2024年高考英语一轮复习考点精讲精练（全国通用）第23讲定语从句（Word版附解析）

这是一份2024年高考英语一轮复习考点精讲精练（全国通用）第23讲定语从句（Word版附解析），共23页。试卷主要包含了 三年真题定语从句考点细目表， 命题规律及备考策略， 非限制性定语从句的关系词；， 介词+关系代词的用法等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第23讲 定语从句（核心考点精讲精练）


1. 三年真题定语从句考点细目表
时间
卷次
语法填空/短文改错/单项选择
2023年
新高考I卷
语法填空: /
新高考II卷
语法填空: /
全国甲卷
语法填空:where；
as
短文改错： what改为which
全国乙卷
语法填空: which/that
短文改错：that改为whose
北京卷
语法填空: where
浙江卷
(1月)语法填空: /
(6月)语法填空: /
天津卷
单项选择： /
2022年
新高考I卷
语法填空: that
新高考II卷
语法填空: /
全国甲卷
语法填空:who
短文改错： /
全国乙卷
语法填空: /
短文改错：what改为which
北京卷
语法填空:which
浙江卷
(1月)语法填空: that/who
(6月)语法填空:/
天津卷
单项选择：for whom
2021年
新高考I卷
语法填空: /
新高考II卷
语法填空: which或that
全国甲卷
语法填空:/
短文改错：/
全国乙卷
语法填空:/
短文改错：
北京卷
语法填空:that；
where
浙江卷
(1月)语法填空:that 或 which
(6月)语法填空: /
天津卷
3月卷：where
（第一次） 单项选择:from which；
Where；
（第二次）单项选择:when

2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
近3年对于定语从句主要考查：
1．关系代词的用法；
2．关系副词的用法；
3. 非限制性定语从句的关系词；
4. 介词+关系代词的用法。
【备考策略】
1. 了解定语从句的基本用法;
2. 区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;
3. 熟知关系代词和关系副词的用法并能正确判断使用哪种关系词；
4. 掌握"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句及as和which引导的定语从句的区别。
【命题预测】
预测2024年定语从句仍会是高考考查的重点和热点之一, 预测高考对该考点的考查集中在关系代词(that,which,who等)及关系副词(when,where等)的选用上。



定语从句基本概念
1）定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
2）定语从句的位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
3）定语从句的功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
4）定语从句的类别：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
5）先行词：定语从句修饰的名词和代词叫先行词。
6）关系词的三大作用：
1. 替代作用：在定语从句中替代先行词。
2. 成分作用：在定语从句中充当句子成分。
3. 连接作用：连接主句和定语从句。


关系代词/副词
先行词
在从句中的作用
who
人
主语、宾语
whom
人
宾语
which
物
主语、宾语
that
人或物
主语、宾语、表语、状语
whose
人或物
定语
as
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
when
时间名词
时间状语
where
地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等)
地点状语
why
the reason
原因状语


考点一 关系代词的用法

一、常见关系代词的基本用法
1. that
可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。
2. which
指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）
3. who, whom, whose
（1）who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，只可指人
（2）whom: 宾格，在从句中只能作宾语; 只可指人
（3）whose: 表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：某人的，某物的
（4）whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)
注意：
① 关系代词作介词宾语 (在定语从句中，介词提前时，介词后：表人用 whom；表物用 which)
② 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末。）
There are 30 students in this class, who are from the north of China.
这个班里有30名学生，他们来自中国北方。
Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。
4. as
a：as作为关系代词，常常用于固定句型中。
the same...as , as, such....as , so....as

They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
This is the same knife as I lost.(as作宾语)
这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。

b：such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句，而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult problem as most of us can't work out.
这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。
(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)
She is such a kind girl that many students like her.
她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。
(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)
二、that、 which的辨析
1. 只能用that，不能用which的情况
（1）先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。
☞All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which.如：
☞The first English novel that I read was Cities.
我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
☞This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
☞This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
（3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只用that， 不用which.如：
☞The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
☞The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常只用that， 不用which.如：
☞　He is no longer the star that he was.
他不再是过去的那位明星了。
☞　Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.
我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如：
☞Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？
2. 只用which，不能用that的情况
（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.如：
☞The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
☞This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如：
☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
（2） 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如：
☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.
学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
☞A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.
书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。
（3）当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。
三、　as，which的辨析
一、相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。
☛The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。
☛He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名医生，我是从他的举止中知道的。
二、不同点
1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
☛As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。
☛Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我们所知，空气是气体。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。
☛She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。
☛The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。
3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
☛He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。
☛He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发，这看起来非常奇怪。
4. as常用＂正如＂含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
☛As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
☛Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，正如常发生的那样。
5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。
☛My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得非常好。
☛Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他出生的地方，是我们的首都。
6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。
The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与我们交易了好几年的旅行社又开了新的分店。
☛Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体，其中氧气占了21%。
7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。
☛He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信，我不能。
☛Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打，但是石头则不能。
8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。
☛He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他通过了考试，这是假的。

1.（2023·全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 　　　　　　 welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life,with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.  
【答案】which/that　
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:除了它所有的古老建筑,北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方,21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并立。本空引导定语从句,修饰名词place,本空在从句中作主语、指物,故应用关系代词which或that。
2.【2023年全国乙卷】The color she choose came in a box which had a picture of a woman that hair color looked just perfect.
3.考查时态。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是定语从句的谓语动词，由上文Last Friday可知，应用一般过去时。故choose改为chose。
4.考查定语从句。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是woman，关系词在从句中作hair的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故that改为whose。
3.（2023·全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 　　　　　　 Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”. 
【答案】as　
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意:正如Rachel Carson在《明天的寓言》中所说,今天寓言的形式仍然有价值。此处是as引导的非限制性定语从句,as作says的宾语,指代前面整个句子的内容。故填as。


1.【2023届山东省济南市山东师范大学附属中学高三模拟】The doctor may also ask the patient about stress at work or home and any difficulties 67 may be causing the patient to be out of balance.
67．考查定语从句。句意：医生也可能会询问病人关于工作或家庭中的压力以及任何可能导致病人失去平衡的困难。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是difficulties，指物，在从句中主语，又先行词有any修饰，只能用that引导。故填that。
2.【2023届重庆市第八中学校高三下学期高考考前模拟】 Local legend has it that a white snake spirit was once imprisoned in the five-story, eight-sided pagoda by a monk, 75 tried to separate the immortal spirit from a mortal lover.
75．考查定语从句。句意：当地传说，白蛇精曾经被一个和尚囚禁在这座五层八面塔里，他试图将白蛇精与凡人情人分开。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词a monk作补充说明，先行词指人，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词who。故填who。
3.【2023届山东省实验中学高三二模】The IOC has a complete guide for those 96 want to apply to these contests.
96．考查定语从句。句意：国际奥委会为那些想要申请参加这些比赛的人提供了一份完整的指南。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词those，指人，关系代词在从句中作主语，故填who。

