第19讲 句子成分和基本句型（课件）-2024年中考英语一轮复习（全国通用）

这是一份第19讲 句子成分和基本句型（课件）-2024年中考英语一轮复习（全国通用），共50页。PPT课件主要包含了PART ONE，网络构建，宾语补足语，同位语，真题感悟等内容，欢迎下载使用。
1.掌握八大句子成分2.掌握五大基本句型
英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
概念和位置：句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，通常位于句首。充当：通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。语序：正常：主语+谓语; 全部倒装：谓语+主语; 部分倒装：情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词
What he said is nt true.
1)名词或名词短语作主语
2)代词或代词短语作主语
3)动词不定式短语作主语
4)动词ing短语作主语（动名词）
5)数词或数词短语作主语
6)名词化的形容词短语作主语
7)疑问词+不定式短语作主语
David arrived last night.
That's OK.
T d mrning exercises is gd fr ur health.
Seeing is believing.
Tw will be enugh.
The blind and the lame are well cared fr in ur cuntry.
Hw t d well is an imprtant questin.
出现形式主语it的常见句型一：
It is nt difficult t learn English well.It was his jb t clean the yard.It tk me a lt f time t finish the task.It is against the law t steal.
it + be + 表语 +fr sb + 不定式，作表语的形容词是用来描述事情的特征或情况的。如:hard, easy, difficult, likely，imprtant ,necessary, impssible等。
不定式作真正主语的句型中要注意：介词f和fr的使用
It is nt clever f yu t d this.
It is difficult fr yu t finish the wrk n time.
it + be + 表语 +f sb + 不定式，作表语的形容词是用来描述sb的特征或品质的。如: fl, kind, wise,clever,brave,smart,bright等
2) it + be + 形容词 + 动词ing短语
1) it + be + 名词+ 动词ing短语
出现形式主语it的常见句型二：
It's n use spending a lt f time n the jb.
这个句型中常见名词：n gd（没好处）, n use（没用）, a waste（浪费）, a wnder（奇迹） 等
It was very hard getting alng well with thse men .
概念和位置： 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。一般位于主语之后。充当：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构 等充当，谓语有时态与语态的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
Yu lk smart.
He takes care f the baby.
情态动词+ 动词或动词短语
助动词+ 动词或动词短语
He will g t Shanghai.
He didn't g t Shanghai.
He has gne t Shanghai.
Yu are students.
He must d the wrk.
将两个或以上单谓语用并列连词连接在一起叫并列谓语。
概念：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；有的动词后可以跟两个宾语，其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。充当：通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
6.动名词或动名词短语
1.名词或相当于名词的短语
2.代词或相当于代词的短语
I accepted yur wise advice.
This bk is wrth reading.
All f us like him.
5.不定式或不定式短语
Give me fur.
He began t learn English a year ag.
He is used t wrking at night.
He did nt knw what t say.
They teach the blind t read.
I wnder if yu'd like t g with us.
4. the + 形容词表示一类人
I think that he is right.
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。位置：位于系动词之后。充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。
I feel much better tday.
The bk is mine.
They are in truble.
My dream is t g t cllege.
They are ver there.
His telephne number is 88888888.
His hbby is cllecting stamps.
My camera is brken.
The truth is what he said just nw.
They are my students.
概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，sme-，n， every-等构成的单词，如smething 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。充当：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。
1.形容词或相同于形容词的结构
The by there needs a pen.
The by t write this letter needs a pen.
The smiling by needs a pen.
The by needs a pen bught by his mther.
He is a kind-hearted man.
He bught a cffee cup yesterday.
He is a 15-year-ld student.
This bk is Mine.
My father was washing his car.
He is Tm's father.
In the fall we can see a lt f fallen leaves.
Hrses are grass-eating animals.
Let me tell yu a mving stry.
D yu knw the by in the first rw?
I have a lt f wrk t d.
Three bys are running alng the bank.
Yu are the first ne here.
The meeting that yu have missed yesterday was very imprtant.
