In addition to sunlight, hydroponic farms can use artificial lights. Instead of soil, hydroponic farms use mixtures of chemicals to feed the plants. And in addition to a natural climate, most hydroponic farms often use greenhouses. One advantage of hydroponics is that diseases and insects that travel through the soil are avoided. Another advantage is there are no weeds to pull out.
Farmers know how to grow a few kinds of hydroponic vegetables, such as lettuces, tomatoes, and cucumbers. But in space, people will need to eat more than salad. So scientists are learning how to grow hydroponic rice, beans and potatoes. As they do these experiments, they are analyzing their results and examining how to apply these results to a real life situation providing tasty meals for space travelers.
The scientists make imitation meat dishes, such as carrot drumsticks, made from carrots, garlic, and bread, instead of chicken. How do these unusual foods taste? The scientists have been inviting a group of taste testers into their laboratories. So far, they have tested 200 different recipes. The carrot drumstick dish was a hit. Perhaps soon, people will eat meals made from hydroponic vegetables that are truly out of this world.
5. Why do scientists grow space food?
A. To reduce food costs. B. To support space travelers.
C. To find new varieties of food. D. To increase agricultural production.
6. What is a must to grow hydroponic vegetables?
A. Sunlight. B. Warm weather.
C. Soil to grow the plants in. D. Chemicals to feed the plants.
7. What is one advantage of hydroponic plants?
A. They don't get diseases. B. They aren't affected by weeds.
C. They can grow in a lightless place. D. They are bigger than common ones.
8. What is the author's attitude towards scientists' space food experiment?
A. Uninterested. B. Doubtful. C. Optimistic. D. Cautious.
【答案】5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家通过种植太空食物，来给太空旅行者提供补给。没有土壤和阳光，他们采用了水培的方式种植蔬菜，文章介绍了水培蔬菜的所需条件和优点。科学家们正在学习如何种植水培水稻、豆类和土豆，作者相信不久的将来人们就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Many scientists are living for months aboard the International Space Station high above the earth. It's too expensive to carry food to feed people living in space. Therefore, people in space will need to grow food for themselves.(许多科学家要在地球上空的国际空间站上生活几个月。运送食物给住在太空的人吃成本太贵了。因此，太空中的人们将需要为自己种植食物)”可知，科学家要种植太空食物，是为了给太空旅行者提供食物补给。故选B。
6. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead of soil, hydroponic farms use mixtures of chemicals to feed the plants.(水培农场用化学混合物代替土壤来喂养植物)”可知，种植水培蔬菜必须具备的条件是喂养植物的化学物质。故选D。
7. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Another advantage is there are no weeds to pull out.(另一个优点是没有杂草需要拔除)”可知，水培植物的一个优点是它们不受杂草的影响。故选B。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The scientists have been inviting a group of taste testers into their laboratories. So far, they have tested 200 different recipes. The carrot drumstick dish was a hit. Perhaps soon, people will eat meals made from hydroponic vegetables that are truly out of this world.(科学家们邀请了一组味觉测试者进入他们的实验室。到目前为止，他们已经测试了200种不同的食谱。胡萝卜鸡腿这道菜很受欢迎。也许不久之后，人们就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了)”可推知，作者对科学家的太空食品实验持乐观态度。故选C。
3
Bricks are one of the oldest known building materials, dating back thousands of years. But researchers at Washington University in St. Louis have found a new use for bricks: as energy storage units. A team of engineers and chemists have found a way to transform an ordinary house brick into a pseudo-battery — allowing it to conduct and store electricity. The bricks are powerful enough to illuminate（点亮）an LED light bulb and cost only about $ 3 to make.
“I love the idea of adding value to things that are inexpensive, things that are affordable, things that we kind of take for granted, ”said Julio D’Arcy, an assistant professor of chemistry at Washington University and one of the researchers on this project.
The brick battery relies on the reddish pigment（色素）known as iron oxide, or rust, that gives red bricks their color. The scientists pumped the bricks with several gases that react with iron oxide to produce a network of plastic fibers. These microscopic fibers coat the empty spaces inside the bricks — and conduct electricity.
“What we’re trying to do is: we’re trying to make specialized plastics that are only used on the nano（纳米）scale — where we use very little of the plastic, and we can actually insert that plastic inside construction materials. ” The study is in the journal Nature Communications.
In the future, D’Arcy says, a brick wall could potentially serve a double purpose: providing structural support and storing electricity generated from renewable energy sources, such as solar panels.