考点二 关系副词的用法
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
关系副词
先行词
作用

when
时间名词
时间状语
表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which；
where
地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等)
地点状语
表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which；

why
the reason
原因状语
表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。

We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.
我们将把在公园里的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时候天气可能会更好。
Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday?
你知道他昨天为什么没有出席会议的原因吗？
1. when的用法
when修饰时间名词，在从句中作时间状语。其先行词通常为time, day, year, week等。
I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
易错点：当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词不用when而用that或which。
The season which/that they were talking about was autumn.
他们正在谈论的季节是秋天。
2. where的用法
a. where用于修饰地点名词如place, park, factory, house等。在从句中作地点状语，相当于介词+which。
Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.
现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
b.当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situation， case， stage， family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
学生应该参与社区活动，在那里他们可以获得成长的经验。
Remember that there is still one point that/which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.
记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。
She's in a hopeless situation，where we will keep a very close eye on her.
她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
c.先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.
请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
3. why的用法
why相当于for which, 在从句中作原因状语，但若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，定语从句要用that或which引导。
Can you tell me the reason why(=for which) you are late again?
你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？
The boss doesn’t want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give.
老板不想听你所提出的任何理由。



1.【2023年全国甲卷】“There was once a town in the heart of America, ___44___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, ___45borrowing___ (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.
【44题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
2.【2023年北京卷】Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, ____18____ thousands were attending a water conference.
【18题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。


1.（2023·江苏省高邮市第一中学月考）Despite it being a busy work day, thousands of people wearing black came to the Mingyangshan Mortuary House in the city, ____59____the memorial service was held at 10 am, to present bouquets (花束) and bunches of rice and pay tribute (颂词) to Yuan.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：尽管这是一个繁忙的工作日，但数千名身穿黑色衣服的人来到了明阳山殡仪馆，上午10点在那里举行了追悼仪式，他们献上花束和一束米，并向袁隆平致敬。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the Mingyangshan Mortuary House，从句缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
2.（2023·湖南省益阳市质量检测）Legends have been passed on about Zheng He in the countries and regions ____41____ he set foot.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：郑和足迹所及的国家和地区都流传着关于他的传说。分析句子可知，空出引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the countries and regions（表示地点的名词）；且从句缺状语，故用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
3.（2023·粤湘鄂名校联盟第一次联考英语试题）In recent years, by making use of its cultural advantages, Jingdezhen has organized important activities on ceramic arts. These events have transformed Jingdezhen into an incredible platform for diversified cooperation and communication, ____41____ young artistic talents are drawn to its flame like moths.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这些活动将景德镇变成了一个不可思议的多元化合作交流平台，年轻的艺术人才像飞蛾一样被吸引到这里。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词platform，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。故填where。


考点三 介词+关系代词/关系副词
1 关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。
This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。

介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。
My youngest brother，whom I have to look after，is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
2 关系代词前介词的确定
a. 依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)
The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for)
b. 根据先行词来确定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
Air, without which man can't live, is really important.
空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air)
3 “名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none＋of＋which/whom”等。
Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.
问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.
他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
4 “复合介词短语＋关系代词which”
从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。
5 “介词＋which/whom＋不定式”
The poor man has no house in which to live.
→The poor man has no house to live in.
→The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没房子住。

有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，平时也应掌握，但非高考重点。
China is the birthplace of kites，from where kite flying spreads to Japan，Thailand，India and so on.
中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。


1.【2022年天津卷第二次】Guide books are prepared to suit the convenience of the traveler, ________ routes round a city or a site are often suggested.
A. for which B. with which
C. for whom D. with whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：旅游指南是为了给游客提供方便的，里面为游客建议了参观一个城市或景点的线路。分析句子成分可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词traveler；结合句意，路线是给游客提供、为了游客而给出的建议，故需要用介词for表示“给……”，先行词为人，故for后用whom。故选C项。
2.【2021年天津卷第一次】William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。


1.（2021·天津红桥区·高三一模）Learning another language is like stepping out of a door, ______I can look back and see more clearly my own language.
A．By which B．through which C．which D．on which
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句和介词辨析。句意：学习另外一种语言就好像跨出了一扇房门，通过它，我可以回顾并且更加清楚地明白自己的语言。分析可知，空格处引导定语从句，根据句意可知，通过这扇门，先行词door做through“通过”的宾语，指物，用冠词代词which，by表示方式，on“在……上面”不符合句意，故选B。
2.（2023·河南省安阳市TOP二十名校摸底）According to the legend, the Jade Emperor(ruler of heaven) would like to measure time by twelve different animals. He told animals that he would hold a great race on his birthday, the prize of ________ was twelve positions on the Chinese zodiac calendar.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他告诉动物们，他将在他的生日那天举行一场盛大的赛跑，比赛的奖品是中国十二生肖的十二个位置。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词race，作介词的宾语，指物，故用关系代词which。故填which。
3.（2023·湖南省部分校教育联盟摸底测）In the main cultural venue of Jiaxing city’s Xiuzhou District, Zhejiang Province, a few elderly women are using their imagination and some bright colors to paint the wonderful scenes of life in Jiangnan, or “south of the Yangtze River”. They are members of a farmer-painter group known as the “Ten Sisters”, formed in 2009. The group has 12 rural residents, the oldest of ____58____ is 76 years old and the youngest 61.
【答案】whom
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：该集团有12名农村居民，其中年龄最大的76岁，年龄最小的61岁。空格处是“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词residents，指人，因此空格处用关系代词whom，故填whom。

考点四 定语从句中的其它问题


一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

1. 形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同
比较下面的两个句子：
☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。
☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6. 关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
二、 定语从句中的主谓一致
1）在定语从句中，谓语动词的单数，复数依据它所修饰的先行词。
I, who am your teacher, will help you with everything.
He who breaks the school rules should be punished.
Those who break the school rules should be punished.
Anyone who breaks the school rules should be punished.
2）. One of +the+复数名词+定语从句，谓语动词用复数，the only one of +the 复数名词+定语从句，谓语动词用单数。
He is one of the teachers in our school who teach well.
He is the only one of the teachers in our school who teaches well.

