高考英语二轮复习专题二第一讲据设空位置定思考方向课件

这是一份高考英语二轮复习专题二第一讲据设空位置定思考方向课件，共9页。PPT课件主要包含了专题二 阅读七选五，续上表，抓规律·找依据，答案　G，答案　E，答案　C，答案　F，答案　D，答案　B，设空在段尾等内容，欢迎下载使用。
[研高考·辨考向]阅读七选五题型实质上就是句子复位题，解答此类题型最快捷实用的解题步骤是先定性，再定位。先定性，即先初读文章，根据空处的位置及文意初步判定空处的句子是主题句、结论句还是过渡句或细节句；再定位，即再精读文章，根据上下文语意关系和逻辑关系确定填哪一个选项。
第一讲　据设空位置定思考方向
句子在段落中的位置不同，所起的作用也不同。命题人之所以采用段首、段中和段尾三种设空方式，正是利用设空位置的暗示作用和设空处上下文的提示作用来考查学生的逻辑思维能力。本讲主要是从空格位置及所承担的语意关系层面来讲解做题技巧，使学生做题时灵活运用解题技巧，游刃有余地解答阅读七选五题型。1．设空在段首　若是针对段落小标题设空，其呈现形式应和其他小标题相同，选项短小精悍，多为名词词组、动词­ing形式短语或祈使句。若段落首句设空，段首句要么与段落标题相关联，要么是段落主题句，选项要有概括性，要么承接上段，要么是对下文的概括
段落主旨句某段开头处设空的常见考查内容之一是该段的主题句。学生需要认真研读该段内容，尤其是设空处后面的一两句，确定线索句，然后从备选项中查找这些线索词的同义词、近义词或关联词，一般正确选项与空后第一句在内容上是连贯且符合逻辑的，在意义上是紧密衔接的
[典例]　(2022·全国甲卷)Making Requests__39__．In Prtugal，this wuld be a serius mistake，because it shws the chef that yu dn't like their seasning skills.Similarly，in Italy，never ask fr extra cheese t add t yur fd.
A．The mre friends yu make in yur lifetimeB．The mre time yu spend in any given cuntryC．Mexicans cnsider it inapprpriate t eat with utensilsD．Dn't get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurantE．It's a gd sign fr the chef if yu make a mess arund yur plateF．Never stick them upright in yur fd r crss them as yu use themG．It may seem like a simple request t ask fr salt and pepper at a meal
[解析]　根据空后内容“In Prtugal，this wuld be a serius mistake，because it shws the chef that yu dn't like their seasning skills.”和本段小标题Making Requests可知，空处应是提及一个用餐时的请求，再结合because后的原因“因为这是在向厨师表明你不喜欢他们的调味技术”可知，G项“吃饭时要盐和胡椒粉看似是一个简单的请求”符合此处的语境。
承上启下的过渡句当非首段的第一句设空时，设空处也有可能是承上启下的过渡句。此类题目要求既熟悉上文的内容，又要结合本段内容，综合考虑选择能使上下段自然衔接的选项
[典例]　(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Parisians are different frm yu and me.They never lk lazy r untidy.As smene nted in this paper a cuple f weeks ag，they eat great fd and never gain fd is s delicius that yu dn‘t need much f it t make yu happy．French strawberries d nt taste like cardbard.Instead，they explde in yur muth like little flavr bmbs.
__39__On ur first mrning in Paris，I went arund the crner t the fd market t pick up sme grceries.I bught a handful f perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet meln.My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten.But they cst $18!In France，quality f life is much mre imprtant than efficiency(效率)．Yu can tell this by café life.French cafés are always all the custmers are turists．When d these peple wrk？The French take their 35­hur wrkweek seriusly—s seriusly that sme labr unins recently struck a deal with a grup f cmpanies limiting the number f hurs that independent cntractrs can be n call.
A．Nt all the custmers are turists.B．The quality f life in France is equally excellent.C．There was a nice kitchen and a cmfrtable bed.D．The amazing fd is mainly cnsumed by lcal farmers.E．That's nt the nly reasn the French eat less than we d.F．Our aim was t see if we culd live，in sme way，like real Parisians.G．The fd is s delicius that yu dn't need much f it t make yu happy.
