2024年高考英语一轮复习考点精讲精练（全国通用）第29讲阅读理解议论文（Word版附解析）

这是一份2024年高考英语一轮复习考点精讲精练（全国通用）第29讲阅读理解议论文（Word版附解析），共23页。试卷主要包含了 三年真题议论文考点细目表， 命题规律及备考策略等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第29讲 阅读理解议论文（核心考点精讲精练）


1. 三年真题议论文考点细目表
时间
卷次
主题语境
字数
题型分类
2023年
新高考I卷
/
/
/
新高考II卷
/
/
/
全国甲卷
/
/
/
全国乙卷
人与社会：物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性
343+131
2个推理判断题
1个主旨大意题
1个词义猜测题
北京卷
/
/
/
浙江卷
/
/
/
天津卷
/
/
/
2022年
新高考I卷
/
/
/
新高考II卷
/
/
/
全国甲卷
人与社会：悉尼发展中面临的问题
342+152
1个细节理解题
2个推理判断题
1个主旨大意题
全国乙卷
/
/
/
北京卷
人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？
400+109
1个细节理解题
1个推理判断题
1个主旨大意题
1个词义猜测题
浙江卷
/
+
/
天津卷
人与社会：美好生活的秘诀

403+194
3个细节理解题
2个推理判断题
2021年
新高考I卷
/
/
/
新高考II卷
/
/
/
全国甲卷
人与社会：“天才”有很多种形式
295+123
1个细节理解题
2个推理判断题
1个主旨大意题
全国乙卷
人与社会：固定电话是非必需品
326+120
2个推理判断题
1个主旨大意题
1个词义猜测题
北京卷
人与自然：人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境
480+189
1个细节理解题
2个推理判断题
1个主旨大意题
浙江卷 1月卷
/
/
/
浙江卷 6月卷
/
/
/

天津卷（第一次）
1） 人与自我：我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点
2） 人与社会：要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家
1）408+214
2）409+211
1)2个细节理解题
2个推理判断题
1个词义猜测题
2)2个细节理解题
2个推理判断题
1个主旨大意题
天津卷（第二次）
/
/
/

2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意题为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
【备考策略】
在阅读解题时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。通常来说，议论文会采用三段论式结构。首段会通过一个故事或对某种现象的描述来引入话题，明确论点；接下来是文章的主体部分，会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证，常用的论证方法有举例、引用和对比，这一部分要注意作者选用的论据，它们往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应，同时还要留意论证的方法；文章的最后一段是结论部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么结论。在通读全文并了解文章的结构和内容后再阅读试题，到文章中去找相对应的信息，比如事实、观点、作者真正的意图和结论等。

议论文结构特点
写法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我认为
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，回答（解决）问题
写法三：论点，理由（证据），重申论点。
【命题预测】
从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2024年高考议论文阅读理解可能会出现且会继续考查考生快速而准确地获取和理解文中具体细节信息的能力， 对文章信息的判断能力以及对文章的整体感知能力。



议论文的文体分析
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。

议
论
文
文
章
类
型
演绎论证议论文
是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。
归纳论证议论文
是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。
比较论证议论文
是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。
命题
要点
由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。
解
题
技
巧
1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。
2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。
3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。
做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。

议论文长常考题型之一主旨大意题

[常见设问形式]
1．标题类常见的题干：①The best title/headline for this passage might be ________.②What is the best title for the passage？③Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?
2．大意类常见的题干：①This passage chiefly deals with ________.②What's the topic of the article? ③What is the subject discussed in the text? ④What is the main idea of the...paragraph/the passage?

1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3．精确性强，不会改变语言表达的程度及色彩。

1．过于笼统，不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容
2．以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点
3．移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案
4．无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中提到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系


考点一 段落大意题

【2023年全国乙卷D片段】If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： first paragraph mainly about
Step 2 定位信息源：根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。
Step 3 得出答案：_______A_________
[技巧点拨]
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。



（2023·山东·山东省实验中学校考二模）Danone Portugal introduced a new yogurt named Juntos. For every pack of yogurt that a person bought, he would donate yogurt to a family in need. Danone had done its research. Increasingly, people say they want to buy from brands that give them a sense of purpose. Surely a yogurt that helped the needy would be appealing. But Juntos was a failure. Despite sinking millions into a marketing campaign, Danone pulled Juntos from the market only months after it was launched. Now the same product is simply marketed as a tasty yogurt.
What happened? To find the reason behind Juntos’ failure, Lawrence Williams and his colleagues did an experiment where they showed people some products and asked these people to pick one option. They reminded some to focus on the “purposeful and valuable” aspect while others were told to “enjoy themselves” and focus on “delight and pleasure.” They found that participants who prioritized meaning preferred the less expensive product when compared with people who put pleasure in the first place.
So why were meaning-seekers cheaping out? Lawrence Williams asked participants to explain their decision-making to find out. He learned that meaning-oriented people were not thinking about how the product they might buy could bring meaning to their lives. Instead, they were occupied with what else they could do with their money.
I am all for people making wise and strategic financial choices. But cheap products can create many problems. Inexpensive options often do not last as long as the higher-end ones. As a result, we shop more often, which is ultimately worse for our wallets. Plus, that spending pattern can do a greater damage to the environment. Thanks in part to fast fashion, people buy 60 percent more clothing today than they did 15 years ago. The fashion industry alone emits more greenhouse gases than international flights and maritime (海洋的) shipping combined.
So before you dive into your wallet for some deals, try not to fix only on what you are spending or saving. Think carefully about what you are buying, too.
56．What is the main reason for the failure of Juntos?
A．It ignored marketing strategies. B．It priced itself relatively high.
C．It lacked a particularly good taste. D．It focused on delight and pleasure.
57．What can be inferred about meaning seekers?
A．They frequent high-end stores. B．They think products extend their lives.
C．They hesitate to make decisions. D．They make more purchases with money.
58．How is Paragraph 4 mainly developed?
A．By giving some examples. B．By listing numbers and data.
C．By explaining reasons. D．By making some comparisons.
59．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．Innovation: a Product’s Life B．To Buy or not to Buy
C．Meaning seekers or Quality-pursuers D．Fast Fashion: a Hit to Your Wallet
【答案】56．B 57．D 58．C 59．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章就通过消费来做有意义的事情，到底应该买贵的还是廉价的产品进行讨论。
56．细节理解题。根据第一段“Increasingly, people say they want to buy from brands that give them a sense of purpose. Surely a yogurt that helped the needy would be appealing. But Juntos was a failure. (越来越多的人表示，他们想从那些给他们目标感的品牌那里购买。当然，帮助穷人的酸奶会很有吸引力。但Juntos是个失败者。)”和第二段“What happened? To find the reason behind Juntos’ failure, Lawrence Williams and his colleagues did an experiment where they showed people some products and asked these people to pick one option. They reminded some to focus on the “purposeful and valuable” aspect while others were told to “enjoy themselves” and focus on “delight and pleasure.” They found that participants who prioritized meaning preferred the less expensive product when compared with people who put pleasure in the first place. (发生了什么事?为了找出Juntos失败的原因，Lawrence Williams和他的同事们做了一个实验，他们向人们展示了一些产品，并让这些人选择一种。他们提醒一些人专注于“有目的和有价值”的方面，而另一些人则被告知“享受自己”，专注于“快乐和乐趣”。他们发现，与把快乐放在首位的人相比，把意义放在首位的人更喜欢便宜的产品。)”可知，越来越多的人想从那些给他们目标感的品牌那里购买（即购买便宜的产品），Juntos失败的主要原因是它的定价相对较高，所以买的人少，最后失败了。故选B。
57．推理判断题。根据第三段“So why were meaning-seekers cheaping out? Lawrence Williams asked participants to explain their decision-making to find out. He learned that meaning-oriented people were not thinking about how the product they might buy could bring meaning to their lives. Instead, they were occupied with what else they could do with their money. (那么，为什么寻求意义的人要买便宜的东西呢?为了找出答案，劳伦斯·威廉姆斯要求参与者解释他们的决策。他了解到，以意义为导向的人不会考虑他们可能购买的产品如何给他们的生活带来意义。相反，他们专注于思考自己的钱能带来什么其他东西。)”可推测意义追求者专注于用钱买更多的东西，故选D。
58．推理判断题。根据第四段“I am all for people making wise and strategic financial choices. But cheap products can create many problems. Inexpensive options often do not last as long as the higher-end ones. As a result, we shop more often, which is ultimately worse for our wallets. Plus, that spending pattern can do a greater damage to the environment. (我完全支持人们做出明智和战略性的财务选择。但是廉价的产品会产生很多问题。便宜的选择通常不会像高端的选择持续那么久。结果，我们更频繁地购物，这最终对我们的钱包更不利。此外，这种消费模式会对环境造成更大的破坏。)”可推断作者通过解释买廉价的产品会产生很多问题的原因来发展第四段，故选C。
59．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第四段“I am all for people making wise and strategic financial choices. But cheap products can create many problems. Inexpensive options often do not last as long as the higher-end ones. As a result, we shop more often, which is ultimately worse for our wallets. Plus, that spending pattern can do a greater damage to the environment. (我完全支持人们做出明智和战略性的财务选择。但是廉价的产品会产生很多问题。便宜的选择通常不会像高端的选择持续那么久。结果，我们更频繁地购物，这最终对我们的钱包更不利。此外，这种消费模式会对环境造成更大的破坏。)”和最后一段“So before you dive into your wallet for some deals, try not to fix only on what you are spending or saving. Think carefully about what you are buying, too. (所以，在你为一些交易掏腰包之前，尽量不要只关注你花了多少钱或存了多少钱。也要仔细考虑你要买的东西。)”可知文章主要是对通过消费来做有意义的事情，到底应该买贵的还是廉价的产品进行讨论，C选项“意义追求者还是品质追求者”符合文章主旨，故选C。

考点二 文章大意题

3个做法4个窍门，快速确定文章大意
一、文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心思想的基础上的。具体做法是：
1．找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。
2．文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要分步提炼，然后再进一步加工概括。
3．观察全文的结构安排，区别文章的“核心”和“支撑性细节”。核心是概括性的、理论性的；支撑性细节是碎片化的、事例性的。事例是为理论性的“核心”服务的，“核心”即是文章的主题。
二、用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等。

（2023·广东·校联考模拟预测）When we are born, we are perfect. As we grow, we develop many complexities due to many influences in our lives. Our brain collects and saves all kinds of information from the moment we are born. Apart from our brain having memory, cells in our body have their own memory, meaning that our body stores memories, both physiological and psychological. We are complex emotional beings in nature compared with any other living things.
Apparently, physical and psychological memories strongly influence our emotions! Interestingly, we can create, store, and release emotions like energy. Moreover, if we do not process our negative emotions properly and suppress (压制) them for a long time, they can find a way out violently and unexpectedly. Unfortunately, we carry our guilt throughout our lives putting the ever-increasing burden on our shoulders.
Both guilt and anger are useless for us. Therefore, one may ask: is there a way to put down the burden from our shoulders? It is possible, indeed. Importantly, since our guilt and anger inside us are neither released nor given attention, they are stored. Actually, we should take action to address our negative emotions in order to remove them from our system. We cannot just wish them away.
In fact, by acknowledging their presence and providing a channel for them, we can dissolve our emotions gradually. Is there a better way to unload our burden? Luckily, we have a natural gift for processing our feelings and emotions-forgiveness.
Indeed, forgiving ourselves is a great way to dissolve negative emotions. Of course, we should also learn to readily forgive others, and when we learn to forgive ourselves, we also naturally forgive others.
In summary, it is no good carrying our years of emotional baggage. By forgiving, we can throw away the emotional baggage we carry for years. Forgive your past mistakes. The moment you start forgiving, you will feel relieved and years of heaviness will lift magically!
32．What’s the main idea of this passage?
A．Learning to forgive helps people unload their psychological burden
B．Forgiving is the best way for people to dissolve negative emotions
C．Forgiving ourselves is the first step of forgiving others
D．Being energetic and optimistic leads to a happier life
【答案】A
32．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“In summary, it is no good carrying our years of emotional baggage. By forgiving, we can throw away the emotional baggage we carry for years. (总之，带着我们多年的情感包袱是没有用的。通过宽恕，我们可以扔掉多年来背负的情感包袱。)”可知，本文主要讲述了要学会原谅会帮助我们释放情绪所带来的负担。故A选项“Learning to forgive helps people unload their psychological burden(学会原谅可以帮助人们卸下心理负担)”概括文章大意。故选A。