三、the way 后接定语从句的情况。

1．在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。
2．先行词time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；当先行词time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
①What surprised me was not what he said but the way
he said it.
让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。
②The way　he explained to us was quite simple.
他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。
③It's not the first time (that) you've found yourself in this situation.
你陷入这种状况已经不是第一次了。
④There was a time when/during which each teacher spent an hour，one day a week，testing pupils in every subject.
曾经，每个老师每周都有一天花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。

四、time后接定语从句的情况。
先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
There was a time when I hated going to school.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
五、 关系代词和关系副词的辨析
用法
依据
根据从句谓语动词
若是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；若是不及物动词则用关系副词。
根据关系词在从句中作的成分
把关系词放进定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词。
先行词是表示时间或地点等的名词时,如果先行词一样,但是关系词在从句中所作的成分不同,那么所用关系词也不同。具体分为以下几点:
1.先行词是表示时间或地点的名词
若关系词在从句中作时间状语或地点状语,则用when或where;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。
►The date (that/which) I'll always remember is Oct.28, 1968. 我会一直记得的日子是1968年10月28日。(that/which在从句中作宾语)
►The date when I was born is Oct.28, 1968. 我出生的日子是1968年10月28日。(when在从句中作时间状语)
►After about an hour's drive, we reached the small town where I was brought up and which/that is located at the foot of the mountain. 大约一个小时的车程之后,我们抵达这个小镇。我就是在这个小镇长大的,它坐落在山脚下。(where在从句中作地点状语;which/that在从句中作主语)
2.先行词是表示原因的名词reason若关系词在从句中作原因状语,则用why;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。
►The reason (which/that) he told me for his being late is that he got up late.他告诉我他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(which/that在从句中作宾语)
特别提醒　 遇到类似的题目,考生应特别注意从句中动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。及物动词后应接宾语;不及物动词后如有介词,可加宾语,如无介词,则应用关系副词。
►The reason why he was late is that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(why在从句中作原因状语)

六、 定语从句与其它句型的辨析
1）限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词，而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。
☞Sorry, I’ve forgot the day when we met for the first time.
抱歉，我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。（定语从句，先行词the day 与when含义相应）
☞I’ve no idea when we met for the first time.
我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。（同位语从句，idea与when没有任何联系）
2）定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与时间状语从句的连接词都是when时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词，只能放在先行词的后面；而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
☞Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
☞It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当课结束时，已经是五点钟了。（时间状语从句）
3）定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。
☞This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.
这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。（定语从句）
☞Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
4）定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
It is a book that he wants.
它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。
5）定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词不作任何句子成分，因此句子成分完整。
☞It is such an interesting book as we all like.
它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（定语从句）
☞It is such an interesting book that we all like it.
它是一本如此有趣的书，我么大家都喜欢它。（结果状语从句）
比较：It is such an interesting book that we all like. 强调句型。意思是：我们大家都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。
6）定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整；而独立主格结构没有关系词、也没有谓语动词。
☞The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于这本书有趣，我们大家都喜欢它。
☞The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 这本有趣的书是去年出版的。


1. 【2023年全国甲卷】 She even played some recordings of their singing, what was fun.
7.考查定语从句。句意：她甚至播放了一些它们唱歌的录音，这很有趣。此处非限制性定语从句修饰singing，从句缺少主语，指物，在故what改为which。
2.【2022年全国乙卷】They often run at high speeds, what may put our lives in danger.
8.考查定语从句关系词。句意：它们经常高速行驶，这可能会危及我们的生命。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的一句话，在从句中做主语，应用which 引导。故将what改为which。
3.【2020年新课标Ⅱ】Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.
1.考查非限制性定语从句。句意：谢谢你的来信，你的信真正让我开心。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what改为which.

1. (广东省信宜市第二中学2023学年高三试题) And then I decided to live without it and just enjoy life. That’s the reason ________ I’m happy now.”
【答案】why
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这就是我现在快乐的原因。分析句子可知，该句是定语从句，先行词是reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，原因关系副词why引导。故填why。
2.（河北省石家庄市二中2023年高三试题）However, after 2012 the number of mid-lake islands _________ the gulls made their nests kept decreasing, leading to the number of the baby gulls dropping to 2,000.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而，2012年之后，海鸥筑巢的湖中岛屿数量不断减少，导致小海鸥的数量降至2000只。分析句子结构，空处引导定语从句，先行词是mid-lake islands，代替先行词在句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导从句，故填where。




