【学考复习】（新教材专用）2024年高中英语学业水平考试 专题讲解 专题04 介词和介词短语-讲义

这是一份【学考复习】（新教材专用）2024年高中英语学业水平考试 专题讲解 专题04 介词和介词短语-讲义，文件包含学考复习新教材专用2024年高中英语学业水平考试专题讲解专题04介词和介词短语讲义原卷版docx、学考复习新教材专用2024年高中英语学业水平考试专题讲解专题04介词和介词短语讲义解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共36页， 欢迎下载使用。
熟练掌握介词的句法功能和分类:
掌握时间介词的用法
掌握动向和位置介词的用法
掌握原因和理由介词的用法熟练其他常考介词的用法
掌握介词短语
介词的分类
考点 ① 介词短语的功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
考点② 常考介词的辨析
N.1 表示“时间”的介词
at, n , in
at表示时刻、时间的某一点；at nn, at 7 ’clck, at dawn, at daybreak, at sunrise, at Christmas
n表示具体的某一天，某一天的上、下午或晚上；n Octber 1st, n a rainy day, n Natinal Day
in表示月、季节、年，泛指上午、下午、晚上（在一段时间内）; in Ming Dynasty, in September, in the mrning
befre表示“在……之前”；after表示“在……之后”。
I will be back befre lunch.午饭之前我赶回来。
The nights start after half past five in winter.冬天的夜晚在5点半之后开始。
by, until/till, by, until
by表示“在……之前，截止到……”；
until/till表示“直到……为止”；
by表示到什么时候为止动作已经完成;
until表示动作持续到什么时候，在终止性动词的否定式中，二者通用。
Can yu repair my bike by Friday?你能在星期五之前修好我的自行车吗？
Yu can stay n the bus until Lndn.你可以不用下车，一直坐到伦敦。
We didn’t begin t watch TV until/till 7:00.直到7点我们才开始看电视。
The wrk wn’t be finished by/until tmrrw.这项工作明天才能完成。
fr, during, thrugh
fr表示“达……之久”，指经过多长时间，常和完成时连用；
during表示“在……期间或某项活动中”；
thrugh表示“一直……”，指从开始到结束。
They have lived here fr five years.他们已经在这里生活了5年。
She learned Japanese during her stay in Shanghai.她在上海逗留期间学会了日语。
They played cards thrugh the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。
frm, since
frm表示“从……起”；
since表示“自从……以来（表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续）”
The meeting will be held frm seven t nine.这个会议将从7点开到9点。
I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。
I have been studying medicine since 2021.自从2021年以来我一直在学习医学。
in, within
in表示“在……后（未来时间）”；
within表示“不超过……的范围”。
He will be back in three hurs.他3小时后回来。
Yu must finish the test within an hur.你必须在一小时之内完成这项测试。
N. 2表示动向和位置的介词
at, in,
at表示“在某地（较狭窄的场所）”；
in表示“在某地（较宽敞的场所）”。
at hme在家
at a factry在一家工厂
in Beijing在北京
in the wrld在世界上
n, abve, ver和belw, under, beneath
n表示“在……上面（有接触面）”；abve表示“在……上方”；ver表示“在……正上方”；under表示“在……正下方”；belw表示“在……下方”。
n the wall在墙上
abve the cluds在云端
ver the sea在海上
under the chair在椅子下
belw the surface f the water在水面下
by, near
by表示“在……旁边”；
near表示“在……附近”。
by me在我旁边
near the huse在房子附近
between, amng, arund
between表示“在两者之间”；
amng表示“在三者（以上）之中”；
arund表示“环绕（四周）”。
between A and B在A和B之间
amng the trees在树林中
arund the table围在桌边
in frnt f, ppsite, behind
in frnt f表示“在……前面/正面”；
behind表示“在……后面”；
ppsite表示“在……对面”。
in frnt f the classrm在教室前面
behind my huse在我家房子后面
ppsite me在我对面
in, int, ut f , up
in表示“在……之内”，
int表示“进入”；
ut f表示“从……到外面”；
up表示“向上移动”。
be in the classrm在教室里
ran int the classrm跑进教室
rush ut f the rm冲出房间
climb up the tree爬上树
alng, acrss, past, thrugh
alng表示“沿着”；
acrss表示“横穿（平面）”；