（2023·重庆·重庆巴蜀中学校考模拟预测）“I know when to go out, and when to stay in.”, English rock star David Bowie once confidently sang in his hit single. When it comes to consuming food, the decisiveness claimed by the singer-songwriter is hard to achieve. I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better to eat out than to order home delivery.
To begin with, when setting foot in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted not only by a server ready to seat us, but by a flood of physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decoration of the place, the nose breathes in the pleasant smell of expertly plated food and the ears pick up on competing sounds of customer chatter and attractive in-store music. To eat out is to experience an atmosphere unique to each restaurant. Something as special as that simply can’t be reproduced by ordering home delivery. Eating out is, without doubt, the more exciting and thus better choice.
Eating out becomes even more appealing when staying home proves too painful. Whether it is because we need a temporary fight from our family or that we simply want to spend some quality time outside with loved ones, going out for a meal can be a break from the hard labour of domestic living.
We could take it as an opportunity for self-care—to treat ourselves by dressing up, arriving in style at a fancy restaurant and ordering a slightly more luxurious meal to refresh our weary soul. Ordering home delivery would only contribute to feelings of being penned in while; eating out is an escape for the trapped individual. Food delivery app users reason it’s a trouble and less convenient to dress up and eat out.
However, it’s worth noting we may not always get our food in the most satisfactory condition when opting for home delivery. There’s a risk of receiving food orders with missing items or even entirely wrong orders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice for convenience might just wind up being inconvenient. Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.
52．What does the author mainly talk about?
A．Dining options. B．Cuisine culture.
C．Consumption level. D．Food categories.
53．What advantage of eating out is highlighted in paragraph 2?
A．Quality service. B．Comfort and convenience.
C．Sensory enjoyment. D．A reasonable mix of nutrition.
54．What does the author think of ordering home delivery?
A．It’s quite pricey. B．It may let consumers down.
C．It may cause food waste. D．It’s not environmental-friendly.
55．How is the text developed?
A．By providing examples. B．By following space order.
C．By making comparisons. D．By analyzing mental processes.
【答案】52．A 53．C 54．B 55．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者将“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，告诉读者“在外面吃饭”是更好的选择。
52．推理判断题。根据第一段关键句“I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better to eat out than to order home delivery.”（我不同意这种说法，并认为在外面吃饭比点外卖送到家要好。）和最后一段关键句“Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.”（因此，在外就餐更有意义，而不是冒着失望的风险点外卖送到家。）可知，作者在文章中把“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，认为在外就餐更有意义。由此可知，作者主要谈论了用餐选择问题。故选A项。
53．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“To begin with, when setting foot in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted not only by a server ready to seat us, but by a flood of physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decoration of the place, the nose breathes in the pleasant smell of expertly plated food and the ears pick up on competing sounds of customer chatter and attractive in-store music.”（首先，当我们走进一家餐厅时，迎接我们的不仅是一位准备让我们就座的服务员，还有一种洪流般的身体感觉——眼睛注视着餐厅的内部装饰，鼻子呼吸着精心烹制的食物的怡人气味，耳朵听到顾客相互竞争的聊天声和吸引人的店内音乐。）可知，第二段强调了外出就餐可以让眼睛、鼻子和耳朵等感官都获得享受。由此可知，第二段强调了外出就餐的好处是可以获得感官上的享受。故选C项。
54．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“There’s a risk of receiving food orders with missing items or even entirely wrong orders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice for convenience might just wind up being inconvenient. Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.”（收到的食品订单有丢失的风险，甚至是无法退回的完全错误的订单。我们为了方便而牺牲的东西最终可能会变得不方便。因此，在外就餐更有意义，而不是冒着失望的风险点外卖送到家。）可知，作者认为点外卖面临着订单丢失或订单错误的风险，这会让我们感到失望。由此可知，作者认为点外卖送到家可能会让消费者失望。故选B项。
55．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“To eat out is to experience an atmosphere unique to each restaurant. Something as special as that simply can’t be reproduced by ordering home delivery.”（外出就餐是为了体验每一家餐厅特有的氛围。像这样特别的东西根本无法通过点外卖送到家来复制。）和第三段关键句“Eating out becomes even more appealing when staying home proves too painful.”（当待在家里太痛苦时，外出就餐变得更有吸引力。）可知，作者将“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，告诉读者“在外面吃饭”的好处。由此可知，文章是通过比较发展起来的。故选C项。

考点三 标题归纳题
理解标题的三大特点，巧用三大方法确定文章标题。
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。

【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
【答案】 34. D
34.【解析】 主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。

（2023·福建泉州·泉州五中校考一模）Technology seems to discourage slow reading. Reading on screens tires eyes easily. So online writing is more skimmable than print. The neuroscientist Mary Walt argued this “new norm” of skim reading is producing “an invisible, dramatic transformation” in how readers process words. And brains now favor rapid absorption of information, rather than skills developed by deeper reading, like critical analysis.
We shouldn’t overplay this danger. All readers skim. Skimming is the skill we acquire as we learn to read more skillfully. And fears about declining attention spans have proved to be false alarms. “Some critics worry about attention span and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline, ” The American author Selvin wrote. “But nobody ever said poems were evidence of short attention spans. ”
Yet the Internet has certainly changed the way we read. First, it means there’s more to read, because more people than ever are writing. And digital writing means rapid release and response. Once published, online articles start forming a comment string underneath. Such mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun, but is probably lacking in profound reflection.
Perhaps we should slow down. Reading is constantly promoted as a source of personal achievement. But this advocacy emphasizes “enthusiastic” or “eager” reading — neither suggest slow absorption. To a slow reader, a piece of writing can only be fully understood by immersing oneself in their slow comprehension of words. The slow reader is like a swimmer who stops counting the number of pool laps he’s done and just enjoys how his body feels and moves in water.
The human need for this kind of deep reading is too determined for any new technology to destroy. We often assume technological change can’t be stopped, so older media are kicked out by newer, more virtual forms. In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle hasn’t killed off printed books any more than cars killed off bicycles. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading.
1．What is the author’s attitude towards Selvin’s opinion?
A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Objective.
2．Which statement would the author probably agree with?
A．Advocacy of passionate reading helps promote slow reading.
B．Digital writing and reading tends to ignore careful reflection.
C．We should be aware of the impact skimming has on the brain.
D．The number of Internet readers declines due to technology.
3．Why is “swimmer” mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．To demonstrate how to immerse oneself in thought.
B．To stress swimming differs from reading.
C．To show slow reading is better than fast reading.
D．To illustrate what slow reading is like.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．Slow Reading is Here to Stay
B．Technology Prevents Slow Reading
C．Reflections on Deep Reading
D．The Wonder of Deep Reading
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者从各角度就科技对阅读的影响阐述了自己的观点并推崇慢速阅读。
1．推理判断题。由文章第二段“We shouldn’t overplay this danger. All readers skim. Skimming is the skill we acquire as we learn to read more skillfully. And fears about declining attention spans have proved to be false alarms. ‘Some critics worry about attention span and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline,’ The American author Selvin wrote. ‘But nobody ever said poems were evidence of short attention spans. ’(我们不应该夸大这种危险。所有读者都会略读。略读是我们在学习更熟练地阅读时获得的技能。事实证明，对注意力持续时间下降的担忧是虚惊一场。美国作家Selvin写道，‘一些评论家担心注意力持续时间，认为短篇小说是文化衰落的标志，但从来没有人说诗歌是注意力持续时间短的证据’。)”可知，作者是赞成Selvin的观点，诗歌就是注意力持续时间短但文化丰富的深度阅读，所以对阅读注意力持续时间下降的担忧是没有必要的。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。由文章第三段“Once published, online articles start forming a comment string underneath. Such mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun, but is probably lacking in profound reflection.(一旦发表，在线文章就开始在下面形成一个评论字符串。这种写作和阅读模式可以是互动和有趣的，但可能缺乏深刻的反思。)”可知，作者认为在线写作和阅读往往忽视仔细思考。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。由文章第四段“To a slow reader, a piece of writing can only be fully understood by immersing oneself in their slow comprehension of words. The slow reader is like a swimmer who stops counting the number of pool laps he's done and just enjoys how his body feels and moves in water.(对于一个慢读者来说，只有沉浸在他们对单词的缓慢理解中，才能完全理解一篇文章。阅读速度慢的人就像一个游泳运动员，他不再计算自己在游泳池里跑了多少圈，只是享受自己的身体在水中的感觉和运动。)”可知，一个游泳运动员不再计算自己在游泳池里跑了多少圈，只是享受自己的身体在水中的感觉和运动，作者提到游泳运动员是为了说明慢速阅读是什么样的。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。由文章最后一段“In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle hasn't killed off printed books any more than cars killed off bicycles. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading.(在实践中，旧技术可以与新技术共存。Kindle并没有像汽车杀死自行车一样杀死印刷书籍。我们仍然想享受慢慢形成的想法和精心挑选的词语。即使在一个快速发展的时代，也有时间慢慢阅读。)”以及上文可知，作者就科技对阅读的影响阐述自己的观点并认为在快速发展的时代中，我们仍然可以享受慢速阅读。所以A项Slow Reading is Here to Stay(慢读还是存在的)符文文意。故选A项。