[解析]　根据空处所在的位置可知，该空很可能是承上启下的过渡句。分析空处上下文内容可知，该段主要讲述了法国人吃得少的另一个原因，即水果价格昂贵。分析选项可知，E项符合该处语境，且该项中的that指代上文论述过的原因。
2.设空在段中　当设空在段中时，通常考查该空与前后句子之间的逻辑关系和上下文之间的衔接关系。常见的逻辑关系包括7类：总分关系、解释关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系、并列关系和例证关系。文章中可能出现标志性衔接词汇，例如first、secnd、then、next、later、sn、s、but、hwever、additinally、what's mre、that is、namely、in ther wrds、fr ne anther等
总分关系[典例]　(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The place wasn't entirely authentic，thugh.Unlike a nrmal Parisian apartment，the plumbing(水管)wrked.__37__Our building even had a tiny lift with a female vice that said，“Ouverture des prtes，”in perfect French.That is the nly French phrase I mastered，and it's a shame I dn't have much use fr it.
[解析]　本段首句总领全段，“The place wasn't entirely authentic，thugh”点明作者租住的房子并不真正地道，下文列举了公寓的特殊之处。根据空处上文讲到的“和通常的巴黎公寓不同，这里的水管可以使用”和空后一句讲到的“我们的公寓楼里甚至还有一部小电梯”可知，空处应与公寓或公寓楼有关。
解释关系[典例]　(2021·全国甲卷)·Put different types f clthing n different surfaces in the rm.__39__．Place a few mirrrs arund yur rm s peple can see hw things lk when they try them n.One f the grund rules f the swap shuld be that everyne must try n the clthes befre they take them—things always lk different when yu put them n.A．Less peple than thatB．Hld a clthing swapC．If tw peple are cmpetingD．Just keep music playing thrughut
E．Dnate whatever clthes are left verF．Have everyne put their clthes in the right sptsG．Tell everyne t bring clean clthes in gd cnditin
[解析]　根据空前“Put different types f clthing n different surfaces in the rm.” 可知，在房间的不同区域放不同类型的衣服，空处应是对上文如何在不同区域放不同类型衣服的解释，故F项(让每个人都把衣服放在合适的位置)符合上下文语境，构成对上文的解释和说明。
转折关系[典例]　(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Persnal FrgivenessTaking respnsibility fr mistakes is a psitive step，but dn't beat yurself up abut them.T err(犯错)is human.__36__ Yu can use the fllwing writing exercise t help yu d this.A．A little self­frgiveness als ges a lng way.B．Nw list all the characteristics yu like abut yurself.C．They might even like t have a g at ding the exercise.D．It's just as imprtant t shw yurself sme frgiveness.E．It desn't mean yu have t ignre what's happened r frget it.
F．Whatever it is，n matter hw small it might seem，write it dwn.G．Whatever the mistake，remember it isn't a fixed aspect f yur persnality.
[解析]　考查段中句的选择和文章的逻辑关系。上一句指出，犯错是人之常情；后一句提到，你可以使用以下写作练习来帮助你做这件事。空处应承上启下，即与上文存在一定的转折关系，同时引出下文。根据下一句中的“t help yu d this”可知，空处应提及一个具体的做法；结合文章标题和下文内容可知，空处应与“自我原谅”有关。分析选项可知，D项“It's just as imprtant t shw yurself sme frgiveness.”符合语境，其中的shw yurself sme frgiveness即为下文中this所指。
因果关系[典例]　(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.__36__S the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth­flr apartment the size f a cupbard.It was s tiny that we had t leave ur suitcases in the hallway.The place wasn't entirely authentic，thugh.Unlike a nrmal Parisian apartment，the plumbing (水管) was a nice kitchen and a cmfrtable bed．Our building even had a tiny lift with a female vice that said，“Ouverture des prtes，”in perfect French.That is the nly French phrase I mastered，and it's a shame I dn't have much use fr it.
[解析]　本题考查上下文衔接。根据空后提示词S可知，空处与下文形成因果关系。空前提到“我和丈夫刚刚在巴黎待了一周”，空后提到“所以，我们做的第一件事情就是花大价钱租了一个橱柜大小、位于六层的公寓”，因此F项(我们的目的是看看在某种程度上我们是否能像真正的巴黎人一样生活)可构成下文租公寓的原因，符合本段语境。
递进关系[典例]　(2021·全国甲卷)·Set a starting time.Maybe yu say“g”，r turn n a certain sng，r whatever.__40__．And dn't frget t put ut sme ckies and fruits.Remember，it's a party!A．Less peple than thatB．Hld a clthing swapC．If tw peple are cmpetingD．Just keep music playing thrughutE．Dnate whatever clthes are left verF．Have everyne put their clthes in the right sptsG．Tell everyne t bring clean clthes in gd cnditin
[解析]　本段空处上文“r turn n a certain sng”提示放一段音乐，D项中的music是上文certain sng的同义重复。下文又提示“Remember，it's a party！”，D项同时在句意上与上文形成递进关系，即除了开始播放音乐外，还应保持音乐始终贯穿派对。
并列关系[典例]　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)First f all，decide what yu want frm that persn.__37__ Or d yu just want t be physically fit，able t mve with strength and flexibility？Think abut the exercises yu wuld like t d with yur wrkut partner.A．Yur first meeting may be a little awkward.B．A wrkut partner usually needs t live clse by.C．Yu'll wrk harder if yu train with smene else.D．D yu want t be a better athlete in yur favrite sprt?E．Hw can yu write a gd“seeking a training partner”ntice?F．Just accept yur differences and learn t wrk with each ther.G．Any ntice fr a training partner shuld include such infrmatin.