The technology is still at least a few years away from being ready for the commercial market. And right now the energy storage capacity of the bricks is still pretty low — about 1 percent of a lithium battery. But the team is now testing ways to improve brick performance — because it looks like you can teach an old brick new tricks.
9. What appeals to Julio D’Arcy listing bricks as their subjects?
A. Their low expense. B. Their common existence.
C. Their additional value. D. Their internal composition.
10. What is the last step of making a brick conduct electricity?
A. Pump the brick with gases.
B. Color the brick red.
C. Produce microscopic fibers.
D. Cover its inner vacancy with microscopic fibers.
11. What will the future bricks be like according to the passage?
A. Construction materials possessing low energy storage capacity.
B. Construction materials generating renewable energy resources.
C. Construction materials used for electricity storage.
D. Construction materials with built-in common plastic.
12. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to the technology?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Conservative. D. Controversial.
【答案】9. C10. D11. C12. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。讲述了一项新的研究发现：圣路易斯华盛顿大学的研究人员发现了砖块的新用途：作为储能单元，可以用来贮存电力。
1.细节理解题。由题干关键词“Julio D’Arcy”定位到第二段中“I love the idea of adding value to things that are inexpensive, things that are affordable, things that we kind of take for granted, ” （我喜欢把价值赋予那些不贵的东西，那些我们可以负担得起的东西， 那些我们认为理所当然的东西的这个想法）。即Julio D’Arcy认为可以在砖块上面实现附加价值。故选C。
2.细节理解题。由题干关键词“a brick conduct electricity”定位到第三段“The brick battery relies on the reddish pigment（色素）known as iron oxide, or rust, that gives red bricks their color. The scientists pumped the bricks with several gases that react with iron oxide to produce a network of plastic fibers. These microscopic fibers coat the empty spaces inside the bricks — and conduct electricity.”（砖块电池依赖于红色的颜料，氧化铁，或铁锈，使红砖呈现出它们的颜色。科学家们用几种气体与氧化铁反应生成一个塑料纤维网络。这些微小的纤维覆盖了砖块内部的空隙，并导电。）可知，第—步∶color the brick red；第二步∶pump the brick with gaes；第三步∶produce microscopicfibers；第四步∶coat the empty spaces inside the bricks，所以最后一步是用显微纤维覆盖砖块内部的空隙。故答案为D。
3.推理判断题。根据文中第五段中“In the future, D’Arcy says, a brick wall could potentially serve a double purpose: providing structural support and storing electricity generated from renewable energy sources, such as solar panels.”（ D’Arcy说：“在未来，砖墙可能有双重用途： 提供结构支撑和储存可再生能源产生的电力，比如太阳能电池板。”）可知，未来的砖墙是能够贮存电力的建筑材料。选项C符合题意。故选C。
4.推理判断题。结合最后一段“The technology is still at least a few years away from being ready for the commercial market. And right now the energy storage capacity of the bricks is still pretty low”（这项技术至少还需要几年才能投入商业市场。现在砖块的储能能力仍然很低）可推知，此处作者是从客观实际阐述这种新技术。所以态度上市很客观的。选项A.“怀疑的”；选项B.“客观的”符合题意。选项C.“保守的，守旧的”；选项D.“有争议的”。故选B。
4
Self-driving cars are just around the corner. Such vehicles will make getting from one place to another safer and less stressful. They also could cut down on traffic, reduce pollution and limit accidents. But how should driverless cars handle emergencies (突发情况)? People disagree on the answer. And that might put the brakes on this technology, a new study concludes.
To understand the challenge, imagine a car that suddenly meets some pedestrians in the road. Even with braking, it’s too late to avoid a crash. So the car’s artificial intelligence must decide whether to swerve (急转弯). To save the pedestrians, should the car swerve off the road or swerve into oncoming traffic? What if such options would likely kill the car’s passengers?
Researchers used online surveys to study people’s attitudes about such situations with driverless cars. Survey participants mostly agreed that driverless cars should be designed to protect the most people. That included swerving into walls (or otherwise sacrificing their passengers) to save a larger number of pedestrians. But there is a hitch (困境). Those same surveyed people want to ride in cars that protect passengers at all costs—even if the pedestrians would now end up dying. Jean Bonnefon is a psychologist at the Toulouse School of Economics in France. He and his colleagues reported their findings in Science.