过关检测
（2023·湖南郴州·校联考模拟预测）It’s unlikely that you come home from a trip and stand on top of your bed still wearing your street shoes. For some travellers, putting their suitcase on their bed is just as disgusting (令人反感的). The wheels of our luggage paced the same soiled path as our shoes, rolling through airport bathrooms, sidewalks and public transportation.
While it might sound terrible to put a worldly bag on your bed, is it actually harmful to your health? According to Phyllis Kozarsky, an expert travel health consultant, most public health professionals don’t consider luggage a major transmitter (传播者) of disease.
“We have not identified outbreaks related to dirty luggage,” Kozarsky says. Travellers may benefit from cleaning their luggage if they suspect that their hotel rooms are overrun with bedbugs. “Then they certainly would benefit by cleaning it after they returned home,” Kozarsky says.
Even if your luggage touching your bed won’t hurt you, you might still be disgusted. After all, travel is an experience full of bacteria. “You have people... carrying all types of different bacteria. Some of them are sick, and you now have them populating these public travel places,” says Colleen Costello, CEO of Vital Vio, a company that makes antibacterial LED lights. Your fellow travellers have to touch all the same things you have to touch, from the TSA checkpoint to the airplane, the train ticketing machine to the handrail in your train car.
For peace of mind, Costello recommends giving your bag a quick disinfection or storing it on a luggage shelf. Of course, you could go beyond disinfecting your luggage wheels and clean thoroughly the rest of your travel experience — the airplane tray table, hotel room door and remote control.
But Kozarsky doesn’t guarantee that lifestyle. “It’s hard to keep up with every doorhandle, every railing,” Kozarsky says. “You can become a little neurotic (神经质的) that way.”
5．What’s the function of the first paragraph?
A．To predict the conclusion. B．To present the argument.
C．To introduce the topic. D．To describe the phenomenon.
6．What does Kozarsky convey by explaining the luggage-cleaning case?
A．Luggage touching your bed won’t hurt you. B．Luggage spreads disease through your bed.
C．It’s a must to clean your luggage after travelling. D．Travellers should be careful of on-way dangers.
7．How does Costello support his opinion?
A．By giving examples. B．By stating facts.
C．By making comparisons. D．By listing figures.
8．What does Kozarsky think of Costello’s suggestion?
A．It has gone too far. B．It’s absolutely worthless.
C．It sounds somewhat reasonable. D．It’s worth taking into consideration.
【答案】5．C 6．A 7．B 8．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。跟随主人闯荡多年的行李箱放在床上是否对人体有害？专家对此观点不一。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段“It’s unlikely that you come home from a trip and stand on top of your bed still wearing your street shoes. For some travellers, putting their suitcase on their bed is just as disgusting (令人反感的). The wheels of our luggage paced the same soiled path as our shoes, rolling through airport bathrooms, sidewalks and public transportation.(你不太可能从旅行回到家，还穿着你的街头鞋站在床上。对一些旅行者来说，把行李箱放在床上同样令人恶心。我们的行李轮子和我们的鞋子一样，在机场的浴室、人行道和公共交通工具上滚动着)”以及第二段“While it might sound terrible to put a worldly bag on your bed, is it actually harmful to your health?(虽然把一个世俗的袋子放在床上听起来很可怕，但它真的对你的健康有害吗？)”可推知，第一段的作用是引入文章话题。故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“We have not identified outbreaks related to dirty luggage(我们还没有发现与脏行李有关的疫情)”以及第四段“Even if your luggage touching your bed won’t hurt you, you might still be disgusted.(即使你的行李碰在床上不会伤害到你，你也可能会感到恶心)”可知，科扎斯基通过解释行李清洁案例传达行李碰你的床不会伤害你。故选A。
7．推理判断题。根据第四段““You have people... carrying all types of different bacteria. Some of them are sick, and you now have them populating these public travel places,” says Colleen Costello, CEO of Vital Vio, a company that makes antibacterial LED lights.(“有人……携带各种不同的细菌。他们中的一些人生病了，现在他们在这些公共旅行场所聚集，”生产抗菌LED灯的Vital Vio公司的首席执行官科琳·科斯特洛说)”可推知，科斯特洛通过陈述事实支持他的观点。故选B。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But Kozarsky doesn’t guarantee that lifestyle. “It’s hard to keep up with every doorhandle, every railing,” Kozarsky says. “You can become a little neurotic (神经质的) that way.”(但科扎斯基并不能保证这种生活方式。科扎尔斯基说：“很难跟上每一个门把手、每一条栏杆。那样你会变得有点神经质。”)”可推知，科扎斯基认为科斯特洛的建议有点太过分了。故选A。
（2022·内蒙古包头·包头市第四中学校考模拟预测）Common phrases like “no pains, no gains” give the impression that we ought to be suffering while we study. It’s almost as though the only way to know if we’re putting in enough work is the sense of hardship we bear.
When we haven’t taken the time to come up with another strategy, all we know how to do is shut ourselves in a room with a book. It’s no surprise that we find revision boring and difficult. Just as children learn from playing, we can learn from doing, or at least from study techniques that engage us, rather than make us switch off.
Shutting yourself away can make you learn to hate studying. This leads to a situation where instead of being able to concentrate on your work, you obsess about (唠叨)how unfair it is that you must study. When you feel bitter about your work it’s very difficult to make yourself start, or approach it with enthusiasm. This can be part of a vicious cycle (恶性循环) that traps you into ineffective revision, your poor progress fuelling further bitterness. Just being around other people really helps fight against feelings of loneliness and, thankfully, it’s perfectly possible to work in the company of other people. We just need to learn how to deal with distractions.
It’s not necessary to avoid all company, just idle (懒散的) company. Studying in the same room with someone who is ironing or working out is perfectly possible. People who are bored and looking to be distracted, however, are terrible to work around. They constantly try to keep others in conversation. It’s also a good idea to avoid the company of people engaged in activities that you would rather be doing than studying. Working while sitting next to someone playing video games is much more likely to end with a new high score than a productive few hours of revision. If being around others means working in a noisy environment, a pair of headphones and some background music can block out noises. They also act as a psychological barrier, so that people think twice before interrupting you.
When you’re studying for a big exam, it seems like your whole life is taken up with study. Being in the same room with friends and family can lessen feelings of isolation (孤立). Also connecting with other people makes us happy, so it’s important not to give that up and to make sure that we take the time to socialize.
9．What is the author’s attitude to the saying “no pains, no gains”?
A．Serious. B．Positive C．Negative D．Uncaring.
10．What should you do if you are studying in a noisy environment?
A．Give indication of not wanting to be interrupted.
B．Give up others’ company at once.
C．Think twice before taking any action.
D．Force yourself to be accustomed to the environment.
11．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．Ways to deal with distractions.
B．How to choose a perfect place to study.
C．Learning problems students are faced with.
D．How to focus mind on study.
12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To encourage students to work hard.
B．To introduce effective learning strategies
C．To remind students to balance study and play.
D．To advise students study in the company of others.
【答案】9．C 10．A 11．A 12．B
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。作者不认同“一分耕耘，一分收获”这样的格言警句，因为它们会让人觉得学习的过程就是一个受苦的过程，我们不必把自己关在房间里看书，而学习的环境中有其他人的时候，为了避免学习中无法集中精力而导致恶行循环，作者提供了几个有效的学习策略。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段“Common phrases like ‘no pains, no gains’ give the impression that we ought to be suffering while we study. It’s almost as though the only way to know if we’re putting in enough work is the sense of hardship we bear. (像‘一分耕耘，一分收获’这样的常用语给人的印象是，我们学习时应该受苦。似乎唯一能知道我们是否付出了足够努力的方法就是我们所承受的艰辛感。)”可推知，作者可能认为“一分耕耘，一分收获”这类警句格言给人感觉：学习是件苦差事，这种格言对学习来说不是一个好的励志短语，故作者对这句谚语持否定态度。故选C项。
10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后两句“If being around others means working in a noisy environment, a pair of headphones and some background music can block out noises. They also act as a psychological barrier, so that people think twice before interrupting you. (如果和其他人在一起意味着在嘈杂的环境中工作，一副耳机和一些背景音乐可以屏蔽噪音。它们还会起到心理障碍的作用，让人们在打断你之前三思而后行。)”可知，如果你在一个嘈杂的环境中学习，可以戴上耳机或播放背景音乐，给人以暗示，表示自己不想被打扰。故选A项。
11．主旨大意题。根据第三段最后两句“Just being around other people really helps fight against feelings of loneliness and, thankfully, it’s perfectly possible to work in the company of other people. We just need to learn how to deal with distractions. (和其他人在一起真的有助于对抗孤独感，谢天谢地，在别人的陪伴下工作是完全可能的。我们只需要学会如何处理分心。)”可知，下一段要讲述如何处理分心，第四段“It’s not necessary to avoid all company, just idle (懒散的) company. Studying in the same room with someone who is ironing or working out is perfectly possible. People who are bored and looking to be distracted, however, are terrible to work around. They constantly try to keep others in conversation. It’s also a good idea to avoid the company of people engaged in activities that you would rather be doing than studying. Working while sitting next to someone playing video games is much more likely to end with a new high score than a productive few hours of revision. If being around others means working in a noisy environment, a pair of headphones and some background music can block out noises. They also act as a psychological barrier, so that people think twice before interrupting you. (没有必要避开所有的人，只需要避开闲人。和正在熨衣服或健身的人在同一个房间学习是完全可能的。然而，那些无聊的、想要分心的人是很难相处的。他们总是试图让别人保持谈话。避免和那些从事你更喜欢做的事情而不是学习的人在一起也是一个好主意。与几个小时的复习相比，坐在玩电子游戏的人旁边工作更有可能获得一个新的高分。如果和其他人在一起意味着在嘈杂的环境中工作，一副耳机和一些背景音乐可以屏蔽噪音。它们还会起到心理障碍的作用，让人们在打断你之前三思而后行。)”可知，第四段介绍了几个避免分心的方法，故选A项。
12．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“When we haven’t taken the time to come up with another strategy, all we know how to do is shut ourselves in a room with a book. It’s no surprise that we find revision boring and difficult. Just as children learn from playing, we can learn from doing, or at least from study techniques that engage us, rather than make us switch off. (当我们没有时间想出另一个策略时，我们所知道的就是把自己关在房间里看书。我们发现复习既无聊又困难，这并不奇怪。就像孩子们从玩耍中学习一样，我们也可以从实践中学习，或者至少从让我们投入其中的学习技巧中学习，而不是让我们远离学习。)”，“This can be part of a vicious cycle (恶性循环) that traps you into ineffective revision, your poor progress fuelling further bitterness. Just being around other people really helps fight against feelings of loneliness and, thankfully, it’s perfectly possible to work in the company of other people. We just need to learn how to deal with distractions. (这可能是一个恶性循环的一部分，它会让你陷入无效的复习中，你的不进步会让你更加痛苦。和其他人在一起真的有助于对抗孤独感，谢天谢地，在别人的陪伴下工作是完全可能的。我们只需要学会如何处理分心)”可知，作者认为没有必要把自己一个人关在屋里看书，并介绍了在与其他人共处一个空间时，还依旧能专心读书的几个学习策略。故选B项。
（2023·山西·校联考模拟预测）What do you want from life? Perhaps you want to spend more time with your family, or get a more secure job, or improve your health. But why do you want those things? Chances are that your answer will come down to one thing: Happiness.
Yet there is some evidence that too much pursuit of happiness is associated with a greater risk of depression. Modern conceptions of happiness are primarily practical, focusing on what we might call the techniques of happiness. The concern is not what happiness is, but instead on how to get it.
But maximizing pleasure isn’t the only option. Every human life, even the most fortunate, is filled with pain. Painful loss, painful disappointments, the physical pain of injury or sickness, and the mental pain of long-suffering boredom, loneliness, or sadness. Pain is an unavoidable consequence of being alive. All the good things in life involve suffering. Writing a novel, running a marathon, or giving birth all cause suffering in pursuit of the final, joyous result.
There are other factors as well. In the eyes of Aristotle, we get happiness by exercising our uniquely human capabilities to think and reason. But thinking and reasoning are as much social activities as they are individual. Happiness requires others; it is not an emotional state so much as it is the excellence of the relations we cultivate with other people.
But even that cannot guarantee happiness. Aristotle recognised that our happiness is hostage（人质）to fortune. Events beyond any individual’s control—war, poverty, and global pandemics—will often make happiness impossible. Happiness is not a mental state that can be permanently won, but instead it’s a practice which we hone（磨练）, imperfectly, in circumstances only partly of our making.
Recognizing this will not secure a good life, but it will avoid the illusory（虚幻的）hope of permanent contentment. No life worth living should meet the only standard. Instead, aim with Aristotle to embrace those faults and to flower in spite of them.
13．Where can you find negative effects of focusing too much on “happiness”?
A．In paragraph 2. B．In paragraph 3.
C．In paragraph 4. D．In paragraph 5.
14．How does the author prove that pain is an unavoidable result of being alive?
A．By making comparisons. B．By analyzing causes.
C．By giving examples. D．By telling stories.
15．What is Aristotle’s view on happiness?
A．Happiness is a stable emotional state.
B．Good personal relationships lead to happiness.
C．Taking part in social activities guarantees happiness.
D．Happiness promotes independent thinking and reasoning.
16．What is the text mainly about?
A．Happiness is what humans pursue forever.
B．Happiness lies in the process of pursuing it.
C．Our pursuit of happiness may be imperfect.
D．Depression and happiness are equally important.
【答案】13．A 14．C 15．B 16．C
【导语】本篇是议论文。本文对于幸福的追求究竟是什么进行了阐述。得出的结论是：人们对于幸福的追求并不是完美的。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Yet there is some evidence that too much pursuit of happiness is associated with a greater risk of depression.(然而，有证据表明，过度追求幸福与更大的抑郁风险有关)”可知，在第2段可以找到过于关注“幸福”的负面影响。故选A项。
14．推理判断题。根据第三段“But maximizing pleasure isn’t the only option.  Every human life, even the most fortunate, is filled with pain.  Painful loss, painful disappointments, the physical pain of injury or sickness, and the mental pain of long-suffering boredom, loneliness, or sadness.  Pain is an unavoidable consequence of being alive.  All the good things in life involve suffering.  Writing a novel, running a marathon, or giving birth all cause suffering in pursuit of the final, joyous result.(但是最大化快乐并不是唯一的选择。每个人的生活，即使是最幸运的人，也充满了痛苦。痛苦的损失，痛苦的失望，身体上受伤或生病的痛苦，以及长期忍受无聊、孤独或悲伤的精神痛苦。痛苦是活着不可避免的结果。生活中所有美好的事物都伴随着苦难。写小说、跑马拉松或生孩子，都是为了追求最终的快乐结果而痛苦的)”可知，作者通过举例来证明痛苦是活着不可避免的结果。故选C项。
15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In the eyes of Aristotle, we get happiness by exercising our uniquely human capabilities to think and reason.  But thinking and reasoning are as much social activities as they are individual.  Happiness requires others;  it is not an emotional state so much as it is the excellence of the relations we cultivate with other people.(在亚里士多德看来，我们通过行使人类独特的思考和推理能力来获得幸福。但思考和推理既是个体活动，也是社会活动。幸福需要别人;与其说它是一种情感状态，不如说是我们与他人培养的良好关系)”可知，在亚理士多德看来“幸福并不是个体的情感状态，需要我们与他人培养良好的关系”。故选B项。
16．主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章第一段通过设问的方式引出话题；第二段指出，现如今人们过分追求幸福而产生的负面影响；第三至六段表明，过分追求幸福、将幸福最大化并不会带来真正的快乐。因此，人们对于幸福的追求并不是完美的。故选C。
（2023·四川·校联考模拟预测）Nearly 10,000 protesters came out in support of the Black Lives Matter rally in London. Londoners filled Victoria Park in support of the Black Lives Matter movement against the systemic racism and police brutality (暴行) happening in the United States and Canada.
The Black Lives Matter movement has seen thousands of people across Canada, the United States and the world join together following the death of George Floyd, a black man died in police custody after a white police officer was filmed kneeling on his neck. Floyd’s death in Minneapolis was only the latest in a number of cases of Black men dying while in police custody.
“Racism happens here, it happens to me, it happens to my son, it happens to my friends, and we have just been quiet and silent for far too long,” said Alexandra Kane, a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter London movement. She is hoping that from the Black Lives Matter movements they can see reform and changes within the government so that both Black and Indigenous people are “viewed and treated fairly”. “We want people within our own Black community to know we support each other. We don’t often congregate and come together, but now we can do so safely without the fear of being put into a stereotypical category.”
“I can’t even begin to name all of the times in the 18 years of my life that someone or something has made me feel less than because of the color of my skin,” one of the organizers, Simone Schacht, said when speaking at the rally. Meanwhile, “It disgusts me because we are human beings just like anyone else and we should not be treated differently,” cried 10-year-old Noah.
Nichelle Samuel was there with her husband and daughter in solidarity with her fellow Black Canadians calling for change. “Every time my husband leaves the house, it’s a constant worry something may happen,” she said. “Seeing what happens in the states only kind of effects here on a silent level. I want this rally to let people know this stuff happens silently, and if you see it, you hear it, do something about it.”
17．What does the author indicate to us by the example of Floyd in Paragraph 2?
A．American police are very violent.
B．Floyd’s tragic death was caused by a white cop.
C．People all over the world sympathized with Floyd.
D．Black people have long suffered from racial discrimination.
18．Who was involved in organization of Black Lives Matter rally in London?
A．Nichelle Samuel. B．Alexandra Kane. C．Simone Schacht. D．Noah.
19．What does the underlined word “congregate” probably mean?
A．unite B．defeat C．transform D．congratulate
20．Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A．The government should not be blamed for the failure of white police.
B．The death of Floyd was a trigger for the Black Lives Matter.
C．Discrimination based on skin color is bad but inevitable.
D．Black Lives Matter rally may not work.
【答案】17．D 18．C 19．A 20．B
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。主要介绍了“黑人的命也是命”抗议活动在伦敦的示威情况，以及各位黑人民众的态度。
17．推理判断题。根据第二段“The Black Lives Matter movement has seen thousands of people across Canada, the United States and the world join together following the death of George Floyd, a black man died in police custody after a white police officer was filmed kneeling on his neck. Floyd’s death in Minneapolis was only the latest in a number of cases of Black men dying while in police custody.(在乔治·弗洛伊德死后，“黑人的命也是命”运动在加拿大、美国和世界各地吸引了数千人加入。乔治·弗洛伊德是一名黑人，在被拍到一名白人警察跪在他的脖子上后在警察拘留期间死亡。弗洛伊德在明尼阿波利斯的死亡只是众多黑人在警察拘留期间死亡案例中的最新一例)”可推知，作者在第二段中以弗洛伊德为例向我们表明了黑人长期遭受种族歧视。故选D。
18．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““I can’t even begin to name all of the times in the 18 years of my life that someone or something has made me feel less than because of the color of my skin,” one of the organizers, Simone Schacht, said when speaking at the rally.(“在我生命的18年里，我甚至无法说出所有那些因为我的肤色而让我感到自卑的人或事，”组织者之一Simone Schacht在集会上发言时说)”可知，Simone Schacht参与了伦敦“黑人的命也是命”集会的组织。故选C。
19．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“We want people within our own Black community to know we support each other.(我们希望我们黑人社区的人知道我们互相支持)”以及后文“and come together”可知，and表示并列，可推断是倡议黑人团结在一起。故划线词意思是“团结”。故选A。
20．推理判断题。根据第二段“The Black Lives Matter movement has seen thousands of people across Canada, the United States and the world join together following the death of George Floyd, a black man died in police custody after a white police officer was filmed kneeling on his neck.(在乔治·弗洛伊德死后，“黑人的命也是命”运动在加拿大、美国和世界各地吸引了数千人加入。乔治·弗洛伊德是一名黑人，在被拍到一名白人警察跪在他的脖子上后在警察拘留期间死亡)”可推知，作者认为弗洛伊德的死引发了“黑人的命也是命”运动。故选B。
（2022·四川凉山·统考三模）What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear the word “hero” ? Is it someone who wears a cape and can fly in the air? There are onscreen heroes like the superheroe in Avengers, and there are also everyday heroes in our lives.
Whether they’re championship athletes, groundbreaking scientists, programmers changing the world with a keyboard, firefighters rushing into burning buildings, artists creating amazing images, or rescue dogs searching for signs of life, they can be descried as “heroes”.
But what makes a person a hero?
In general, a hero is someone selfless, courageous and brave. These qualities drive heroes to help others in times of need, even if they are scared. You can count on them to be there for you if something bad happens.
“The people that we set up as heroes are people that generally go above and beyond the call of the duty. They do things that are extraordinary,” said Nick Carden, a psychologist at the AAPPHC Renaissance Center in the US.
However, why are some people heroic? Nick Carden said that heroes are made. “They probably are people that have been influenced by and have been helped by or have been modeled or raised to have those as values.”
Ordinary people—just like you and me—are heroes in their own way, simply just by doing their part for their families and communities. Cleaners, journalists, nurses, and bus drivers—the list goes on and on.
These ordinary people help keep order in our day-to-day lives. And, sometimes, when there are emergencies, they show courage and bravery to help complete strangers in need.
Being a hero is a universal attribute(属性) of human nature. “The decision to act heroically is a choice that many of us will be called upon to make at some point in time. Heroism becomes something that seems in the range of possibilities for every person, perhaps inspiring more of us to answer the call,” heroism researchers Zeno Franco and Philip Zimbardo wrote in Greater Good Magazine.
Most importantly, try to become your own hero. Be courageous, honest and a person with integrity. Once you are your own hero, you can truly do anything you set your mind to.
21．Which of the following can be described as a hero?
A．A guide dog accompanying its blind owner.
B．A painter creating artwork worth millions of dollars.
C．A scientist developing a medicine having some side effects.
D．A programmer developing something decreasing working efficiency.
22．What kind of person should a hero be?
A．Brave and reliable. B．Selfish and honest.
C．Courageous and stubborn. D．Aggressive and handsome.
23．What is Nick Carden’s opinion about heroes?
A．They do brave things based on their responsibilities.
B．They can do great things beyond people’s expectations.
C．They are different from people because of extraordinary abilities.
D．They do great things to help others even if no one requires them to do so.
24．What is the author most likely to talk about next?
A．Why integrity is important for our life.
B．The most important qualities of heroes.
C．Figures we can learn from to become heroes.
D．Things we can do to become our own heroes.
【答案】21．B 22．A 23．D 24．D
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要讲述使一个人成为英雄需要的品质，并呼吁大家要努力成为自己的英雄。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Whether they’re championship athletes, groundbreaking scientists, programmers changing the world with a keyboard, firefighters rushing into burning buildings, artists creating amazing images, or rescue dogs searching for signs of life, they can be descried as “heroes”. (无论他们是冠军运动员、突破性的科学家、用键盘改变世界的程序员、冲进燃烧的建筑物的消防员、创造惊人图像的艺术家，还是寻找生命迹象的救援犬，他们都可以被描述为“英雄”。)”可知，创造价值数百万的画的艺术家是属于英雄行列的人。故选B。
22．细节理解题。根据第四段“In general, a hero is someone selfless, courageous and brave. These qualities drive heroes to help others in times of need, even if they are scared. You can count on them to be there for you if something bad happens. (一般来说，英雄是无私、勇敢和勇敢的人。这些品质驱使英雄在需要的时候帮助他人，即使他们害怕。如果发生不好的事情，你可以指望他们会在你身边。)”可知，英雄是无私、勇敢的人，是可以让人信赖的人。故选A。
23．推理判断题。根据第五段““The people that we set up as heroes are people that generally go above and beyond the call of the duty. They do things that are extraordinary,” said Nick Carden, a psychologist at the AAPPHC Renaissance Center in the US. (美国AAPPHC文艺复兴中心的心理学家尼克·卡登说：“我们塑造的英雄们通常都是超越职责的人。他们做的事情非同寻常。”)”可知，尼克·卡登认为，即使没有人要求，英雄也会作伟大的事情。故选D。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Most importantly, try to become your own hero. Be courageous, honest and a person with integrity. Once you are your own hero, you can truly do anything you set your mind to. (最重要的是，努力成为自己的英雄。勇敢、诚实、正直。一旦你成为自己的英雄，你就可以真正做任何你想做的事情。)”可知，作者接下来要谈论如何成为自己的英雄。故选D。
（2023·福建福州·福建省福州第一中学校考三模）We’ve all been there. It has been a long day, there is nothing in the fridge, cooking seems arduous and the solution is obvious: takeaway. It’s easy for takeaways to become a regular habit. At some point, you have to wonder: even if you don’t look different in the mirror, is it doing you any harm?
There is some evidence that too many takeaways is linked to weight gain, but the relationship isn’t clear. A 2022 study found a connection between eating takeaway-style food in the 24 hours before taking the survey and increased BMI in participants, although the researchers were careful to point out that they didn’t know whether frequently eating takeaways made people overweight, or whether overweight people frequently eat takeaways. There is, however, evidence that simply living near(or walking past)a takeaway outlet or two can have an impact on body weight, with exposure to outlets near the workplace, most likely to tempt people.
But why? Well, takeaway food tends to be high in fat and salt - ingredients that are relatively cheap and taste good, making you more likely to reorder. There is also some evidence that junk food can be addictive, as the combination of salt, fat and sugar makes it hard to stop eating.
There is also the nutritional quality of the ingredients themselves. “Most takeaways contain highly processed ingredients and additives, nutrient-poor carbohydrates and plenty of deep-fried foods cooked in oil repeatedly heated to high temperatures, says Pearson.
So, what is the message? If you must place that order, consider the options:
The worst offenders on any menu are likely to be fried foods, or anything covered in high-sugar sauces. If you order Chinese food, go for steamed dumplings, grilled fish or soup. If you are going for Indian food, go heavy on the side dishes, like bean and potato curries, which are often more flavourful and healthy.
Finally, try to cut your consumption: consider switching your daily routes, hide the menus, and delete the apps on your phone.
25．What does the underlined word ‘arduous’ in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Attractive B．Troublesome
C．Confusing D．Dull
26．What are researchers still unclear about?
A．The cause and effect relationship of takeaways and being overweight
B．Whether there is any connection between takeaways and being overweight
C．Which ingredients in takeaway food are the most addictive
D．Whether takeaways near the workplace are more likely to attract people
27．Which takeaway choice would the writer consider least harmful?
A．Hamburgers and fries B．Indian main courses
C．Fried noodles D．Steamed dumplings
28．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A．Takeaways make you fat
B．Are takeaways harmful?
C．How to choose the best takeaway
D．How to avoid takeaways
【答案】25．B 26．A 27．D 28．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就外卖是否对人身体有害进行了讨论。
25．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“It has been a long day, there is nothing in the fridge(这是漫长的一天，冰箱里什么都没有)”可知，冰箱里什么都没有，所以没法烹饪，即烹饪很困难，由此可推知划线单词“arduous”意为“困难的”，与B项“Troublesome(困难的)”意思一样，故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第二段中“There is some evidence that too many takeaways is linked to weight gain, but the relationship isn’t clear. (有一些证据表明，吃太多的外卖与体重增加有关，但这种关系尚不清楚)”可知，吃太多的外卖与体重增加有关之间的关系尚不清楚，即研究人员对外卖与体重增加的因果关系尚不清楚，故选A。
27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“The worst offenders on any menu are likely to be fried foods, or anything covered in high-sugar sauces. If you order Chinese food, go for steamed dumplings, grilled fish or soup. If you are going for Indian food, go heavy on the side dishes, like bean and potato curries, which are often more flavourful and healthy.(在任何菜单上危害最大的可能是油炸食品，或任何上面浇着高糖酱汁的食物。如果你点中国菜，可以点蒸饺、烤鱼或者汤。如果你想吃印度菜，那就多吃一些配菜，比如咖喱豆和土豆，它们通常更加美味和健康)”以及结合选项推知，作者认为蒸饺是对人身体产生最小危害的外卖，故选D。
28．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“It’s easy for takeaways to become a regular habit. At some point, you have to wonder: even if you don’t look different in the mirror, is it doing you any harm?(外卖很容易成为一种习惯。在某些时候，你不得不怀疑：即使你在镜子里看起来没有什么不同，这对你有什么害处吗？)”可知，文章主要就外卖是否对人身体有害进行了讨论。B项“外卖有害吗？”适合作文章标题，故选B。
（2023·辽宁锦州·渤海大学附属高级中学校考模拟预测）What’s more important in determining life success-book smarts or street smarts? This question gets at the heart of an important debate contrasting the relative importance of cognitive(认知的)intelligence (CI) and emotional intelligence (EI).
Cognitive intelligence is still recognized as an important element of success, particularly when it comes to academic achievements. People with high cognitive intelligence typically do well in school, often earn more money, and tend to be healthier in general.
But today experts recognize that cognitive intelligence is not the only determining factor of life success. Instead, it is part of a complex range of influences-one that includes emotional intelligence. Many companies now provide emotional intelligence training and use emotional intelligence tests as part of the hiring process. Research has found that individuals with strong leadership potential also tend to be more emotionally intelligent, suggesting that high emotional intelligence is an important equality for business leaders and managers. According to a survey of hiring managers, almost 75% of the responders suggested that they valued an employee’s emotional intelligence more than his cognitive intelligence.
Now that emotional intelligence is so important, can it be taught or strengthened? According to one meta-analysis that looked at the results of social and emotional learning programmes, the answer to that question is definitely yes. Strategies for teaching emotional intelligence include character education, modeling positive behaviours, encouraging people to think about how others are feeling, and finding ways to be more empathetic(感同身受的)towards others.
All in all, life success is a result of many factors. Both cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence play roles in overall success, as well as health, wellness, and happiness. Rather than focusing on which factors have a prior influence, the greatest benefit may lie in learning to improve skills in multiple areas. In addition to strengthening cognitive abilities, such as memory and mental focus, you can also acquire and improve social and emotional skills.
33．What can we know about people with book smarts?
A．They can debate with other people.
B．They can deal with various situations.
C．They can be outstanding in academic research.
D．They can be good at gaining real life experience.
34．Why does the author mention the data in Paragraph 3?
A．To indicate the strictness of the hiring process.
B．To prove the importance of emotional intelligence.
C．To explain the result of emotional intelligence tests.
D．To show the influence of cognitive intelligence on success.
35．What can be learned concerning emotional intelligence?
A．Evaluating how others feel. B．One’s extreme behaviours
C．One’s academic performance. D．Controlling others’ emotions.
36．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Does book smarts matter? B．Is CI or El more important?
C．What counts most in life? D．Mental health or physical health?
【答案】33．C 34．B 35．A 36．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了一个问题，决定人成功的究竟是智商还是情商。最终得出了智商和情商都在人的成功上发挥很重要的作用。但人的成功不仅仅是这两个因素决定的，同时还有很多其他方面的因素。
33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Cognitive intelligence is still recognized as an important element of success, particularly when it comes to academic achievement.(认知智力仍然被认为是成功的重要因素，尤其是在学术成就方面)”可知，读书聪明的人往往在学术研究方面表现突出。故选C项。
34．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“According to a survey of hiring managers, almost 75% of the responders suggested that they valued an employee’s emotional intelligence more than his cognitive intelligence.(根据一项对招聘经理的调查，几乎75%的应答者表示，他们更重视员工的情商，而不是他的认知智力)”可以推知，作者在第三段提到数据是为了证明情商的重要性。故选B项。
35．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Strategies for teaching emotional intelligence include character education, modeling positive behaviors, encouraging people to think about how others are feeling, and finding ways to be more empathetic (共鸣) toward others. (情商包括品格教育、教学策略建模积极行为，鼓励人们去思考别人的感受，和他人产生共鸣)”可知，关于情商我们能学到评估别人的感受。故选A项。
36．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“What’s more important in determining life success — book smarts or street smarts? (在决定人生成功的过程中，哪一个更重要——书本知识还是街头智慧？)”以及最后一段“Both cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence play roles in overall success, as well as health, wellness, and happiness. Rather than focusing on which factors have a prior influence, the greatest benefit may lie in learning to improve skills in multiple areas.(认知智力和情商在整体成功，以及卫生、健康和幸福中都发挥着作用。与其关注哪些因素具有优先影响力，学习提高多个领域的技能才是最有益的)”可知，文章一直在讨论情商与智商谁更重要，故选B项。
（2023·湖北·模拟预测）Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace -- it is far more suitable for people with busy schedules.
But after being enrolled in an online course last fall semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements.
First of all, students lack the desire to learn and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material.
As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students.
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face-to-face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor.
There is also little interaction among students. It can be harder to create study groups and form relationships with their peers.
Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable Internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage.
Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education.
37．What does the author say about students enrolled in online classes?
A．They are unmotivated to learn. B．They can access course materials easily.
C．They can learn at their own pace. D．They rarely fulfil the course requirements.
38．What does the author think of online course assignments?
A．They are based on easily accessible material.
B．They are meant to facilitate interaction.
C．They are made convenient to mark.
D．They are given to accommodate students’ needs.
39．What does the author say is one disadvantage of online classes?
A．They are frequently scheduled at irregular times.
B．They provide little chance for students to build relationships with each other.
C．They tend to increase professors’ burden of responding to students’ emails.
D．They make professors offices much less accessible.
40．What does the author think makes up a key part of genuine education?
A．Acquisition of useful knowledge.
B．Training of real-life skills on campus.
C．Development of students personalities.
D．Cultivation of analytical thinking ability.

