北京市首都师范大学附中2023-2024学年高一英语上学期期中考试试题（Word版附解析）

这是一份北京市首都师范大学附中2023-2024学年高一英语上学期期中考试试题（Word版附解析），共36页。

首师大附中2023-2024秋季学期高一上期中测试
英语学科试题
本试卷共12页，考试时长110分钟，满分100分;考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分：听力理解(共三节，18分)
第一节(共4小题;每小题1分，共4分)
听下面4段对话。每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话你将听一遍。
1. What is the man’s attitude towards the plan?
A. He doesn’t care. B. He thinks it’s reasonable. C. He is against it.
2. When did The Lion King become a prize winner?
A. In the mid 1990s B. In the early 1990s C. In the late 1990s
3 What does the man want the guy in apartment 4B o do?
A. Turn off the music after 10:00 p. m.
B. Turn down the music volume.
C. Keep quiet after midnight.
4. What does the woman mean?
A. Cathy will be at the party.
B. Cathy is too busy to come.
C. Cathy isn’t going to be invited.
第二节(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话你将听两遍。
听下面一段对话，回答第5至6小题。
5. What do the two speakers intend to do first?
A. Go to a play B. Go to an exhibition C. Go to a movie
6. Why doesn’t Fred want to go to the concert?
A. Because the tickets are hard to get.
B. Because he isn’t into that kind of music.
C. Because there is a bad review.
听下面一段对话，回答第7至8题。
7. Why does the woman talk to the man?
A. Because she cannot find her necklace.
B. Because she isn’t satisfied with the service.
C. Because she wants to make a complaint.
8. What will the man do next?
A. Report to the manager
B. Report to the police
C. Investigate the case
听下面一段对话，回答第9至10题。
9. What does the woman say about the science book?
A. It’s of little value. B. It’s in bad condition. C. It’s an old edition.
10. Why is the woman unwilling to buy more textbooks?
A. Because she isn’t sure what textbooks will be used.
B. Because she doesn’t have enough money to buy more.
C. Because she doesn’t like books marked with notes.
听下面一段对话，回答第11至12题。
11. How old is the woman?
A. 23 B. 27 C. 28
12. What will the two speakers do tonight?
A. Have dinner together
B. Go to a movie together
C. Go to the library together
听下面一段对话，回答第13至14题。
13. Which of the following shows good time management?
A. Including everything in the timetable.
B. Spending more time on exercise.
C Devoting all the time to a particular activity.
14. What is the speaker mainly talking about?
A. The ways to manage time
B. The benefits of time management
C. The difficulty of time management
第三节(共4小题;每小题1分，共4分)
听下面一段独白，完成第15至18四道小题，每小题仅填写一个词。听独白前，你将有20秒钟的时间阅读试题，听完后你将有60秒钟的作答时间。这段独白你将听两遍。将答案填写在答题纸相应的位置。
Reading tips
Try to read at the right level
● Read something that you can understand.
Try to increase the number of your new words
● Write the new words in your notebooks when...
● Try to 15 their meanings while reading.
Try to read 16
● Read for fifteen minutes every day.
Read what 17 you
● Choose a book or a magazine about a 18 that you like.
第二部分：知识运用(共两节，20分)
第一节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
One Bite at a Time
Stephen was on campus to register when I first met him.
One summer day when I was heading for the administration building, I heard someone call my name. I ____1____ around and saw Philip, one of my colleagues standing with another young man. As Philip introduced me to the young man, named Stephen, he reminded him that he would be taking one of my classes, Introduction to Literature. With a somewhat ____2____ expression, Stephen asked if my class was going to be “hard”. Would he be able to pass? I ____3____ he was concerned about failing before the opening day of classes. We talked about what the class would ____4____ and I saw Stephen’s eyes getting big with fear.
Then I remembered a bit of classical dialog:
Question: “How do you eat an elephant?”
Answer: “One bite at a time.”
I told him to ____5____ his work that way. To do his assignment, all of them, and to get them in on time. I added that most successful students I knew made a timetable of all the assignment so they could plan their workload.
As time went on, I learned more of Stephen’s story. He had ____6____ in middle school. It had taken him longer to finish than most young people. Family members, including his mother, kept reminding him that he was a failure. Now, in the face of their negative-saying he had been admitted into college. He told me that before coming to our campus no one had believed he had much ____7____.
Stephen didn’t become an “A” student. He didn’t make any honor rolls. Still, he managed to pass most of his courses by being in class every day, turning in all of his assignment on time and breaking down his studying into ____8____ digestible parts. By passing course after course he began to gain a measure of self-respect. He was a great singer and he was on the school’s cross-country team.
Every time I saw him on campus, he would brighten up and say, “One bite at a time.” Whenever he introduced me to his friends, he would tell them that he was ____9____ when he was supposed to be failing. His secret, he said, was that he was ____10____ what I taught him before classes ever started: “Take it one bite at a time.”
1.
A. turned B. sat C. moved D. went
2.
A. innocent B. angry C. inspired D. pained
3.
A. sensed B. imagined C. heard D. admitted
4.
A. change B. adjust C. cover D. produce
5.
A. avoid B. continue C. present D. approach
6.
A fitted B. hesitated C. struggled D. progressed
7.
A. experience B. information C. potential D. honor
8.
A. full-sized B. bite-sized C. pocket-sized D. medium-sized
9.
A. changing B. recovering C. concentrating D. succeeding
10.
A. spreading B. considering C. practicing D. expressing
第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空，在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
It was the final sprint of a cyclo-cross race in Spain. Esteban, in third place, was just ahead of his competitor, Navarro, ____11____ only 300 meters to the end. Suddenly Esteban got a puncture, so he threw his bike over his shoulders and raced towards the finishing line. Just a few seconds later, fourth-placed Navarro ____12____(catch) up with him. Surely, he could simply overtake Esteban and come third. But Navarro slowed down and let Esteban run ahead of him. The two cyclists reached the end with Esteban ahead on foot in third place, ____13____ Navarro came fourth. The audience was ____14____(amaze) at his show of sportsmanship and cheered and clapped.
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空，在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
White Fang spent the first month of his life ____15____(stay)in the warmth of his mother. Never moving far from her side his whole world was the shadowy ____16____(safe)of the cave. Then one day, he noticed that one wall of the cave was different. This was the cave entrance that let in a little light. As time passed, he longed ____17____(go)towards that wall of light. But when he tried, his mother gave him a sharp whack on his nose. She knew he was too young to go outside. This was his first lesson—that taking risks can be painful.
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空，在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
More than just ____18____ visual feast, an appealing opening ceremony wowed the world on Saturday September 23rd, as President Xi Jinping declared the 19th Asian Games open. With the giant floor screen lighting the way, the athletes’parade proceeded to the melody of Our Asia, ____19____ was played to the pounding beat of drums built in the shape of osmanthus, the city flower of Hangzhou. During the parade, images of iconic scenic spots at Hangzhou’s famous West Lake ____20____(project) onto the oval-shaped floor screen, allowing marching athletes and spectators to enjoy the city’s picturesque scenery in an immersive way.
第三部分：阅读理解(共两节，36分)
第一节(共13小题;每小题2分，共26分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Tips for Writing a Cover Letter
If you are applying for an internship, you will likely have to submit a cover letter as part of your application. Read below for tips on writing an internship cover letter.
