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2024届高考英语一轮复习-第一讲 谓语动词课件
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这是一份2024届高考英语一轮复习-第一讲 谓语动词课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了will tell，hired，am filling，has walked，addressed，had said，have got，were ，was built，gives等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、动词的时态和语态考点一 动词的时态In the past, I liked① playing cmputer games very much. Once when my mther came int my rm, I was playing② games. She was very angry and cried sadly. My mther had asked③ me t quit it many times befre that, but I didn't make it. I thught I wuld try④ again. Nw, I have given up⑤ playing games and I am studying⑥ hard. I have been reading⑦ sme bks n cmputers and in the future, I want t be a cmputer engineer and will develp⑧ sme puzzle games that teenagers like⑨ but are nt addicted t. Of curse, I will be playing ⑩ games at any time as lng as I want.
注释：①是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为：had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为：wuld＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为：have/has＋过去分词。⑥是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are＋现在分词。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是一般将来时，结构为：will＋动词原形。⑨是一般现在时，结构为：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑩是将来进行时，结构为：will＋be＋现在分词。
一、一般时态Ⅰ.一般现在时1．一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词原形或动词的第三人称单数构成。动词be的第一人称单数形式用am，第三人称单数形式用is，其他人称形式均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式用has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则：
2．一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always，every time，nw and then，ccasinally，ften，seldm，never，smetimes，usually，every day/night等连用。He ften ges t wrk by bus，and he takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day.他经常乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天晚餐后和妻子一块儿散步。(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作。只限于g，arrive，leave，start，stay，return，begin，cme等动词。Lk at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes ff at 18：20.看看时间表。快点儿吧！4026航班18：20起飞。
(3)在状语从句中，当主句是一般将来时态时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。If it is fine tmrrw，we will g there.要是明天晴天，我们就去那里。
Ⅱ.一般过去时1．一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。动词的过去式的变化规则是：
2.一般过去时的用法表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与ften，usually，seldm 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday，the ther day，last week，the day befre yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。In 1931，Addams became the first American wman t win the Nbel Peace Prize.1931年，亚当斯成为第一个赢得诺贝尔和平奖的美国女性。
Ⅲ.一般将来时1．一般将来时的构成一般将来时由“shall/will＋动词原形”构成。其中shall用于第一人称，will用于一切人称。2．一般将来时的用法表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。常与表示将来的时间状语tmrrw，next year，in＋一段时间等连用。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话者临时的决定。—What time is it? ——几点了？—I have n idea.But just a minute，I will check it fr yu.——我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。
3．其他表示“将来”的结构及用法(1)“be ging t＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Lk！Dark cluds are gathering.It is ging t rain sn，I think.看！乌云正在聚集。我想快要下雨了。Whether in the hme r the wrkplace，scial rbts are ging t becme a lt mre cmmn in the next few years.无论是在家里还是在工作场所，在未来的几年里社交机器人将会变得越来越普遍。
(2)“be t＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。Yu are t hand in yur papers by 10 'clck.到10点你得交上试卷。(3)“be abut t＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。Tm was abut t clse the windw when his attentin was caught by a bird.汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
[易错提醒]如果表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，要用过去将来时“wuld/shuld＋动词原形”。该时态主要出现在间接引语中。I telephned him yesterday t ask what I wuld/shuld d next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周要干什么。
[点对点练习1] 单句语法填空1．The curtains are abut t pen，and in a few minutes the actin and dialgue _________ (tell) yu the stry.2．While running regularly can't make yu live frever，the review says it ___ (be) mre effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling r swimming.3．We _____ (hire) ur bikes frm the rental place at the Suth Gate.My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.
二、进行时态Ⅰ.进行时的构成现在进行时由“am/is/are＋现在分词”构成；过去进行时由“was/were＋现在分词”构成；将来进行时由“will/shall＋be＋现在分词”构成。现在分词的变化规则如下：
Ⅱ.进行时的用法1．现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。—I hear yu are wrking in a pub.What's it like?——我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？—Well，it's very hard wrk and I'm always tired，but I dn't mind.——哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。
(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常用于g，cme，leave，start，arrive，return，wrk，sleep，stay，have，wear，run ut等动词(词组)。Fd supplies in the fld-stricken area are running ut.We must act immediately befre there's nne left.洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前马上行动。
2．过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time，at that mment，at this time yesterday，at ten 'clck yesterday等连用。He must have sensed that I was lking at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly，“Why are yu staring at me like that？”他一定感觉到了我正在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼，轻声地说：“你为什么那样盯着我看？” (2)表示过去的两个动作中持续进行的一个，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。Jack was wrking in the lab when the pwer cut ccurred.突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
3．将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用，如：at this time tmrrw，by then，frm 1：30 t 4：30 tmrrw等。Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 'clck this afternn because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了，因为她那个时间在授课。
[点对点练习2] 单句语法填空1．She ___________ (play) with the cellphne when her bss walked int the ffice.2．Next Friday I will g t anther cncert.They _______________ (play) smething by Mzart at that time.3．—Hi，let's g skating.—Srry，I'm busy right nw.I __________ (fill) in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.
was playing
will be playing
三、完成时态Ⅰ.现在完成时(1)现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成。它表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。—I'm srry，but I dn't quite fllw yu.Did yu say yu wanted t return n September 20?——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们想9月20日回来吗？—Srry，I haven't made myself clear.We want t return n Octber 20.——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20日回来。
(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。(3)考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already，just，yet，since，fr＋时间段，up t nw，until nw，ever since，s far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。I have learned mre than tw hundred English wrds in the past three hurs.在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。
(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时：①It has been＋一段时间＋since从句②This/That/It is the first/secnd that＋现在完成时③This/That/It is the best/finest/mst interesting ...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the mst interesting nvel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
Ⅱ.过去完成时 (1)过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。它表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by，by the end f，by the time，until，befre，since，后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句。I had put away my schlbag befre my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的书包放好了。(2)在hardly/scarcely ...，n sner ...等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，n sner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。N sner had they rushed ut f the huse than it burnt dwn.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hpe，expect，mean，intend，want，suppse的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hped t g hme frm wrk ahead f time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
Ⅲ.完成进行时1．完成进行时的构成完成进行时由have/has been ding或had been ding构成。2．完成进行时的用法(1)现在完成进行时①常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。I'm very tired.I have been checking the students' papers all the mrning.我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。②表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this mrning，but I can't get thrugh.今天上午我给他打了很多次电话，但都没打通。
[易错提醒] 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别I've read The Old Man and the Sea.我已经读过《老人与海》了。(已经完成)I have been reading The Old Man and the Sea these days.这些天我一直在读《老人与海》。(仍在进行甚至仍将继续)
(2)过去完成进行时过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。She tld me that she had been studying French fr 5 years.她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)She tld me that she had been waiting fr me fr an hur.她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续)
[点对点练习3] 单句语法填空1．(2022·全国甲卷)In the last five years，Ca __________ (walk) thrugh 34 cuntries in six cntinents，and in 2016，he reached the tp f Kilimanjar，Africa's highest muntain.2．(2022·全国乙卷)The chairman f the China Culture Prmtin Sciety _________ (address) the pening ceremny.3．Befre getting int the car，I thught I ___________ (learn) the instructr's rders，but nce I started the car，my mind went blank.I frgt what he ________ (say) t me altgether.4．Being raised in a family f teachers，I ________(get) plenty f chances t cnnect myself with literature since a yung age.5．I ____________ (expect) t get the first prize in the cntest but the result made me disappinted.
had learned
had expected
考点二 动词的语态With the help f my teachers and parents, many f my bad habits have been changed① by me and many gd habits are being frmed②. In the past, I was ften criticized③ by my teachers, but nw I am ften praised④ by them. Befre I gt rid f my bad habits, I had nce been laughed at⑤ by several classmates, but nw we have becme gd friends. Thanks t my gd study habits and gd grades, I will be sent⑥ abrad fr further study! At this time next year, I will have been hired⑦ by a big cmpany！My gd habits will always be being fully used⑧！Gd habits shuld be cultivated⑨ when we are very yung because they benefit us s much!