【答案】37．A 38．C 39．B 40．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要说明了在线课程的弊端并呼吁设计更加高效的在线课程。
37．细节理解题。根据第三段“First of all, students lack the desire to learn and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material.”（首先，学生们缺乏学习的欲望，他们只是完成作业来获得及格的学分，而不是真正地投入到课程材料中）可知，作者认为注册在线课程的学生缺乏学习的动机，只是机械的完成任务获得学分。故选A项。
38．细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students.”（它们不是为了让学生与材料进行深入的互动而设计的，而是为了适应如此大量的学生，使评分更加容易）可知，作者认为在线课程的任务设计是为了使评分更加便捷容易。故选C项。
39．细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face-to-face interaction between the teacher and their students.”（也许在线课程最大的缺点是老师和学生之间缺乏面对面的互动）及第六段第一句“There is also little interaction among students.”（学生之间的互动也很少）可知，作者认为在线课程的弊端之一是学生之间没有机会进行面对面互动，构建联系。故选B项。
40．推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking.”（然而，他们没有提供真正的教育，一味强调便捷而不是批判性思维）可知，作者认为在线课程一味地强调便捷而忽视了批判性思维的培养，也就不能提供真正的教育，故批判性思维的培养应是真正的教育的关键。故选D项。
（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·哈师大附中校考模拟预测）Even though people have been disabled playing sports like rugby and football, extreme sports take the whole ordeal (磨难) to the next level. Sports like downhill cycling are very dangerous because one would be going downhill, over rocky or dirt zones, through forests, even at potentially deadly speeds. A slip-up could be your downfall.
Nobody who gets into extreme sports goes with the desire to do harm to themselves. With that, athletes train for years and years before they attempt anything extreme. To most people, extreme sports are extreme simply because they take more skill than what an average person has. An athlete with skill and training makes an extreme thing become a daily routine, which does not wipe out the danger, but greatly reduces it.
Even when there is a lot of skill involved, things might not go the athlete’s way, not at all. Luck and circumstances have a lot to do with how things develop, whether above 8, 000 meters or in a wood, going downhill. In some places, crossing the street is an extreme sport, considering how wild traffic can get.
Some view parkour, the sports of running, jumping and climbing under, around and through buildings, as an extreme sport, while it is more of a life philosophy, where the athlete does not have to do anything remotely dangerous. Free soloing, which means climbing a rock or ice face without safety gear, is absolutely deadly, where one slip means almost certain death, depending on the height, of course. Skateboarding is relatively safe, but if you constantly find ridiculous places to practice on, like the fence of a bridge, then things can get very complicated. The extreme part depends on the athlete.
To summarize, yes, extreme sports are dangerous, but the danger depends on the athlete, their choice of sport, direction in which they take it, as well as the circumstances. Some things are out of our control, while others we can influence through exercise and healthier risk choices.
41．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about regarding extreme sports?
A．Extreme sports differ from one another.
B．Skill matters a lot in maintaining safety.
C．Athletes’ luck is a key factor that influences safety.
D．Extreme sports are more dangerous than regular sports.
42．Why are several extreme sports listed in Paragraph 4?
A．To explain danger depends on the athlete.
B．To show free soloing is the most dangerous.
C．To compare which one involves the most skill.
D．To demonstrate how to choose an extreme sport.
43．What is the author’s attitude towards the danger of extreme sports?
A．Objective. B．Doubtful.
C．Intolerant. D．Unconcerned.
44．Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A．Do Extreme Sports Test Your Courage?
B．Why Should Extreme Sports Be Banned?
C．Are Extreme Sports Really That Dangerous?
D．Why Do We Take to Extreme Sports So Much?
【答案】41．B 42．A 43．A 44．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了作者对于极限运动危险性的认识。
41．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“To most people, extreme sports are extreme simply because they take more skill than what an average person has. An athlete with skill and training makes an extreme thing become a daily routine. That does not wipe out the danger, but it greatly reduces it.(对大多数人来说，极限运动之所以是极限运动，仅仅是因为它们需要比普通人更多的技巧。一个运动员运用技巧和训练是一个极端的事情被提上日程。这并不能完全消除危险，但可以大大减少危险)”可知，第二段主要讨论了在极限运动中，运动员的技巧在保障自身安全的过程中是非常重要的。故选B。
42．推理判断题。根据第四段“Some view parkour, the sports of running, jumping and climbing under, around and through buildings, as an extreme sport, while it is more of a life philosophy, where the athlete does not have to do anything remotely dangerous. Free soloing, which means climbing a rock or ice face without safety gear, is absolutely deadly, where one slip means almost certain death, depending on the height, of course. Skateboarding is relatively safe, but if you constantly find ridiculous places to practice on, like the fence of a bridge, then things can get very complicated. The extreme part depends on the athlete.(一些人把跑酷（跑、跳、爬建筑物下面、周围和穿过建筑物的运动）视为一种极限运动，但它更像是一种生活哲学，运动员不必做任何危险的事情。自由独攀，也就是在没有安全装备的情况下攀爬岩石或冰面，绝对是致命的，一次滑倒几乎就意味着死亡，当然，这取决于高度。滑板相对安全，但如果你经常找一些可笑的地方练习，比如桥的栅栏，那么事情就会变得非常复杂。极限部分取决于运动员)”可推知，在第4段中，列举了几种极限运动来解释危险取决于运动员。故选A。
43．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To summarize, yes, extreme sports are dangerous, but the danger depends on the athlete, their choice of sport, direction in which they take it, as well as the circumstances. Some things are out of our reach of control, while others we can influence through exercise and healthier risk choices.(总之，是的，极限运动是危险的，但危险取决于运动员，他们对运动的选择，他们采取的方向，以及环境。有些事情是我们无法控制的，而有些事情我们可以通过锻炼和更健康的风险选择来影响)”可推知，作者对极限运动的看法是客观的。故选A。
44．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“To summarize, yes, extreme sports are dangerous, but the danger depends on the athlete, their choice of sport, direction in which they take it, as well as the circumstances. Some things are out of our reach of control, while others we can influence through exercise and healthier risk choices.(总之，是的，极限运动是危险的，但危险取决于运动员，他们对运动的选择，他们采取的方向，以及环境。有些事情是我们无法控制的，而有些事情我们可以通过锻炼和更健康的风险选择来影响)”及前文论述可知，作者认为极限运动的危险和很多因素都有关，不能简单地把极限运动和危险等同起来。由此可知，Are Extreme Sports Really That Dangerous?(极限运动真的那么危险吗？)适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。
（2023·北京·北京四中校考模拟预测）The term “labor shortage” was Googled more in May. Headline after headline has cited wage rises and bonuses that seem to make it a job hunter’s market.
The concept sounds simple —American companies must be struggling to find the employees they need. Yet some labor economists would argue the picture isn’t complete. Employers are unable to find the workers they want at the wages they’re willing to pay. Failing to appreciate this distinction could lead to policy errors down the road.
The laws of supply and demand should make spotting labor shortages relatively straightforward. When there aren’t enough workers, employers pay more to get them and wages go up.
Yet quickening wage growth isn’t the only mark of a shortage. The sign is seeing this trend alongside stalling (停滞) job growth. Just look at what’s been happening in the leisure and hotel industry, among the most bruised by the COVID-19 shutdown. After jobs almost disappeared during the pandemic, we’re starting to see a rebound: In May, the industry created 292, 000 jobs, far outpacing other corners of the economy. Meanwhile, average weekly earnings have been rising faster. In other words, the market is working to resolve a shortage: When employers lift wages, they’re able to attract the employees they need. Yet, the industry wages are only just meeting pre-COVID levels; they are not too high.
To assess a shortage accurately, though, you need to look beyond industries to specific locations and occupations. The taxicab queuing model was used to address the debate about a shortage of workers in engineering. Employers and job openings can be thought of as taxis, while workers are a line of waiting passengers. Depending on your location, there may be a long line of taxis (say, at the airport), or on the contrary a long line of passengers (at a hotel). Demand for chemistry engineers in Texas, for example, is different from chemistry engineers in Massachusetts.
The bottom line is that, in the market, shortages are not universal. Simultaneous shortages and surpluses can come to the force across the economy at any given point, which is why broad-brush policies can be counterproductive.
45．What does May’s rebound jobs in the leisure and hotel industry tell us?
A．The leisure and hotel industry is doing a very successful business.
B．Rapid wage growth connects with stalling employment growth.
C．The economy recovered quickly after the COVID-19.
D．Employees are eager to work after the COVID-19.
46．Why does the author mention “The taxicab queuing model” in paragraph 5?
A．To explain an opinion. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction.
47．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Job market is expected to be stronger
B．Take wisdom to assess labor shortages
C．Competitors are eager to keep talent
D．Let the market fix labor shortages
【答案】45．B 46．A 47．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。五月份，“劳动力短缺”一词成为谷歌热词。然而，归根结底，在市场上，短缺并不是普遍存在的。同时出现的短缺和盈余在任何时候都可能影响整个经济，这就是为什么笼统的政策可能会适得其反。因此，劳动力短缺最好由市场进行调控，不要制定笼统的政策。
45．推理判断题。根据第四自然段“Yet quickening wage growth isn’t the only mark of a shortage. The sign is seeing this trend alongside stalling(停滞)job growth. Just look at what’s been happening in the leisure and hotel industry, among the most bruised by the COVID-19 shutdown. After jobs almost disappeared during the pandemic, we’re starting to see a rebound: In May, the industry created 292, 000 jobs, far outpacing other corners of the economy. (然而，工资增长的加快并不是短缺的唯一标志。迹象表明，这一趋势与就业增长停滞同时出现。看看休闲和酒店业发生了什么，这是新冠肺炎疫情最严重的行业之一。在疫情期间就业岗位几乎消失后，我们开始看到反弹：5月份，该行业创造了29.2万个就业岗位，远远超过了经济的其他领域。)”可知，5月份休闲和酒店业就业岗位的反弹的例子是为了支撑本段的主旨句，即工资增长的加快并不是劳动力短缺的唯一标志，换句话说，工资快速增长与就业增长停滞有关。故选B。
46．推理判断题。根据第五自然段“The taxicab queuing model was used to address the debate about a shortage of workers in engineering. (出租车排队模型被用来解决工程领域工人短缺的争论。)”可知，本段第2句用出租车排队模型主要是解释在不同的地点，不同的行业可能会存在不同的人员短缺，即劳动力供求关系在不同行业存在区别。故选A。
47．主旨大意题。文章第一段引出“劳动力短缺”话题；第二段讲述一般人和经济学家对劳动力短缺的不同理解，不同的理解可能会导致今后的政策失误；第三段讲述在市场中，供求规律应该使发现劳动力短缺相对简单，即当没有足够的工人时，雇主会支付更多的工资来雇佣工人，工资就会上涨。第四段进行反证，工资快速上涨并不一定说明劳动力短缺，也存在别的可能性；第五段用出租车排队模型解释劳动力供求关系在不同行业的不同情况；第六段是总结段，讲述劳动力短缺和盈余都可能在整个经济中出现，这就是为什么笼统的政策可能适得其反，必须具体问题具体对待，和第二段主题相呼应。分析得出，文章主要讲述劳动力短缺最好由市场进行调控，不要制定笼统的政策。故选D。
（2023·湖南长沙·长郡中学校考模拟预测）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in the world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives.
Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain because we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships.
What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being: a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world.
The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.
However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car, knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, the car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.
With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.
48．What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us?
A．Making us simple-minded. B．Making us short-sighted.
C．Leading us onto a busy road. D．Keeping us from comfort and luxury.
49．According to the author, how can one gain true happiness?
A．Through maintaining good health.
B．By going through pain and suffering.
C．By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.
D．Through offering help much needed by others.
50．According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one ________.
A．less selfish B．less annoying
C．more motivated D．more responsible
51．According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.
A．inspired by love and guided by knowledge
B．directed by love and pushed by knowledge
C．purified by love and enriched by knowledge
D．promoted by love and defined by knowledge
【答案】48．B 49．D 50．C 51．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了什么是美好生活、美好生活的秘诀是什么。
48．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. (这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处, 但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知, 对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处, 但会让我们目光短浅。故选B 项。
49．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. (我们必须通过首先不求回报地为他人服务来获得美好的生活, 因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知, 我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。
50．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. (然而, 当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时, 我们不仅享受我们做的事情, 而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知, 带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情，由此可推测出，越享受做某件事, 做事越有动力。故选C项。
51．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的“If love is the engine of a car, knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘).(如果爱是汽车的发动机，那么知识就是方向盘。)”可知，爱是人做事的动力，知识是人做事的指导。再根据最后一段中的“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. (带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可推知, 有爱的激励和知识的指导, 生活就会变得更美好。故选A 项。
（2023·广西·统考三模）Fashion rental has been on the increase for a few years, similar to trends such as up-cycling and charity shopping. It seems likely to be another pandemic related trend, pushing people to think about fashion consumption and sustainable living — a positive to come out of an isolating two years. Maybe more sustainable way of looking and thinking about fashion is the industry’s future.
According to Fashion United, the fashion rental market is “expected to grow more than 10% year-on-year until 2027”. Rental is a positive in the rapidly changing world of fashion. It is not a trend; it is a solution to limiting the unnecessary production and consumption of clothing.
Sue Ingle, owner of Heavenly Hat Hire, says her main customers are “those attending weddings and races”. Discussing the cost of living, she explains how “people are unwilling to pay £200 for a hat they may only wear once”, so paying a percentage of this on a rental is more affordable and therefore more accessible to a wider audience.
Fashion rental is widening its market. Luxury department stores such as Selfridges and Harrods join forces with rental companies to provide designer items on loan. So why go to a smaller business? From purchasing experience, small businesses often have a more personal feel with extra touches, which are not needed but much appreciated. Heavenly Hat Hire invites customers to book an appointment to try on hats. Sue names the hats to give them a more personal feel and loves it when a customer comes in telling her “I don’t suit hats and never wear them”, then an hour later leaves happily with a hat in hand.
If the pandemic revealed anything to the fashion industry, it is that no brand, no matter its scale, is completely secure. We should support the companies thinking about environmental impact and making improvements to become more sustainable. Small businesses providing this as well as exceptional services should get all our support.
Fashion rental is around to fill the gap in your wardrobe when necessary. As Sue says, “We all need to buy less and love what we already have a little bit more.”
60．What does the author intend to show in Paragraph 3?
A．The change of fashion. B．The reason for the rise of fashion rental.
C．The promising future of fashion rental. D．Rental’s accessibility to a wide audience.
61．Why are Selfridges and Harrods mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A．To prove fashion rental’s huge profit. B．To introduce some famous clothing brands.
C．To show fashion rental gains popularity. D．To appeal to more stores to join in the trade.
62．What type of smaller businesses should be chosen to cooperate with?
A．Fund-saving. B．Flexible and movable.
C．Fast developing. D．Eco-friendly.
63．What is the author s attitude towards fashion rental?
A．Approving. B．Critical. C．Objective. D．Unclear.