Use Business Letter Format
Use proper business letter format when sending a cover letter by mail. Include your contact information at the top, the date, and the contact information for the employer. Be sure to provide a proper salutation, and sign your name at the bottom.
Individualize Your Cover Letter
Make sure to write a unique cover letter for each internship for which you apply. Highlight skills and abilities you have that relate to the specific internship listing. The main emphasis of your cover letter should be convincing the reader that you will be a qualified intern.
Emphasize Your Academic Experience
In the letter, you can mention academic experience, if applicable. Especially if you have limited work experience, you might use examples from school to demonstrate that you have particular skills. For example, if the internship requires you to work as part of a team, provide an example of an assistant at the library or a successful team project you worked on during one of your college courses.
Include Extra Classroom Experiences
You can also include details about your relevant experience form extra classroom activities or volunteer work. For example, a reporter for a college newspaper can point to interviewing and writing skills; a history of volunteering at a shelter can provide an example of strong interpersonal and organizational skills.
Proofread and Edit
Be sure to thoroughly proofread your cover letter for spelling and grammar errors. Many internships are very competitive, and any error can hurt your chances of getting an interview. Also, avoid using too many words to convey your information and intention.
21. What can you do to personalize your internship cover letter?
A. Use proper business letter format.
B. Employ more convincing expressions.
C. Promise a good performance in the internship.
D. Stress my own abilities related to the requirements.
22. Academic experience included in the cover letter can ________.
A. make up for the lack of work experience B. prove you’ll be an outstanding organizer
C. show you have a good academic performance D. multiply the chance of working on a team project
23. According to the text, a cover letter should be _____________.
A. emotional and simplified B. informal and detailed
C. brief and targeted D. academic and qualified
B
My morning routine varies little from day to day. I walk the dog, eat breakfast at the kitchen counter with Katie and Matt, and then settle in for a day at the computer. And because I work mostly from home, I have learned that little walks into the outside world are important for psychological well-being. So before I begin attempting to put sentences together, I walk over to a little coffee shop in my neighborhood, and chat with the folks behind the counter.
The coffee shop is on the other side of the historic Chesapeaker & Ohio Canal from my house. Whenever in season, tourists line up to take a slow boat, if not to India, at least into the 19th century.
One warm day last fall, I turned the corner to see one of the boatmen sitting alone on the boat, bathed in early-morning light. He was playing the violin. The scene stopped me in my tracks. What I witnessed could only be described as a perfect moment. Ten seconds at most. But months later I still remember just standıng there, watching, listening, and taking it all in.
We all have such moments put before us. Little surprises. Whether we’re wise enough to see them is another thing.
I thought of the violin man one Sunday afternoon while reading the biographies of those killed in the Columbia incident. The specialist Laurel Clark, talking from the shuttle a few days before it was to land, said it was blissful to see the simple unexpected wonders of space like a sunset. “There’s a flash; the whole payload bay turns this rosy pink,” she said. “It only lasts about 15 seconds, and then it’s gone.”
I once had a friend who had a strange habit that never stopped to amuse me, maybe because I never quite knew when she was going to spring it on me. It could come in the middle of a particularly lively dinner with old friends. Out of the blue, she’d say, “Stop! I want to remember this moment.” I realize now, after her death, what wise advice that is.
24. The author goes out for a walk every day in the morning mainly because __________.
A. she needs to walk the dog and enjoy the fresh air
B. she considers that it is good for her physical health
C. she hates to be left alone at home when others are out
D. she benefits psychologically from contacting the outside world
25. The underlined word “blissful” in Paragraph 5 probably means __________.
A. enjoyable B. valuable
C. sensible D. reasonable
26. The main purpose of the passage is to tell people to __________.
A. develop a good habit
B. enjoy life to the fullest
C. catch the valuable moments in life
D. be willing to follow friends’ advice
C
Children often learn new languages more easily than adults do, but it’s unclear why. Some theorize that grasping a language requires absorbing subtle patterns unconsciously and that adults’superior conscious reasoning is to blame. New research suggests that, indeed, grown-ups might just be too smart for their own good.
For a recent study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, a group of Belgian adults at the same time read and heard strings of four made-up words(such as “kieng nief siet hiem”). Specific consonants (辅音) always appeared at the beginning or end of a word if the word contained a certain vowel (元音). Participants next read the sequences aloud quickly. Their ability to avoid mistakes doing so indicated how well they absorbed the consonant-vowel patterns.
But before exposure to the new words, the participants had carried out a separate test: pressing keys to react to letters and numbers. Some got a much faster, more mentally draining version of this test. Those who did the difficult version claimed greater mental exhaustion afterward—but performed better on the following language task. The researchers assume that tired learners used less conscious analysis on the word rules: they were free to learn like a child.
For a related paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, the research team had English-speaking adults listen to streams of syllables (音节) secretly grouped into three-syllable “words.” Later, they played pairs of three-syllable units; one word in the pair came from the stream, and one was a new combination. The participants guessed which word was familiar, then rated their confidence.
In one participant group, some had first done the original mentally draining test. In another, some had received magnetic pulses to interrupt activity in a brain area that previous research has linked to executive control. In both groups, these measures improved participants’ performance on the syllable task when they were unsure about their answers, indicating unconscious analysis of speech.
Neuroscientist Michael Ullman, who was not involved in either paper, likes that both the studies added to mental burden differently and measured different skills. That’s really good in science because you’ve got evidences pointing to the same direction,” he says, adding that he would like to see higher language skills such as grammar studied this way.
27. The reason why some Belgians were given a more difficult test before the language task was that __________.
A. they would have no time to prepare for the upcoming task.
B. they would be too tired mentally to consciously analyze the rules
C. they could have something to refer to in the following task
D. they might compare the difficulty level of the two tasks
28. What can be inferred from Michael Ullman’s remark?
A. The research result is not solid until grammar is included.
B. Subconscious mind remains to be explored in science.
C. The outcomes of the two researches back each other up
D. More evidence is needed to back the claim of the two papers.
29. Which of the following conclusions will the research team agree with?
A. Human brain processes languages in multiple ways.
B. Conscious analysis is the key to mastering a language.
C. Increasing mental health improves one’s language.
D. Reducing reasoning may help to learn a language.
D
Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will admit mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves.
Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball?” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again.
The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies(缺陷)were highlighted by employees as early as possible. It originated in organizations like-hospitals, submarines and airlines. Because errors can be so disastrous in these organizations, it’s dangerous to operate in an environment where employees don’t feel able to report errors that have been made or raise concerns that deficiencies may turn into future errors. The No Blame Culture maximizes responsibility because all contributions to the event occurring are identified and reviewed for possible change and improvement.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or legal responsibility but to find out what went wrong and to issue recommendations to avoid a repeat. The proud record of the airline industry in reducing accidents partly reflects no-blame processes for investigating crashes and close calls. The motive to learn from errors also exists when the risks are lower. That is why software engineers and developers routinely investigate what went wrong if a website crashes or a server goes down.
There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault? Sometimes, after all, blame is deserved. The “just culture” developed by James Reason, addresses the concern that the incompetent and the malevolent(恶意的)will be let off the hook. The line that Britain’s aviation regulator draws between honest errors and the other sort is a good starting-point. It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them that go with their experience and training”. That narrows room for blame but does not remove it entirely.