past表示“经过”；
thrugh表示“通过（内部空间）”其含义与in有关，。
alng the river/railway沿着河边/铁路
acrss the river横渡过河
past the city hall经过市政厅
thrugh the city/frest穿过城市/森林
t, fr, frm
t表示“到达……目的地或目标”；
fr表示“向……（目的地）”；
frm表示“从……（地点）起”。
get t the airprt到达机场
leave fr动身去
frm Beijing t Shanghai从北京到上海
N. 3 表示动向和位置的介词
常见的表示“原因、理由”的介词有fr, at, frm, with, by, because f , wing t, due t, n accunt f, thanks t, ut f, thrugh等。
fr, because f, at, ut f
fr:多=与表示感情的抽象名词或动词及reasn, famus等词连用。
I must aplgize fr calling yu s late.和抱歉我这么晚来找你。
at:常表示某种表情的起因，常和表示听、看或喜、怒、吃惊等词连用。
Yu didn’t lked very surprised at the news f his failure.听到他失败的消息，你看上去并不是很吃惊。
He gt angry at her wrds他因她所说的话而生气。
frm:常接抽象名词表示自然或间接原因
Lts f peple suffered frm hunger in thse days.在那些日子里,许多人都遭受到了饥饿之苦。
f:多用于自身的原因,如死因、病因等。
I'm ashamed f myself fr being s stupid.我为自己这么笨而感到羞愧 He died f cancer.他死于癌症。
with:多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状况的原因。
Her face went white with anger.她气得脸都白了。
by:表示“由于,成为……结果”,不与冠词连用。
by chance/accident意外，偶然地, by nature天生
because f:意为“由于,因为”,在句中仅作状语，修饰句中的一部分，与其他成分不用逗号隔开。
He didn't g t wrk because f his illness.由于生病他没去上班。
wing t:与because f 一样,也强调因果关系,作状语修饰整个句子，可放在句首或句末,用逗号隔开。
They decided t pstpne the trip, wing t the change f the weather.
由于天气变化，他们决定推迟旅行。
due t:引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表语、状语和定语。作状语时与wing t同义,一般不用逗号与其他成分隔开,且不放于句首。
The team's success was largely due t her effrts.该队的成功很大程度上是由于她的努力。
n accunt f:与because f，wing t同义,但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语，但不作定语。
That was n accunt f lack f exercise.那是由于缺乏锻炼。
thanks t:只能用作状语,可以表示正面的意思“幸亏”，也可以用在讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。
The play succeeded thanks t fine acting by all the cast.
由于全体演员的出色表演 那出戏剧才获得成功。
常考介词短语
“介词+名词”的常用搭配
① at+n. 表示状态
at peace 处于和平中 at ease 安心自在,不拘束 at drill 在操练
at randm随意地,胡乱地 at wrk 在工作 at play 在玩耍
② by+n. 表示方式
by hand 手工的 by mistake 错误的 by chance/accident 偶然
by design 故意地 by turns 轮流地,交替地 by surprise 突然(冷不防,出其不意地)
③ in+n.表示方式
in shape 在外形上 in cash 用现金付的 in brief 简言之
in detail 详细地 in general 一般说来 in persn 亲自 in tum 轮流，依次
in advance 事先提前 in vain 白费，徒劳
④ in+n 表示状态
in debt 负债 in rder 整齐 in cnditin健康
in dubt 怀疑 in danger 处于危险中 in surprise惊奇地
in public 公开的 in shame 由于害羞 in cmfrt舒适地
⑤ f +n. 表示特征
f value 有价值 f imprtance重要 f use 有用
f help 有帮助 f interest有兴趣 f ability 有能力
⑥ n +n. 表示状态
n guard 值班，警戒 n shw/display展览 n business 因公出差
n strike在罢工 n duty 值班 n leave/sick leave 在度假/休病假
⑦ ut f +n 表示状态
ut f sight 看不到 ut f mind 发狂 ut f danger脱离危险
ut f truble摆脱困难 ut f ffice 在野，不执政 ut f business 失业
ut f fashin 不流行 ut f rder 出故障 ut f debt 不欠债
ut f cntrl不受控制 ut f questin 毫无疑问 ut f breath 气喘吁吁
ut f cnditin 身体不佳 ut f date 过时
⑧ under+n.表示被动
under discussin/treatment/cntrl/attack/cnsideratin在讨论中/治疗中/控制中/被攻击/在考虑中