[解析]　根据下文“Or d yu just want t be physically fit，able t mve with strength and flexibility？”中的Or可知，空处也应是在提出问题，所以答案锁定在D项和E项之间；再结合上下文句意可知，空处应与“明确你找健身伙伴的目的”有关，故D项“你想在你最喜欢的体育运动方面成为一个更好的运动型的人吗”符合语境。
例证关系[典例]　(2023·全国甲卷)·Make yurself waitInstant gratificatin(满足)may seem like the mst“feel gd”ptin at the time，but psychlgy research suggests waiting fr things actually makes us happier in the lng run.And the nly way fr us t get int the habit f waiting is t practice. __38__ Put ff watching yur favrite shw until the weekend r wait 10 extra minutes befre ging fr that cake.Yu'll sn find that the mre patience yu practice，the mre yu start t apply it t ther，mre annying situatins.A．Find yur causes
B．Start with small tasksC．Accept the uncmfrtableD．All this adds up t a state f hurryE．It can als help us practice mre patienceF．This is merely uncmfrtable，nt intlerableG．They're all situatins where we culd use a little extra patience
[解析]　整个段落围绕“等待有助于培养耐心”展开。空前提到“心理学研究表明，从长远来看，等待事实上能让我们更开心”；空后列举了“等到周末再看最喜欢的演出”和“吃蛋糕前多等十分钟”这两个例子，说明等待的习惯是可以培养的。分析上下文语境可知，B项“(培养等待的习惯可以)从小事入手”在这里能起到很好的过渡作用。
段落过渡句当设空在非尾段段末时，也有可能是考查承上启下的过渡句。假如所缺的是段落间的过渡句，首先可以关注表示逻辑关系的衔接词，再结合词汇复现等原则进行答案的选择
[典例]　(2021·浙江卷)Yu run int the grcery stre t pick up ne bttle f water.Yu get what yu need，head t the frnt，and chse the line that lks fastest.Yu chse wrng.Peple wh yu swear gt in ther lines lng after yu are already checked ut and ff t the parking lt.__31__It turns ut，it's just math wrking against yu；chances are，the ther line really is faster.
A．Why des this always seem t happen t yu?B．S why dn't mst places encurage serpentine lines?C．Sme f them may have std in a queue fr almst an hur.D．The chances f yur line being the fastest are nly ne in three.E．Hw high is the prbability that yu are in the fastest waiting line?F．With three registers，this methd is much faster than the traditinal apprach.G．But smetimes，as n a Sunday afternn，the system gets particularly busy.
[解析]　本题考查承上启下的过渡句。上文描述了“你”排队结账时，发现自己排的队伍总是比别的队伍慢这一现象，下文的“It turns ut”和“chances are，the ther line really is faster”点明了结论，所以空处应为对该现象提出的疑问。结合选项来看，只有A项的内容与结论的内容相匹配，起到了使上下文衔接的过渡作用。
补充信息句段末设空还有可能是对上文内容进行补充说明，这时要选择补充性的语句[典例]　(2021·全国乙卷)38．What abut that persn wh has had t much t drink r wn‘t stp talking？If yu can't take their wine away，yu shuld certainly try t take away their sapbx(讲台)．If yu're the hst，yu can ask them t help yu in the kitchen with smething and just remve them frm the situatin.__39__．A．Hw d yu knw the hstB．The first step is t g explringC．If yu ask the questin“Hw did yu get here？”
D．Be prepared t have awkward cnversatins with strangersE．Or turn the cnversatin int a tpic where they have little t sayF．What abut that persn wh has had t much t drink r wn't stp talkingG．He r she is the persn wh is feeling the weight f that awkwardness the mst
[解析]　本题考查对上文的补充说明。E项(或者把谈话转向一个他们几乎无话可说的话题)承接空前的“If yu're the hst，yu can ask them t help yu in the kitchen with smething and just remve them frm the situatin”给出了另一种选择，属于信息补充，符合语境。
总结句当设空在段尾时，通常是结论性、概括性语句，是对上文的概括总结。如果文中缺的是结论性、概括性的语句，应快速浏览七个备选项，注意选项中是否出现表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如s、therefre、as a result、in shrt、in a wrd、all in all等词或短语，快速缩小选项范围，再根据段落主题一致性原则，从而确定正确选项[典例]　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)My partner psted her request n the ntice bard f a lcal park.Her ntice included what kind f training she wanted t d，hw many days a week and hw many hurs she wanted t spend n each sessin，and her age.It als listed her favrite sprts and activities，and prvided her phne number.__39__
A．Yur first meeting may be a little awkward.B．A wrkut partner usually needs t live clse by.C．Yu'll wrk harder if yu train with smene else.D．D yu want t be a better athlete in yur favrite sprt?E．Hw can yu write a gd “seeking a training partner”ntice?F．Just accept yur differences and learn t wrk with each ther.G．Any ntice fr a training partner shuld include such infrmatin.