30. According to the research published in 2015, companies that __________ had better performance.
A. blamed external factors B. admitted mistakes
C. conducted investigations D. accepted failures
31. According to the passage, the No Blame Culture __________.
A. encourages the early disclosure of errors
B. only exists in high reliability organizations
C. enables people to shift the blame onto others
D. prevents organizations from learning from errors
32. What is the major concern about embracing blamelessness according to the passage?
A. Being blamed for mistakes can destroy trust in employees.
B. The line between honest errors and the other sort is not clear.
C. Innocent people might take the blame by admitting their failure.
D. People won’t learn their lessons if they aren’t blamed for failures.
33. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in Organizations
B. Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own Mistakes
C. Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work
D. How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Turn Your Goals into Habits
First we make our habits, then our habits make us. It’s such a simple concept, yet it’s something we don’t always do.
I believe that having ONE goal to focus on is much more powerful than having many goals. By putting the belief into practice, I have achieved a lot of personal goals over time. ____34____ My answer takes a little explaining. I try to turn my goals into habits, and in doing so, I put my goals on autopilot. Turning a goal into a habit means really focusing on it for at least a month. The more you can focus, the more it’ll be on autopilot. ____35____ You’ll still do it, but you only have to use minimal force to maintain it, and you can focus on your next goal or habit.
Take my marathon goal as an example. I was just starting running and had the brilliant idea to run a marathon within a year. So that was my goal. ____36____ First, I had to make running a daily habit. Second, I had to report to people in order to have accountability (负责) so that I could not quit easily. I focused on the daily running habit for about a month, and didn’t have any other goals or habits. When the running habit stuck, I started reporting to people I knew and blogging about my running every day.
_____37_____ I could focus on new goals without having to worry about the marathon. I still had to do the running, of course, but it didn’t require constant focus. _____38_____ I was able to achieve this because, all year long, I had daily running and accountability habits. I put my marathon goal into autopilot, so instead of struggling with it daily for an entire year, I focused on it for one month and was able to accomplish it while focusing on new habits and goals.
A. And eventually, I ran the first marathon in my life.
B. At the beginning, it was very difficult for me to achieve this goal.
C. But in order to achieve it I broke it down into two habits.
D. With this accountability, there’s no way I could stop running.
E. Once you put it on autopilot, you don’t have to focus on it much.
F. My readers asked me how I was able to achieve them while working on different projects.
G. Once those two habits were established, my marathon goal was pretty much on autopilot.
第四部分：书面表达(共两节，26分)
第一节 阅读表达(共4小题;第57小题1分，第58小题2分，第59小题3分;第60小题5分，共11分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
From the cheeky sound of a whoopee cushion to a spring-loaded spider rocketing from a glass, pranks (恶作剧) are a popular way of making fun of others and getting a laugh. While some experts point out potential negatives, pranking can also decrease stress, raise a smile, and strengthen relationships.

It’s little wonder that best-selling children’s author Matt Stanton has shaped his latest book around pranks for young jokesters. Part of his Funny Kid book series, Prank Aliens, is about a boy named Max who is searching for the greatest prank of all time. Stanton said that pranking in the home can build strong relationships between parents and kids.
“Some of the best relationship-building moments I have with my own kids are when I enter into their space,” Stanton said. “An adult joining in their games can be surprising for kids and bring wonderful moments of joy. It’s a great way to demonstrate to our kids that we can laugh at ourselves and still feel loved and secure,” he added.
But playing tricks can come with unintended consequences, said psychiatrist Mark Cross. Pranks that are intended to harm or embarrass can anger the target and even ruin a relationship. However, Cross also added “Pranking can be good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person. It can be a great release of stress. When you laugh, you breathe deeper, which helps ease anxiety.”
So why not try some pranks? Wrapping vegetables and shoes up as presents for kids on their birthdays always gets a great reaction. Putting plastic spiders in guests’ drinks or placing a whoopee cushion on an unsuspecting person’s chair is sure to cause a belly laugh. All these might just be good for you and everyone involved.
39. What are the benefits of pranking?
40. When can pranks anger the target or even ruin a relationship?
41. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
42. In addition to pranking, what other ways can you use to strengthen relationships with family members? (In about 40 words)
第二节 书面表达(共1小题，共15分)
43. 假如你是红星中学高一学生李华。你的英国朋友Jim升入高中后，学业压力大，感到疲倦，你建议他通过体育锻炼来缓解压力。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1.推荐一项运动并说明理由;
2.提示该项运动需做的准备。
注意：1.词数100词左右;
2.开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
首师大附中2023-2024秋季学期高一上期中测试
英语学科试题
本试卷共12页，考试时长110分钟，满分100分;考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分：听力理解(共三节，18分)
第一节(共4小题;每小题1分，共4分)
听下面4段对话。每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话你将听一遍。
1. What is the man’s attitude towards the plan?
A. He doesn’t care. B. He thinks it’s reasonable. C. He is against it.
2. When did The Lion King become a prize winner?
A. In the mid 1990s B. In the early 1990s C. In the late 1990s
3. What does the man want the guy in apartment 4B o do?
A. Turn off the music after 10:00 p. m.
B. Turn down the music volume.
C. Keep quiet after midnight.
4. What does the woman mean?
A. Cathy will be at the party.
B. Cathy is too busy to come.
C. Cathy isn’t going to be invited.
第二节(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话你将听两遍。
听下面一段对话，回答第5至6小题。
5. What do the two speakers intend to do first?
A. Go to a play B. Go to an exhibition C. Go to a movie
6. Why doesn’t Fred want to go to the concert?
A. Because the tickets are hard to get.
B. Because he isn’t into that kind of music.
C. Because there is a bad review.
听下面一段对话，回答第7至8题。
7. Why does the woman talk to the man?
A. Because she cannot find her necklace.
B. Because she isn’t satisfied with the service.
C. Because she wants to make a complaint.
8. What will the man do next?
A. Report to the manager
B. Report to the police
C. Investigate the case
听下面一段对话，回答第9至10题。
9. What does the woman say about the science book?
A. It’s of little value. B. It’s in bad condition. C. It’s an old edition.
10. Why is the woman unwilling to buy more textbooks?
A. Because she isn’t sure what textbooks will be used.
B. Because she doesn’t have enough money to buy more.
C. Because she doesn’t like books marked with notes.
听下面一段对话，回答第11至12题。
11. How old is the woman?
A. 23 B. 27 C. 28
12. What will the two speakers do tonight?
A. Have dinner together
B. Go to a movie together
C. Go to the library together
听下面一段对话，回答第13至14题。
13. Which of the following shows good time management?
A. Including everything in the timetable.
B. Spending more time on exercise.
C. Devoting all the time to a particular activity.
14. What is the speaker mainly talking about?
A. The ways to manage time
B. The benefits of time management
C. The difficulty of time management
第三节(共4小题;每小题1分，共4分)
听下面一段独白，完成第15至18四道小题，每小题仅填写一个词。听独白前，你将有20秒钟的时间阅读试题，听完后你将有60秒钟的作答时间。这段独白你将听两遍。将答案填写在答题纸相应的位置。
Reading tips
Try to read at the right level
● Read something that you can understand.
Try to increase the number of your new words
● Write the new words in your notebooks when...
● Try to 15 their meanings while reading.