⑨ with+n. 表示方式
with pleasure愉快地 with delight 高兴地 with fear 吓得
with satisfactin 满意地 with difficulty困难地 with ease 轻而易举地
“介词+形容词”的常用搭配
① adj. + abut
be anxius abut 为……而忧虑 be certain/sure abut 对……有把握
be dubtful abut 对……怀疑 be enthusiastic abut 对……热情的/热心的
be hpeful abut 对……抱有希望 be incredulus abut 对……不相信
② adj.+ at
be quick at 做……敏捷 be slw at 对……反应慢 be surprised at 对……吃惊
be bad at 不擅长 be terrified at 受到……恐吓 be shcked at ……震惊
③ adj. + frm
be absent frm 缺席 be free frm 不受……影响
be safe frm 安全 be different frm 与……不同
④ adj. + fr
be anxius fr 渴望 be hungry fr渴望 be eager fr 渴望
be fit fr 适合 be unfit fr不适合 be thankful fr 因……而感激
be famus fr 因……而著名 be ready fr为……作好准备 be respnsible fr 对……负责
⑤ adj. + in
be weak in不擅长…… be strict in 对……严格 be rich in 含有丰富的……
be dressed in 穿着…… be successful in 在……上成功 be absrbed in 专心于
be disappinted in 对……失望 be experienced in 对……有经验 be expert in 在……方面熟练
be frtunate in 有幸
⑥ adj. + f
be ashamed f 羞耻 be aware f 知道 be guilty f 有罪的
be prud f 骄傲 be shrt f 缺乏 be sick f 厌烦
be tired f 厌倦 be wrthy f值得 be free f 免于
be shy f 对……感到害羞
⑦ adj. + t
be cntrary t 与……相反 be determined t 决定…… be equal t 等于 be familiar t 对……所熟悉 be favurable t 对……有利 be harmful t 对……有害
be different t 不同于 be similar t 相似,相似 be plite t 对……有礼貌 be rude t 对……无礼 be determined t 决定… be equal t 等于
be familiar t对……所熟悉 be favurable t对……有利 be harmful t对……有害 be similar t 相似，相似 be plite t对……有礼貌 be suitable t 适合
be rude t对……无礼 be married t 与……结婚
⑧ adj. + with
be ppular with 受……欢迎 be patient with 对……有耐心 be sick with 患病
be pleased with 对……喜欢 be crwded with 充满…… be cntent with 对……满足 be annyed with 对……烦恼 be familiar with 精通,熟悉 be friendly with 与……友好 be nervus with 对……紧张 be satisfied with 对……满意
⑨ adj. + n
be dependant n 依靠 be keen n 热衷于…… be severe n对……严格/严厉
frm... t...构成的短语
frm beginning t end 从头到尾 frm head t ft从头到脚，浑身
frm bad t wrse 越来越糟 frm mrning t night 从早到晚
frm time t time 不时地 frm place t place 各处
frm dr t dr挨门挨户地 frm tp t bttm 整个地，彻底地
frm cver t cver(书)从头到尾 frm hand t muth勉强糊口
frm generatin t generatin一代一代地
n.+prep. +n.
① n. +by+n.
side by side 肩并肩
step by step 一步一步地 ne by ne 一个接一个地
little by little一点一点地 day by day 一天一天地
② n. + after +n.
day after day日复一日地 year after year 复一年地
③ n. +in+n.
arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand手牵手地 heart in nes muth 提心吊胆
④ n. + t + n.
day t day 日常的 heart t heart互相交心地 face t face 面对面地
back t back 背靠背地 shulder t shulder 肩并肩地
⑤ in +n. +f
in fear f 害怕 in charge f负责 in hnr f 为纪念,为庆祝
in memry f 为纪念 in need/want/demand f需要 in place f 代替
in pssessin f 拥有 in search f 寻找 in case f 以防,万一
in cntrl f 管理 in danger f处于……的危险中 in terms f就而言
In respect f关于，涉及 in spite f尽管，虽然 in praise f表扬
一、单项选择
1．（2023春·河北·高二统考学业考试）Jane's father encuraged her t make friends her new classmates.
