高考英语考点知识专讲专练（有答案） 考点45 阅读理解说明文

这是一份高考英语考点知识专讲专练（有答案） 考点45 阅读理解说明文，共34页。试卷主要包含了细节理解题，语意猜测题，主旨大意题，判断推理题等内容，欢迎下载使用。

说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
命题方式
考向一 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、secnd(1y)、third(1y)finally、nt nly„but als、then、in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、fr example、fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考向二 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t…或what des the underlined wrd mean?或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
考向三 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以this passage mainly talks abut ____. what is the main idea f the passage? 为设问方式。
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
考向四 判断推理题
这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended t...(2) the authr suggests that...(3) the stry implies that…(4) which pint f view may the authr agree t?(5) frm the passage we can cnclude that...(6) the purpse f the passage is t...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。 观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the authr’s attitude twards 等。
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t_________.
freefrmanxiety B. anxius C. nervus D. happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely，nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that，fr it wasn’t his fault.通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But smetimes，n rain falls fr a lng，lng time. Then there is a dry perid，r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折号等来表示。
4.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，ranges，pineapples，ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，ccnuts和bananas，ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
5.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there，semi-cnscius，fr a few minutes.根据词根cnscius（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semicnscius词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drp指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出drplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
题组一（高考真题）
Passage1(全国新课标卷I，C)
As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置)that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple's identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it's cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn't require a new type f technlgy that peple aren't already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch”fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
28. Why d the researchers develp the smart keybard?
A. T reduce pressure n keys.B. T imprve accuracy in typing
C. T replace the passwrd system.D. T cut the cst f e-space prtectin.
29. What makes the inventin f the smart keybard pssible？
A. Cmputers are much easier t perate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develp fast.
C. Typing patterns vary frm persn t persn.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What d the researchers expect f the smart keybard？all 1 sisgitiec ll.
A. It'll be envirnment-friendly.B. It'll reach cnsumers sn.
C. It'll be made f plastics.D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text mst likely frm?
A. A diary.B. A guidebkC. A nvel.D. A magazine.
Passage2(全国新课标卷I，D)
During the rsy years f elementary schl(小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage(从事)in dangerus and risky behavir.”
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(调查研究). “We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date-sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research，Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A. Unkind.B. Lnely.C. Generus.D. Cl.
33. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut？
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?
A. They appeared t be aggressive.
B. They tended t be mre adaptable.
C. They enjyed the highest status.
D. They perfrmed well academically.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Be Nice-Yu Wn’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-Yu Can Make It
D. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
Passage3(全国新课标卷II，D)
Bacteria are an annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms(微生物) frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week. Hw is NASA vercming this very tiny big prblem? It’s turning t a bunch f high schl kids. But nt just any kids. It depending n NASA HUNCH high schl class, like the ne science teachers Gene Grdn and Dnna Himmelberg lead at Fairprt High Schl in Fairprt, New Yrk.
HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Fr the past tw years, Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity, and they think they’re clse t a slutin(解决方案). “We dn’t give the students any breaks. They have t d it just like NASA engineers,” says Flrence Gld, a prject manager.
“There are n tests,” Grdn says. “There is n graded hmewrk. There almst are n grades, ther than‘Are yu wrking twards yur gal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f year, present it t NASA.’ Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review, and…it’s nt a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”
Grdn says the HUNCH prgram has an impact(影响) n cllege admissins and practical life skills. “These kids are s absrbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dn’t teach.” And that annying bacteria? Grdn says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem, readying a wrkable slutin t test in space.
32. What d we knw abut the bacteria in the Internatinal Space Statin?
A. They are hard t get rid f.B. They lead t air pllutin.
C. They appear different frms.D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpse f the HUNCH prgram?
A. T strengthen teacher-student relatinships.B. T sharpen students’ cmmunicatin skills.
C. T allw students t experience zer gravity.D. T link space technlgy with schl educatin
34. What d the NASA engineers d fr the students in the prgram?
A. Check their prduct.B. Guide prject designs
C. Adjust wrk schedules.D. Grade their hmewrk.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. NASA: The Hme f Astrnauts.