Try to read 16
● Read for fifteen minutes every day.
Read what 17 you
● Choose a book or a magazine about a 18 that you like.
第二部分：知识运用(共两节，20分)
第一节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
One Bite at a Time
Stephen was on campus to register when I first met him.
One summer day when I was heading for the administration building, I heard someone call my name. I ____1____ around and saw Philip, one of my colleagues standing with another young man. As Philip introduced me to the young man, named Stephen, he reminded him that he would be taking one of my classes, Introduction to Literature. With a somewhat ____2____ expression, Stephen asked if my class was going to be “hard”. Would he be able to pass? I ____3____ he was concerned about failing before the opening day of classes. We talked about what the class would ____4____ and I saw Stephen’s eyes getting big with fear.
Then I remembered a bit of classical dialog:
Question: “How do you eat an elephant?”
Answer: “One bite at a time”
I told him to ____5____ his work that way. To do his assignment, all of them, and to get them in on time. I added that most successful students I knew made a timetable of all the assignment so they could plan their workload.
As time went on, I learned more of Stephen’s story. He had ____6____ in middle school. It had taken him longer to finish than most young people. Family members, including his mother, kept reminding him that he was a failure. Now, in the face of their negative-saying he had been admitted into college. He told me that before coming to our campus no one had believed he had much ____7____.
Stephen didn’t become an “A” student. He didn’t make any honor rolls. Still, he managed to pass most of his courses by being in class every day, turning in all of his assignment on time and breaking down his studying into ____8____ digestible parts. By passing course after course he began to gain a measure of self-respect. He was a great singer and he was on the school’s cross-country team.
Every time I saw him on campus, he would brighten up and say, “One bite at a time.” Whenever he introduced me to his friends, he would tell them that he was ____9____ when he was supposed to be failing. His secret, he said, was that he was ____10____ what I taught him before classes ever started: “Take it one bite at a time.”
1.
A. turned B. sat C. moved D. went
2.
A. innocent B. angry C. inspired D. pained
3.
A. sensed B. imagined C. heard D. admitted
4.
A. change B. adjust C. cover D. produce
5.
A. avoid B. continue C. present D. approach
6.
A. fitted B. hesitated C. struggled D. progressed
7.
A. experience B. information C. potential D. honor
8.
A. full-sized B. bite-sized C. pocket-sized D. medium-sized
9.
A. changing B. recovering C. concentrating D. succeeding
10.
A. spreading B. considering C. practicing D. expressing
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者的“一次吃一口”的学习方法，使得一个刚入学、害怕自己课程不能合格的不自信的学生，最终取得了成功的故事。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我转过身，看见我的同事菲利普和另一个年轻人站在一起。A. turne (around)转身；B. sat坐；C. moved (around)走来走去；D. went (around)四处走动。根据前文“One summer day when I was heading for the administration building, I heard someone call my name.”（一个夏天的一天，当我走向行政大楼时，我听到有人叫我的名字）和本句中“and saw Phillip”可知，作者听到有人叫他的名字，应该是转身过来后看到了叫他的人。故选A。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：斯蒂芬带着有点痛苦的表情问我的课会不会“难”。A. innocent天真的；B. angry生气的；C. inspired能力卓越的；D. pained痛苦的。根据句中“Stephen asked if my class was going to be “hard””和下一句“Would he be able to pass? ”（我能合格吗？）可知，斯蒂芬担心课程会很难，怕自己会挂科，因此表情是有点痛苦的。故选D。
【3题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我感觉到他在担心开学前会不会挂科。A. sensed感觉到；B. imagined想象；C. heard听到；D. admitted承认。根据前文“With a somewhat 　2　 expression, Stephen asked if my class was going to be “hard”. Would he be able to pass?”（斯蒂芬带着有点痛苦的表情问我的课会不会“难”，我能合格吗？）可知，斯蒂芬是担心课程很难，自己会挂科，所以作者也从他的话语和痛苦的表情中感觉到了他在担心。故选A。
【4题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们讨论了课程内容，我看到斯蒂芬的眼睛因恐惧而睁大。A. change改变；B. adjust调整；C. cover涉及；D. produce生产。根据前文“Stephen asked if my class was going to be “hard””和本句中“I saw Stephen’s eyes getting big with fear.”可知，斯蒂芬担心课程会很难，所以他的眼睛因恐惧而睁大，应该是因为听到作者在和菲利普讨论课程所涉及的内容。故选C。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我告诉他要这样做他的工作。A. avoid避免；B. continue继续；C. present呈现；D. approach应对。根据下文“To do his assignment, all of them, and to get them in on time.”（要完成作业，所有的作业，并且按时交上来）可知，作者是在告诉斯蒂芬如何去应对自己的功课任务。故选D。
【6题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他在中学时学得很吃力。A. fitted适应；B. hesitated犹豫；C. struggled艰难行进；D. progressed进步。根据下文“It had taken him longer to finish than most young people. ”（他比大多数年轻人花了更长的时间才完成）可知，斯蒂芬在中学的学习也是很吃力的，完成得比较艰难。故选C。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他告诉我，在来我们学校之前，没有人相信他有很大的潜力。A. experience经验；B. information信息；C. potential潜力；D. honor荣誉。根据前文“He had 　6　 in middle school.”（他在中学时学得很吃力）和“Family members, including his mother, kept reminding him that he was a failure.”（家庭成员，包括他的母亲，不断提醒他，他是个失败者）可知，他在考入这所学校之前，学习一直很吃力，家人也都认为他是个失败者，因此没人相信他有潜力。故选C。
【8题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，他还是通过了每天上课、按时交作业、把学习分成小块、容易消化的方法，通过了大部分课程。A. full-sized全尺寸的；B. bite-sized一口大小的，小块的；C. pocket-sized袖珍的；D. medium-sized中等大小的。根据前文提到的作者教给他的“One bite at a time”（一次吃一口）和下文“His secret, he said, was that he was 　10　 what I taught him before classes ever started: “Take it one bite at a time.””（他说，他的秘诀在于，他一直在练习我在开课前教他的东西:“一次吃一口”）可知，斯蒂芬一直坚持用作者教给他的“一次吃一口”的方法，把学习分成一口大小的、容易消化的部分，一点一点学习。故选B。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：每当他把我介绍给他的朋友们时，他都会告诉他们，当人们以为他会失败的时候，他成功了。A. changing变化；B. recovering康复；C. concentrating聚精会神；D. succeeding成功。根据前文“By passing course after course he began to gain a measure of self-respect.”（通过一门又一门的考试，他开始获得了一定程度的自尊）可知，虽然很多人都以为他会失败，但他最终通过了一门又一门的考试，获得了成功。故选D。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他说，他的秘诀在于，他一直在练习我在开课前教他的东西:“一次吃一口”。A. spreading传播；B. considering考虑；C. practicing练习；D. expressing表达。根据前文“I told him to 　5　 his work that way. ”可知，作者教给斯蒂芬“一次吃一口”的方法是一种学习方法，是要加以练习和实践才可以取得效果的，所以斯蒂芬最终成功的秘诀就是不断练习运用这种方法。故选C。
第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空，在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
It was the final sprint of a cyclo-cross race in Spain. Esteban, in third place, was just ahead of his competitor, Navarro, ____11____ only 300 meters to the end. Suddenly Esteban got a puncture, so he threw his bike over his shoulders and raced towards the finishing line. Just a few seconds later, fourth-placed Navarro ____12____(catch) up with him. Surely, he could simply overtake Esteban and come third. But Navarro slowed down and let Esteban run ahead of him. The two cyclists reached the end with Esteban ahead on foot in third place, ____13____ Navarro came fourth. The audience was ____14____(amaze) at his show of sportsmanship and cheered and clapped.