A．tB．frC．nD．with
2．（2022·内蒙古·高二统考学业考试）Mre and mre yung peple are fnd________ playing tennis nwadays.
A．nB．tC．inD．f
3．（2022春·甘肃天水·高二天水市第一中学校考学业考试）—Jack, I’m busy nw. Culd yu get the prize fr me?
—Srry, everyne is suppsed t get it .
A．in persnB．in surpriseC．in publicD．in truble
4．（2022·天津南开·高二南开大学附属中学统考学业考试）He has an advantage ______ thers because he has relevant wrking experience.
A．verB．againstC．withD．than
5．（2021秋·广西·高二统考学业考试）I will g t the cinema this Saturday, Wuld yu like t g _______ me?
A．withB．atC．inD．f
6．（2022秋·云南·高二统考学业考试）Mary is interested ________ playing ftball.
A．frB．withC．tD．in
7．（2021秋·黑龙江哈尔滨·高二哈尔滨三中校考学业考试）________ all their differences, the cuple have develped a genuine affectin fr each ther.
A．But frB．Instead fC．DespiteD．Althugh
8．（2021秋·吉林·高二学业考试）________ the traffic jam, I arrived at the airprt t late. The plane had left when I gt there.
A．Instead fB．In additin tC．By means fD．Due t
9．（2020秋·黑龙江·高二统考学业考试）With danger drawing near, we must all keep until we knw it is safe t relax.
A．n guardB．as usualC．in rderD．in mind
10．（2020秋·黑龙江·高二统考学业考试）Jenny narrwly missed the flight versleeping in the mrning.
A．as frB．up tC．due tD．but fr
11．（2020秋·黑龙江·高二统考学业考试）Almst all the peple present were tuched wrds after hearing his mving stry.
A．withinB．upnC．atD．beynd
12．（2020·吉林·高二统考学业考试）Jane is in a hurry because the train t the airprt leaves _______ half an hur.
A．byB．in
C．frD．until
13．（2020秋·黑龙江·高二统考学业考试）I fund her letter as I was lking thrugh my files.
A．by accidentB．by designC．by mistakeD．by frce
14．（2020·广西·高二统考学业考试）—D yu knw when Prfessr Zhng Nanshan was brn？
—Yes, he was brn 1936.
A．withB．frmC．nD．in
15．（2021秋·吉林·高二学业考试）I’m srry I didn’t phne yu, but I have been very busy the past cuple f weeks.
A．beyndB．verC．withD．amng
16．（2019·江苏常州·高三学业考试）_________ the French and their revlutin spirit， many cuntries have chsen t use the same clurs n their flags．
A．In terms fB．In case f
C．In respnse tD．In salute t
二、根据汉语意思填写单词
17．（2019春·福建·高三统考学业考试）Let’s search fr mre infrmatin abut HUAWEI Mate X (在……上) the Internet.
三、用单词的适当形式完成句子
18．（2021秋·吉林·高二统考学业考试）The nvel is made up ten stries.
19．（2022秋·广东佛山·高二统考学业考试）Fr mre than 50 years, he has devted his life rice prductin.
20．（2021秋·黑龙江哈尔滨·高二哈尔滨三中校考学业考试）She is s absrbed in the film that she’s unable t distinguish imaginatin reality.
1．I eased him his difficulty by telling him what t d.
2．This srt f life is nt calculated t appeal a yung man f 20.
3．A third f Africa is threat f desertificatin.
4．Suspecting the traveler carrying drugs, the Custms fficial stpped him and went thrugh his suitcase.
5．I hld the firm belief that I am equal the jb as a vlunteer fr the fair.
6．Thugh she practised hard, the fear f lsing the game was still hanging her.
7．We are all respnsible fr this tragic situatin a certain extent.
8．Building transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) is vital the cuntry’s ecnmic develpment.