【答案】60．B 61．C 62．D 63．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。受疫情影响，全球经济低迷，人们的钱包萎缩，时装租赁却时兴起来。
60．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Sue Ingle, owner of Heavenly Hat Hire, says her main customers are “those attending weddings and races”. Discussing the cost of living, she explains how “people are unwilling to pay £200 for a hat they may only wear once”, so paying a percentage of this on a rental is more affordable and therefore more accessible to a wider audience. ( Heavenly Hat Hire的老板Sue Ingle表示，她的主要客户是“参加婚礼和赛马的人”。在谈到生活成本时，她解释说，“人们不愿意为一顶可能只戴一次的帽子支付200英镑”，所以用其中的一部分来租房更实惠，因此更容易被更广泛的受众所接受)”可知，第三段主要讨论租赁兴起的原因。故选B。
61．细节理解题。根据第四段“Fashion rental is widening its market. Luxury department stores such as Selfridges and Harrods join forces with rental companies to provide designer items on loan. (时装租赁市场正在扩大。Selfridges和Harrods等奢侈品百货公司与租赁公司合作，提供设计师服装的租赁服务)”可推知，列举这两家公司为了表明时尚租赁获得流行，连大型公司也来投资了。故选C。
62．细节理解题。根据第五段最后两句“We should support the companies thinking about environmental impact and making improvements to become more sustainable. Small businesses providing this as well as exceptional services should get all our support. (我们应该支持公司考虑对环境的影响，并做出改进，使其更具可持续性。提供这种服务和特殊服务的小企业应该得到我们的全力支持)”可知，应该选择环保类型的小企业进行合作。故选D。
63．推理判断题。根据第一段“It seems likely to be another pandemic related trend, pushing people to think about fashion consumption and sustainable living — a positive to come out of an isolating two years. Maybe more sustainable way of looking and thinking about fashion is the industry’s future. (这似乎可能是另一种与大流行相关的趋势，促使人们考虑时尚消费和可持续生活——这是摆脱孤立的两年的积极因素。也许更可持续的看待和思考时尚的方式是这个行业的未来)”以及第二段中的“Rental is a positive in the rapidly changing world of fashion... it is a solution to limiting the unnecessary production and consumption of clothing. (在瞬息万变的时尚界，租赁是一个积极因素。这是一种限制不必要的服装生产和消费的解决方案)”可知，作者使用了褒义词来描述时尚租赁这一趋势，故可推知，作者对此趋势持赞成态度。故选A。
（2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中学校考模拟预测）Public health data signals a genuine crisis in adolescent mental health: rising rates of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness. But as we worry about tweens and teens who are struggling, we can’t ignore another mounting effect — the burdens that are shouldered by their friends and peers in an “always on” world.
We have studied teens and tech for over a decade. Their networks are ever-expanding, in no small part because there’s a sense that being nice means accepting fellow requests from acquaintances and friends-of-friends. And it’s not just staying connected — it’s keeping up with what others post, too.
Social media platforms thus make it technically possible to maintain more relationships than we are historically actually wired to track and manage. The result is an overwhelming wave of social information. It’s especially intense for adolescents whose developmental sensitivities drive them to care deeply about what their peers are doing and thinking.
Significant stress comes with trying to be a “good friend” in the age of social media. Friendship requires both public and behind-the-scenes support. Even before a social media post is made public, close friends can be pulled into photo selection, editing, and final examination. Besides, they need to respond in the right way and in the right amount of time, which differs from one relationship to another. Replying too quickly can be seen as over-eager, especially when the friendship is new or not close. But when it’s a close friend, too long a lag (延迟) can be hurtful.
The qualities that are key to building or breaking friendships are actually the same as they’ve always been: mutual (相互的) sharing of joys and sorrows, a give and take of acceptance and support, and an ability to weather and resolve conflicts. But technologies have transformed how friendships play out. Social media increases the burdens that come along with being a good friend. Too often, these dynamics hit teens hard in ways that are lost on adults. And that is what should be changed with the help of parents, schools and other parts of society.
64．What makes teenagers’ networks continue to expand?
A．The pressure to be nice. B．The requests of their parents.
C．The need to meet more people. D．The burden of living independently.
65．What does the author think of being a good friend in the age of social media?
A．Exciting. B．Challenging. C．Money-saving. D．Risk-taking.
66．What should be changed according to the last paragraph?
A．The qualities of being a teen friend.
B．The conflicts between schools and parents.
C．The relations between parents and their teens.
D．The influences of social media on teen friendship.
67．What is the text mainly about?
A．Why more teens are addicted to social media
B．How teens nowadays gain long-standing friendships
C．How social media has made teen friendships more stressful
D．What makes teens become more sensitive to their peers’ needs
【答案】64．A 65．B 66．D 67．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是社交媒体是如何让青少年的友谊变得更紧张的。
64．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Their networks are ever-expanding, in no small part because there’s a sense that being nice means accepting fellow requests from acquaintances and friends-of-friends.(他们的社交网络不断扩大，很大程度上是因为他们觉得友善意味着接受来自熟人和朋友的朋友的请求。)”可知，让青少年的社交网络不断扩大的是友善的压力。故选A。
65．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Significant stress comes with trying to be a “good friend” in the age of social media. Friendship requires both public and behind-the-scenes support. Even before a social media post is made public, close friends can be pulled into photo selection, editing, and final examination. Besides, they need to respond in the right way and in the right amount of time, which differs from one relationship to another.(在社交媒体时代，试图成为“好朋友”会带来巨大的压力。友谊需要公开和幕后的支持。甚至在社交媒体帖子被公开之前，亲密的朋友就可以参与照片的选择、编辑和最终检查。此外，他们需要以正确的方式和适当的时间做出回应，这在不同的关系中是不同的。)”可知，在社交媒体时代做一个好朋友是具有挑战性的。故选B。
66．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“But technologies have transformed how friendships play out. Social media increases the burdens that come along with being a good friend. Too often, these dynamics hit teens hard in ways that are lost on adults. And that is what should be changed with the help of parents, schools and other parts of society.(但科技已经改变了友谊的发展方式。社交媒体增加了成为好朋友的负担。通常情况下，这些动态对青少年的影响是成年人所忽视的。在家长、学校和社会其他方面的帮助下，这种情况应该得到改变。)”可知，根据最后一段，应该改变的是社交媒体对青少年友谊的影响。故选D。
67．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“But as we worry about tweens and teens who are struggling, we can’t ignore another mounting effect — the burdens that are shouldered by their friends and peers in an “always on” world.(但是，当我们担心那些正在挣扎的青少年时，我们不能忽视另一个日益增加的影响——在一个“永远在线”的世界里，他们的朋友和同龄人所承担的负担。)”可知，本文主要讲的是社交媒体是如何让青少年的友谊变得更紧张的，故选C。
（2022·湖北·校联考模拟预测）A measure in the House’s $ 2 trillion economic bill would require states to cut greenhouse gas emissions (排放) promising rewards for transportation departments that post reductions and “consequences” for those that don’t.
Peter A．DeFazio, chairman of the Transportation Committee, said the proposal is designed to push states to act. “We’re going to give them very large motivation to actually make those meaningful targets and deliver on those targets,” he said. According to the proposal, states that cut emissions could get a $ 1 billion pot of money and potentially receive other bonus funding from the federal government. The bill doesn’t spell out potential consequences for not reducing emissions, leaving the decision to national transportation officials. Experts say they could include barriers to accessing highly prized grant funds (拨款).
Much of the attention on cutting emissions from the transport industry-the nation’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases-has focused on the adoption of electric vehicles by putting money in charging factories and supporting battery-powered cars. The new measure sides with environmental advocates who argue the nation can’t battle a changing climate without changing how Americans move around. Environmentalists say the nation’s changing to electric vehicles probably won’t happen quickly enough to limit temperature rises unless Americans can be convinced to drive less, and that would mean building new networks focused on walking, cycling and transit (运输).
Opposition to the emission measure is deep-seated. The heads of five western state transportation departments wrote a letter to Capitol’s committee last month saying the proposal would harm rural areas because options such as heavy-traffic pricing are not well-suited to places which are populated in few people, and it doesn’t make sense to target those state agencies when there are multiple reasons that influence emissions, including fuel economy standards for cars and local decisions about where to build stores and homes.
Kevin DeGood, a transportation researcher, said basic construction shape how people can get around. “It is funny that the state transportation departments suggest in the letter that they do not deeply influence greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation industry,” he said.
68．How does the government provide motivation?
A．By praising. B．By punishing.
C．By financing. D．By restricting.
69．What is an intended result of the bill?
A．Greatly changed climate. B．More convenient stores.
C．Stable fuel economy standards. D．Eco-friendly transport system.
70．Why did some states mention heavy-traffic pricing?
A．To oppose the emission measure. B．To introduce solutions to emission.
C．To call for attention to rural areas. D．To list several reasons for emission.
71．What’s Kevin’s attitude towards the letter in paragraph 4?
A．Supportive. B．Disapproving.
C．Shocked. D．Confident.
【答案】68．C 69．D 70．A 71．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，美国国会通过一项议案，敦促各州削减温室气体的排放。
68．细节理解题。根据第二自然段“According to the proposal, states that cut emissions could get a $ 1 billion pot of money and potentially receive other bonus funding from the federal government. (根据该提案，减排的州可以获得10亿美元的资金，并可能从联邦政府获得其他奖金。)”可知，政府通过奖励10亿美元和其他可能的津贴资助来提供激励。故选C。
69．推理判断题。根据第三自然段“Much of the attention on cutting emissions from the transport industry-the nation’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases-has focused on the adoption of electric vehicles by putting money in charging factories and supporting battery-powered cars. The new measure sides with environmental advocates who argue the nation can’t battle a changing climate without changing how Americans move around. (作为美国最大的温室气体排放国，运输业对减排的关注主要集中在通过向充电工厂投入资金和支持电池驱动的汽车来采用电动汽车上。这项新措施站在环保倡导者一边，他们认为，如果不改变美国人的出行方式，美国就无法应对不断变化的气候。)”可知，该法案旨在削减温室气体排放，主要针对交通行业，故法案推行的结果必然是交通系统转变成生态友好型的。故选D。
70．推理判断题。第四自然段第一句“Opposition to the emission measure is deep-seated. (对排放措施的反对根深蒂固。)”是该段的主旨句，指出美国各州对削减温室气体排放措施的反对是根深蒂固的。后面所列举的5个西部州以高额交通税为名反对该法案。故选A。
71．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Kevin DeGood, a transportation researcher, said basic construction shape how people can get around. “It is funny that the state transportation departments suggest in the letter that they do not deeply influence greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation industry,” he said. (交通研究人员Kevin DeGood说，基本的建筑决定了人们出行的方式。他说：“有趣的是，州交通部门在信中表示，他们并没有对交通行业的温室气体排放产生深刻影响。”)”可知，Kevin在评价五个西部州在信中的观点时用了funny(滑稽的；搞笑的)一词，以及他说的“他们并没有对交通行业的温室气体排放产生深刻影响”可以看出他对于第四段中五个州交通部门写的信持“不赞成”的态度。故选B。
（2023·安徽合肥·合肥市第八中学校考模拟预测）As an education specialist, I believe the best way to prepare students for colleges and careers is to focus on providing instructional programs and opportunities that help them become good thinkers. To do this, teachers and actually everyone else in a community, should play a role as a “cognitive(认知)coach” to students, helping develop good thinkers among our youth.
The best way for you to become a cognitive coach is to seek out and engage school children and adolescents in meaningful conversations. The objective here is to get kids talking about what they think, how they feel, and what they believe whenever and wherever you may find them. It may be in a classroom. It may be at the grocery store. It may be at a basketball game. It doesn’t matter where as long as you engage students in a topical conversation and, hopefully, even a debate. Mainly, you want to encourage students to voice their opinion about things. Get them to take a position on “this thing, or that thing,” and ask them to support their position with evidence. Curiously enough, the simple process of engaging students in real life conversations and debates will serve to strengthen what they have learned in the classroom, and help them create their own knowledge about a subject or a topic.
Learning indicates that a student has been exposed to material, understands the material, and can recall the information. Knowledge, on the other hand, goes beyond recall and includes information processing, application to other situations, consideration of meaning, and contrasting with other concepts. Naturally, the topic of conversation you engage in with one of your learners will differ from student to student, and in the level of complexity based on child’s age and developmental level. Even a kindergartener has an opinion about things that are going on in his or her life. Engaging in conversation with any members of your learning community in ways that get at what they have learned and what they know will help them develop higher order reasoning skills.
A student’s synthetic thinking(综合思维)process occurs when a respected adult asks a question, particularly a question that requires reflection. I think all adults in a community have a responsibility to help children with this process, with the goal of producing independent thinkers.
72．What contributes most to developing good young thinkers?
A．Debating with classmates. B．Learning from respected adults.
C．Engaging in challenging activities. D．Putting forward a sensible argument.
73．Which is the best question raised by a cognitive coach?
A．What have you learnt recently? B．What nationality is Elbert Einstein?
C．Why do you like playing football? D．Where are you going this weekend?
74．What does the author want to show by mentioning a kindergartener?
A．Being a good young thinker is important.
B．Choosing conversation topics accordingly is essential.
C．Cultivating good young thinkers should start as early as possible.
D．Even children have their unique and independent ways of thinking.
75．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To state an education idea. B．To assess a teaching strategy.
C．To introduce a learning method. D．To compare different education methods.
【答案】72．D 73．C 74．B 75．A
【导语】本文为议论文。文章论证的主题是成年人有义务帮助孩子成为优秀思考者。
72．细节理解题。根据第二段“Mainly, you want to encourage students to voice their opinion about things. Get them to take a position on ‘this thing, or that thing, ‘and ask them to sup-port their position with evidence.”（主要是，你想鼓励学生表达他们对事物的看法。让他们对“这件事或那件事”采取立场，并要求他们用证据支持自己的立场。）可知，训练学生有理有据地论证自己的观点是培养优秀思考者的主要方式。故选D项。
73．推理判断题。根据第二段“Curiously enough, the simple process of engaging students in real life conversations and debates will serve to strengthen what they have learned in the class-room, and help them create their own knowledge about a subject or a topic.”（奇怪的是，让学生参与现实生活中的对话和辩论的简单过程将有助于加强他们在课堂上学到的东西，并帮助他们创造自己对某个主题或主题的知识。）和第三段“Knowledge, on the other hand, goes beyond recall and includes information processing, application to other situations, consideration of meaning, and contrasting with other concepts.”（另一方面，知识超越了回忆，包括信息处理、对其他情况的应用、对意义的考虑以及与其他概念的对比。）可知，认知教练提出的话题问题不是记忆性的，而是要带有信息加工等批判性思维内容，C项“为什么你喜欢踢足球？”，就是一个需要进行信息加工后回答的问题。故选C项。
74．推理判断题。根据第三段“Naturally, the topic of conversation you engage in with one of your learners will differ from student to student, and in the level of complexity based on child’s age and developmental level.”（当然，你与其中一位学习者的谈话主题会因学生而异，而且根据孩子的年龄和发展水平，谈话的复杂性也会有所不同。）可知，话题的主题要因人而异，要考虑到孩子的年龄和认知发展程度。故选B项。
75．推理判断题。根据第四段“I think all adults in a community have a responsibility to help children with this process, with the goal of producing independent thinkers.”（我认为，一个团体中的所有成年人都有责任帮助儿童完成这一过程，目的是培养独立的思想家。）可知，全文的主旨是作者要论述自己的教育观点。故选A项。
（2023·广东佛山·统考模拟预测）On Monday, I walked into a conference center and,instead of flashing an ID card with my name and photo, I positioned myself in front of a head-height camera the size of my fist. Seconds later, the screen read: “PLEASE ENTER.” No one scanned the digital pass. My face might already be an enty ticket. Hair-raising? Cool?
As facial-recognition access points are everywhere in public places including airports and concert locations, you might be wondering how you’re supposed to feel about it. Companies using face-matching software say it is speedy, convenient, and contactless for customers. Most also stress that it’s only a choice. Meanwhile, lawmakers are looking to tighten regulations around use of this kind of technology because of privacy concerns
The answer comes down to the individual. It helps if you know the company: Do you want this company storing your personal information? What happens to your face image once you no longer need the service?
Facial recognition works by creating a map of your face. The map contains your unique measurements — the distance between your forehead and chin, or between your eyes. These data are then changed into code called a face print. It’s how your iPhone’s Face ID identifies you or how Google Photos can group photos of your kids
A company that stores your face data could keep it. Or the data could be acquired by a company that has an entirely different purpose than what you agreed to. This kind of misuse is a guess. However you can’t always track where your face ends up: One company sold facial-recognition tech based on billions of images from social media and other sources.
While you have the ability not to choose facial recognition, it could eventually come at a cost Think of how the cash lane at a toll stop is almost always far slower than the E-ZPass lanes. Facial recognition will only become more common in our travels and entertainment, as well as other areas such as education and banking. We’ve just begun to understand the advantages and disadvantages.
76．Why does the author mention his experience in paragraph 1?
A．To introduce the topic. B．To share his story with the readers
C．To promote the technology. D．To question the safety measures
77．What is a face print?
A．A facial-recognition software
B．A company that stores personal information
C．A code that contains unique measurements of a face.
D．A regulation for facial- recognition technology
78．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．The misuse of the technology
B．The risk of exposing personal data
C．The difficulty of tracking personal data
D．The incorrect way to identify individuals
79．What is the author’s attitude to the use of the facial recognition technology?
A．Concerned. B．Doubtful. C．Objective. D．Uninterested
【答案】76．A 77．C 78．B 79．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了面部识别技术的利与弊。
76．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“On Monday, I walked into a conference center and,instead of flashing an ID card with my name and photo, I positioned myself in front of a head-height camera the size of my fist. Seconds later, the screen read: “PLEASE ENTER.” No one scanned the digital pass. My face might already be an enty ticket. Hair-raising? Cool?(周一，我走进一个会议中心，没有出示写有我名字和照片的身份证，而是站在一个拳头大小的摄像头前。几秒钟后，屏幕显示：“请进入。”没有人扫描电子通行证。我的脸可能已经是一张大罚单了。令人恐惧的？很酷？)”及第二段首句“As facial-recognition access points are everywhere in public places including airports and concert locations, you might be wondering how you’re supposed to feel about it (由于面部识别接入点在包括机场和音乐会场所在内的公共场所无处不在，你可能想知道你应该对此有什么感觉)”可推知，作者在第一段中提到他的经历是为了引出文章话题。故选A。
77．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Facial recognition works by creating a map of your face. The map contains your unique measurements — the distance between your forehead and chin, or between your eyes. These data are then changed into code called a face print.(面部识别的工作原理是创建一张你的脸的地图。这张地图包含了你的独特尺寸——额头和下巴之间的距离，或者眼睛之间的距离。然后，这些数据被转换成一种被称为面部指纹的代码)”可知，面部指纹是一种包含面部独特测量值的代码。故选C。
78．主旨大意题。根据第五段“A company that stores your face data could keep it. Or the data could be acquired by a company that has an entirely different purpose than what you agreed to. This kind of misuse is a guess. However you can’t always track where your face ends up: One company sold facial-recognition tech based on billions of images from social media and other sources.(存储你面部数据的公司可以保留这些数据。或者，这些数据可能被一家与你同意的目的完全不同的公司获取。这种误用是一种猜测。然而，你不能总是追踪你的脸最终出现在哪里：一家公司出售基于来自社交媒体和其他来源的数十亿张图像的面部识别技术)”可知，第五段主要是关于泄露个人资料的风险。故选B。
79．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While you have the ability not to choose facial recognition, it could eventually come at a cost Think of how the cash lane at a toll stop is almost always far slower than the E-ZPass lanes. Facial recognition will only become more common in our travels and entertainment, as well as other areas such as education and banking. We’ve just begun to understand the advantages and disadvantages. (然你可以不选择面部识别，但最终可能要付出代价。想想收费站的现金通道几乎总是比E-ZPass通道慢得多。面部识别只会在我们的旅行、娱乐以及教育和银行等其他领域变得更加普遍。我们才刚刚开始了解它的利弊)”可推知，作者对人脸识别技术的使用持客观的态度。故选C。
（2023·江苏扬州·统考模拟预测）Hospice (临终安养院) services benefit only about one person in three who dies in the US. “There are still over one million Americans who die each year without receiving hospice services,” according to a report produced in 2003. And for most who do get hospice care, their time in hospice is so short that staff members often lack the opportunity to provide the best care for their physical and emotional needs.
There are several reasons that more patients do not go into hospice care earlier. One is that Medicare (医疗保险) doesn’t cover the cost of patients’ life-extending treatment if they enter hospice. Medicare also requires that the doctor referring someone for hospice care must declare that the patient is expected to die within six months. As a result, some doctors hesitate about making an early referral to avoid being accused of cheating. Finally, there are simply not enough hospice centers and services available to meet the needs of dying patients throughout the country.
Many patients still have some concern over how hospice works. The philosophy of hospice is to neither accelerate nor postpone death. As Dr. Matt Kestenbaum, a hospice director, put it: “We let nature take its course, and we give patients all the things they need to be comfortable.”
Dying “naturally” in hospice does not deny patients the treatment for common diseases like blood clots. Hospice expenses are automatically covered by Medicare and most insurers provide hospice coverage as well.
Choosing hospice care does not mean patients lose the services of their personal doctors. They can return to regular insurance benefits when they leave hospice care because their condition improves or they want a therapy the hospice does not provide.
One thing bothering doctors is that patients will lose hope if they go into hospice. But the goal should be to refocus hope on what might be realistically achieved in the time remaining. A patient who enters hospice can have the opportunity to spend quality time with family and friends and settle unfinished business.
80．Why don’t many patients go to hospice earlier?
A．Because patients have to stay in hospice for a long time.
B．Because Medicare requirements aren’t in favor of hospice.
C．Because doctors can’t predict how long patients will live.
D．Because most hospice services are far away from patients.
81．What is the aim of hospice services?
A．To extend patients’ life. B．To ease patients’ sufferings.
C．To reduce patients’ costs. D．To settle patients’ business.
82．What concern might patients have about entering hospice?
A．They will lose treatment for common diseases.
B．Hospice can’t provide the treatment they need.
C．Doctors may give them unrealistic hope.
D．They will be separated from their family.
83．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A．To criticize America’s Medicare system.
B．To explain why hospice is unpopular.
C．To introduce the way hospice works.
D．To popularize hospice services.