【答案】11. with
12. caught 13. while
14. amazed
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了西班牙自行车越野赛中，排名第三的埃斯特班在距离终点仅剩下300米的时候车轮爆胎不得不跑步冲向终点，排名第四的纳瓦罗没有趁机超越，而是跟在埃斯特班之后到达终点线，展示了高尚的体育精神。
【11题详解】
考查介词。句意：排名第三埃斯特班领先于他的竞争对手纳瓦罗，现在距离终点仅剩300米。分析句子结构，空白处及其下文在句子中做伴随状语，应使用表示伴随含义的介词，with为介词，可做伴随状语，故填with。
【12题详解】
考查时态。句意：几秒钟后，排名第四的纳瓦罗追上了他。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作谓语，因句子表达的是过去发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时，故填caught。
13题详解】
考查让步状语从句。句意：两名自行车手到达终点，埃斯特巴以步行的方式领先，获得第三名，而纳瓦罗获得第四名。根据上文“Surely, he could simply overtake Esteban and come third. (当然，他完全可以超越埃斯特巴，获得第三名。)”可知，纳瓦罗没有趁机超越，而是跟在埃斯特班之后到达终点线，让埃斯特班拿到了第三名，而自己拿到了第四名，展示了高尚的体育精神，可推理出空白处应填表示转折和让步关系的连词，故填while。
【14题详解】
考查形容词。句意：观众对他的体育精神表现感到惊讶，欢呼鼓掌。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中做表语表示属性，使用形容词，因修饰主语the audience，指人，使用v-ed形式的形容词，故填amazed。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空，在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
White Fang spent the first month of his life ____15____(stay)in the warmth of his mother. Never moving far from her side his whole world was the shadowy ____16____(safe)of the cave. Then one day, he noticed that one wall of the cave was different. This was the cave entrance that let in a little light. As time passed, he longed ____17____(go)towards that wall of light. But when he tried, his mother gave him a sharp whack on his nose. She knew he was too young to go outside. This was his first lesson—that taking risks can be painful.
【答案】15. staying
16. safety 17. to go
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文讲述出生在寒冷多雪的阿拉斯加北国的白牙，他出生后就和母亲生活在安全的洞穴里。随着他长大，他渴望到外面的世界，但是他的母亲知道现在对于他来说，外面的世界非常的危险。
【15题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：白牙在母亲的温暖中度过了他生命的第一个月。spend time/money (in) doing sth.“花费时间/金钱做某事”，用动名词作宾语。故填staying。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：他从来没有离开过她的身边，他的整个世界都是洞穴里阴暗的安全地带。根据空前的形容词以及空后的of可知，空处需要名词。safe为形容词，其名词为safety，此处的意思为“安全处所”，为不可数名词。故填safety。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：随着时间的流逝，他渴望走向那道光明之墙。long to do sth.“渴望做某事”。故填to go。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空，在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
More than just ____18____ visual feast, an appealing opening ceremony wowed the world on Saturday September 23rd, as President Xi Jinping declared the 19th Asian Games open. With the giant floor screen lighting the way, the athletes’parade proceeded to the melody of Our Asia, ____19____ was played to the pounding beat of drums built in the shape of osmanthus, the city flower of Hangzhou. During the parade, images of iconic scenic spots at Hangzhou’s famous West Lake ____20____(project) onto the oval-shaped floor screen, allowing marching athletes and spectators to enjoy the city’s picturesque scenery in an immersive way.
【答案】18. a 19. which
20. were projected
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了19届亚运会在中国举办，介绍了亚运会开幕式上的盛况。
【18题详解】
考查冠词。句意：9月23日星期六，当习近平主席宣布第19届亚运会开幕时，一场吸引人的开幕式不仅仅是一场视觉盛宴，还震惊了世界。根据语境可知，此处表示亚运会的开幕式不仅仅是“一场视觉的盛宴”，所以空处需要不定冠词。空后的单词为辅音音素开始的单词，所以用不定冠词a。故填a。
【19题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：在巨大的落地大屏幕的照明下，运动员的入场式在“我们的亚洲”的旋律下进行，“我们的亚洲”伴随着以杭州市花桂树形状建造的鼓点的敲击声而进行。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词Our Asia，先行词指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
【20题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：入场式期间，著名的杭州西湖景点的图像被投射到椭圆形的地板屏幕上，让行进的运动员和观众以身临其境的方式欣赏城市如画的风景。分析句子结构可知，空处为句子的谓语动词。根据语境可知，此处是在介绍亚运会开幕式的场景，所以时态为一般过去时。主语和谓语动词之间为被动关系。综上所述，该句话用一般过去时态的被动语态，主语为复数，be动词使用were。故填were projected。
第三部分：阅读理解(共两节，36分)
第一节(共13小题;每小题2分，共26分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Tips for Writing a Cover Letter
If you are applying for an internship, you will likely have to submit a cover letter as part of your application. Read below for tips on writing an internship cover letter.
Use Business Letter Format
Use proper business letter format when sending a cover letter by mail. Include your contact information at the top, the date, and the contact information for the employer. Be sure to provide a proper salutation, and sign your name at the bottom.
Individualize Your Cover Letter
Make sure to write a unique cover letter for each internship for which you apply. Highlight skills and abilities you have that relate to the specific internship listing. The main emphasis of your cover letter should be convincing the reader that you will be a qualified intern.
Emphasize Your Academic Experience
In the letter, you can mention academic experience, if applicable. Especially if you have limited work experience, you might use examples from school to demonstrate that you have particular skills. For example, if the internship requires you to work as part of a team, provide an example of an assistant at the library or a successful team project you worked on during one of your college courses.
Include Extra Classroom Experiences
You can also include details about your relevant experience form extra classroom activities or volunteer work. For example, a reporter for a college newspaper can point to interviewing and writing skills; a history of volunteering at a shelter can provide an example of strong interpersonal and organizational skills.
Proofread and Edit
Be sure to thoroughly proofread your cover letter for spelling and grammar errors. Many internships are very competitive, and any error can hurt your chances of getting an interview. Also, avoid using too many words to convey your information and intention.