[解析]　根据上文“Her ntice included what kind...”中的关键词ntice和接下来对布告内容的具体介绍可知，G项“任何关于(寻找)健身伙伴的布告都应包括这样的信息。”总结了上文，且G项中的ntice与上文相呼应，符合语境。
A(2023·广东高三摸底考试)If yu travel t nearly any Chinese city in the summertime，yu will see peple，mstly men wearing T­shirts，sitting ut n the sidewalks n lw chairs in the shade，playing a game with large rund disks f wd.__1__ Xiangqi dates back as early as the Warring States perid.While experts have different pinins as t wh created Xiangqi and hw it is linked t Western chess，there is n dubt that by the Tang Dynasty Xiangqi was a ppular game in China.__2__And in the 20th century bth Sun Yat­sen and Zhu Enlai were big fans f the game.
And，thugh it may lk quite a bit different frm Western chess，Xiangqi is actually quite similar in what the pieces can d and hw the game is played.Like Western chess，the bject f the game is t capture the ther player's “king”． __3__Unlike Western chess，instead f placing the pieces in squares，the pieces are placed n the intersectins f lines.Anther big difference between Western chess and Xiangqi is that there is a large empty space in the middle f the bard，which the elephants cannt crss.__4__ This space refers t an area in China where Liu Bang and Xiang Yu had a life­r­ death war.The war was s influential that “the Chu River and the Han Bundary”has becme a metaphr(隐喻)referring t any
bundary between tw ppsing armies.When the Chinese peple tday see this name n the bard，the battle scenes cme t their mind，as thugh they are surrunded by thick smke，able t hear the beating f war drums.__5__A．Actually，in Xiangqi he is just a general.B．During the Qing Dynasty its ppularity grew.C．It is called “the Chu River and the Han Bundary”．D．The game is called Xiangqi，a game f rdinary peple.E．There are many differences between Xiangqi and Western chess.F．An intense battle is abut t take place n this small chessbard.G．Several sayings related t Xiangqi are in cmmn use in China tday.
【语篇解读】　文章主要介绍了中国象棋以及中国象棋与国际象棋的不同之处。1．解析：上文描述了玩游戏的景象，说明这种游戏在中国非常普及和受欢迎；下文“Xiangqi dates back as early as the Warring States perid”介绍象棋可以追溯到战国时期。由此可知，本空应该指出上文提及的a game是中国象棋，所以D项“The game is called Xiangqi，a game f rdinary peple.”承上启下，符合逻辑。故选D。
2．解析：上文“Xiangqi dates back as early as the Warring States is n dubt that by the Tang Dynasty Xiangqi was a ppular game in China.”提到象棋在中国历史悠久，可追溯到战国时期，并在唐代时盛行；下文“And in the 20th century bth Sun Yat­sen and Zhu Enlai were big fans f the game.”介绍了在20世纪中国象棋在中国的受欢迎程度。由此可知，此段按照时间顺序介绍了中国象棋在中国的发展，所以空处应该按照时间顺序介绍唐代之后的一个时期中国象棋的发展情况。B项“During the Qing Dynasty its ppularity grew.”符合时间上的逻辑关系，故选B。
3．解析：根据上文“Xiangqi is actually quite similar in what the pieces can d... Like Western chess，the bject f the game is t capture the ther player's ‘king’．”可知，中国象棋和国际象棋有相似之处，和国际象棋一样，中国象棋的目的也是“擒王”，而二者又有不同之处。A项“其实，在中国象棋中，它就是将/帅。”符合语境，故选A。
4．解析：空处上一句“Anther big difference between Western chess and Xiangqi is that there is a large empty space in the middle f the bard，which the elephants cannt crss.”提到棋盘中有个大的空白是象不能越过的；空处下文“This space refers life­r­death war.The war was s influential that‘the Chu River and the Han Bundary’has becme a metaphr(隐喻)referring t any bundary between tw ppsing armies.”指出这个空白地方与一场生死战争相关，并谈及“楚河汉界”，所以空处应介绍这个空白地方的名称。C项“It is called‘the Chu River and the Han Bundary.’”符合逻辑，选项中的代词It指代上文的a large empty space，下文对选项中的“the Chu River and the Han Bundary”进一步解释说明。故选C。