注释：①是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为：have/has been＋过去分词。②是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为：is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。过去进行时的被动语态，结构为：was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为：was/were＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为：is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为：had been＋过去分词。⑥是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为：will＋be＋过去分词。⑦是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为：will＋have been＋过去分词。⑧是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为：will＋be being＋过去分词。⑨是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
1．被动语态的构成形式被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。(1)各种时态的被动语态形式如下(以动词give为例)：
(2)“get＋过去分词”也能构成被动语态，常用于口语中，其中的get已失去原有的词汇意义，而接近于be的功能。常见的有：get married结婚；get paid获得报酬；get hurt受伤；get trapped/stuck/caught被困。
2．被动语态的用法(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。It is reprted that a space statin will be built n the mn in years t cme.据报道，一个空间站将在未来的几年内在月球上建成。In my hmetwn，there is always a harvest supper fr the farmers after all the wheat has been cut.在我的家乡，所有的麦子被收割后，总是要给农民们准备一顿收获的晚餐。With many frests being destryed，huge quantities f gd earth are being washed away each year.因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥沃的泥土被冲走。
[易错提醒] ①有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cst花费；lack缺少；wn拥有；belng t属于；take part in参加。②不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/ccur发生；remain剩下；break ut爆发；last持续；cme ut出版；cme up被提出；lse heart失去信心；date frm/back t追溯到；run ut用完。
3．主动形式表达被动意义(1)“系动词feel，sund，taste，lk，smell，appear，seem，turn，stay，becme，get，grw，keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。This kind f wl shirt feels sft.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。(2)当sell，read，cut，wash，write，pen，wear，run，burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。Have yu bught the bk that sells well these days? I think it is suitable fr us teenagers.你买最近畅销的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。
(3)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词，wrth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The huse needs repairing(＝t be repaired)．这房子需要修葺。(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，imprtant，impssible，pleasant，interesting等。The prblem is difficult t wrk ut.这道题很难计算出。
(5)be t rent/blame主动形式表被动意义。Wh is t blame fr the mistake?谁应为这个错误接受谴责？
[点对点练习] 单句语法填空1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend prtectin t a significant number f areas that _____(be) previusly unprtected，bringing many f the existing prtected areas fr giant pandas under ne authrity t increase effectiveness and reduce incnsistencies in management.2．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)After a three-year pilt perid，the GPNP will be fficially set up next year.The GPNP ___________(design) t reflect the guiding principle f ．(2021·全国甲卷)It _________ (build) riginally t prtect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred (修复)．4．(2021·浙江卷6月)Mary's niece wrte，“The little hme ___________ (paint) white.”5．My washing machine _________________ (repair) this week，s I have t wash my clthes by hand.
is designed
was painted
is being repaired
二、主谓一致1．语法一致原则I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven't① seen each ther fr a lng time.T see her every day is②my dream.What I want t d is③ give up my present jb and wrk in her city.Hwever，all my relatives except my uncle bject t④ my idea.Smene tells⑤ me that it is nt wrthwhile t give up my jb，which brings⑥ me 10，000 yuan every mnth.Many a persn thinks⑦ it nt wise t leave the city I am living in.
注释：该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：①根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。②主语是不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。④主语后面跟有with，tgether with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等短语时，谓语动词跟这些短语前面的主语一致。⑤主语为smene，anyne，everyne等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。⑦“many a/mre than ne＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语前有each，every，n修饰时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
2.意义一致原则I have been n a diet fr fur mnths.Fur mnths is① nt a shrt time.Thugh a large number f peple dn't② understand me，the majrity f peple arund me supprt③ me.The ld cnsider④ it unwise t g n a diet，but the yung admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ wrried abut me，but nw they think I can chse t d this as lng as it desn't harm my health.
注释：①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。②“a number f＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。③the majrity f，the rest f，分数/百分数＋f＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。⑤family，grup，team，class，gvernment等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3．就近一致原则There are① many girls having a taste fr sweet fd，but neither my sister nr I am② interested in candies.注释：①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。②r，nt nly als ...，neither ...，either ...，whether ...，nt ...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1．用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人，同一事物，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。The pet and writer has cme.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tls.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)[易错提醒]用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and frk(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．若主语中有mre than ne 或many a/an，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但mre＋复数名词＋than ne作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数。Mre than ne student was late.不止一个学生迟到。Mre persns than ne cme t help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。3．“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，ecnmics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Natins(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
[点对点练习] 单句语法填空1．The teacher and pet ften _____ (give) lectures arund the city.2．I think Tm，rather than yu __ (be) t blame fr the incident；that is t say，yu are inncent.3．Nbdy but Jim and Mike __(be) n the playgrund nw.4．As far as I knw，his family __ nt very large but the family ___ all music lvers.(be)5．The pr ____ (be) lked dwn upn in the ld days.
6．Neither his parents nr I __(be) able t persuade him t change his mind.7．Listening t lud music and rck cncerts __________ (cause) hearing lss in sme teenagers s far.8．Barbara is easy t recgnize as she is the nly ne f the wmen wh _____ (wear) evening dress.
三、情态动词和虚拟语气考点一 情态动词1．can/culdMary—M Nancy—NM：Can① yu prnunce this wrd?N：Srry，I can't①.M：Can/Culd② I use yur dictinary?N：Of curse yu can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictinary?M：Can④ it be in yur drmitry?
N：N，it can't④be.I never study in my drmitry.M：Culd yu have lent⑤ it t yur deskmate?N：N，my deskmate culdn't have brrwed⑤ a dictinary because he hates English.It might be in Jane's desk，but I can't⑥ tuch her bks withut permissin.M：An rganized persn can⑦ frget things.
注释：can/culd的意义及用法①can表能力，意为“能够”。②can表请求，culd 表示委婉语气。③can表许可。④can/can't表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于疑问句或否定句。⑤culd sb.have dne ...？意为“某人做过某事吗？”culdn't have dne意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can't 表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2．may/mightMike—M Teacher—TM：May/Might① I cme in?T：Yes，yu may②.Yu're almst late，and where is yur deskmate?M：Hmm，I dn't knw.He may/might③ be n the way t schl.T：He might③ be；that is，he might nt③ be n his way t schl.Mike，yu may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn't he cme yet?M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might nt have set⑤ the alarm clck.
注释：may/might的意义及用法①表示请求。②表示许可，不用might。③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。④may as well“还是……好”。⑤might have dne表示对过去的猜测，意为“可能做了某事”。might nt have dne意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。
3．mustJane—J Mther—MJ：Mm，must① I take this medicine?M：Yes，yu must①.J：Must① I take it right nw?M：N，yu needn't②.Yu can take it later.J：But it must be③ bitter.M：I've tld yu t wear yur cat，but yu must④ wear yur T-shirt.Besides，yu must have played⑤utdrs.Yu mustn't⑥ d it again.
注释：must的意义及用法①must表必须，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn't。③must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have dne表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn't表示禁止，不表示推测。
4.shuldBss—B Jane—J Steven—SB：It's nine nw and everyne shuld① be here.Where is Steven? He shuld have arrived② ten minutes ag.J：Really strange，I can't imagine Mr Punctual shuld③ be late fr wrk.B：Here he cmes.Why are yu late，Steven?S：I'm terribly srry，sir.I shuldn't have drunk② t much cffee last night.I kept my eyes pen until fur 'clck in the mrning.B：A persn like yu shuldn't drink④ t much cffee，tea either.S：Yes，I ught t be punctual as usual.
注释：shuld的意义及用法①表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。②shuld have dne 意为“本应做而没做”，shuldn't have dne表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。③表示“竟然”。④shuld (nt) d sth.＝ught (nt) t d sth.(不)应该做某事。
5．shallMan—M Wman—WM：Hi，where are yu ging?W：I shall① g t New Yrk.M：Me t！Oh，yur suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it fr yu，Miss？(carrying the suitcase t the wman's seat and sitting beside the wman)W：Thank yu fr helping me，but it's required that everyne shall③ sit n his wn seat.M：It desn't matter.W：Stay away frm me，r I will call the plice.Yu shall④ be srry fr what yu d.Sir，I need yur help.(waving t a pliceman)
注释：shall的意义及用法①用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6．need/dareMike—M Jack—JM：D yu dare t take① yur cellphne t the examinatin rm?J：N，I dare nt d② that；I needn't d③ that，either.M：Yu study well，s yu dn't need t cheat④.I am different.J：Stp thinking abut cheating，and yu can't get away with it.Yu need t⑤ study hard.N pains，n gains.
注释：need/dare的意义及用法•dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加nt，如用法②和③。•dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词d/des，且其后要加(t) d，如用法①④⑤。•其用法简单总结为：有助有t，无助无t。
7．will/wuldTm—T Mary—MM：Hw abut the new watch?T：I will① never use it any mre.It just wn't② give the crrect time.M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.T：At nine 'clck in the mrning？She wuld/used t④ have a nap in the afternn.M：The phne is ringing，but I am busy with my wrk.T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
注释：will/wuld 的意义及用法①表示意愿。②表示事物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。④wuld/used t表示过去的习惯。⑤表示意愿，意志。
Ⅰ.情态动词的基本用法1．can/culd①表能力、请求或允许；②表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句中；③can用于肯定句中，表示客观或理论上的可能性；④相关的特殊句型有：can nt ... t (再怎么……也不过分), can't help but d sth. (不得不做某事), can't wait t d sth. (迫不及待地做某事)。Yu can nt be t careful when yu drive a car.你开车时再小心也不为过。
2．may/might①表推测，意为“或许；可能”；用于肯定和否定句中，might比may语气弱；②表示请求或许可；③相关句型或搭配：may/might as well d表示“还是……好；最好……”；may well d表示“很可能”；④may可以用来表示祝愿，用“may＋主语＋动词原形”结构。May yu succeed.祝你成功。
3．must①表示非常肯定的推测，意为“一定”，只能用于肯定句中；②表“偏要；非要……不可”；③mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得；不允许；一定不要”。Students mustn't eat r drink in the reading rm.学生在阅览室里禁止吃喝。4．shall①用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表命令、警告、许诺或威胁等；②用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示征询意见。Mm，shall we g bating this weekend?妈妈，这周末我们去划船好吗？
5．shuld/ught t①shuld表责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”，还可表出乎意料的语气，意为“竟然”；②ught t表义务，意为“应该”。Yu ught t have been mre careful.你本应该更加小心一点。6．will/wuld①表主语的意志、意愿或决心；②表事物的某种性质或必然趋势，或“按规律”“注定会”；③表示习惯性动作，will可以表示现在的习惯，意为“总是；习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用wuld。The dr wn't pen.这个门打不开。
7．need和dareneed“需要”和dare“敢”，作情态动词时，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。He dare nt tell us the truth.他不敢告诉我们实情。
[点对点练习1] 单句语法填空用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加nt)1．It used t be that yu _____ drive fr miles here withut seeing anther persn, but nw there are huses and peple everywhere.2．Jim says we ___ stay in his huse as lng as we leave it clean and tidy.3．He ______be ur manager.Our manager has gne t Beijing.4．Yu _____ have dne better，but yu didn't try yur best.5．I didn't see her in the meeting rm this mrning.She ________ have spken at the meeting.