21. What can you do to personalize your internship cover letter?
A. Use proper business letter format.
B. Employ more convincing expressions.
C. Promise a good performance in the internship.
D. Stress my own abilities related to the requirements.
22. Academic experience included in the cover letter can ________.
A. make up for the lack of work experience B. prove you’ll be an outstanding organizer
C. show you have a good academic performance D. multiply the chance of working on a team project
23. According to the text, a cover letter should be _____________.
A. emotional and simplified B. informal and detailed
C. brief and targeted D. academic and qualified
【答案】21. D 22. A 23. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了求职信的五个写作技巧。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Make sure to write a unique cover letter for each internship for which you apply. Highlight skills and abilities you have that relate to the specific internship listing. The main emphasis of your cover letter should be convincing the reader that you will be a qualified intern.(确保为你申请的每个实习岗位写一封独特的求职信。突出你所拥有的与实习相关的技能和能力。求职信的重点应该是让读者相信你是一个合格的实习生)”可知，强调自己与要求相关的能力，才能让你的实习求职信更个性化。故选D。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“In the letter, you can mention academic experience, if applicable. Especially if you have limited work experience, you might use examples from school to demonstrate that you have particular skills.(如果可以的话，你可以在信中提到你的学术经历。特别是如果你的工作经验有限，你可以用学校里的例子来证明你有特殊的技能)”可知，求职信中包含的学术经验可以弥补工作经验的不足。故选A。
23题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Be sure to thoroughly proofread your cover letter for spelling and grammar errors. Many internships are very competitive, and any error can hurt your chances of getting an interview. Also, avoid using too many words to convey your information and intention.(一定要彻底校对你的求职信的拼写和语法错误。很多实习都很有竞争力，任何失误都可能损害你获得面试机会的机会。同时，避免用太多的词语来表达你的信息和意图)”可知，求职信应该简洁而有针对性。故选C。
B
My morning routine varies little from day to day. I walk the dog, eat breakfast at the kitchen counter with Katie and Matt, and then settle in for a day at the computer. And because I work mostly from home, I have learned that little walks into the outside world are important for psychological well-being. So before I begin attempting to put sentences together, I walk over to a little coffee shop in my neighborhood, and chat with the folks behind the counter.
The coffee shop is on the other side of the historic Chesapeaker & Ohio Canal from my house. Whenever in season, tourists line up to take a slow boat, if not to India, at least into the 19th century.
One warm day last fall, I turned the corner to see one of the boatmen sitting alone on the boat, bathed in early-morning light. He was playing the violin. The scene stopped me in my tracks. What I witnessed could only be described as a perfect moment. Ten seconds at most. But months later I still remember just standıng there, watching, listening, and taking it all in.
We all have such moments put before us. Little surprises. Whether we’re wise enough to see them is another thing.
I thought of the violin man one Sunday afternoon while reading the biographies of those killed in the Columbia incident. The specialist Laurel Clark, talking from the shuttle a few days before it was to land, said it was blissful to see the simple unexpected wonders of space like a sunset. “There’s a flash; the whole payload bay turns this rosy pink,” she said. “It only lasts about 15 seconds, and then it’s gone.”
I once had a friend who had a strange habit that never stopped to amuse me, maybe because I never quite knew when she was going to spring it on me. It could come in the middle of a particularly lively dinner with old friends. Out of the blue, she’d say, “Stop! I want to remember this moment.” I realize now, after her death, what wise advice that is.
24. The author goes out for a walk every day in the morning mainly because __________.
A. she needs to walk the dog and enjoy the fresh air
B. she considers that it is good for her physical health
C. she hates to be left alone at home when others are out
D. she benefits psychologically from contacting the outside world
25. The underlined word “blissful” in Paragraph 5 probably means __________.
A. enjoyable B. valuable
C. sensible D. reasonable
26. The main purpose of the passage is to tell people to __________.
A. develop a good habit
B. enjoy life to the fullest
C. catch the valuable moments in life
D. be willing to follow friends’ advice
【答案】24. D 25. A 26. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者通过文字告诉我们应该在生活中珍视人生中的幸福时刻，珍视人生的瞬间之美。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第三句话“And because I work mostly from home, I have learned that little walks into the outside world are important for psychological well-being. (因为我大部分时间都在家工作，我了解到偶尔去外面的世界对心理健康很重要)”可知，去外面散步能够对作者的心理健康有好处。故选D。
【25题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线单词后半句话“see the simple unexpected wonders of space like a sunset.(看到日落这样简单而意想不到的太空奇观)”以及下一句话““There’s a flash; the whole payload bay turns this rosy pink,” she said. (她说：“有一道闪光，整个有效载荷舱都变成了粉红色。”)”可知，看到日落这样简单而意想不到的太空奇观是一件让人愉悦的事，所以让人感觉整个载荷舱都是粉红色的。由此可知，划线单词的意思是“让人愉悦的”。故选A。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“We all have such moments put before us. Little surprises. Whether we’re wise enough to see them is another thing.(我们都有这样的时刻摆在我们面前。小惊喜。我们是否有足够的智慧去看他们是另一回事)”可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了让人们抓住生活中有价值的瞬间，珍惜这些美好的瞬间。故选C。
C
Children often learn new languages more easily than adults do, but it’s unclear why. Some theorize that grasping a language requires absorbing subtle patterns unconsciously and that adults’superior conscious reasoning is to blame. New research suggests that, indeed, grown-ups might just be too smart for their own good.
For a recent study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, a group of Belgian adults at the same time read and heard strings of four made-up words(such as “kieng nief siet hiem”). Specific consonants (辅音) always appeared at the beginning or end of a word if the word contained a certain vowel (元音). Participants next read the sequences aloud quickly. Their ability to avoid mistakes doing so indicated how well they absorbed the consonant-vowel patterns.
But before exposure to the new words, the participants had carried out a separate test: pressing keys to react to letters and numbers. Some got a much faster, more mentally draining version of this test. Those who did the difficult version claimed greater mental exhaustion afterward—but performed better on the following language task. The researchers assume that tired learners used less conscious analysis on the word rules: they were free to learn like a child.
For a related paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, the research team had English-speaking adults listen to streams of syllables (音节) secretly grouped into three-syllable “words.” Later, they played pairs of three-syllable units; one word in the pair came from the stream, and one was a new combination. The participants guessed which word was familiar, then rated their confidence.
In one participant group, some had first done the original mentally draining test. In another, some had received magnetic pulses to interrupt activity in a brain area that previous research has linked to executive control. In both groups, these measures improved participants’ performance on the syllable task when they were unsure about their answers, indicating unconscious analysis of speech.
Neuroscientist Michael Ullman, who was not involved in either paper, likes that both the studies added to mental burden differently and measured different skills. That’s really good in science because you’ve got evidences pointing to the same direction,” he says, adding that he would like to see higher language skills such as grammar studied this way.