过关检测
1.（2023·广东省高三开学大联考）The typical Chinese alcoholic beverage is baijiu, ________ is made from various grains.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：典型的中国酒精饮料是白酒，由各种谷物制成。此处是一个非限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词指物。故填which。
2.（2023·内蒙古包头市高三调研）Pablo Picasso is one of the most famous artists in the world, _______full name is really a long one, in fact a mixture of many names.
【答案】whose
【解析】查定语从句。句意：巴勃罗·毕加索是世界上最著名的艺术家之一，他的全名其实是一个很长的名字，实际上是许多名字的混合体。分析可知， 　2　full name is really a long one在句中为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Pablo Picasso，空处在从句中作定语，指毕加索的全名，所以用关系代词whose，故填whose。
3.（2023·江苏省四所名校高三期中联考）His reply to “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?” was a determined “Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things_______ other people make.”
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他对“我们中国人有可能制造导弹吗？”这个问题的回答是坚定的，即“为什么不呢？我们中国人能够制造和其他人一样的东西。”分析句子可知，此处考查引导定语从句的关系词，指代先行词things，指物，在从句中作宾语，先行词前有the same修饰，关系代词只能用that。故填that。
4.（2023·湖南省雅礼十六校第一次联考）“Hello, Mr. Herriot.” I heard his voice. I turned a blank gaze on him — I just had no idea ____ ____ he was though his face was familiar.
【答案】who
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我茫然地看着他——我只是不知道他是谁，尽管他的脸很熟悉。此处是宾语从句，由句意可知，表示“他是谁”，应用who引导。故填who。
5.（2023·江苏省无锡市）If everyone on your team is working different hours, you may be getting emails and messages at all hours of the day, night or weekend, _______can create an always available, or "always-on” environment.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：如果你团队里的每个人都在不同的时间工作，你可能会全天一直收到邮件和信息，这就能营造出一种一直在线的环境。在非限制性定语从句中，缺少主语，且代指前面一整句话，故用which。
6. 【2023届湖南省岳阳市平江县高三下学期教学质量监测（三）】Wu explains the process of straw weaving: 4 (select) of materials is the first step of a complicated, time-consuming and labor-intensive process 5 can take weeks, or even months, to complete.
4．考查名词。句意：Wu解释了稻草编织的过程：选择材料是一个复杂、耗时和劳动密集型的过程的第一步，可能需要数周甚至数月才能完成。分析句子可知，空处应填名词作主语，selection选择，不可数名词，故填selection。
5．考查定语从句。句意同上。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是step，关系词在从句中作主语，且先行词被序数词the first修饰，关系代词只能用that。故填that。
7.（2023·粤湘鄂名校联盟高三第一次联考）These events have transformed Jingdezhen into an incredible platform for diversified cooperation and communication, ________ young artistic talents are drawn to its flame like moths.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这些活动将景德镇变成了一个不可思议的多元化合作交流平台，年轻的艺术人才像飞蛾一样被吸引到这里。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词platform，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。故填where。
8.（2023·江苏省徐州市第七中学学情调研）However, he could not forget about an earlier time ________ his village had been struggling with a serious air quality problem.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而，他不能忘记，早年间村庄一直在努力应付着严重的空气质量问题。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填关系词，引导定语从句，先行词是time，指时间；从句主语是his village，从句谓语是had been struggling with，从句宾语是a serious air quality problem，则设空处应填when，充当从句时间状语。故填when。
9. 【22023届天一大联考广东省高三年级模拟考试（三）】Produced 13 ( annual) by the China Consumers Association since 2017, the report, 14 measures consumer satisfaction levels based 15 feedback from consumers, takes into account consumer supply, consumer environment, and consumer rights protection.
13．考查副词。句意：自2017年起每年由中国消费者协会发布、根据消费者反馈衡量消费者满意度的这个报告，考虑到了消费者供应、消费者环境和消费者权益保护等因素。分析句子可知，空处应为副词，作状语修饰动词“Produced”。故填annually。
14．考查定语从句关系词。句意：自2017年起每年由中国消费者协会发布、根据消费者反馈衡量消费者满意度的这个报告，考虑到了消费者供应、消费者环境和消费者权益保护等因素。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“report”，在从句中作主语，故应用关系代词which。故填which。
15．考查介词。句意：自2017年起每年由中国消费者协会发布、根据消费者反馈衡量消费者满意度的这个报告，考虑到了消费者供应、消费者环境和消费者权益保护等因素。根据固定短语be based on可知，空处应为介词on，后接名词短语“feedback from consumers”，表示“根据消费者反馈”。故填on。
10.【2023届辽宁省沈阳市第二中学高三下学期模拟考试】“A barbecue restaurant owner I know told me to come back on Monday, so as to leave the weekends to out-of-town visitors,” said Huang Yang, a native of Zibo city in Shandong province 51 works outside his hometown.
51．考查定语从句。句意：黄杨是山东省淄博市人，在外地打工，他说……。分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词a native，先行词为人，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词who或that。故填who/that。
11.【2023届江西省师范大学附属中学三模】There are many jump patterns, most of 89 are accompanied by a song.
89．考查定语从句。句意：跳跃模式有很多，其中大部分都伴随着歌曲。分析句子结构可知，此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少介词of的宾语，所以使用关系代词，先行词many jump patterns指的是物，用关系代词which。故填which。
12.（2023·江苏省徐州市第七中学摸底学情调研）Hot pot, as a traditional Chinese folk dish, has become a favorite dish throughout China since at least the Han Dynasty, ____ ____ is particularly true during winter months.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：火锅，作为中国传统的民间美食，至少从汉代开始，就已经成为全中国最受欢迎的美食，尤其是在冬季。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，且关系代词在从句中作主语，应用which引导该从句。故填which。
13.（2023·江苏省泰州中学调研）Most skiing competitions of the Winter Olympics were held in areas northwest of Beijing, ____ ___ it’s cold in the winter but often doesn’t snow much.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：冬奥会的大多数滑雪比赛都在北京西北部地区举行，那里的冬天很冷，但通常不会下太多雪。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是areas northwest of Beijing，在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
14.【2023届湖北省华中师范大学第一附属中学高三5月适应性考试】Behind Zibo’s sudden fame 17 (be) the efforts and services of the local government, as well as a good reputation of local businesses, 18 receive favorable reviews from visitors who share their experiences online.
15．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：淄博突然成名的背后是当地政府的努力和服务，以及当地企业的良好声誉，这些企业得到了游客的好评，他们在网上分享了他们的经历。讲述一般性事实，时态用一般现在时，该句是全部倒装，主语the efforts and services of the local government复数，谓语复数形式，故填are。
18．考查定语从句。句意：淄博突然成名的背后是当地政府的努力和服务，以及当地企业的良好声誉，这些企业得到了游客的好评，他们在网上分享了他们的经历。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是local businesses，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which，故填which。
15. 【2023届江西省重点中学盟校高三第二次联考】“By the time the CR450 94 (come) into operation, the national railway network will have been extended to 165,000 km, 50,000 km of 95 will be high-speed lines.” Zhao said.
94．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：“到CR450投入运营时，全国铁路网将延长到16.5万公里，其中5万公里将是高速铁路。”赵说。空处是By the time引导的时间状语从句的谓语部分，主句使用的将来完成时，故从句用一般现在时表将来，从句主语CR450表示单数意义，谓语动词用第三人单数形式，故填comes。
95．考查定语从句。句意同上。分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是165,000 km，关系词在从句中作介词of的宾语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
16.【2023届四川省成都市石室中学高三高考冲刺卷】Du Bo, head of Tahe county’s bureau (局) of culture, radio, television and tourism in Heilongjiang province, drew the attention of Chinese netizens by a short video, in 43 Du wears a white headwear of deer antlers (鹿角), 44 (dress) like a “white deer fairy” wandering in a snow-covered birch forest.
43．考查定语从句。句意：黑龙江省塔河县文化广电和旅游局局长Du Bo通过一段短视频引起了中国网民的注意。视频中，Du戴着白色鹿角头饰，打扮得像一个在白雪皑皑的白桦林中漫步的“白鹿仙”。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是video，作介词in的宾语，应用关系代词which，构成“介词+which”引导的定语从句。故填which。
44．考查形容词。句意同上。be dressed like“打扮得像……”是固定短语，此处省略be，用形容词，作状语。故填dressed。