6．Everyne present will nt believe such a gentleman ______ d that.7．Yu _______ play with the knife，r yu may hurt yurself.8．Yu _____ be punished fr what yu have dne.9．It ____ have rained last night，fr the rad is quite muddy.10．I _______ have taken the umbrella，fr the weather is fine.
Ⅱ.情态动词表示推测1．情态动词表示推测用法的判断(1)首先看是肯定句、否定句还是疑问句。肯定句中一般用must/may/might；否定句和疑问句中一般用can/culd。(2)然后看是对什么时间的推测。表示对现在的推测用“情态动词＋d”，表示对过去的推测用“情态动词＋have dne”。(3)最后看句子语气的肯定程度，must (十分肯定)>may (不太肯定)>culd/might (可能性较小)。
2．“情态动词＋have dne”的含义和用法
We culd have faced the difficulty tgether, but why didn't yu tell me? 我们本来可以一起面对困难，但是你为什么不告诉我？Mark needn't have hurried. After driving at tp speed, he arrived half an hur early.马克本不必着急。他开快车后，早到了半小时。
[点对点练习2] 单句语法填空1．—I hnestly dn't think I'm ging t be admitted.—Well, yu never knw! Yu may _________ (make) a better impressin than yu think.2．I gt very nervus abut the exam, but in the event, I ____________________ (wrry); it was really easy. 3．I believe he must have had an accident；therwise he __________________ (arrive) n time.
needn't have wrried
wuld have arrived
考点二 虚拟语气 1．wish/wuld rather/as if/if nlyMr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cld winter.)Z：I wish I had① smething ht t drink.W：I wuld rather I hadn't invited② yu t g ut.Z：Hw big a fish! If nly I had caught② it.W：If nly yu hadn't fallen② int the river！If nly we had① dry clthes nw! Nw I wish yur wife wuldn't blame③ this n me.
注释：as if好像，wish希望，wuld rather宁可，if nly要是……就好了，这四个词语后的从句往往用虚拟语气。①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用wuld/culd/might/shuld＋动词原形。
2．条件状语从句中的虚拟语气Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W(in the hspital)Z：What fine weather! If I were nt ill，I wuld g fishing.①W：If yu hadn't gne fishing yesterday，yu wuldn't have caught a cld.②Z：I wuld have stayed at hme，but Mr Wang invited me t g.③He tld me t hurry，therwise I wuldn't have frgtten t wear warm cats.④W：Is it all Mr Wang's fault? But fr/Withut Mr Wang，yu wuld have been drwned.⑤Z：Had it nt been fr the big fish，I wuldn't have fallen int the river.⑥ I'd catch it if I shuld recver tmrrw.⑦
注释：•①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were ...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d ...对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had dne ...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might have dne ...对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/shuld/were t d ...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d ...•⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装，结构为：Had＋主语＋dne，主语＋wuld/culd/might have dne ＋主语＋t d/Shuld＋主语＋d，主语＋wuld d ...
•③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，结构如下：主语＋wuld have dne ...，but 过去的事实主语＋wuld d ...，but 现在的事实Withut/But fr＋n.，主语＋wuld d(与现在相反)Withut/But fr＋n.，主语＋wuld have dne (与过去相反)现在的事实，therwise＋主语＋wuld d过去的事实，therwise＋主语＋wuld have dne
3．名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn't cheated in the exam with the cellphne and that he (shuld) nt be punished.①The teacher rdered that he (shuld) take ut the cellphne and cmmanded that he (shuld) phne his parents right nw.①Mike requested that the teacher (shuld) nt call his parents.①He demanded that the teacher (shuld) give him anther chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (shuld) nt take cellphnes t schl.②Her suggestin/advice was that Mike (shuld) study hard instead f cheating in the exams.③It is high time that he prepared/shuld prepare fr the cllege entrance examinatin.④
注释：•某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用含有shuld的虚拟语气。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(rder/cmmand)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recmmend/prpse)。•上述动词用于It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句时，从句使用带shuld的虚拟语气，如②。•上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestin等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用含有shuld的虚拟语气，如③。•It is (high/abut) time that sb.did/shuld d sth.也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4．It is/was＋adj.＋that sb.(shuld) d ...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb.(shuld) d teacher：It is imprtant/essential/necessary that yu shuld learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I shuld learn English well.注释：在It is/was＋形容词(imprtant，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(shuld＋)动词原形”。
Ⅰ.if条件句中的虚拟语气
If the new safety system had been put t use，the accident wuld never have happened.要是新的安全系统被投入使用的话，这起事故就不会发生了。We wuld be back in the htel nw if yu didn't lse the map.如果你没有把地图弄丢的话，我们现在就回到旅馆了。Grace desn't want t mve t New Yrk because she thinks if she were t live there，she wuldn't be able t see her parents very ften.格蕾丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为如果住在那里，她就不能经常看到她的父母了。
[易错提醒]①如果在表示虚拟语气的if从句中含有were，had或shuld，可将if省略，然后将were，had或shuld移至主语之前。②如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
Ⅱ.含蓄条件句的虚拟语气有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语有：withut(要是)没有；but fr要不是；therwise/r否则等。—D yu have Betty's phne number?——你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？—Yes.Otherwise，I wuldn't have been able t reach her yesterday.——有。不然我昨天就联系不上她了。Many f the things we nw benefit frm wuld nt be arund but fr Thmas Edisn.要不是托马斯·爱迪生，我们现在从中受益的很多东西就不会存在。
Ⅲ.虚拟语气在从句中的运用1．在名词性从句中的运用(1)在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后的宾语从句中，以及这些动词的名词形式后面的同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(shuld＋)动词原形”。常见的此类动词有urge, cmmand，request，suggest，insist，desire等。She suggested that Dale jin the debating team，believing that practice in speaking culd give him the cnfidence and recgnitin that he needed.她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。He insisted that the prblem (shuld) be discussed at the meeting.他执意要求在会上讨论这个问题。My desire is that we (shuld) nt quarrel ver such things again.我的希望是我们不再为这样的事情争吵了。
[易错提醒]当suggest作“暗示，表明”，insist作“坚持认为”讲时，从句要用陈述语气。(2)在“It is/was＋adj./dne＋that ...”句型中，从句中的谓语动词用(shuld＋)动词原形。常见的形容词或过去分词有：imprtant，necessary，strange，suggested，rdered，advised，requested，demanded 等。It is necessary that we (shuld) clean the rm every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。It is required that middle schl students (shuld) take at least ne hur's exercise every day.中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。
(3)wish后的宾语从句中的谓语可用一般过去时，had＋过去分词和culd/might/wuld＋动词原形，分别表示与现在、过去、将来相反的情况。I wish that I had met that film star yesterday.我倒希望昨天见到了那个电影明星。Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced as well as her.埃伦是一位了不起的舞蹈家。要是我能跳得像她一样就好了。
(4) wuld rather所接的宾语从句中，从句的谓语如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生过的动作，从句用过去完成时。We wuld rather ur daughter stayed at hme with us，but it is her chice，and she is nt a child any lnger.我们宁愿女儿待在家，陪在我们身边，但是选择权在她手上，毕竟她不再是个孩子了。
2．三个固定句式中的虚拟语气
It was Jhn wh brke the windw. Why are yu talking t me as if I had dne it?打破窗户的是约翰。为什么你说得好像是我打破的似的？It is high time that we tk/shuld take sme measures t slve the prblem.确实到了我们采取措施解决问题的时候了。Lk at the truble we are in. If nly we had taken ur teacher's advice!看看我们所处的困境。要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好啊！
[易错提醒]当as if/thugh引导的句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。
[点对点练习] 单句语法填空1．The wrkers were nt better rganized, therwise they wuld__________________ (accmplish) the task in half the time.2．There is a gd scial life in the village, and I wish I ___ (have) a secnd chance t becme mre invlved.3．If yu_________ (tell) me in advance, I wuld have met him at the airprt.4．I wuld rather he _______ (invite) me t the party tmrrw.
have accmplished
层级一 基础达标练单句语法填空1．(2022·烟台一模)Many Chinese ancient artwrks ____________ (create) n silk. 2．(2022·洛阳二模)Bth Mei Lanfang and Cheng Yanqiu were knwn fr their playing female characters in Peking Opera pieces, because, at the time, wmen ______________(frbid)t appear n stage.3．(2022·沛县树恩中学阶段练习)Based n a true stry, the film is set in the War t Resist US Aggressin and Aid Krea (1950－1953), which _____(tell) the stry f the Chinese Peple's Vlunteers sldiers fighting bravely under freezing temperatures in the key campaign at Lake Changjin.