He is n his way hme.
The girl in a dress is his sister.
The by was Tm.
概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almst、ften 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。充当：通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
1.副词或副词短语作状语
He speaks English very well.
Ten years ag, she began t live here.
The by was praised fr his bravery.
When she was 12 years ld, she began t play the pian.
They used t play ftball under the tree.
If I am nt busy tmrrw, I will play ftball with yu.
Wearing a pair f sunglasses, he went ut .
She is very weak in physics.
The bx is t heavy fr me t lift.
In rder t get int a gd schl, I must study even harder.
After finishing the wrk he left.
一个句子可以有多个状语。
Written in a hurry， the article was nt s gd.
概念和位置：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，补语有两种，分别是主语补足语、宾语补足语，用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。充当：常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语的语法。
1.Ca believes this will make the hiking trip even mre meaningful.（形容词做宾补）2. We sincerely wish yu a quick recvery and an early return t China.（名词短语作宾补）3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better knwn t British students. （过去分词短语作宾补）
概念和位置：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。充当：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. humans are.2. This exhibitin f sme sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and wrk f Sctland's best lved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, cmes t Lndn. (名词)
My friend, Mary, bught a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
N. 1 主+谓：S+V
谓语动词为不及物动词。
1. The sun rises. （rise-rse-risen 是vi，不能带O.）2. The man died peacefully.3. The first impressin cunts/matters. 4. Class activities will vary frm day t day.(2022年新高考I卷)5. Great changes have taken place in my hmetwn in the past ten years.
N. 2 主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V. + O. ）
谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组；宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。
She brke the vase. I like swimming.I want t buy a huse.They have carried ut the plan successfully.
易混点 1 ：只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：
suggest， advise， stp， resist， enjy， imagine，finish， admit， excuse， delay， practise, cnsider， keep， mind， understand， avid， miss， risk ，succeed in， be busy，be wrth， be used t， give up， lk frward t
易混点 2 ：带 t d 做宾语的动词有：
ffer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, prmise, help，prepare，decide, determine，refuse， dare，manage，wish, hpe, want, expect， fail，pretend，chse, seem,agree, etc.
N. 3 主语+谓语+双宾（S. + V. + O.+O. ）
此句型中常见的谓语动词：give buy bring tell send leave pass write take shw get teach pay hand 等。
可借助t的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, prmise, return, send, shw, teach, tell, write, ask等；可借助fr的：buy, call, ck, chse, draw, find, get, make, rder, sing, save等。
1.He brings me ckies every day.2. Mr Jhnsn taught us German last year. 3. Grandma tld us an interesting stry last night. 4. Pass me the bk,please 5. He shwed the ticket t the cnductr.
N. 4 ：主+系+表
N. 4 ：主+系+表
1.The car is in gd cnditin2.He lked ftball match is wrk is teaching questin is wh can really repair the flwer smells pleasant.7.A pair f sunglasses prves useful.
N. 5 主谓宾宾补: S+Vt.+O+O.C
The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.Yu must get yur hair cut. They made Tm mnitr.
注意：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：find/think/cnsider it +宾补+t d..
I fund it very pleasant t be with yur family.Bth sides cnsider it desirable t further the understanding between the tw peples.