17.【2023届浙江省重点中学拔尖学生培养联盟高三5月】The exhibition is divided into three galleries 54 showcase the history of the unification of China by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, his tomb, and the 55 (mystery) Terracotta Warriors.
54．考查定语从句。句意：展览分为三个展厅，分别展示了秦始皇统一中国的历史、他的陵墓和神秘的兵马俑。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“three galleries”，指物，且关系词在定语从句中担当主语，用关系代词which或that引导。故填which或that。
55．考查形容词。句意：展览分为三个展厅，分别展示了秦始皇统一中国的历史、他的陵墓和神秘的兵马俑。分析句子成分可知，空处为形容词，修饰“Terracotta Warriors”。故填mysterious。
18.【2022届广东省高三综合能力测试（三）】The Shenzhou-13 crew have 61 (safe) returned to Earth after their six- month orbital trip, 62 nearly doubled the previous record of China’s longest single- flight space mission of 92 days set by the Shenzhou-12.
61．考查副词。句意：神舟13号机组人员在完成为期6个月的轨道飞行后安全返回地球，这几乎是神舟12号创造的中国最长单次太空飞行记录（92天）的两倍。分析句子可知，空处缺少副词作状语修饰谓语，safe的副词形式为safely。故填safely。
62．考查定语从句。句意：神舟13号机组人员在完成为期6个月的轨道飞行后安全返回地球，这几乎是神舟12号创造的中国最长单次太空飞行记录（92天）的两倍。分析句子可知，空处缺少关系词，引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是空格前的内容，作定语从句的主语，表示事物，用which引导。故填which。
19.【2023届江苏省南京市金陵中学高三模拟测试】Tsering Yangdron, a 25-year-old Monba, one of the ethnic groups 72 live in this region, skillfully makes her way through the garden, carefully picking tender tea leaves and tossing them into a bamboo basket tied to her waist.
72．考查定语从句。句意：25岁的门巴族次仁阳德（Tsering Yangdron）是生活在这个地区的少数民族之一，她熟练地穿过花园，小心翼翼地采摘嫩茶叶，把它们扔进绑在腰间的竹篮里。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the ethnic groups，指物，关系代词在从句中作主语，故填that/who。
20.【2023届安徽省合肥市第六中学高三最后一卷】: It is usually around 120 centimeters long, and has three strings stretched over a fingerboard, 88 allows for extensive glissando, or the glide from one pitch to another.
88．考查定语从句。句意：事实上，三弦琴的外形很吸引人：它通常长约120厘米，在指板上有三根弦，可以进行广泛的滑音，或者从一个音高滑到另一个音高。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，对空格前的句子进行限定说明，该定语从句缺少主语，所以空格处应该填入一个关系代词代替前面的句子在从句中作主语，所以应该用关系代词which。故填which。
21.（2023·粤湘鄂名校联盟高三第一次联考）These events have transformed Jingdezhen into an incredible platform for diversified cooperation and communication, ________ young artistic talents are drawn to its flame like moths.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这些活动将景德镇变成了一个不可思议的多元化合作交流平台，年轻的艺术人才像飞蛾一样被吸引到这里。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词platform，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。故填where。
22.（2023·广东省高三开学大联考）The typical Chinese alcoholic beverage is baijiu, ________ is made from various grains.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：典型的中国酒精饮料是白酒，由各种谷物制成。此处是一个非限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词指物。故填which。
23.（2023·内蒙古包头市高三调研）Pablo Picasso is one of the most famous artists in the world, _______full name is really a long one, in fact a mixture of many names.
【答案】whose
【解析】查定语从句。句意：巴勃罗·毕加索是世界上最著名的艺术家之一，他的全名其实是一个很长的名字，实际上是许多名字的混合体。分析可知， 　　full name is really a long one在句中为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Pablo Picasso，空处在从句中作定语，指毕加索的全名，所以用关系代词whose，故填whose。
24.（2023·江苏省四所名校高三期中联考）His reply to “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?” was a determined “Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things_______ other people make.”
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他对“我们中国人有可能制造导弹吗？”这个问题的回答是坚定的，即“为什么不呢？我们中国人能够制造和其他人一样的东西。”分析句子可知，此处考查引导定语从句的关系词，指代先行词things，指物，在从句中作宾语，先行词前有the same修饰，关系代词只能用that。故填that。
25.（2023·重庆市巴蜀中学月考） “It can get really crowded with customers, especially on weekends, during ______ we need to keep the door open from 11 in the morning to 12 midnight, ” a shop owner said.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：一位店主说：“这里的顾客真的很拥挤，尤其是在周末，我们需要从早上11点开到午夜12点。”此处为“介词+关系代词”结构非限制性定语从句修饰先行词weekends，作介词的宾语，指物，故用which引导。故填which。
27.（2023·江西省新高三第一次摸底联考）Making friends was my big concern at first but I soon settled in and became good friends with the fellow teachers. There weren’t many foreigners at the school in ___44___ I was teaching, but I had plenty of friendly neighbours to keep me company. They often had me round for dinner!
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我任教的学校里没有多少外国人，但我有很多友好的邻居陪伴着我。此处为介词in+which引导的定语从句，先行词school在从句中作状语成分，in+which相当于关系副词where。故填which。
28.（2023·河南省信阳高级中学）Zhoukoudian is a small village lying about 50 kilometers to the southwest of Beijing City. In the 1920s, archaeologists (考古学家) discovered some prehistoric human bones there, ____41____changed people’s view of China’s history.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：20世纪20年代，考古学家在那里发现了一些史前人类骨骼，这改变了人们对中国历史的看法。在非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为“some prehistoric human bones”，所以应用关系代词which。故填which。
29.（2023·山西省高三1月适应性调研考试（一模））In addition to the new rocket for manned mission, China is also developing a new crewed capsule and a lunar lander, _______ will be able to send three astronauts to the lunar orbit and allow two of them to land on the moon.
【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。根据句子结构和意思可知，　　　 will be able to send three astronauts to the lunar orbit and allow two of them to land on the moon是非限制性定语从句，先行词a new crewed capsule and a lunar lander在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。
30.（2023·湖北省腾云联盟八月联考）The PLA Navy currently operates two carriers CNS Liaoning and CNS Shandong, both of ____ ____ have a displacement of around 50, 000 tons and use a ski jump mode for launching fixed wing aircraft.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国人民解放军海军目前操作两艘航母，中国海军辽宁号和中国海军山东号，两艘排水量大约5万吨，使用滑跃模式用于发射固定翼飞机。此处为“介词+which”结构非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词CNS Liaoning and CNS Shandong，作介词的宾语，指物，故用which。故填which。
31.（2023·福建省漳州市第一次教学质量检测）The documentary film The Magical Craftsmanship of Suzhou, featuring Chinese intangible cultural heritages, was launched in Australia and New Zealand on July 28, 2022. Before launching, it was released in North America in June, ____ ____ stimulated a wide discussion on the eastern aesthetics(美学)and the intangible cultural heritages.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在澳大利亚和新西兰上映之前，它曾于6月份在北美发行，这激起了当地人对东方美学和非遗的广泛讨论。分析句子结构可知，空格处应填非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词为主句内容，所以应填关系代词which。故填which。
32.（2023·山东省“学情空间”区域教研共同体联考）Another concern is new food allergies because some GMO food（转基因食品） contain proteins _____ _____ people have never eaten before.
【答案】that/ which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：另一个担忧是新的食物过敏，因为一些转基因食物含有人们从未吃过的蛋白质。空白处为引导定语从句的关系词，先行词是proteins，定语从句中缺少宾语，应用关系代词that/which引导。故填that/ which。
33.（2023·山东省青岛市测试）Since 2016 when the company was founded, Chop Value has rescued billions of chopsticks from landfills. Instead of an economy of the typical take-make-dispose model, Chop Value seeks to create one _____45_____ transforms waste into a usable resource.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：Chop Value不是典型的“随意处理”模式的经济模式，而是寻求创造一种将废物转化为可用资源的经济模式。分析可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，先行词one指代的是“model”，是物，且one是不定代词，因此关系代词只用that。故填that。