were created
were frbidden
4．(2022·四川达州一模)When ur high teacher first intrduced vlunteering t us, I gt inspired and applied immediately. Sn, I was s frtunate that I ____________ (accept) t be a vlunteer at a lcal hspital.5．(2022·浙江效实中学模拟)On February 25, 2021, Zhang Guimei ______________ (recgnize) as ne f the rle mdels fr pverty alleviatin (扶贫), and received a natinal hnrary title frm President Xi Jinping at a cmmendatin (嘉奖) cnference.6．(2022·南通模拟预测)The rescue wrker risked his life saving tw turists wh ________________ (trap) in the muntains fr tw days.
was accepted
was recgnized
had been trapped
7．(2022·辽宁东北育才双语学校模拟)The netwrk ___________ (expect) t duble in length again, t 70，000 kilmeters, by 2035.8．(2022·抚顺市第一中学模拟)The 56-year-ld Kéré ___________ (hnr) n Tuesday fr his pineering designs.9．(2022·鞍山市第一中学模拟)A prttype (原型) f the new maglev train _____________ (reveal) t media in 2019.10．(2022·商丘模拟)Flight recrders are als knwn as black bx. Hwever, they ___________ (paint) bright range in clr actually t aid in their recvery after accidents.
is expected
was revealed
are painted
11．(2022·山东东平模拟)It's a pity that yu were late, therwise yu _______________ (see) the star frm Krea.12．(2022·丽水模拟)I shuld nt have laughed if I ___________ (think) yu were serius.13．(2022·昭通三模)Dn't handle the vase as if it ____ (be) made f steel.14．(2022·崇左市冲刺卷)If we ___________ (make) adequate preparatins，the cnference wuldn't have been s successful.15．(2022·重庆模拟)I wish I ___ (have) a magic machine which culd cure yu f the disease.
wuld have seen
hadn't made
层级二 语篇提能练(一)微语法填空(用括号内动词的正确形式填空，注意不规则动词的正确形式)Visitrs t Beijing nw have a new way t enjy the charm f the capital by taking a bat trip n the Grand Canal, a majr waterway which 1.________(link) Beijing and Hangzhu. It is 1，794 km lng and 2.________ (have) a histry f mre than 2，500 years.
In mdern days, the grand canal's transprtatin functin 3.________ (replace) by ther mre cnvenient and cst-efficient ways like railway and air travel. Sme parts f the waterway were chked up with sand and nt suitable fr navigatin. With the cmpletin f a cmprehensive restratin prject that 4.________ (begin) in 2018, it is nw pssible t sail the Beijing leg f the Grand Canal again. Tw new bat lcks 5.________(build), s bats can sail the 40-km-lng waterway freely.【语篇解读】 北京的游客现在有了一种感受首都魅力的新方式——以乘船开启全新的水上游览体验，体验千年运河文化的魅力。
1．links 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。 分析句子结构可知，which引导的定语从句修饰先行词a majr waterway，设空处在which引导的定语从句中作谓语，动词的数与先行词的数一致，主句是一般现在时，故从句用一般现在时，填links。2．has 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。 设空在句中作谓语，且与句中已有的动词is时态一致，主语是It，故谓语用单数形式，故填has。3．was replaced 考查动词的时态和语态。 主语transprtatin functin与replace是被动关系，应用被动语态，且句中时间状语是In mdern days，该句应用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was replaced。
4．began 考查动词的时态。 句中时间状语是in 2018，故该句用一般过去时，故填began。5．have been built 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。 主语Tw new bat lcks 与build是被动关系，应用被动语态，且此处表对现在造成了一定的影响，即“船只可以在40公里长的水道上自由航行”，故此处表“两个新的船闸已经建成”，故用现在完成时的被动语态，又主语是Tw new bat lcks，谓语用复数，故填have been built。
(二)语法填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)Ma Fengxiang, 28, frm Zunyi, Guizhu Prvince, spent tw days making a Lng March 2F carrier rcket，1.________，hwever, wn't be ging int space. It's made f wd.“The Lng March 2F carrier rcket carrying the Shenzhu Ⅻ spacecraft was 2.________ (successful) launched recently, marking a new stage fr human's 3.________ (explre) f space，” Ma said, nting that he made the mdel 4.________ (hnr) the majr milestne fr the Chinese space prgram. The 4-meter-tall mdel is all wd. It is made with techniques that 5.________ (hand) dwn t Ma frm his grandfather years ag. There are n nails r ther metal fasteners. “I wrked at least 12 hurs a day, and my relatives and friends helped me a lt. It is nt the mst difficult wdwrk, but I am mst prud f 6.________．” he said.
Ma has made apprximately 200 ther pieces, including swrds, tanks and helicpters，since he 7.________ (begin) carpentry with a passin. But this ne has been made with even 8.________ (great) care.“Making wden prducts 9.________ (be) time-cnsuming, and gd results cme nly with hard wrk，”Ma said，“Hand injuries are cmmn，10.________ I want t pass n the ancient craft.”【语篇解读】 28岁遵义小伙毛凤翔为了致敬祖国的航天事业，特寻来木头着手打造长征二号F火箭。
1．which 考查定语从句。 分析句子结构可知，该句是非限制性定语从句，先行词是a Lng March 2F carrier rcket, 指物，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which引导定语从句。 2．successfully 考查词性转换。 空处作状语，修饰谓语动词launched, 故用副词successfully。3．explratin 考查词性转换。空处作宾语，且空前是名词所有格，故该空填名词explratin。4．t hnr 考查非谓语动词。 该处表“为了纪念中国太空计划的里程碑”，表目的，应用不定式作状语，故填t hnr。
5．were handed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。 that引导的定语从句修饰名词techniques，且与hand dwn是被动关系，应用被动语态，从句时间状语是years ag，故从句用一般过去时的被动语态，先行词techniques为复数，故从句谓语用复数，故填were handed。6．it 考查代词。 设空处在句中作宾语，且指代上文中的the mdel，故用代词it。7．began 考查动词的时态。该句是状语从句，主句是现在完成时，故 since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，故填began。
8．greater 考查比较级。 空前是比较级修饰语even，故此处用比较级，故填greater。 9．is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。and后的分句时态为一般现在时，故该空用一般现在时，主语Making wden prducts为动名词短语，故谓语用单数形式，故填is。10．but/yet 考查连词。 空前的“手受伤习以为常”和空后的“我想传承传统手工艺”是转折关系，故用连词but/yet。
层级三 语法写作练1．时态的交叉使用典例 (2022·全国甲卷)不用说，海洋在世界上发挥着关键作用。我相信我们将拥有更清洁的海洋。It ges withut saying that ceans play a critical rle in the wrld.I believe we will have cleaner ceans.运用 (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)如你所知，我们的节目每周二上午10点开始，上午11点结束。它将涉及许多主题。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
As yu knw，ur prgramme starts at 10 a．m.and ends at 11 a．m.every Tuesday.It will
be related t many subjects.
2．利用“主将从现”的规律典例 (经典高考题)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。If I am accepted，I will intrduce Chinese painting skills t visitrs，which can help them knw mre abut Chinese culture.运用 (2021·北京卷)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
If yu are available next Sunday，I will wait fr yu at the schl gate and I'm sure we will have a gd time tgether.
3．被动语态的适当运用典例 (2020·天津卷7月)成人礼定于6月8日举行。The cming-f-age ceremny was scheduled t be held n June 8.运用 (2021·浙江卷6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。______________________________________________________________________________________________
A fantastic students' Chinese painting shw was rganized in ur schl art gallery
4．虚拟语气巧利用(1)if条件句的虚拟典例 (经典高考题)要是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。If I hadn't chased that rabbit，we wuldn't have lst ur way.运用 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)如果我没读英文报Yuth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。__________________________________________________________________________
If I hadn't read the newspaper Yuth，I wuldn't have made such great prgress in English.
(2)利用“情态动词＋have dne”表虚拟典例 (经典高考题)我们本来可以愉快地在野外露营，可是妈妈忘了带帐篷。We culd have camped in the wild happily，but mther frgt t take the tent.运用 (2021·浙江卷6月)我本不应该这样自私，因为我应该承担我的责任。__________________________________________________________________________
I shuldn't have been s selfish，because I am suppsed t shulder my respnsibility.
(3)shuld的适当运用典例 (2021·上海卷)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。I recmmend that yu shuld take the Listening and Speaking curse first fr the fllwing reasns.运用 (经典高考题)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
It is required that anyne wh wants t participate shuld arrive at the lecture hall n time t watch the mvie and take part in the discussin.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句典例 (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。But fr/Withut her help and prfessinal instructin，I culdn't have made such great prgress in English study.运用 (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)多亏了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thanks t the picking activity，therwise we wuldn't have knwn what sweet fruits labur
wuld result in.
5．利用句型，“亮”化句子典例 (经典高考题)我们正在找回去的路时听到了叔叔的大声呼喊。We were trying t lk fr the way back when we heard my uncle shuting ludly.运用 (2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Bernard正在街上忧心忡忡地走，这时Jhn来帮他了。__________________________________________________________________________
Bernard was wandering wrriedly in the street when Jhn came t his assistance.