“Autonomous cars can completely change transportation”, says study coauthor Iyad Rahwan. But, he adds, this new technology creates a moral dilemma (道德两难) that could slow its acceptance.
Makers of driverless cars are in a tough spot, Bonnefon’s group warns. Most buyers would want their car to be programmed to protect them in preference to other people. However, regulations might one day instruct that cars must act for the greater good. That would mean saving the most people. But the scientists think rules like this could drive away buyers. If so, all the potential benefits of driverless cars would be lost.
Compromises might be possible, Kurt Gray says. He is a psychologist at the University of North Carolina. He thinks that even if all driverless cars are programmed to protect their passengers in emergencies, traffic accidents will decrease. Those vehicles might be dangerous to pedestrians on rare occasions. But they “won’t speed, won’t drive drunk and won’t text while driving, which would be a win for society.”
13. The underlined word “challenge” in paragraph 2 refers to____________.
A. people’s negative attitudes towards self-driving cars
B. how self-driving cars reduce traffic accidents
C. the technical problems that self-driving cars have
D. how self-driving cars handle emergencies
14. According to the text, online surveys show that_____________.
A. self-driving cars’ artificial intelligence needs improvement
B. the busy traffic may be a problem for self-driving cars
C. people are in a moral dilemma about driverless cars
D. self-driving cars should be designed to protect drivers
15. What can we learn from the fifth paragraph?
A. Regulations are in favour of drivers.
B. Most people dislike self-driving cars now.
C. Self-driving car makers are in a difficult situation.
D. The potential benefits of driverless cars are ignored.
16. What is Kurt Gray’s attitude toward self-driving cars?
A. Favorable. B. Doubtful.
C. Critical. D. Disapproving.
【答案】13. D 14. C 15. C 16. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要讲了在遇到紧急情况时，对于无人驾驶汽车是先保护行人还是先保护乘客的问题，道德的难题可能会限制无人驾驶汽车的吸引力。
13. 词义猜测题。由第一段“But how should driverless cars handle emergencies? People disagree on the answer.(但是无人驾驶汽车应该如何处理紧急情况呢？人们对此有不同意见)”及划线词后的“imagine a car that suddenly meets some pedestrians in the road.(想象一辆汽车突然在路上遇到一些行人)”可推知,“challenge”指的是无人驾驶汽车如何处理紧急事件。故选D。
14. 细节理解题。由第三段“Survey participants mostly agreed that driverless cars should be designed to protect the most people. That included swerving into walls (or otherwise sacrificing their passengers) to save a larger number of pedestrians. But there is a hitch (困境). Those same surveyed people want to ride in cars that protect passengers at all costs — even if the pedestrians would now end up dying.(调查参与者大多同意无人驾驶汽车的设计应该保护大多数人。这包括为了拯救更多的行人而撞向墙壁（或者牺牲乘客）。但有一个问题。同样是这些被调查者，他们希望乘坐不惜一切代价保护乘客的汽车，即使行人会因此丧命)”可知，网上调查表明人们关心在遇到紧急情况时，对于无人驾驶汽车是先保护行人还是先保护乘客的问题上陷入了道德困境。故选C。
15. 细节理解题。由第五段“Makers of driverless cars are in a tough spot, Bonnefon’s group warns.(Bonnefon的团队警告称，无人驾驶汽车制造商处境艰难)”可知，无人驾驶汽车的制造者处于艰难的处境。故选C。
16. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Those vehicles might be dangerous to pedestrians on rare occasions. But they “won’t speed, won’t drive drunk and won’t text while driving, which would be a win for society.(这些车辆在极少数情况下可能会对行人造成危险。但他们不会超速，不会酒后驾车，也不会边开车边发短信，这对社会来说是一种胜利)”可推知，作者对无人驾驶的汽车的态度是支持和赞成的。故选A。
5
As heat waves continue to ravage the planet, air conditioners are becoming more and more common. However, these "active" cooling devices are posing problems because the electricity consumption which most people are concerned about and the release of ozone-damaging chemicals worsen the greenhouse gas effect, resulting in the creation of heat islands and further thermal pollution. Therefore, "passive" cooling, which doesn't have such effects, has attracted considerable attention from both scientists and ordinary people in recent years.
In a recent study, a team of researchers from China and US presented an eco-friendly, low-cost smart coating to keep buildings cooler while consuming zero electricity. Infrared radiation-based passive cooling has been investigated since 2014, but challenges, mainly the expensive and unsustainable design, have greatly limited their large-scale and widespread application. Besides, the imbalance in cooling ability of these coatings during the day and night tends to lead to great day-night temperature differences as more heat is lost than gained at night.