【答案】80．B 81．B 82．A 83．D
【导语】本文一篇议论文。文章提出在美国有三分之一的人没有享受到临终关怀这一现象，分析了其原因以及对病人的顾虑进行了解惑。
80．细节理解题。根据第二段“One is that Medicare (医疗保险) doesn’t cover the cost of patients’ life-extending treatment if they enter hospice. Medicare also requires that the doctor referring someone for hospice care must declare that the patient is expected to die within six months. (一个原因是，如果病人进入临终关怀医院，医疗保险不包括他们延长生命的治疗费用。医疗保险还要求医生在转介病人接受临终关怀时，必须声明病人预计将在六个月内死亡。)”可知，很多病人不早点去临终关怀医院是因为医疗保险的要求不支持临终关怀。故选B。
81．细节理解题。根据第三段“The philosophy of hospice is to neither accelerate nor postpone death.  As Dr. Matt Kestenbaum, a hospice director, put it: “We let nature take its course, and we give patients all the things they need to be comfortable.” (临终关怀的理念是既不加速也不推迟死亡。正如临终关怀主任马特·凯斯滕鲍姆博士所说：“我们顺其自然，我们给病人提供他们需要的一切让他们感到舒适的东西。”)”可知，临终关怀服务的目的是减轻病人的痛苦。故选B。
82．细节理解题。根据第四段“Dying “naturally” in hospice does not deny patients the treatment for common diseases like blood clots. (在临终关怀中“自然”死亡并不会剥夺病人对血块等常见疾病的治疗。)”可知，病人对进入临终关怀医院的顾虑是他们将失去对常见疾病的治疗。故选A。
83．推理判断题。作者通过提出问题、分析原因、打消病人的顾虑，推广临终关怀这项服务。作者只在第二节分析了临终关怀医院不受欢迎的原因，所以选项B不是写作目的。所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推广临终关怀服务。故选D。
（2023·河北·统考二模）Teens interested in losing weight, for instance, got advertisements for unhealthy tips on how to become anorexic (厌食者). Such advertisements targeted these kids in hopes of persuading them to try things that were either dangerous or illegal at their age.
Advertisements are just one example of persuasion—trying to change another’s mind. Advertisements may try to convince us to buy something or do something new and different. Marketing is a field of persuasion designed to sell things, notes Jacob Teeny. Persuasion can be used to sell things. At its worst, it can be used to control people. Clearly, persuasion can be used for good and bad.
People open to new experiences tend to be more easily persuaded, Teeny says. But open-minded people can resist some persuasive arguments—such as the idea that eating junk food is cool. And closed-minded people can sometimes be persuaded. “If you haven’t really thought about the arguments” ahead of time, Teeny says, you’re going to be “much more persuadable.”
You might resist the message if you think about it as you listen to it for the first time. You might find reasons why their line of reasoning does not make sense by spotting holes in someone’s argument. But when you’re busy or distracted, you are easier to be persuaded, Teeny says.
“Persuasion is a science,” Teeny says. In fact, he notes, “It’s studied as one.” So educate yourself about the factors that go into persuasion. You will become more persuasive about the social appeals that matter to you, he says. At the same time, you will become more resistant to undue (不适当的) persuasion by others.
84．Why are advertisements mentioned in Paragraph 1?
A．To introduce the topic. B．To explain its function.
C．To ask children to lose weight. D．To tell teens to avoid dangerous things.
85．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?
A．Marketing is designed to sell things.
B．Persuasion is used to control people.
C．Persuasion has advantages and disadvantages.
D．We should follow advertisements to buy things.
86．How can you find an argument unreasonable?
A．By working busily. B．By being distracted.
C．By being closed-minded. D．By finding its weak points.
87．What does the writer think of “knowing about persuasion”?
A．Useful. B．Interesting. C．Difficult. D．Wasteful.