27. The reason why some Belgians were given a more difficult test before the language task was that __________.
A. they would have no time to prepare for the upcoming task.
B. they would be too tired mentally to consciously analyze the rules
C. they could have something to refer to in the following task
D. they might compare the difficulty level of the two tasks
28. What can be inferred from Michael Ullman’s remark?
A. The research result is not solid until grammar is included.
B. Subconscious mind remains to be explored in science.
C. The outcomes of the two researches back each other up
D. More evidence is needed to back the claim of the two papers.
29. Which of the following conclusions will the research team agree with?
A. Human brain processes languages in multiple ways.
B. Conscious analysis is the key to mastering a language.
C. Increasing mental health improves one’s language.
D. Reducing reasoning may help to learn a language.
【答案】27. B 28. C 29. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。儿童通常比成人更容易学习新语言，但原因尚不清楚。一些理论认为，掌握一门语言需要无意识地吸收微妙的模式，而成年人优越的有意识推理能力是罪魁祸首。新的研究表明，事实上成年人可能只是太聪明了。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“The researchers assume that tired learners used less conscious analysis on the word rules: they were free to learn like a child. (研究人员认为，疲惫的学习者对单词规则的有意识分析较少：他们可以像孩子一样自由地学习)”可知，一些比利时人在语言测试前要做一个难度更高的测试，原因是成年人在精神上太累了，无法有意识地分析规则，所以可以像孩子一样自由学习。故选B。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Neuroscientist Michael Ullman, who was not involved in either paper, likes that both the studies added to mental burden differently and measured different skills. “That’s really good in science because you’ve got evidences pointing to the same direction,” he says, (没有参与这两篇论文的神经学家迈克尔·乌尔曼(Michael Ullman)认为，他喜欢这两项研究以不同的方式增加了精神负担，并测量了不同的技能。“这在科学上真的很好，因为你有证据指向同一个方向，”他说)”可知，根据Michael Ullman的评论，可以推断出这两项研究的结果相互支持。故选C。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Some theorize that grasping a language requires absorbing subtle patterns unconsciously and that adults’superior conscious reasoning is to blame.(一些理论认为，掌握一门语言需要无意识地吸收微妙的模式，而成年人的超意识推理是罪魁祸首)”以及第三段中“The researchers assume that tired learners used less conscious analysis on the word rules: they were free to learn like a child. (研究人员认为，疲惫的学习者对单词规则的有意识分析较少：他们可以像孩子一样自由地学习)”可知，推理会导致人们对单词规则进行有意识地分析，不利于语言学习，即减少推理可能有助于学习一门语言。故选D。
D
Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will admit mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves.
Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball?” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again.
The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies(缺陷)were highlighted by employees as early as possible. It originated in organizations like-hospitals, submarines and airlines. Because errors can be so disastrous in these organizations, it’s dangerous to operate in an environment where employees don’t feel able to report errors that have been made or raise concerns that deficiencies may turn into future errors. The No Blame Culture maximizes responsibility because all contributions to the event occurring are identified and reviewed for possible change and improvement.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or legal responsibility but to find out what went wrong and to issue recommendations to avoid a repeat. The proud record of the airline industry in reducing accidents partly reflects no-blame processes for investigating crashes and close calls. The motive to learn from errors also exists when the risks are lower. That is why software engineers and developers routinely investigate what went wrong if a website crashes or a server goes down.
There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault? Sometimes, after all, blame is deserved. The “just culture” developed by James Reason, addresses the concern that the incompetent and the malevolent(恶意的)will be let off the hook. The line that Britain’s aviation regulator draws between honest errors and the other sort is a good starting-point. It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them that go with their experience and training”. That narrows room for blame but does not remove it entirely.
30. According to the research published in 2015, companies that __________ had better performance.
A. blamed external factors B. admitted mistakes
C. conducted investigations D. accepted failures
31. According to the passage, the No Blame Culture __________.
A. encourages the early disclosure of errors
B. only exists in high reliability organizations
C. enables people to shift the blame onto others
D. prevents organizations from learning from errors
32. What is the major concern about embracing blamelessness according to the passage?
A. Being blamed for mistakes can destroy trust in employees.
B. The line between honest errors and the other sort is not clear.
C. Innocent people might take the blame by admitting their failure.
D. People won’t learn their lessons if they aren’t blamed for failures.
33. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in Organizations
B. Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own Mistakes
C. Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work
D. How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture
【答案】30. B 31. A 32. D 33. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了职场中“责怪文化”的弊端及引进“无过错文化”的好处及担忧。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves.(2015年发表的一项研究表明，那些经理人把失败归咎于外部因素的公司，其表现不如那些把失败归咎于自己的公司。)”可知，进行自我责备、承认自己失误的公司有更好的业绩，故选B项。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies (缺陷) were highlighted by employees as early as possible.(引入“无过错文化”是为了确保员工尽早强调错误和不足。)”可知，引入“无过错文化”的目的是为了确保早发现错误，故选A项。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault?(人们显然对接受无可指责感到担忧。如果网站一直崩溃，而罪魁祸首是同一个人，该怎么办?)”可知，对无可指责感到担忧是因为人们担心如果不把失败归咎于人们，他们就不会吸取教训，故选D项。
【33题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段第二句“But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will admit mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them.(但是责备也是有害的，这使得人们不太可能承认错误，因此组织也不太可能从中吸取教训)”及第二段第一句“Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball?” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes.(责备文化问，“谁丢了球？”而不是“我们的系统和流程在哪里失败了？”重点是个人，而不是流程。)”以及第三段“The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies(缺陷)were highlighted by employees as early as possible.(引入“无过错文化”是为了确保员工尽早强调错误和不足。)”可知文章前两段主要论述了职场中“责怪文化”的弊端，并结合下文对“无过错文化”好处的论述可知，文章主要分析了职场中应该停止“责怪文化”的原因，并引进“无过错文化”，C项“为什么我们应该停止工作中的指责文化”适合做文章标题，故选C项。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Turn Your Goals into Habits
First we make our habits, then our habits make us. It’s such a simple concept, yet it’s something we don’t always do.
I believe that having ONE goal to focus on is much more powerful than having many goals. By putting the belief into practice, I have achieved a lot of personal goals over time. ____34____ My answer takes a little explaining. I try to turn my goals into habits, and in doing so, I put my goals on autopilot. Turning a goal into a habit means really focusing on it for at least a month. The more you can focus, the more it’ll be on autopilot. ____35____ You’ll still do it, but you only have to use minimal force to maintain it, and you can focus on your next goal or habit.
Take my marathon goal as an example. I was just starting running and had the brilliant idea to run a marathon within a year. So that was my goal. ____36____ First, I had to make running a daily habit. Second, I had to report to people in order to have accountability (负责) so that I could not quit easily. I focused on the daily running habit for about a month, and didn’t have any other goals or habits. When the running habit stuck, I started reporting to people I knew and blogging about my running every day.
_____37_____ I could focus on new goals without having to worry about the marathon. I still had to do the running, of course, but it didn’t require constant focus. _____38_____ I was able to achieve this because, all year long, I had daily running and accountability habits. I put my marathon goal into autopilot, so instead of struggling with it daily for an entire year, I focused on it for one month and was able to accomplish it while focusing on new habits and goals.