一、动词的时态和语态考点一 动词的时态In the past, I liked① playing cmputer games very much. Once when my mther came int my rm, I was playing② games. She was very angry and cried sadly. My mther had asked③ me t quit it many times befre that, but I didn't make it. I thught I wuld try④ again. Nw, I have given up⑤ playing games and I am studying⑥ hard. I have been reading⑦ sme bks n cmputers and in the future, I want t be a cmputer engineer and will develp⑧ sme puzzle games that teenagers like⑨ but are nt addicted t. Of curse, I will be playing ⑩ games at any time as lng as I want.
注释：①是一般过去时，结构为：谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为：was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为：had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为：wuld＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为：have/has＋过去分词。⑥是现在进行时，结构为：am/is/are＋现在分词。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为：have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是一般将来时，结构为：will＋动词原形。⑨是一般现在时，结构为：谓语动词为动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑩是将来进行时，结构为：will＋be＋现在分词。
一、一般时态Ⅰ.一般现在时1．一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词原形或动词的第三人称单数构成。动词be的第一人称单数形式用am，第三人称单数形式用is，其他人称形式均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式用has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则：
2．一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always，every time，nw and then，ccasinally，ften，seldm，never，smetimes，usually，every day/night等连用。He ften ges t wrk by bus，and he takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day.他经常乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天晚餐后和妻子一块儿散步。(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作。只限于g，arrive，leave，start，stay，return，begin，cme等动词。Lk at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes ff at 18：20.看看时间表。快点儿吧！4026航班18：20起飞。
(3)在状语从句中，当主句是一般将来时态时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。If it is fine tmrrw，we will g there.要是明天晴天，我们就去那里。
Ⅱ.一般过去时1．一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。动词的过去式的变化规则是：
2.一般过去时的用法表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与ften，usually，seldm 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday，the ther day，last week，the day befre yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。In 1931，Addams became the first American wman t win the Nbel Peace Prize.1931年，亚当斯成为第一个赢得诺贝尔和平奖的美国女性。
Ⅲ.一般将来时1．一般将来时的构成一般将来时由“shall/will＋动词原形”构成。其中shall用于第一人称，will用于一切人称。2．一般将来时的用法表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。常与表示将来的时间状语tmrrw，next year，in＋一段时间等连用。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话者临时的决定。—What time is it? ——几点了？—I have n idea.But just a minute，I will check it fr yu.——我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。
3．其他表示“将来”的结构及用法(1)“be ging t＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Lk！Dark cluds are gathering.It is ging t rain sn，I think.看！乌云正在聚集。我想快要下雨了。Whether in the hme r the wrkplace，scial rbts are ging t becme a lt mre cmmn in the next few years.无论是在家里还是在工作场所，在未来的几年里社交机器人将会变得越来越普遍。
(2)“be t＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。Yu are t hand in yur papers by 10 'clck.到10点你得交上试卷。(3)“be abut t＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。Tm was abut t clse the windw when his attentin was caught by a bird.汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
[易错提醒]如果表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，要用过去将来时“wuld/shuld＋动词原形”。该时态主要出现在间接引语中。I telephned him yesterday t ask what I wuld/shuld d next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周要干什么。
[点对点练习1] 单句语法填空1．The curtains are abut t pen，and in a few minutes the actin and dialgue _________ (tell) yu the stry.2．While running regularly can't make yu live frever，the review says it ___ (be) mre effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling r swimming.3．We _____ (hire) ur bikes frm the rental place at the Suth Gate.My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.
二、进行时态Ⅰ.进行时的构成现在进行时由“am/is/are＋现在分词”构成；过去进行时由“was/were＋现在分词”构成；将来进行时由“will/shall＋be＋现在分词”构成。现在分词的变化规则如下：
Ⅱ.进行时的用法1．现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。—I hear yu are wrking in a pub.What's it like?——我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？—Well，it's very hard wrk and I'm always tired，but I dn't mind.——哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。
(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常用于g，cme，leave，start，arrive，return，wrk，sleep，stay，have，wear，run ut等动词(词组)。Fd supplies in the fld-stricken area are running ut.We must act immediately befre there's nne left.洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前马上行动。
2．过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time，at that mment，at this time yesterday，at ten 'clck yesterday等连用。He must have sensed that I was lking at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly，“Why are yu staring at me like that？”他一定感觉到了我正在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼，轻声地说：“你为什么那样盯着我看？” (2)表示过去的两个动作中持续进行的一个，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。Jack was wrking in the lab when the pwer cut ccurred.突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
3．将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用，如：at this time tmrrw，by then，frm 1：30 t 4：30 tmrrw等。Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 'clck this afternn because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了，因为她那个时间在授课。
[点对点练习2] 单句语法填空1．She ___________ (play) with the cellphne when her bss walked int the ffice.2．Next Friday I will g t anther cncert.They _______________ (play) smething by Mzart at that time.3．—Hi，let's g skating.—Srry，I'm busy right nw.I __________ (fill) in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.
was playing
will be playing
三、完成时态Ⅰ.现在完成时(1)现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成。它表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。—I'm srry，but I dn't quite fllw yu.Did yu say yu wanted t return n September 20?——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们想9月20日回来吗？—Srry，I haven't made myself clear.We want t return n Octber 20.——对不起，我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20日回来。
(2)表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。(3)考查现在完成时，往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already，just，yet，since，fr＋时间段，up t nw，until nw，ever since，s far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。I have learned mre than tw hundred English wrds in the past three hurs.在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。
(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时：①It has been＋一段时间＋since从句②This/That/It is the first/secnd that＋现在完成时③This/That/It is the best/finest/mst interesting ...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the mst interesting nvel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
Ⅱ.过去完成时 (1)过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。它表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by，by the end f，by the time，until，befre，since，后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句。I had put away my schlbag befre my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的书包放好了。(2)在hardly/scarcely ...，n sner ...等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，n sner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。N sner had they rushed ut f the huse than it burnt dwn.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hpe，expect，mean，intend，want，suppse的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hped t g hme frm wrk ahead f time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
Ⅲ.完成进行时1．完成进行时的构成完成进行时由have/has been ding或had been ding构成。2．完成进行时的用法(1)现在完成进行时①常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。I'm very tired.I have been checking the students' papers all the mrning.我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。②表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this mrning，but I can't get thrugh.今天上午我给他打了很多次电话，但都没打通。
[易错提醒] 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别I've read The Old Man and the Sea.我已经读过《老人与海》了。(已经完成)I have been reading The Old Man and the Sea these days.这些天我一直在读《老人与海》。(仍在进行甚至仍将继续)
(2)过去完成进行时过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。She tld me that she had been studying French fr 5 years.她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)She tld me that she had been waiting fr me fr an hur.她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续)
[点对点练习3] 单句语法填空1．(2022·全国甲卷)In the last five years，Ca __________ (walk) thrugh 34 cuntries in six cntinents，and in 2016，he reached the tp f Kilimanjar，Africa's highest muntain.2．(2022·全国乙卷)The chairman f the China Culture Prmtin Sciety _________ (address) the pening ceremny.3．Befre getting int the car，I thught I ___________ (learn) the instructr's rders，but nce I started the car，my mind went blank.I frgt what he ________ (say) t me altgether.4．Being raised in a family f teachers，I ________(get) plenty f chances t cnnect myself with literature since a yung age.5．I ____________ (expect) t get the first prize in the cntest but the result made me disappinted.
had learned
had expected
考点二 动词的语态With the help f my teachers and parents, many f my bad habits have been changed① by me and many gd habits are being frmed②. In the past, I was ften criticized③ by my teachers, but nw I am ften praised④ by them. Befre I gt rid f my bad habits, I had nce been laughed at⑤ by several classmates, but nw we have becme gd friends. Thanks t my gd study habits and gd grades, I will be sent⑥ abrad fr further study! At this time next year, I will have been hired⑦ by a big cmpany！My gd habits will always be being fully used⑧！Gd habits shuld be cultivated⑨ when we are very yung because they benefit us s much!