9．Bth f us had the qualities and virtues that are typical American actrs.
10．Dn’t be s strict with yur sn; all he is nly a five­-year-­ld child.
11．I’m glad t d my part the prtectin f the endangered animals.
12．They came up the glbal warming in the meeting nce again.
13．A degree in the histry f art is very nice but it desn’t exactly equip yu many jbs.
14．She warns f the envirnmental dangers facing sciety, and she teaches that peple must take respnsibility saving their envirnment.
15．There yu will find them prepared differently—mre dumpling and less sup, and the wrappers are pressed hand rather than rlled.
16．My name is Mireya Mayr. I’m a scientist wh studies animals such as apes and mnkeys. I was searching these three western lwland grillas I’d been bserving.
17．Earth Day, marked n 22 April, is an annual event aiming t raise public awareness abut envirnmental prtectin. First celebrated 1970, the Day nw includes events in mre than 190 cuntries and regins (地区).
18．We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dgs, seven t be exact. They were well trained by their masters wh had great experience with caring fr these animals.
19．Many f these bags end up in the cean where larger nes can trap sea creatures, such as turtles and dlphins. Over time, the bags fall apart cuntless tiny pieces, and fish can accidentally eat sme f them.
20．This aging f the ppulatin is driven tw factrs. The first is declining birth rates, which means ld generatins are large cmpared t yunger generatins, and s, n average, the ppulatin becmes lder than befre.
21．Bamb plants are assciated health, abundance and a happy hme. They are easy t care fr and make great presents.
22．Ecturism has its rigin with the envirnmental mvement f the 1970s. It was nt widely accepted as a travel cncept the late 1980s.
23．Helen was walking dwn the street late the evening, her arms filled with grcery bags.
24．Thanks t Beijing’s lng histry capital f China, almst every hutng has its stries, and sme are even assciated with histric events.
25．With n rain fr ver a year, the city is suffering unusually ht weather.
26．Thugh he was rted his past,he wasn’t stuck there.
27．T ur amazement, the restaurant charged us nly $20 dinner that day. It was well wrth it.
28．He was charge f the shp while the manager was away.
29．Taking n this challenge will bring yu in cntact smene wh shares yur interests.
30．One f my friends mistk my sister me yesterday, because we are twins and lk very similar.
31．Nwadays, mst f the peple have access the Internet.
32．As the car apprached the twn center, several tall buildings came view.
33．Tday, a fall guy is a persn wh is tricked taking the blame fr the crime r wrngding f smene else.
34．Between tw peple wh have nthing cmmn, lve is impssible.
35．We must take the audience accunt when making speeches.
36．T cnfirm sme accunt details, can I call yu back later this number?
37．The schl reading rm usually subscribes a variety f newspapers and magazines.
38． reality，mst f the parents pay attentin t their children’s educatin.
39．They want all grups t be treated an equal basis.
40．It was very generus them t share their meal with their ut-f-wrk neighbrs.
41．Hw we read given text depends sme extent n ur particular interest in reading it.
42．We must strive t make great effrts instead f being cntent such a small success.
43．The tw man walked up the street, arm arm. All f a sudden, the man frm the West stpped and released his am.
44．The mther was despair, fr she had n mney and her child was hungry.
45．The cncentratin f nitrgen dixide in Beijing’s air was reduced an average f 20 per cent.
46． a wrd, I dn’t think what yu said makes sense at all.
47．Are yu capable slving the prblem n yur wn?
48．Much imprtance is attached the develpment f the individual self.
49．T begin with, we just need t take ur bks t a fixed place, which is very cnvenient the participants.
50．I am writing this letter t recmmend myself a qualified candidate fr the jb.
分类
特点
例词
简单介词
即一个介词
abut, acrss, after, against, amng, arund, at, belw, beynd, during, in, n等等。
合成介词
由两个介词构成合成词
int, nt, thrughut, upn, within
短语介词
由短语构成
accrding t, because f, instead f, up t, due t, wing t, thanks t等等。
双重介词
由两个介词搭配而成
frm amng, frm behind, frm under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词
由现在分词转化而来
cnsidering(就……而论), including，regarding，cncerning等。
兼类介词
由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, ppsite等等。