34.（2023·河北省秦皇岛市部分学校摸底）The awards ceremony for the One Step Chinese–Hungarian Drawing Competition was held online in China’s Hubei province and Hungary’s Gyor-Moson-Sopron county last week. The event,____ ____drew nearly 100 participants, including students and teachers, was jointly organized by the respective local governments.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：此次活动由当地政府联合举办，有近100人参加，其中包括学生和教师。设空处在句中引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词event，在从句中作主语，此处应用which引导。故填which。
35.（2023·河北省保定市部分学校联考）Thanks to the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games, consumption ____56____ is related to the ice-snow industry has gained steam across China.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：得益于北京2022年冬奥会，与冰雪产业相关的消费在中国各地蓬勃发展。分析句式结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词consumption是物，且从句中缺少主语，所以用关系代词that或which来引导。故填that/which。
36.（2023·江苏省苏州市常熟市阶段性抽测二）He learned carpentry in his teens, after ____ ____ he taught himself the arts of painting, poetry, calligraphy and seal cutting.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他十几岁时学习木工，后来自学绘画、诗歌、书法和篆刻艺术。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是主句陈述的内容，且空前有介词after，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
37.（2023·江苏省南京市统考）It was Dragonboat Day. Shiny white tents lined the waterfront, providing shade and refreshments for Dragon Boat paddlers (桨手) from all over California, ____37____ gathered around the Castaic Lake for a festive competition.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：闪亮的白色帐篷排列在码头，为聚集在卡斯泰克湖周围来自加州各地的参加节日比赛的龙舟桨手提供了阴凉处和点心。分析句子可知，句子为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“paddlers”，指人，在从句中作主语，故应用关系代词“who”引导从句。故填who。
38.（2023·广东省六校高三第一次联考）As China’s gig economy (零工经济) continues to grow, the central government is seeking better regulations to serve the rights of workers, develop new skills and startups and ensure healthy and balanced development in the job market. Gig workers, often referred to as independent contractors (承包者) or temporary workers, are those such as delivery drivers and online sales hosts ___ ____ often enter into contracts with on-demand companies to provide services to their clients.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：零工通常被称为独立承包商或临时工，是指例如送货司机和在线销售主持人这些人，他们通常与按需公司签订合同，为客户提供服务。在定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词those是指人，所以应用关系代词who。故填who。
39.（2023·湖北省模拟测试） Having survived many centuries, kites have become one of the country’s representative traditional handicrafts, ________ making techniques were included in the list of China’s national intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) in 2006.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。句意同上题。分析句子可知，空格处为非限制性定语从句引导词，先行词是kites，和making techniques是所属关系，应使用关系代词whose，故填whose。
40.（2023·广东省大联考）The typical Chinese alcoholic beverage is baijiu, ____41____ is made from various grains.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：典型的中国酒精饮料是白酒，由各种谷物制成。此处是一个非限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词指物。故填which。
41.（2023·广东省广州市阶段测试）China has the world’s largest number of world natural heritage sites, according to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration. The country is now home to 14 world natural heritage sites and four mixed sites, ____37____ are noted for both cultural and natural features, both leading the world in terms of quantity, the administration said.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：国家文物局表示，我国目前拥有14处世界自然遗产和4处混合遗产，这些遗产以文化和自然特征而闻名，数量均居世界前列。分析可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词“14 world natural heritage sites and four mixed sites”是物，因此空格处用关系代词which，故填which。
42.（2023·广东省清中、河中、北中、惠中联考）The Wuyi Mountain National Park experimental area is the only park in China ____41____ is listed as a UNESCO cultural and natural heritage site.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：武夷山国家公园实验区是中国唯一被列入联合国教科文组织文化和自然遗产名录的公园。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the only park，在定语从句中作主语，指物，有only修饰，只能用that引导。故填that。
43.（2023·山东省曲阜市第一中学模拟）Nature has prepared them for the cold conditions. But nothing has prepared the bears for the danger ____38____ threatens their only home.
【答案】that或which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：但是，北极熊对威胁它们唯一的家园的危险毫无准备。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the danger，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which引导。故填that或which。
44.（2023·江苏省镇江市统考）Beijing is a city that straddles(跨越)the divide between the ancient and the modern. It is home to more than 3,000 years of fascinating history, and a place ____37____ fully embraces the fast-paced development of modern life, with high-rise 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with cultural relics of the past.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它是3000多年迷人历史的家园，是一个完全拥抱现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的高层建筑奇迹与过去的文物并存。分析句子可知，此处为连词that/which引导的限制性定语从句，先行词a place在从句中作主语成分。故填that/which。
45.（2023·江苏省高邮市第一中学月考）Despite it being a busy work day, thousands of people wearing black came to the Mingyangshan Mortuary House in the city, ____59____the memorial service was held at 10 am, to present bouquets (花束) and bunches of rice and pay tribute (颂词) to Yuan.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：尽管这是一个繁忙的工作日，但数千名身穿黑色衣服的人来到了明阳山殡仪馆，上午10点在那里举行了追悼仪式，他们献上花束和一束米，并向袁隆平致敬。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the Mingyangshan Mortuary House，从句缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
46.（2023·重庆市巴蜀中学月考卷（一））The first-ever online marketplace for allotments(菜地), AllotMe, has unveiled plans for rapid expansion after securing more than 250, 000$ from investors. Proposed in May last year by Conor Gallapher, the plan seeks to address the shortage of available garden space in response to rising demand in towns and cities, particularly in London,____58____ there are waiting lists of up to 40 years for allotment sites.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：该计划由Conor Gallapher于去年5月提出，旨在解决可用花园面积短缺的问题，以应对城镇不断增长的需求，尤其是在伦敦，那里等待小块土地的名单长达40年。本处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是London，是表示地点的名词，空处是关系词，从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where；故填where。
47.（2023·广东省名校联盟高三大联考试题）Bungee jumping originated with an ancient adult initiation ceremony on the Pentecost Islands in Vanuatu,________young men jumped off a high platform with vines (葡萄藤) attached to their feet as a test of their courage and passage into manhood.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：蹦极起源于瓦努阿图的五旬节群岛上的一项古老的成人仪式，年轻男子从一个高高的平台上跳下，脚上系着藤蔓，以考验他们的勇气和成年的道路。根据句子结构可知，该空是非限制性定语从句的关系词，先行词 the Pentecost Islands in Vanuatu 指地点，关系词在定语从句中作状语，故此空为关系副词where。故填where。
48.（2023·河北省五个一名校联盟摸底）“OMG! It's so cute!” Since posts with such descriptions spread on social media in ____36____ a lovable panda is waving and smiling, Bing Dwen Dwen has become a star in the Olympic Villages, venues, and almost everywhere.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自从这只可爱的熊猫挥手微笑的帖子在社交媒体上传播开来后，“冰墩墩”就成了奥运村、场馆以及几乎所有地方的明星。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句修饰先行词posts，作介词的宾语，指物，用which。故填which。