1．（2023·四川内江·统考二模）The wman with a baby in her arms is my sister.A．宾语B．状语C．表语D．定语【答案】D【详解】句意：那个怀里抱着一个婴儿的女人是我的妹妹/姐姐。考查句子成分。主语是The wman；系动词是is；表语是my sister；with a baby in her arms介词短语，作定语，修饰主语The wman。 故选D。
2．（2023·四川内江·统考二模）The teacher said that he wuld g there n time.A．宾语B．主语C．表语D．谓语【答案】A【详解】句意：老师说他会准时去那里。考查句子成分。这个句子的主干是“主谓宾”结构。The teacher（老师）作主语, said（说）作谓语, that he wuld g there n time（他会准时去那里）是宾语从句充当宾语。故这句话的划线部分是宾语。 故选A。
3．（2023·四川内江·统考二模）His father wrks in a factry.A．谓语B．宾语C．主语D．状语【答案】A【详解】句意：他的父亲在一个工厂工作。考查句子成分。His father作主语；wrks不及物动词作谓语；in a factry作地点状语。故选A。
4．（2023·四川内江·统考二模）Eating t much is bad fr yur health.A．表语B．主语C．宾语D．谓语【答案】B【详解】句意：吃得太多对你的健康有害。考查句子成分。Eating t much“吃得太多”；分析句子结构可知，划线部分是动名词短语在句中作主语，因此B选项符合题意。故选B。
5．（2023·四川内江·四川省内江市第六中学校考二模）It is difficult fr me t drive a car.A．真正主语B．形式主语C．状语D．定语【答案】A【详解】句意：对我来说开车很难。考查句子成分。分析句子结构可知，此处是it +形容词+fr sb. +t d sth.，it是形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语。故选A。
6．（2023·甘肃天水·天水市逸夫实验中学校考模拟预测）The sentence structure f “Miss Sun lked happily at her lvely sn” is _________.A．S+V+OB．S+VC．S+V+PD．S+V+IO+DO【答案】A【详解】句意：“孙小姐高兴地看着她可爱的儿子”的句子结构是主语+谓语+宾语。 考查句子结构。根据“Miss Sun lked happily at her lvely sn”可知，Miss Sun是主语；lked happily at是谓语；her lvely sn是宾语。因此句子结构是S+V+O。故选A。
7．（2023·甘肃武威·校考模拟预测）What is the sentence pattern f “The little by lks s smart.” ?A．S+VB．S+V+OC．S+V+O+OCD．S+V+P【答案】D【详解】句意：“这个小男孩看起来很聪明”的句型是什么？考查句型结构。The little by主语；lks系动词；smart表语，所以本句为主系表结构，即S+V+P。故选D。
8．（2023·四川内江·四川省内江市第六中学校考二模）We must keep ur classrm clean.A．主语B．谓语C．定语D．宾语补足语【答案】D【详解】句意：我们必须让我们的教室保持干净。考查句子成分。“keep...+形容词”意为“让……保持某种状态”，句中“clean”作宾语补足语，故选D。
1．（2023·四川内江·统考中考真题）Jim’s father bught him a schlbag n his birthday.A．表语B．直接宾语C．间接宾语D．主语【答案】C【详解】句意：吉姆的爸爸在他生日那天给他买了一个书包。考查句子成分。buy sb sth“给某人买某物”，人作间接宾语，物作直接宾语。故选C。
2．（2020·甘肃·统考中考真题）The sentence pattern f " I enjy living in Gansu." is ________.A．S+V+OB．S+V+PC．S+V +IO+ DOD．S+V +DO+ OC【答案】A【详解】句意：“I enjy living in Gansu.我喜欢住在甘肃”的句型是主语+谓语+宾语。考查基本句型。S+V+O主语+谓语+宾语；S+V+P主语+连系动词+表语；S+V+IO+DO主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；S+V+DO+OC主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。“I enjy living in Gansu”这句话中，I作主语，enjy作谓语，动名词living in Gansu作宾语，故本句为“S+V+O”句型。故选A。
3．（2023·四川内江·统考中考真题）If yu feel unhappy, yu can ask yur parents r teachers fr help.A．表语B．状语C．宾语D．主语【答案】B【详解】句意：如果你感到不开心，你可以向你的父母或老师寻求帮助。考查句子成分。根据“If yu feel unhappy”可知这是if引导的条件状语从句，属于状语。故选B。
4．（2023·四川内江·统考中考真题）I have had the dictinary fr many years.A．状语B．表语C．定语D．谓语【答案】D【详解】句意：这本字典我已经用了很多年了。考查句子成分。I作主语，have had作谓语，the dictinary作宾语，fr many years作状语。故选D。