A. And eventually, I ran the first marathon in my life.
B. At the beginning, it was very difficult for me to achieve this goal.
C. But in order to achieve it, I broke it down into two habits.
D. With this accountability, there’s no way I could stop running.
E. Once you put it on autopilot, you don’t have to focus on it much.
F. My readers asked me how I was able to achieve them while working on different projects.
G. Once those two habits were established, my marathon goal was pretty much on autopilot.
【答案】34. F 35. E 36. C 37. G 38. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇选句填空。当我们把目标变成习惯的时候，很容易地就可以实现自己的目标。文章讲述了具体的做法。
【34题详解】
横线后句“My answer takes a little explaining.”中的动词“answer”是关键词，由此可知横线句应该是一个问句，结合前句“By putting the belief into practice, I have achieved a lot of personal goals over time.”可知，人们对我取得如此多的成就的方法设问。F项：My readers asked me how I was able to achieve them while working on different projects.(我的读者问我，在做不同的项目时，我是如何做到这些的)承上启下，故选F。
【35题详解】
根据本段第四句I try to turn my goals into habits, and in doing so, I put my goals on autopilot.可知，把目标变成习惯，就会自动地努力去实现自己的目标，这就变成了一种自然的行为，不要再过多关注。E项：Once you put it on autopilot, you don’t have to focus on it much.(一旦你把它变成自动行动的，你就不必太关注它了。)符合本段文意，故选E。
【36题详解】
根据横线后两句First, I had to make running a daily habit. Second, I had to report to people in order to have accountability (负责) so that I could not quit easily.可知，作者首先把跑步变成日常的习惯，然后必须向人们汇报，这样作者就有了责任感，不会轻易放弃。C项：But in order to achieve it, I broke it down into two habits.(但为了达到这个目的，我把它分成了两个习惯。)也是讲述如何变成习惯，故选C。
【37题详解】
根据横线后句I could focus on new goals without having to worry about the marathon.可知，作者关注新的目标，不再考虑之前的马拉松了，因为马拉松已经成为作者的习惯了。G项：Once those two habits were established, my marathon goal was pretty much on autopilot.(一旦这两个习惯建立起来，我的马拉松目标几乎是自动行动的。)符合文意，目标变成自动行动的，作者才不会关注了，故选G。
【38题详解】
根据横线后句I was able to achieve this because, all year long, I had daily running and accountability habits.可知，作者实现了这个目标是因为她每天都在跑，让跑马拉松成为了作者的习惯。那么实现这个目标就是很自然的事情了，A项：And eventually, I ran the first marathon in my life.(我完成了第一个马拉松，实现了我的目标。)符合上下文文意，故选A。
【点睛】本文小题3可以根据文章中的数字信息得出答案，在横线后两句中出现了first和second，说明要把一个大目标拆分成两个小目标。得出C项答案。做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索特征词是空白前后的名词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。
第四部分：书面表达(共两节，26分)
第一节 阅读表达(共4小题;第57小题1分，第58小题2分，第59小题3分;第60小题5分，共11分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
From the cheeky sound of a whoopee cushion to a spring-loaded spider rocketing from a glass, pranks (恶作剧) are a popular way of making fun of others and getting a laugh. While some experts point out potential negatives, pranking can also decrease stress, raise a smile, and strengthen relationships.

It’s little wonder that best-selling children’s author Matt Stanton has shaped his latest book around pranks for young jokesters. Part of his Funny Kid book series, Prank Aliens, is about a boy named Max who is searching for the greatest prank of all time. Stanton said that pranking in the home can build strong relationships between parents and kids.
“Some of the best relationship-building moments I have with my own kids are when I enter into their space,” Stanton said. “An adult joining in their games can be surprising for kids and bring wonderful moments of joy. It’s a great way to demonstrate to our kids that we can laugh at ourselves and still feel loved and secure,” he added.
But playing tricks can come with unintended consequences, said psychiatrist Mark Cross. Pranks that are intended to harm or embarrass can anger the target and even ruin a relationship. However, Cross also added “Pranking can be good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person. It can be a great release of stress. When you laugh, you breathe deeper, which helps ease anxiety.”
So why not try some pranks? Wrapping vegetables and shoes up as presents for kids on their birthdays always gets a great reaction. Putting plastic spiders in guests’ drinks or placing a whoopee cushion on an unsuspecting person’s chair is sure to cause a belly laugh. All these might just be good for you and everyone involved.
39. What are the benefits of pranking?
40. When can pranks anger the target or even ruin a relationship?
41. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
42. In addition to pranking, what other ways can you use to strengthen relationships with family members? (In about 40 words)
【答案】39. Decreasing stress, raising a smile, and strengthening relationships.
40. When they are intended to harm or embarrass.
41. Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
Pranking is good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
42. I can keep in touch with my family by calling them every day. Besides, travelling with my family during the leisure holidays can give me the opportunity to communicate with them. Finally, I can celebrate with my family on special occasions, which will be unforgettable.
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了虽然恶作剧有潜在的负面影响，但是恶作剧也可以减轻压力、带来微笑和增强人际关系。
【39题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第一段“While some experts point out potential negatives, pranking can also decrease stress, raise a smile, and strengthen relationships.(虽然一些专家指出了潜在的负面影响，但恶作剧也可以减轻压力，带来微笑，加强人际关系)”可知，恶作剧可以减轻压力，带来微笑，加强人际关系。故答案为Decreasing stress, raising a smile, and strengthening relationships.
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第四段“Pranks that are intended to harm or embarrass can anger the target and even ruin a relationship.(故意伤害或使对方尴尬的恶作剧会激怒对方，甚至毁掉一段感情)”可知，故意伤害别人或者使人尴尬的恶作剧会激怒对方甚至毁掉一段关系。故答案为When they are intended to harm or embarrass.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第四段“Pranking can be good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person. It can be a great release of stress. When you laugh, you breathe deeper, which helps ease anxiety.(当结果是包括被恶作剧的人在内的所有人都会大笑时，恶作剧就是好的。它可以极大地释放压力。当你笑的时候，你会呼吸更深，这有助于缓解焦虑)”可知，当结果是包括被恶作剧的人在内的所有人都会大笑时，恶作剧是好的，因为笑可以缓解焦虑，所以句子中“when everyone laughs at the pranked person(当每个人都嘲笑恶作剧的人时)”是错误的。故答案为Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress. Pranking is good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
【42题详解】
开放性题目。我可以通过每天给家人打电话来保持联系。此外，在休闲假期与家人一起旅行可以让我有机会与他们交流。最后，我可以在特殊的场合和家人一起庆祝，这将是令人难忘的。故答案为I can keep in touch with my family by calling them every day. Besides, travelling with my family during the leisure holidays can give me the opportunity to communicate with them. Finally, I can celebrate with my family on special occasions, which will be unforgettable.
第二节 书面表达(共1小题，共15分)
43. 假如你是红星中学高一学生李华。你的英国朋友Jim升入高中后，学业压力大，感到疲倦，你建议他通过体育锻炼来缓解压力。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1.推荐一项运动并说明理由;
2.提示该项运动需做的准备。
注意：1.词数100词左右;
2.开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
I’m sorry to hear that you’re having such a hard time at present. As senior high school students, it’s normal for us to feel anxious and worn out once in a while because we are under great pressure with our studies. So you don’t have to worry too much as long as you can deal with it in a proper way.
Personally, I think the best way to relieve stress is physical exercise and swimming is one of the best sports, which can not only make me feel relaxed, but also stay healthy and strong, so I advise you to swim regularly.
Before going to swim, we should pay attention to three points. The first is to make your body in a better state. The second is that do not eat too much. The last is that you had better swim with some friends. These can help you stay safe and enjoy yourself.
I hope you can get better soon.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给英国朋友Jim写一封电子邮件，建议他通过体育锻炼来缓解因升入高中后，学业压力大而产生的疲倦与压力，推荐一项体育运动并说明理由，提示该项运动需做的准备。
【详解】1. 词汇积累：
困难的：hard→difficult
疲惫的：worn out→tired
解决：deal with→solve
建议：advise→suggest
安全的：safe→secure
2. 句式拓展：
简单句变为复合句
原句：Before going to swim, we should pay attention to three points.
拓展句：Before we go to swim, we should pay attention to three points.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Personally, I think the best way to relieve stress is physical exercise and swimming is one of the best sports, which can not only make me feel relaxed, but also stay healthy and strong, so I advise you to swim regularly.（运用了以关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句和分别以连词and和so连接的并列句。）
【高分句型2】The last is that you had better swim with some friends.（运用了以连接词that引导的表语从句。）