49.（2023·广东省惠州市高三第一次调研）Gabriel’s study found that people ____40____ have strong bonds to others are more likely to use comfort foods after an argument or other emotionally stressful occasion.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：Gabriel的研究发现，与他人关系密切的人更有可能在争吵或其他情绪紧张的场合后吃安慰食物。分析句子可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词是people，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用who引导，故填who。
50.（2023·湖北省联考） These are the famous chime-bells of Marquis Yi of the Zeng State, the largest and most complete set of chime-bells ________ exists today in China.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这是著名的曾侯仪编钟，是中国现存最大、最完整的编钟。根据句子结构可知，该空是定语从句的关系词，先行词chime-bells 指物，在定语从句中作主语，先行词前有最高级修饰，只能用that。故填that。
51.（2023·山东省齐鲁名校大联盟高三三模）Becca Rodomsky-Bish,________works at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology in New York, is the project’s leader.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：Becca Rodomsky-Bish在纽约康奈尔鸟类学实验室工作，是该项目的负责人。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“Becca Rodomsky-Bish”，在非限制性定语从句中担当主语，用who。故填who。
52.（2023·浙江省杭州第二中学新适应性测试）Over the past 40 years, Du Dejian has received numerous visitors at the library ___36___ he established in his home in Zhangfang village of Yongji, Shanxi province.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在过去的40年里，杜德建在山西省永济市张房村的家中建立了自己的图书馆，接待了无数的参观者。此处为定语从句修饰先行词library，先行词在从句中作宾语，指物，故用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。
53.（2023·湖南省邵阳市第二中月考）Youth Day in China falls on May 4. It originates from the May 4th Movement, ____36____ happened during World War One. China attended the so called “Peace Conference” in Paris as one of the victorious nations.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它起源于发生在第一次世界大战期间的五四运动。分析句子可知，句子为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“May 4th Movement”，指事物，在从句中作主语，故应用关系代词“which”引导从句。故填which。
54.（2023·河北省石家庄市全过程试题）But when I came to the special education school, I even found a completely blind teacher was giving a class, ________ inspired e to work hard to become a special education teacher in the future,” Zhang said.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：但当我来到特殊教育学校时，我甚至发现一个完全失明的老师在给我上课，这激励了我努力学习，将来成为一名特殊教育教师。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是“a completely blind teacher was giving a class”这件事，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
55.（2023·广东省深圳市二调） This is a performance_______requires extraordinary courage, skill and strength.
【答案】which/that
【解析】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：这是一项需要非凡勇气、技巧和力量的表演。先行词为performance, 指物，在定语从句中充当主语成分，从句由关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
56.（2023届湖北省高三5月国度省考模拟测试试题） Having survived many centuries, kites have become one of the country’s representative traditional handicrafts, ________ making techniques were included in the list of China’s national intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) in 2006.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。句意同上题。分析句子可知，空格处为非限制性定语从句引导词，先行词是kites，和making techniques是所属关系，应使用关系代词whose，故填whose。
57.（2023届湖南省长沙市第一中学高三模拟试题） Technological transformation is affecting the way in ________ people learn and children grow.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：技术变革正在影响人们学习和儿童成长的方式。定语从句修饰先行词the way，且the way在从句中作方式状语，故用in which。故填which。
58. (2023届河北省衡水中学高三下学期五调试题）Thousands of years ago, they formed those ancient tea plantations,________ are the best gift that nature has granted us.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：几千年前，他们形成了那些古老的茶园，这是大自然赐予我们最好的礼物。 空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词those ancient tea plantations（指物），从句缺主语，故用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。
59.（2023届浙江省9 1高中联盟年高三5月高考模拟试卷）Among the civilian teams that left for Turkey on Wednesday was Blue Sky Rescue, a nonprofit Chinese civilian organization, ________ members come from provincial-level regions of China.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：见第5题详解。分析句子结构和意思可知，　　　　 members come from provincial-level regions of China是定语从句，先行词organization在从句中作定语，用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
60.（2023届哈尔滨师范大学附属中学高三第三次模拟考试） JongMay thought it was her “Chinese-style princess dream” ________ led her back to China. She launched a company in April aiming for the promotion of traditional Chinese culture through social media videos.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：JongMay认为是她的“中国式公主梦”让她回到了中国。分析句子结构可知，此处为强调句型“it was...that...”，强调的是句子主语“her “Chinese-style princess dream””。故填that。
61.（2023届湖北省高三年级5月份联考试题） These are the famous chime-bells of Marquis Yi of the Zeng State, the largest and most complete set of chime-bells ________ exists today in China.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这是著名的曾侯仪编钟，是中国现存最大、最完整的编钟。根据句子结构可知，该空是定语从句的关系词，先行词chime-bells 指物，在定语从句中作主语，先行词前有最高级修饰，只能用that。故填that。
62.（2023届山东省齐鲁名校大联盟高三三模试题）Becca Rodomsky-Bish,________works at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology in New York, is the project’s leader.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：Becca Rodomsky-Bish在纽约康奈尔鸟类学实验室工作，是该项目的负责人。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“Becca Rodomsky-Bish”，在非限制性定语从句中担当主语，用who。故填who。
63.（河北省石家庄市2023年高三第二学期全过程试题）But when I came to the special education school, I even found a completely blind teacher was giving a class, ________ inspired e to work hard to become a special education teacher in the future,” Zhang said.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：但当我来到特殊教育学校时，我甚至发现一个完全失明的老师在给我上课，这激励了我努力学习，将来成为一名特殊教育教师。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是“a completely blind teacher was giving a class”这件事，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
64.（2023届广东省深圳市高三年级二调试题） This is a performance_______requires extraordinary courage, skill and strength.
【答案】which/that
【解析】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：这是一项需要非凡勇气、技巧和力量的表演。先行词为performance, 指物，在定语从句中充当主语成分，从句由关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
65.（2023年浙江宁波镇海中学测试） To practise calligraphy requires the basic tools of four treasures of study, writing brush, ink stick, paper, and ink slab as well as much concentration on guiding the soft writing brush charged with fluid ink, and writing on the paper________the ink will diffuse (扩散) quickly.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：同上。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词paper，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
66.（2023年浙江省北斗星盟高三5月联考试题）Taiping Kowkui. Every spring foggy days moisten the emerald hillsides, villagers know their harvest will come.
【答案】when
【解析】考查连词。句意：每年春天，当雾气笼罩着翠绿的山坡时，村民们知道他们的收成就要到来了。根据句意可知，此处为连词when“当……时候”引导的时间状语从句，满足句意要求。故填when。