注释：①是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为：have/has been＋过去分词。②是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为：is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。过去进行时的被动语态，结构为：was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为：was/were＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为：is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为：had been＋过去分词。⑥是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为：will＋be＋过去分词。⑦是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为：will＋have been＋过去分词。⑧是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为：will＋be being＋过去分词。⑨是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
1．被动语态的构成形式被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。(1)各种时态的被动语态形式如下(以动词give为例)：
(2)“get＋过去分词”也能构成被动语态，常用于口语中，其中的get已失去原有的词汇意义，而接近于be的功能。常见的有：get married结婚；get paid获得报酬；get hurt受伤；get trapped/stuck/caught被困。
2．被动语态的用法(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。It is reprted that a space statin will be built n the mn in years t cme.据报道，一个空间站将在未来的几年内在月球上建成。In my hmetwn，there is always a harvest supper fr the farmers after all the wheat has been cut.在我的家乡，所有的麦子被收割后，总是要给农民们准备一顿收获的晚餐。With many frests being destryed，huge quantities f gd earth are being washed away each year.因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥沃的泥土被冲走。
[易错提醒] ①有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cst花费；lack缺少；wn拥有；belng t属于；take part in参加。②不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/ccur发生；remain剩下；break ut爆发；last持续；cme ut出版；cme up被提出；lse heart失去信心；date frm/back t追溯到；run ut用完。
3．主动形式表达被动意义(1)“系动词feel，sund，taste，lk，smell，appear，seem，turn，stay，becme，get，grw，keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。This kind f wl shirt feels sft.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。(2)当sell，read，cut，wash，write，pen，wear，run，burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。Have yu bught the bk that sells well these days? I think it is suitable fr us teenagers.你买最近畅销的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。
(3)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词，wrth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The huse needs repairing(＝t be repaired)．这房子需要修葺。(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，imprtant，impssible，pleasant，interesting等。The prblem is difficult t wrk ut.这道题很难计算出。
(5)be t rent/blame主动形式表被动意义。Wh is t blame fr the mistake?谁应为这个错误接受谴责？
[点对点练习] 单句语法填空1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend prtectin t a significant number f areas that _____(be) previusly unprtected，bringing many f the existing prtected areas fr giant pandas under ne authrity t increase effectiveness and reduce incnsistencies in management.2．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)After a three-year pilt perid，the GPNP will be fficially set up next year.The GPNP ___________(design) t reflect the guiding principle f ．(2021·全国甲卷)It _________ (build) riginally t prtect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred (修复)．4．(2021·浙江卷6月)Mary's niece wrte，“The little hme ___________ (paint) white.”5．My washing machine _________________ (repair) this week，s I have t wash my clthes by hand.
is designed
was painted
is being repaired
二、主谓一致1．语法一致原则I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven't① seen each ther fr a lng time.T see her every day is②my dream.What I want t d is③ give up my present jb and wrk in her city.Hwever，all my relatives except my uncle bject t④ my idea.Smene tells⑤ me that it is nt wrthwhile t give up my jb，which brings⑥ me 10，000 yuan every mnth.Many a persn thinks⑦ it nt wise t leave the city I am living in.
注释：该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：①根据主语的人称和数，来确定谓语动词的单复数。②主语是不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。④主语后面跟有with，tgether with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等短语时，谓语动词跟这些短语前面的主语一致。⑤主语为smene，anyne，everyne等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。⑦“many a/mre than ne＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语前有each，every，n修饰时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
2.意义一致原则I have been n a diet fr fur mnths.Fur mnths is① nt a shrt time.Thugh a large number f peple dn't② understand me，the majrity f peple arund me supprt③ me.The ld cnsider④ it unwise t g n a diet，but the yung admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ wrried abut me，but nw they think I can chse t d this as lng as it desn't harm my health.
注释：①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。②“a number f＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。③the majrity f，the rest f，分数/百分数＋f＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。⑤family，grup，team，class，gvernment等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3．就近一致原则There are① many girls having a taste fr sweet fd，but neither my sister nr I am② interested in candies.注释：①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。②r，nt nly als ...，neither ...，either ...，whether ...，nt ...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1．用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人，同一事物，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。The pet and writer has cme.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tls.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)[易错提醒]用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and frk(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．若主语中有mre than ne 或many a/an，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但mre＋复数名词＋than ne作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数。Mre than ne student was late.不止一个学生迟到。Mre persns than ne cme t help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。3．“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，ecnmics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Natins(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
[点对点练习] 单句语法填空1．The teacher and pet ften _____ (give) lectures arund the city.2．I think Tm，rather than yu __ (be) t blame fr the incident；that is t say，yu are inncent.3．Nbdy but Jim and Mike __(be) n the playgrund nw.4．As far as I knw，his family __ nt very large but the family ___ all music lvers.(be)5．The pr ____ (be) lked dwn upn in the ld days.
6．Neither his parents nr I __(be) able t persuade him t change his mind.7．Listening t lud music and rck cncerts __________ (cause) hearing lss in sme teenagers s far.8．Barbara is easy t recgnize as she is the nly ne f the wmen wh _____ (wear) evening dress.
三、情态动词和虚拟语气考点一 情态动词1．can/culdMary—M Nancy—NM：Can① yu prnunce this wrd?N：Srry，I can't①.M：Can/Culd② I use yur dictinary?N：Of curse yu can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictinary?M：Can④ it be in yur drmitry?
N：N，it can't④be.I never study in my drmitry.M：Culd yu have lent⑤ it t yur deskmate?N：N，my deskmate culdn't have brrwed⑤ a dictinary because he hates English.It might be in Jane's desk，but I can't⑥ tuch her bks withut permissin.M：An rganized persn can⑦ frget things.
注释：can/culd的意义及用法①can表能力，意为“能够”。②can表请求，culd 表示委婉语气。③can表许可。④can/can't表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于疑问句或否定句。⑤culd sb.have dne ...？意为“某人做过某事吗？”culdn't have dne意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can't 表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2．may/mightMike—M Teacher—TM：May/Might① I cme in?T：Yes，yu may②.Yu're almst late，and where is yur deskmate?M：Hmm，I dn't knw.He may/might③ be n the way t schl.T：He might③ be；that is，he might nt③ be n his way t schl.Mike，yu may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn't he cme yet?M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might nt have set⑤ the alarm clck.
注释：may/might的意义及用法①表示请求。②表示许可，不用might。③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。④may as well“还是……好”。⑤might have dne表示对过去的猜测，意为“可能做了某事”。might nt have dne意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。
3．mustJane—J Mther—MJ：Mm，must① I take this medicine?M：Yes，yu must①.J：Must① I take it right nw?M：N，yu needn't②.Yu can take it later.J：But it must be③ bitter.M：I've tld yu t wear yur cat，but yu must④ wear yur T-shirt.Besides，yu must have played⑤utdrs.Yu mustn't⑥ d it again.
注释：must的意义及用法①must表必须，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn't。③must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have dne表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn't表示禁止，不表示推测。
4.shuldBss—B Jane—J Steven—SB：It's nine nw and everyne shuld① be here.Where is Steven? He shuld have arrived② ten minutes ag.J：Really strange，I can't imagine Mr Punctual shuld③ be late fr wrk.B：Here he cmes.Why are yu late，Steven?S：I'm terribly srry，sir.I shuldn't have drunk② t much cffee last night.I kept my eyes pen until fur 'clck in the mrning.B：A persn like yu shuldn't drink④ t much cffee，tea either.S：Yes，I ught t be punctual as usual.
注释：shuld的意义及用法①表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。②shuld have dne 意为“本应做而没做”，shuldn't have dne表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。③表示“竟然”。④shuld (nt) d sth.＝ught (nt) t d sth.(不)应该做某事。
5．shallMan—M Wman—WM：Hi，where are yu ging?W：I shall① g t New Yrk.M：Me t！Oh，yur suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it fr yu，Miss？(carrying the suitcase t the wman's seat and sitting beside the wman)W：Thank yu fr helping me，but it's required that everyne shall③ sit n his wn seat.M：It desn't matter.W：Stay away frm me，r I will call the plice.Yu shall④ be srry fr what yu d.Sir，I need yur help.(waving t a pliceman)
注释：shall的意义及用法①用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6．need/dareMike—M Jack—JM：D yu dare t take① yur cellphne t the examinatin rm?J：N，I dare nt d② that；I needn't d③ that，either.M：Yu study well，s yu dn't need t cheat④.I am different.J：Stp thinking abut cheating，and yu can't get away with it.Yu need t⑤ study hard.N pains，n gains.
注释：need/dare的意义及用法•dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加nt，如用法②和③。•dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词d/des，且其后要加(t) d，如用法①④⑤。•其用法简单总结为：有助有t，无助无t。
7．will/wuldTm—T Mary—MM：Hw abut the new watch?T：I will① never use it any mre.It just wn't② give the crrect time.M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.T：At nine 'clck in the mrning？She wuld/used t④ have a nap in the afternn.M：The phne is ringing，but I am busy with my wrk.T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
注释：will/wuld 的意义及用法①表示意愿。②表示事物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。④wuld/used t表示过去的习惯。⑤表示意愿，意志。
Ⅰ.情态动词的基本用法1．can/culd①表能力、请求或允许；②表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句中；③can用于肯定句中，表示客观或理论上的可能性；④相关的特殊句型有：can nt ... t (再怎么……也不过分), can't help but d sth. (不得不做某事), can't wait t d sth. (迫不及待地做某事)。Yu can nt be t careful when yu drive a car.你开车时再小心也不为过。
2．may/might①表推测，意为“或许；可能”；用于肯定和否定句中，might比may语气弱；②表示请求或许可；③相关句型或搭配：may/might as well d表示“还是……好；最好……”；may well d表示“很可能”；④may可以用来表示祝愿，用“may＋主语＋动词原形”结构。May yu succeed.祝你成功。
3．must①表示非常肯定的推测，意为“一定”，只能用于肯定句中；②表“偏要；非要……不可”；③mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得；不允许；一定不要”。Students mustn't eat r drink in the reading rm.学生在阅览室里禁止吃喝。4．shall①用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表命令、警告、许诺或威胁等；②用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示征询意见。Mm，shall we g bating this weekend?妈妈，这周末我们去划船好吗？
5．shuld/ught t①shuld表责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”，还可表出乎意料的语气，意为“竟然”；②ught t表义务，意为“应该”。Yu ught t have been mre careful.你本应该更加小心一点。6．will/wuld①表主语的意志、意愿或决心；②表事物的某种性质或必然趋势，或“按规律”“注定会”；③表示习惯性动作，will可以表示现在的习惯，意为“总是；习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用wuld。The dr wn't pen.这个门打不开。
7．need和dareneed“需要”和dare“敢”，作情态动词时，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。He dare nt tell us the truth.他不敢告诉我们实情。
[点对点练习1] 单句语法填空用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加nt)1．It used t be that yu _____ drive fr miles here withut seeing anther persn, but nw there are huses and peple everywhere.2．Jim says we ___ stay in his huse as lng as we leave it clean and tidy.3．He ______be ur manager.Our manager has gne t Beijing.4．Yu _____ have dne better，but yu didn't try yur best.5．I didn't see her in the meeting rm this mrning.She ________ have spken at the meeting.