【答案】84．A 85．C 86．D 87．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是说服这种技能的作用。
84．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Teens interested in losing weight, for instance, got advertisements for unhealthy tips on how to become anorexic (厌食者). Such advertisements targeted these kids in hopes of persuading them to try things that were either dangerous or illegal at their age.(例如，对减肥感兴趣的青少年会收到关于如何成为厌食的不健康建议的广告。这样的广告以这些孩子为目标，希望说服他们尝试在他们这个年龄危险或非法的事情。)”和第二段的“Advertisements are just one example of persuasion—trying to change another’s mind. Advertisements may try to convince us to buy something or do something new and different.(广告只是说服的一个例子——试图改变别人的想法。广告可能试图说服我们买一些东西或做一些新的和不同的事情。)”可知，第一段提到的广告是说服的一个例子，因此提到广告是为了引出说服这个话题。故选A。
85．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“Advertisements are just one example of persuasion—trying to change another’s mind. Advertisements may try to convince us to buy something or do something new and different. Marketing is a field of persuasion designed to sell things, notes Jacob Teeny. Persuasion can be used to sell things. At its worst, it can be used to control people. Clearly, persuasion can be used for good and bad.(广告只是说服的一个例子——试图改变别人的想法。广告可能试图说服我们买一些东西或做一些新的和不同的事情。市场营销是一个说服的领域，旨在销售的东西，雅各布·蒂尼指出。说服可以用来推销东西。在最坏的情况下，它可以用来控制人们。显然，说服可以用来做好事，也可以用来做坏事。)”可知，第二段的主旨是解释说服有优点也有缺点。故选C。
86．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“You might find reasons why their line of reasoning does not make sense by spotting holes in someone’s argument.(你可能会通过发现别人论点中的漏洞来找到他们的推理不合理的原因。)”可知，你可以通过找出它的弱点来发现一个论点不合理，故选D。
87．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“So educate yourself about the factors that go into persuasion.  You will become more persuasive about the social appeals that matter to you, he says.  At the same time, you will become more resistant to undue persuasion by others.(所以让自己了解说服别人的因素。他说，在对你重要的社会吸引力方面，你会变得更有说服力。与此同时，你会对别人的不正当劝说变得更有抵抗力。)”可知，作者觉得“了解说服”是有用的，故选A。
（2023·辽宁丹东·统考二模）Oxford Dictionaries’ word of the year for 2022 was “goblin mode”: A type of behavior, which is lazy, messy, or greedy, typically in a way that rejects social norms or expectations. If we all got used to making our home comfortable and beautiful, it feels like last year was the year we gave up: Embracing the mess and the chaos that comes with normal life.
In fact, organized mess has been on the rise for a while, with the arrival of the term “cluttercore”, the art of having masses of stuff in your home and embracing color and noise. Think messy maximalism: Chaos, but lovingly displayed chaos.
Clean spaces don’t lend themselves to innovation, which is why so many geniuses do their work in cluttered studios and chaotic offices. They don’t see the mess—they see possibility. Ever known the type of person to store crayons in the microwave and books in the laundry bin? That’s probably because they thrive on disorder. That kind of mess creates the connections that bring them to their next great idea. They need their environment to clash—messes offer new ways of seeing the world. So don’t worry that your house is too messy; it just might spark your next genius invention.
Messy people have their own unique ways of keeping organized. You wouldn’t know from looking at their piles of clutter, but they know exactly what’s in them—and how to find what they’re looking for in time. Though they look messy to you, there’s a definite method to the madness. These piles are, in fact, hyper-organized and everything is easy to access. Some chefs thrive in workspaces cluttered with ingredients at the ready. Improvisation(即兴创作) in cooking—a little of this, a little of that—works best in a messy kitchen. Painters, writers, scientists and inventors throughout history have often worked in disorder. They aren’t merely lazy, but they have their own way of dealing with clutter. They know exactly where everything is and that’s just the way they like it.
88．What does the writer suggest in the first paragraph?
A．Learning the word for the year 2022. B．Rejecting social norms or expectations.
C．Being open to a life of mess and chaos. D．Making homes comfortable and beautiful.
89．What do we know about organized mess?
A．It is an art of arranging our homes in order. B．It is another type of chaos lovingly displayed.
C．It enjoys greater popularity than cluttercore. D．It helps make our life full of color and noise.
90．What does the underlined word “possibility” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．The potential of being a genius. B．The risk of becoming a messy person.
C．The chance of getting great inspiration. D．The danger of causing a kitchen accident.
91．Which of the following best fits those examples in the last paragraph?
A．A cook, who hardly remembers where the vinegar is.
B．A professor, who always forgets when to have a class.
C．A musician, who clearly knows where to find his drafts.
D．A clerk, who often wonders which papers are important.
【答案】88．C 89．B 90．C 91．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章谈论了混乱有利于创新，建议人们对混乱的生活应持开放态度。
88．推理判断题。根据第一段中“If we all got used to making our home comfortable and beautiful, it feels like last year was the year we gave up: Embracing the mess and the chaos that comes with normal life. (如果我们都习惯了把我们的家布置得舒适漂亮，那么去年似乎是我们放弃的一年：拥抱正常生活带来的混乱和杂乱无章。)”可知，在第一段作者建议对混乱的生活应持开放态度。故选C项。
89．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In fact, organized mess has been on the rise for a while, with the arrival of the term ‘cluttercore’, the art of having masses of stuff in your home and embracing color and noise. Think messy maximalism: Chaos, but lovingly displayed chaos.(事实上，随着“杂乱核心”一词的出现，有组织的混乱已经兴起一段时间了，“杂乱核心”指的是你家里有一大堆东西，拥抱色彩和噪音的艺术。想想凌乱的极简主义:混乱，但被精心展示的混乱。)”可知，有组织的混乱是另一种充满爱意的混乱。故选B项。
90．词句猜测题。划线词句前文“Clean spaces don’t lend themselves to innovation, which is why so many geniuses do their work in cluttered studios and chaotic offices. (整洁的空间不利于创新，这就是为什么那么多天才在杂乱的工作室和混乱的办公室里工作。)”说明混乱有利于创新，从而推知划线词句“They don’t see the mess—they see possibility. (他们看不到混乱——他们看到了possibility。)”其中划线词汇指的是“获得创新灵感的机会”。故选C项。
91．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Painters, writers, scientists and inventors throughout history have often worked in disorder. They aren’t merely lazy, but they have their own way of dealing with clutter. They know exactly where everything is and that’s just the way they like it. (纵观历史，画家、作家、科学家和发明家经常无序地工作。他们不只是懒惰，而且他们有自己处理杂乱的方法。他们知道所有东西的确切位置，这正是他们喜欢的方式。)”可以推知，一个音乐家，他清楚地知道在哪里找到他的草稿，是解释这种现象的最好的例子。故选C项。