5．解析：上文提到“楚河汉界”是一种隐喻，下象棋时棋盘也是个战场，人们看到这个名字就好像沉浸在硝烟四起、战鼓喧天的战争场面中。F项“An intense battle is abut t take place n this small chessbard.”承接上文，符合逻辑，选项中的An intense battle与上文中的“the battle scenes cme t their mind，as thugh they are surrunded by thick smke，able t hear the beating f war drums”表达的意思一致，n this small chessbard与上文中的n the bard一致。故选F。
B(2023·重庆高三第一次联合诊断检测)Hw t Wrk Out Yur Wrries by WritingSmething trubling yu?Yu shuld write abut it.Research shws that peple wh write abut a difficult situatin ften shw imprved mental and physical health.__6__ It is a specific technique，and it's different frm writing in a jurnal.The idea is t reflect hnestly and thughtfully n a particular challenge.Hundreds f studies ver several decades have lked at the ptential benefits f expressive writing.It can strengthen the immune system，including fr peple with illnesses such as flu，cancer and depressin.__7__
Expressive writing wrks because it allws yu t make meaning ut f a painful experience，experts say.__8__ Then translating that experience int language frces yu t rganize yur thughts.And creating a narrative gives yu a sense f cntrl.But expressive writing isn't a magical cure­all slutin.__9__ And peple cping with a severe injury r depressin may nt find it useful t d it n their wn，withut therapy(治疗)．Yet it can be a pwerful tl fr many，in large part because it helps prevent the secrecy peple ften feel abut an injury，as well as their reluctance t face emtins.
__10__ Thinking r talking abut an event can lead t reflecting，where yu becme lst in yur emtins.Writing frces yu t slw dwn.The mere act f labeling a feeling f putting wrds t an emtin can lessen the nervus activity in the threat area f the brain.Writing can increase smene's acceptance f his experience，and acceptance is calming.A．Why write?B．What if yu dn't write?C．Expressive writing gives peple the curage t face fears.D．It shuldn't be used as a replacement fr ther treatments.E．It can als help reduce pain，and imprve md，sleep and memry.F．The first imprtant step is t recgnize what it is that is bthering yu.G．Psychlgists refer t writing abut an unpleasant experience as “expressive writing”．
【语篇解读】　这是一篇说明文，介绍了如何通过写作解决问题的几个建议。6．解析：空后一句“It is a specific technique，and it's different frm writing in a jurnal.”中的It应该指代一种写作方式，也就是下文中反复出现的expressive writing。分析选项可知，G项“心理学家将关于不愉快经历的写作称为‘表达性写作’”符合此处的语境，It指代的是expressive writing，故选G。
7．解析：由第五段中的关键词汇“the ptential benefits f expressive writing”及空前一句“It can strengthen the immune system，including fr peple with illnesses such as flu，cancer and depressin.”可知，这段主要是在讲述表达性写作的潜在好处，故空处也应是介绍表达性写作的好处，所以E项“It can als help reduce pain，and imprve md，sleep and memry.”符合此处的语境。且“It can als...”也与上一句中的“It can...”相衔接，故选E。
8．解析：根据空前一句“Expressive writing wrks because it allws yu t make meaning ut f a painful experience，experts say.”可知，表达性写作之所以有效，是因为它能让你从痛苦的经历中找到意义；由空后的Then translating可知，空处应是说首先做的事，故F项“认识到是什么事情正困扰着你是第一个重要步骤。”符合此处的语境，且根据常识，先意识到不愉快的事情是什么，才能将其写下来。故选F。
9．解析：空前指出表达性写作并不是万能灵药，空后说患有严重创伤或抑郁症的人如果不接受医学治疗，而是只进行表达性写作，这是没有用的，所以空处应承上启下，说明表达性写作不能替代医学治疗。分析选项可知，D项“它不应该被用作其他治疗的替代品。”符合此处的语境，故选D。