6．Everyne present will nt believe such a gentleman ______ d that.7．Yu _______ play with the knife，r yu may hurt yurself.8．Yu _____ be punished fr what yu have dne.9．It ____ have rained last night，fr the rad is quite muddy.10．I _______ have taken the umbrella，fr the weather is fine.
Ⅱ.情态动词表示推测1．情态动词表示推测用法的判断(1)首先看是肯定句、否定句还是疑问句。肯定句中一般用must/may/might；否定句和疑问句中一般用can/culd。(2)然后看是对什么时间的推测。表示对现在的推测用“情态动词＋d”，表示对过去的推测用“情态动词＋have dne”。(3)最后看句子语气的肯定程度，must (十分肯定)>may (不太肯定)>culd/might (可能性较小)。
2．“情态动词＋have dne”的含义和用法
We culd have faced the difficulty tgether, but why didn't yu tell me? 我们本来可以一起面对困难，但是你为什么不告诉我？Mark needn't have hurried. After driving at tp speed, he arrived half an hur early.马克本不必着急。他开快车后，早到了半小时。
[点对点练习2] 单句语法填空1．—I hnestly dn't think I'm ging t be admitted.—Well, yu never knw! Yu may _________ (make) a better impressin than yu think.2．I gt very nervus abut the exam, but in the event, I ____________________ (wrry); it was really easy. 3．I believe he must have had an accident；therwise he __________________ (arrive) n time.
needn't have wrried
wuld have arrived
考点二 虚拟语气 1．wish/wuld rather/as if/if nlyMr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cld winter.)Z：I wish I had① smething ht t drink.W：I wuld rather I hadn't invited② yu t g ut.Z：Hw big a fish! If nly I had caught② it.W：If nly yu hadn't fallen② int the river！If nly we had① dry clthes nw! Nw I wish yur wife wuldn't blame③ this n me.
注释：as if好像，wish希望，wuld rather宁可，if nly要是……就好了，这四个词语后的从句往往用虚拟语气。①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用wuld/culd/might/shuld＋动词原形。
2．条件状语从句中的虚拟语气Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W(in the hspital)Z：What fine weather! If I were nt ill，I wuld g fishing.①W：If yu hadn't gne fishing yesterday，yu wuldn't have caught a cld.②Z：I wuld have stayed at hme，but Mr Wang invited me t g.③He tld me t hurry，therwise I wuldn't have frgtten t wear warm cats.④W：Is it all Mr Wang's fault? But fr/Withut Mr Wang，yu wuld have been drwned.⑤Z：Had it nt been fr the big fish，I wuldn't have fallen int the river.⑥ I'd catch it if I shuld recver tmrrw.⑦
注释：•①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were ...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d ...对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had dne ...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might have dne ...对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/shuld/were t d ...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d ...•⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装，结构为：Had＋主语＋dne，主语＋wuld/culd/might have dne ＋主语＋t d/Shuld＋主语＋d，主语＋wuld d ...
•③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，结构如下：主语＋wuld have dne ...，but 过去的事实主语＋wuld d ...，but 现在的事实Withut/But fr＋n.，主语＋wuld d(与现在相反)Withut/But fr＋n.，主语＋wuld have dne (与过去相反)现在的事实，therwise＋主语＋wuld d过去的事实，therwise＋主语＋wuld have dne
3．名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn't cheated in the exam with the cellphne and that he (shuld) nt be punished.①The teacher rdered that he (shuld) take ut the cellphne and cmmanded that he (shuld) phne his parents right nw.①Mike requested that the teacher (shuld) nt call his parents.①He demanded that the teacher (shuld) give him anther chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (shuld) nt take cellphnes t schl.②Her suggestin/advice was that Mike (shuld) study hard instead f cheating in the exams.③It is high time that he prepared/shuld prepare fr the cllege entrance examinatin.④
注释：•某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用含有shuld的虚拟语气。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(rder/cmmand)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recmmend/prpse)。•上述动词用于It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句时，从句使用带shuld的虚拟语气，如②。•上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestin等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用含有shuld的虚拟语气，如③。•It is (high/abut) time that sb.did/shuld d sth.也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4．It is/was＋adj.＋that sb.(shuld) d ...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb.(shuld) d teacher：It is imprtant/essential/necessary that yu shuld learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I shuld learn English well.注释：在It is/was＋形容词(imprtant，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(shuld＋)动词原形”。
Ⅰ.if条件句中的虚拟语气
If the new safety system had been put t use，the accident wuld never have happened.要是新的安全系统被投入使用的话，这起事故就不会发生了。We wuld be back in the htel nw if yu didn't lse the map.如果你没有把地图弄丢的话，我们现在就回到旅馆了。Grace desn't want t mve t New Yrk because she thinks if she were t live there，she wuldn't be able t see her parents very ften.格蕾丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为如果住在那里，她就不能经常看到她的父母了。
[易错提醒]①如果在表示虚拟语气的if从句中含有were，had或shuld，可将if省略，然后将were，had或shuld移至主语之前。②如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
Ⅱ.含蓄条件句的虚拟语气有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语有：withut(要是)没有；but fr要不是；therwise/r否则等。—D yu have Betty's phne number?——你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？—Yes.Otherwise，I wuldn't have been able t reach her yesterday.——有。不然我昨天就联系不上她了。Many f the things we nw benefit frm wuld nt be arund but fr Thmas Edisn.要不是托马斯·爱迪生，我们现在从中受益的很多东西就不会存在。
Ⅲ.虚拟语气在从句中的运用1．在名词性从句中的运用(1)在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后的宾语从句中，以及这些动词的名词形式后面的同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(shuld＋)动词原形”。常见的此类动词有urge, cmmand，request，suggest，insist，desire等。She suggested that Dale jin the debating team，believing that practice in speaking culd give him the cnfidence and recgnitin that he needed.她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。He insisted that the prblem (shuld) be discussed at the meeting.他执意要求在会上讨论这个问题。My desire is that we (shuld) nt quarrel ver such things again.我的希望是我们不再为这样的事情争吵了。
[易错提醒]当suggest作“暗示，表明”，insist作“坚持认为”讲时，从句要用陈述语气。(2)在“It is/was＋adj./dne＋that ...”句型中，从句中的谓语动词用(shuld＋)动词原形。常见的形容词或过去分词有：imprtant，necessary，strange，suggested，rdered，advised，requested，demanded 等。It is necessary that we (shuld) clean the rm every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。It is required that middle schl students (shuld) take at least ne hur's exercise every day.中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。
(3)wish后的宾语从句中的谓语可用一般过去时，had＋过去分词和culd/might/wuld＋动词原形，分别表示与现在、过去、将来相反的情况。I wish that I had met that film star yesterday.我倒希望昨天见到了那个电影明星。Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced as well as her.埃伦是一位了不起的舞蹈家。要是我能跳得像她一样就好了。
(4) wuld rather所接的宾语从句中，从句的谓语如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生过的动作，从句用过去完成时。We wuld rather ur daughter stayed at hme with us，but it is her chice，and she is nt a child any lnger.我们宁愿女儿待在家，陪在我们身边，但是选择权在她手上，毕竟她不再是个孩子了。
2．三个固定句式中的虚拟语气
It was Jhn wh brke the windw. Why are yu talking t me as if I had dne it?打破窗户的是约翰。为什么你说得好像是我打破的似的？It is high time that we tk/shuld take sme measures t slve the prblem.确实到了我们采取措施解决问题的时候了。Lk at the truble we are in. If nly we had taken ur teacher's advice!看看我们所处的困境。要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好啊！
[易错提醒]当as if/thugh引导的句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。
[点对点练习] 单句语法填空1．The wrkers were nt better rganized, therwise they wuld__________________ (accmplish) the task in half the time.2．There is a gd scial life in the village, and I wish I ___ (have) a secnd chance t becme mre invlved.3．If yu_________ (tell) me in advance, I wuld have met him at the airprt.4．I wuld rather he _______ (invite) me t the party tmrrw.
have accmplished
层级一 基础达标练单句语法填空1．(2022·烟台一模)Many Chinese ancient artwrks ____________ (create) n silk. 2．(2022·洛阳二模)Bth Mei Lanfang and Cheng Yanqiu were knwn fr their playing female characters in Peking Opera pieces, because, at the time, wmen ______________(frbid)t appear n stage.3．(2022·沛县树恩中学阶段练习)Based n a true stry, the film is set in the War t Resist US Aggressin and Aid Krea (1950－1953), which _____(tell) the stry f the Chinese Peple's Vlunteers sldiers fighting bravely under freezing temperatures in the key campaign at Lake Changjin.