The solution therefore requires a "smart" mechanism that can both enhance daytime cooling and minimize nighttime heat loss. To do this, the researchers created a new smart coating comprised of conventional building materials, including titanium dioxide nanoparticles, fluorescent microparticles, and glass microspheres that were engineered to reflect most of the sunlight. Specifically, the titanium dioxide particles effectively reflect sunlight through light scattering（撒播）while the fluorescent particles increase the amount of reflection by changing the absorbed sunlight into fluorescence emissions, which drive more heat away from the building. Meanwhile, the glass microspheres re-send mid-infrared broadband radiation, allowing not only heat loss, but allowing heat exchange to take place between the building and the sky.
The coating was tested on a model concrete building. Through this efficient heat exchange with the sky, daytime cooling was strengthened while nighttime cooling was reduced. The building's inside temperature was always maintained at around 26℃, even when the out-side temperature varied from 24℃ to 37℃ during the day. We believe this new coating will make it to commercialization soon, enabling a sustainable, passive cooling technology that could help to fight climate change and the global energy crisis.
17. What is the virtue of passive cooling?
A. It is simple to design. B. It uses no chemicals.
C. It is smart. D. It uses no power.
18. Why couldn't the former coating be applied commercially?
A. It was hard to design.
B. Its material was hard to produce.
C. Its heat loss and cooling are imbalanced.
D. It wasn't tested on a model concrete building.
19. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "mechanism" in paragraph 3?
A. Metal. B. System. C. Platform. D. Building.
20. What is the text mainly about?
A. The principle of air-conditioning.
B. The differences between active and passive cooling.
C. A new coating to keep buildings cool without electricity.
D. A new building to maintain its inside temperature without electricity.
【答案】17. D 18. C 19. B 20. C
【解析】本文是说明文。本文介绍了一种环保型智能涂料，使用这种涂料不用电就能保持室内凉爽。
17. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In a recent study, a team of researchers from China and US presented an eco-friendly, low-cost smart coating to keep buildings cooler while consuming zero electricity.” （在最近的一项研究中，一组来自中国和美国的研究人员提出了一种环保、低成本的智能涂层，可以在零用电的情况下保持建筑物的凉爽。）”可知，被动冷却的优点是它不用电。故选D。
18. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Infrared radiation-based passive cooling has been investigated since 2014, but challenges, mainly the expensive and unsustainable design, have greatly limited their large-scale and widespread application. Besides, the imbalance in cooling ability of these coatings during the day and night tends to lead to great day-night temperature differences as more heat is lost than gained at night.（基于红外辐射的被动制冷技术自2014年开始研究，但是由于其昂贵且不可持续的设计，使其大规模的广泛应用受到了很大的限制。此外，这些涂层的冷却能力在白天和晚上的不平衡，往往导致日夜温差很大，因为失去的热量比夜间获得的热量多）”可知，为什么原有的涂层不能商业化应用是因为它的散热和冷却是不平衡的。故选C。
19. 词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句“that can both enhance daytime cooling and minimize nighttime heat loss.（既能加强白天的降温，又能最大限度地减少夜间的热量损失。）”由此判断出，因此，解决方案需要一种“智能” 系统。这种系统既能加强白天的降温，又能最大限度地减少夜间的热量损失。所以划线词指的是一种“系统”。故选B。
20. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段最后一句“We believe this new coating will make it to commercialization soon, enabling a sustainable, passive cooling technology that could help to fight climate change and the global energy crisis.（我们相信，这种新的涂料将很快实现商业化，使可持续的被动冷却技术成为可能，有助于应对气候变化和全球能源危机。）”可知，文章主要介绍了一种不用电就能保持室内凉爽的新型涂料。故选C。
6
Experts have long predicted that 3D printing will revolutionize (变革) the construction industry. The world's first two-story home printed in a single piece emerged in Antwerp, Belgium.
“What makes this house so unique is that we printed it with a fixed 3D concrete printer,” said Emiel Ascione, project manager at Kamp Construction Company, which pioneered the project. “Other houses that were printed around the world only have one floor. In many cases, the components were printed in a factory and were fitted together on-site. We, however, printed the entire building envelope in one piece on-site.”