真题演练
2023年阅读理解议论文

Passage 1
【2023年全国乙卷】If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
13. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
14. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
15. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. B 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
【14题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。

2022年阅读理解议论文

Passage1
【2022年全国甲卷】Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
13. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
14. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
15. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
Passage2
【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?
A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
【答案】31 A 32. C 33. A 34. D
【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
31.【解析】
推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。
32.【解析】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。
33.【解析】
词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
34.【解析】
主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
Passage3
【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives.
Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships.
What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world.
The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.
However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.
With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.
51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us?
A. Making us simple-minded B. Making us short-signted.
C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury.
52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness?
A. Through maintaining good health.
B. By going through pain and suffering.
C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.
D. Through offering help much needed by others.
53. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________.
A. less selfish B. less annoying
C. more motivated D. more responsible
54. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results?
A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world.
B. When our love for the world is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind to the reality.
55. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.
A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge
B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge
C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge
D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge
【答案】51 B 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。
【51题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。
【53题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。
【54题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。
【55题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。
2021年阅读理解议论文

Passage1
【2021年全国甲卷】Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
15. What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
Passage2
【2021年全国乙卷】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue.
C. Remember. D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
【24题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
【25题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
Passage3
【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．
31 What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B. Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach
33. What can we learn from this passage？
A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．
C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．
D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．
34. What can we infer from this passage？
A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We should live in harmony with nature．
D. History is a mirror reflecting reality．
【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。
Passage4
【2021年天津卷第一次】About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months.
The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special.
“Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance.
The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.
Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.
40．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?
A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off.
C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing.
41．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings.
C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake.
42．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage?
A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept.
C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background.
43．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as .
A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job
C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity
44．What does the author most likely want to tell us?
A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things.
C．We should move on no matter what happens. D．Past experiences should be treasured.
【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。
40．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.(第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。
41．细节理解题。根据第六段“Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。
42．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.( Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。
43．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。
44．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选C。
Passage5
【2021年天津卷第一次】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
51．To become a specialist, one may have to_____.
A．narrow his range of knowledge
B．avoid responsibilities at work
C．know more about the society
D．broaden his perspective on life
52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______.
A．treasure their freedom
B．travel around the world
C．spend most time working
D．enjoy meeting funny people
53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____.
A．is fully aware of his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．should love poetry and philosophy
D．brings knowledge of other fields to work
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
55．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D．Ways to Become a Generalist
【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
51．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“know … about less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。
52．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. …These specialists could work at the office until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
53．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。
54．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Toni的例子“My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。
55．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。
2020年阅读理解议论文

Passage1
【2020年新课标Ⅱ】I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
32. Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child?
A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy. C. Inseparable. D. Casual.
33. What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Pleasure from working in the library.
B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D. A closer bond developed with the readers.
34. What does the author call on other writers to do?
A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels.
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一份工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段的 I was always an enthusiastic reader，sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties. I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.(我一直是一个热情的读者，孩提时，有时候每天读多达三本书。故事对我来说就像空气，而其他孩子则打球或参加聚会。我通过从图书馆借阅来的书籍经历冒险)可推断，作者小时候与书是密不可分的。故选C。
33. 词句猜测题。根据上文As I grew older and became a mother可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下文I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them(我有几个孩子，书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选要阅读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”。故选B。
34. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.( 我认为所有的作家都应该在他们可以的时候以有意义的方式支持图书馆。鼓励读者使用图书馆。在社交媒体上分享图书馆公告。可以的时候常去图书馆，谈论图书馆)可知，作者呼吁其他的作家们支持图书馆。故选C。
35. 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D项“我对图书馆的爱”为最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 2
【2020年北京卷】Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.
42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?
A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere.
43. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active.
C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases.
44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines the author is ____________.
A. supportive B. disapproving
C. fearful D. uncertain
45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?
A. It may be only a dream.
B. It will come into being soon.
C. It will be controlled by humans.
D. It may be more dangerous than ever.
【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
【42题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。
Passage 3
【2020年江苏卷】I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s world. the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
65. How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon?
A. Out of place. B. Full of joy. C. Sleepy. D. Regretful.
66. What made that Amazonian evening wonderful?
A. He learned more about the local language.
B. They had a nice conversation with each other.
C. They understood each other while playing.
D. He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
67. Why was the author surprised at Juan’s question about the moon?
A. The question was too straightforward.
B. Juan knew so little about the world.
C. The author didn’t know how to answer.
D. The author didn’t think Juan was sincere.
68. What was the author’s initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles?
A. To sort out what we have known.
B. To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C. To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D. To learn more about local cultures.
69. How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries?
A. They shifted their viewpoints frequently.
B. They followed other scientists closely.
C. They often criticized their fellow scientists.
D. They conducted in-depth and close studies.
70. What could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Possible and the Impossible .
B. The Known and the Unknown .
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .
D. The Ignorant and the Intelligent.
【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
65. 推理判断题。根据第一段“We didn’t speak the local language, did not know the customs and more often than not, didn’t entirely recognize the food. We couldn’t have felt more foreign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。
66. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。
67. 推理判断题。根据第四段“In Juan’s world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界知之甚少。故选B项。
68. 推理判断题。根据第七段“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new spider...,and on and on they appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species ...I started a third drawer for these big discoveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。
69. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“but they pay more attention to them ,and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。
70. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。

2019年阅读理解议论文

Passage1
【2019年江苏卷】Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.
61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________.
A. a lack of confidence in technology
B. a slow progress in technology
C. a conflict of public opinions
D. a waste of limited resources
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________.
A. take people's essential needs into account
B. make their programmes attractive to people
C. ensure that each child gets financial support
D. provide more affordable internet facilities
63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B. Believing that the world has become borderless.
C. Ignoring the power of economic development.
D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
【答案】61. D 62. A 63. B 64. B
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。
61.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. 可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。
62.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。
63.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". 以及Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。
64.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。
Passage 2
【2019年天津卷】I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal with books. There was not one night that I don't remember mom reading me a storybook by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing mom say," I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this morning," made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like her, I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many doors. When mom said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf," I knew where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A's on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned, but I didn't enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone. I don't have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
41. Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands？
A. She wanted mom to read the news to her.
B. She was anxious to know what had happened.
C. She couldn't wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D. She couldn't help but stop mom from reading.
42. According to Paragraph 3，the author's reading of road signs indicates___________
A. her unique way to locate herself
B. her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C. her effort to remind mom to obey traffic rules
D. her growing desire to know the world around her.
43. What was the author's view on factual reading？
A. It would help her update test-taking skills.
B. It would allow much room for free thinking.
C. It would provide true and objective information.
D. It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
44. The author takes novel reading as a way to___________.
A. explore a fantasy land
B. develop a passion for leaning
C. learn about the adult community
D. get away from a confusing world
45. What could be the best title for the passage？
A. The Magic of Reading B. The Pleasure of Reading
C. Growing Up with Reading D. Reading Makes a Full Man
【答案】41. B 42. D 43. C 44. D 45. C
【语篇解读】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了自己的读书经历和感悟。
41.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段主题句I always wanted to know what my mom was reading.和Hearing mom say … made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself可知，作者一直想知道妈妈在读什么。作者抢过妈妈读的报纸，因为作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选B。
42. D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything，可以推断出，让妈妈开车开慢一点，他能够读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周围的一切，故选D。
43.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A’s on my test.可知，小学和中学阶段的阅读都是事实性阅读，读书是为了获取知识，考试得A。因此事实性阅读能够提供真实的客观的信息，故选 C。
44. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone.( 打开一本小说，我可以摆脱我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。在这个世界上，我可以成为任何人。) 可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世界中去，故选D。
45.C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了自己的阅读经历和感悟，伴着阅读成长，故选项C符合题意。
Passage 3
【2019年天津卷】Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate（视……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
51.B 【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。
52.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止学习，故选D。
53.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。
54. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。
55.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。