were created
were frbidden
4．(2022·四川达州一模)When ur high teacher first intrduced vlunteering t us, I gt inspired and applied immediately. Sn, I was s frtunate that I ____________ (accept) t be a vlunteer at a lcal hspital.5．(2022·浙江效实中学模拟)On February 25, 2021, Zhang Guimei ______________ (recgnize) as ne f the rle mdels fr pverty alleviatin (扶贫), and received a natinal hnrary title frm President Xi Jinping at a cmmendatin (嘉奖) cnference.6．(2022·南通模拟预测)The rescue wrker risked his life saving tw turists wh ________________ (trap) in the muntains fr tw days.
was accepted
was recgnized
had been trapped
7．(2022·辽宁东北育才双语学校模拟)The netwrk ___________ (expect) t duble in length again, t 70，000 kilmeters, by 2035.8．(2022·抚顺市第一中学模拟)The 56-year-ld Kéré ___________ (hnr) n Tuesday fr his pineering designs.9．(2022·鞍山市第一中学模拟)A prttype (原型) f the new maglev train _____________ (reveal) t media in 2019.10．(2022·商丘模拟)Flight recrders are als knwn as black bx. Hwever, they ___________ (paint) bright range in clr actually t aid in their recvery after accidents.
is expected
was revealed
are painted
11．(2022·山东东平模拟)It's a pity that yu were late, therwise yu _______________ (see) the star frm Krea.12．(2022·丽水模拟)I shuld nt have laughed if I ___________ (think) yu were serius.13．(2022·昭通三模)Dn't handle the vase as if it ____ (be) made f steel.14．(2022·崇左市冲刺卷)If we ___________ (make) adequate preparatins，the cnference wuldn't have been s successful.15．(2022·重庆模拟)I wish I ___ (have) a magic machine which culd cure yu f the disease.
wuld have seen
hadn't made
层级二 语篇提能练(一)微语法填空(用括号内动词的正确形式填空，注意不规则动词的正确形式)Visitrs t Beijing nw have a new way t enjy the charm f the capital by taking a bat trip n the Grand Canal, a majr waterway which 1.________(link) Beijing and Hangzhu. It is 1，794 km lng and 2.________ (have) a histry f mre than 2，500 years.
In mdern days, the grand canal's transprtatin functin 3.________ (replace) by ther mre cnvenient and cst-efficient ways like railway and air travel. Sme parts f the waterway were chked up with sand and nt suitable fr navigatin. With the cmpletin f a cmprehensive restratin prject that 4.________ (begin) in 2018, it is nw pssible t sail the Beijing leg f the Grand Canal again. Tw new bat lcks 5.________(build), s bats can sail the 40-km-lng waterway freely.【语篇解读】 北京的游客现在有了一种感受首都魅力的新方式——以乘船开启全新的水上游览体验，体验千年运河文化的魅力。
1．links 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。 分析句子结构可知，which引导的定语从句修饰先行词a majr waterway，设空处在which引导的定语从句中作谓语，动词的数与先行词的数一致，主句是一般现在时，故从句用一般现在时，填links。2．has 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。 设空在句中作谓语，且与句中已有的动词is时态一致，主语是It，故谓语用单数形式，故填has。3．was replaced 考查动词的时态和语态。 主语transprtatin functin与replace是被动关系，应用被动语态，且句中时间状语是In mdern days，该句应用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was replaced。
4．began 考查动词的时态。 句中时间状语是in 2018，故该句用一般过去时，故填began。5．have been built 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。 主语Tw new bat lcks 与build是被动关系，应用被动语态，且此处表对现在造成了一定的影响，即“船只可以在40公里长的水道上自由航行”，故此处表“两个新的船闸已经建成”，故用现在完成时的被动语态，又主语是Tw new bat lcks，谓语用复数，故填have been built。
(二)语法填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)Ma Fengxiang, 28, frm Zunyi, Guizhu Prvince, spent tw days making a Lng March 2F carrier rcket，1.________，hwever, wn't be ging int space. It's made f wd.“The Lng March 2F carrier rcket carrying the Shenzhu Ⅻ spacecraft was 2.________ (successful) launched recently, marking a new stage fr human's 3.________ (explre) f space，” Ma said, nting that he made the mdel 4.________ (hnr) the majr milestne fr the Chinese space prgram. The 4-meter-tall mdel is all wd. It is made with techniques that 5.________ (hand) dwn t Ma frm his grandfather years ag. There are n nails r ther metal fasteners. “I wrked at least 12 hurs a day, and my relatives and friends helped me a lt. It is nt the mst difficult wdwrk, but I am mst prud f 6.________．” he said.
Ma has made apprximately 200 ther pieces, including swrds, tanks and helicpters，since he 7.________ (begin) carpentry with a passin. But this ne has been made with even 8.________ (great) care.“Making wden prducts 9.________ (be) time-cnsuming, and gd results cme nly with hard wrk，”Ma said，“Hand injuries are cmmn，10.________ I want t pass n the ancient craft.”【语篇解读】 28岁遵义小伙毛凤翔为了致敬祖国的航天事业，特寻来木头着手打造长征二号F火箭。
1．which 考查定语从句。 分析句子结构可知，该句是非限制性定语从句，先行词是a Lng March 2F carrier rcket, 指物，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which引导定语从句。 2．successfully 考查词性转换。 空处作状语，修饰谓语动词launched, 故用副词successfully。3．explratin 考查词性转换。空处作宾语，且空前是名词所有格，故该空填名词explratin。4．t hnr 考查非谓语动词。 该处表“为了纪念中国太空计划的里程碑”，表目的，应用不定式作状语，故填t hnr。
5．were handed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。 that引导的定语从句修饰名词techniques，且与hand dwn是被动关系，应用被动语态，从句时间状语是years ag，故从句用一般过去时的被动语态，先行词techniques为复数，故从句谓语用复数，故填were handed。6．it 考查代词。 设空处在句中作宾语，且指代上文中的the mdel，故用代词it。7．began 考查动词的时态。该句是状语从句，主句是现在完成时，故 since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，故填began。
8．greater 考查比较级。 空前是比较级修饰语even，故此处用比较级，故填greater。 9．is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。and后的分句时态为一般现在时，故该空用一般现在时，主语Making wden prducts为动名词短语，故谓语用单数形式，故填is。10．but/yet 考查连词。 空前的“手受伤习以为常”和空后的“我想传承传统手工艺”是转折关系，故用连词but/yet。
层级三 语法写作练1．时态的交叉使用典例 (2022·全国甲卷)不用说，海洋在世界上发挥着关键作用。我相信我们将拥有更清洁的海洋。It ges withut saying that ceans play a critical rle in the wrld.I believe we will have cleaner ceans.运用 (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)如你所知，我们的节目每周二上午10点开始，上午11点结束。它将涉及许多主题。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
As yu knw，ur prgramme starts at 10 a．m.and ends at 11 a．m.every Tuesday.It will
be related t many subjects.
2．利用“主将从现”的规律典例 (经典高考题)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。If I am accepted，I will intrduce Chinese painting skills t visitrs，which can help them knw mre abut Chinese culture.运用 (2021·北京卷)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
If yu are available next Sunday，I will wait fr yu at the schl gate and I'm sure we will have a gd time tgether.
3．被动语态的适当运用典例 (2020·天津卷7月)成人礼定于6月8日举行。The cming-f-age ceremny was scheduled t be held n June 8.运用 (2021·浙江卷6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。______________________________________________________________________________________________
A fantastic students' Chinese painting shw was rganized in ur schl art gallery
4．虚拟语气巧利用(1)if条件句的虚拟典例 (经典高考题)要是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。If I hadn't chased that rabbit，we wuldn't have lst ur way.运用 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)如果我没读英文报Yuth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。__________________________________________________________________________
If I hadn't read the newspaper Yuth，I wuldn't have made such great prgress in English.
(2)利用“情态动词＋have dne”表虚拟典例 (经典高考题)我们本来可以愉快地在野外露营，可是妈妈忘了带帐篷。We culd have camped in the wild happily，but mther frgt t take the tent.运用 (2021·浙江卷6月)我本不应该这样自私，因为我应该承担我的责任。__________________________________________________________________________
I shuldn't have been s selfish，because I am suppsed t shulder my respnsibility.
(3)shuld的适当运用典例 (2021·上海卷)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。I recmmend that yu shuld take the Listening and Speaking curse first fr the fllwing reasns.运用 (经典高考题)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
It is required that anyne wh wants t participate shuld arrive at the lecture hall n time t watch the mvie and take part in the discussin.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句典例 (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。But fr/Withut her help and prfessinal instructin，I culdn't have made such great prgress in English study.运用 (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)多亏了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thanks t the picking activity，therwise we wuldn't have knwn what sweet fruits labur
wuld result in.
5．利用句型，“亮”化句子典例 (经典高考题)我们正在找回去的路时听到了叔叔的大声呼喊。We were trying t lk fr the way back when we heard my uncle shuting ludly.运用 (2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Bernard正在街上忧心忡忡地走，这时Jhn来帮他了。__________________________________________________________________________
Bernard was wandering wrriedly in the street when Jhn came t his assistance.
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