The construction process began in November 2019 and took only 3 weeks, with the delivery of a massive 32-foot x 32-foot cement (水泥) 3D printer, known as BOD2. While it needed some human help to set up, once in operation, BOD2 was fully autonomous, requiring just one person to monitor the work from a nearby computer.
The two-story, 986-square-foot home, which has a small kitchen, two living rooms and a bathroom, as well as many human-installed eco-friendly features, such as underfloor heating and solar panels, was open from July 2020 to the end of September. It is aimed to encourage the construction industry to adopt emerging 3D printing technologies in its construction techniques.
“The 3D printed structure cost about 60 percent less than a typical brick home and was also much stronger,” Ascione said. “It shows the construction industry the accessibility and potential of this technique.”
This is not the only 3D printed housing project in the works. In Tabasco, Mexico, the world's first 3D printed neighborhood has been built. The two-bedroom homes, designed to accommodate the homeless, are strong enough to withstand natural disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes. At this rate, 3D printers may soon become a fixture at construction sites worldwide.
21. What is BOD2 used for?
A. Producing concrete. B. Printing building outlines.
C. Making engineering drawings. D. Putting together house components.
22. What does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. The construction process. B. The two-story house.
C. The cement 3D printer. D. The nearby computer.
23. Why was the two-story house open to the public?
A. To shelter the homeless.
B. To attract more investment.
C. To demonstrate its multi-functions.
D. To promote 3D printing in the building industry.
24. What can be the best title for the text?
A. 3D Printing: A Solution to Housing Problems
B. BOD2: New Trend of the Construction Industry
C. Mexico's 3D Printed Neighborhood Is Well Received
D. World's First Two story Home Was Wholly-printed in Belgium
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. D 24. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上第一个两层楼的住宅被打印成一件作品这个项目以及3D打印技术在建筑行业的推广和应用。
21. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Other houses that were printed around the world only have one floor. In many cases, the components were printed in a factory and were fitted together on-site. We, however, printed the entire building envelope in one piece on-site.” “世界上其他打印过的房子只有一层。在很多情况下，这些部件是在工厂打印出来，然后在现场组装起来的。然而，我们在现场打印了整个建筑围护结构。”和第三段“The construction process began in November 2019 and took only 3 weeks, with the delivery of a massive 32-foot x 32-foot cement (水泥) 3D printer, known as BOD2.”施工过程于2019年11月开始，只花了3周时间，交付了一台名为BOD2的32英尺x 32英尺的巨型水泥3D打印机。由此可知BOD2是水泥3D打印机，用来打印建筑轮廓的，故选B。
22. 词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“The construction process began in November 2019 and took only 3 weeks, with the delivery of a massive 32-foot x 32-foot cement (水泥) 3D printer, known as BOD2. While it needed some human help to set up, once in operation, BOD2 was fully autonomous, requiring just one person to monitor the work from a nearby computer.” 施工过程于2019年11月开始，只花了3周时间，交付了一台名为BOD2的32英尺x 32英尺的巨型水泥3D打印机。虽然它需要一些人的帮助来设置，但一旦投入运行，BOD2是完全自动的，只需要一个人在附近的计算机上监视工作。由此可知BOD2是一台水泥3D打印机。解析可知，句中的it指代的是BOD2，故我们可知it指的就是水泥3D打印机，故选C。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The two-story, 986-square-foot home, which has a small kitchen, two living rooms and a bathroom, …It is aimed to encourage the construction industry to adopt emerging 3D printing technologies in its construction techniques.” 这座两层楼高、986平方英尺(约465平方米)的住宅，有一间小厨房、两间客厅和一间浴室，以及许多人为安装的环保设施，如地暖和太阳能电池板，于2020年7月至9月底开放。该计划旨在鼓励建造业在其建筑技术中采用新兴的3D打印技术。由此可知，向公众开放的两层房子是为了在建筑行业推广3D打印，故选D。
24. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Experts have long predicted that 3D printing will revolutionize (变革) the construction industry. The world's first two-story home printed in a single piece emerged in Antwerp, Belgium.” 专家们早就预测3D打印将给建筑业带来一场革命。在比利时安特卫普，世界上第一个两层楼的住宅被打印成一件作品。由此引出下文，对世界上第一个两层楼的住宅被打印成一件作品这个项目进行了描述以及3D打印技术在建筑行业的推广和应用。因此D选项World's First Two story Home Was Wholly-printed in Belgium世界上第一个两层楼的住宅在比利时被打印，符合文章主题，适合作标题，故选D。