真题演练
2023年

1.【2023年全国乙卷】But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ____43____ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ____44____ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.s
【43题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。这里为定语从句的关系代词，先行词为“a place”，在定语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
【44题详解】
考查名词。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式；根据下文的“historical buildings of the past”可知，空处为名词的复数形式。故填wonders。
2.【2023年全国乙卷】The color she choose came in a box which had a picture of a woman that hair color looked just perfect.
3.考查时态。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是定语从句的谓语动词，由上文Last Friday可知，应用一般过去时。故choose改为chose。
4.考查定语从句。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是woman，关系词在从句中作hair的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故that改为whose。
3.【2023年全国甲卷】“There was once a town in the heart of America, ___44___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, ___45___ (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.
【44题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
【45题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式。逻辑主语her fable与borrow之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填borrowing。
4.【2023年全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ___43___ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”...
【43题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。
5. 【2023年全国甲卷】 She even played some recordings of their singing, what was fun.
7.考查定语从句。句意：她甚至播放了一些它们唱歌的录音，这很有趣。此处非限制性定语从句修饰singing，从句缺少主语，指物，在故what改为which。
7.【2023年北京卷】Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, ____18____ thousands were attending a water conference.
【18题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。

2022年


1.【2022新高考I卷】The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
答案：that
解析：考查定语从句关系词。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句，先行词等于关系词，设空处在从句中作指物的主语，先行词为species，且先行词前为all修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。
2【2022全国甲卷】On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, _________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
答案：who
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。分析句子结合句意可知，此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词为Cao Shengkang，指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。
3【2022年浙江1月】Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics __________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
答案：that/who
解析：考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。
4. 【2022年北京卷】That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____18____ are only good for one use.
18.考查定语从句。句意：这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子，其中大多数（东西）只有一种用途。分析可知，most of ______are only good for one use在句中为非限制性定语从句；先行词为cups, bottles, and bags，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以此处用关系代词which。故填which。
5. 【2022年全国乙卷】They often run at high speeds, what may put our lives in danger.
8.考查定语从句关系词。句意：它们经常高速行驶，这可能会危及我们的生命。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的一句话，在从句中做主语，应用which 引导。故将what改为which。
5. 【2022年天津卷第二次】Guide books are prepared to suit the convenience of the traveler, ________ routes round a city or a site are often suggested.
A. for which B. with which
C. for whom D. with whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：旅游指南是为了给游客提供方便的，里面为游客建议了参观一个城市或景点的线路。分析句子成分可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词traveler；结合句意，路线是给游客提供、为了游客而给出的建议，故需要用介词for表示“给……”，先行词为人，故for后用whom。故选C项。

2021年

1.【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷】I decided that if I learned of a company____59____ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
【59题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构， ____4____ used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which或that。
2.【2021.1 浙江卷】BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool      2      gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
【答案】that 或 which
【解析】考查关系代词。句意：BMI是全球公认的表示体重是否处于健康状态的测量工具。分析句子结构可知gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.是BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool的定语从句，先行词为tool, 故答案为that/which。
3.【2021年北京卷】Dreams might be a side effect of memory making. When you sleep,your brain sorts through everything ____12____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories.
【12题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。
4.【2021年北京卷】The poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about ____15____ she lived．
【15题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：这个可怜的老妇人不能说清楚她住在哪里。介词about后是宾语从句，根据句意，此处用where“在哪里；……的地方”符合句意，从句中作地点状语，故填where。
2．【2021年天津卷第一次】William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。
3. 【2021年天津卷第二次】In the spring, a season ________ we are 1earning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：春天是我们学习新的生活节奏的季节，许多人在大自然中找到了舒适感。此处a season是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，定语从句由关系副词when引导。故选A。
4.【2021.3 天津卷 】At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands            artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A.where B.which C. that D. when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意︰在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分结构可知，stands作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故选：A。
5.【2021年天津卷第一次】At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A．where B．which C．that D．when
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分可知，stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands 在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故选A。

2020年

1.【2020年新课标Ⅰ】Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63. it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
63. 考查定语从句。句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
2.【2020年新课标Ⅱ】Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.
1.考查非限制性定语从句。句意：谢谢你的来信，你的信真正让我开心。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what改为which.
3.【2020年新课标Ⅲ】In ancient China lived an artist61. paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud.
61. 考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
4.【2020年新课标Ⅲ】But he insists on us eating healthy food. Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.
【答案】
第九处：考查代词。句意：但是她坚持让我们吃健康的食物。文中指“我的妈妈”，是女性，所以he改成she。
第十处：考查定语从句。句意：出于对妈妈好意的理解，我满怀感激地吃着妈妈提供的所有食物。这里含有一个定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，可用that或which，先行词被all所修饰，只能使用that，不能使用which，且what不能引导定语从句，所以what改成that。
5.【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷（山东卷）】 The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38. (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39. opened in 1759.
38. 考查动词时态。句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语in1759可知，应使用一般过去时。故填formed。
39. 考查定语从句。句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
6.【2020年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷(海南卷)】The Digital World is a set of volumes____40____aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
【40题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：《数字世界》是一套旨在描述数字系统如何影响社会并帮助读者理解数字系统的本质及其众多交互部分的丛书。句中先行词为volumes，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填that/which。
7. 【2020年天津卷第一次】Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990 s, ____________he gave it to his grandson.
A. which B. when C. where D. who
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：史密斯先生一直拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，他把它送给了孙子。句中包含定语从句，先行词是the early 1990 s，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when引导。故选B。
8.【2020年江苏卷】 Many lessons are now available online, from _____ students can choose for free.
A. whose B. which C. when D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。故选B。

2019年

1.【2019年全国卷 Ⅰ】One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
第二处：【解析】考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。
2.【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les. Her years of hard work have
62. 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。
3.【2019年全国卷III】They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals.
64.who【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
4.【2019年全国卷III】 In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
第六处：【解析】考查代词的用法。customers是句子的主语，故把 yourselves改为 themselves。
第七处：【解析】考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故 把what改为that/which。
5.【2019年北京卷】The students benefitting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life. taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源).
9.考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。
6.【2019年浙江卷6月】Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways, A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform. On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___gives off light in the dark.
58. that/which 【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。
7..【2019年江苏卷】We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
21.C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。 故选C。
8.【2019年天津卷】Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
A. why B. where
C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，故选B。