B. Space: The Final Hmewrk Frntier.
C. Nature: An Outdr Classrm.
D. HUNCH:A Cllege Admissin Refrm.
Passage4(全国新课标卷I，D)
Befre the 1830smst newspapers were sld thrugh annual subscriptins in America, usually $8 t $10 a year. Tday $8 r $10 seems a small amunt f mney, but at that time these amunts were frbidding t mst citizens. Accrdingly, newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple in plitics r the trades. In additin, mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t a mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding. But the revlutin that was taking place in the 1830s wuld change all that.
The trend, then, was tward the "penny paper"-a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.
This develpment did nt take place vernight. It had been pssible(but nt easy)t buy single cpies f newspapers befre 1830,but this usually meant the reader had t g dwn t the printer's ffice t purchase a cpy. Street sales were almst unknwn. Hwever, within a few years, street sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplace in eastern cities. At first the price f single cpies was seldm a penny-usually tw r three cents was charged-and sme f the lder well-knwn papers charged five r six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and sn there wuld be papers that did indeed sell fr nly a penny.
This new trend f newspapers fr "the man n the street" did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh were wners f successful papers, had little desire t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.
28. Which f the fllwing best describes newspapers in America befre the 1830s?
A. Academic.B. Unattractive.C. Inexpensive.D. Cnfidential.
29. What did street sales mean t newspapers?
A. They wuld be priced higher.B. They wuld disappear frm cities.
C. They culd have mre readers.D. They culd regain public trust.
30. Wh were the newspapers f the new trend targeted at?
A. Lcal pliticians.B. Cmmn peple.
C. Yung publishers.D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say abut the birth f the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult prcess.B. It was a temprary success.
C. It was a rbbery f the pr.D. It was a disaster fr printers.
题组二（2018年高考真题）
Passage1(2018·全国新课标卷I，D)
We may think we’re a culture that gets rid f ur wrn technlgy at the first sight f smething shiny and new, but a new study shws that we keep using ur ld devices (装置) well after they g ut f style. That’s bad news fr the envirnment – and ur wallets – as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
T figure ut hw much pwer these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her clleagues at the Rchester Institute f Technlgy in New Yrk tracked the envirnmental csts fr each prduct thrughut its life – frm when its minerals are mined t when we stp using the device. This methd prvided a readut fr hw hme energy use has evlved since the early 1990s. Devices were gruped by generatin. Desktp cmputers, basic mbile phnes, and bx-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived n the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phnes, and LCD TVs entered hmes in 2002, befre tablets and e-readers shwed up in 2007.
As we accumulated mre devices, hwever, we didn’t thrw ut ur ld nes. “The living-rm televisin is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ rm, and suddenly ne day, yu have a TV in every rm f the huse,” said ne researcher. The average number f electrnic devices rse frm fur per husehld in 1992 t 13 in 2007. We’re nt just keeping these ld devices – we cntinue t use them. Accrding t the analysis f Babbitt’s team, ld desktp mnitrs and bx TVs with cathde ray tubes are the wrst devices with their energy cnsumptin and cntributin t greenhuse gas emissins (排放) mre than dubling during the 1992 t 2007 windw.
S what’s the slutin (解决方案)? The team’s data nly went up t 2007, but the researchers als explred what wuld happen if cnsumers replaced ld prducts with new electrnics that serve mre than ne functin, such as a tablet fr wrd prcessing and TV viewing. They fund that mre n-demand entertainment viewing n tablets instead f TVs and desktp cmputers culd cut energy cnsumptin by 44%.
32. What des the authr think f new devices?
A. They are envirnment-friendly.B. They are n better than the ld.
C. They cst mre t use at hme.D. They g ut f style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team cnduct the research?
A. T reduce the cst f minerals.
B. T test the life cycle f a prduct.
C. T update cnsumers n new technlgy.
D. T find ut electricity cnsumptin f the devices.
34. Which f the fllwing uses the least energy?
A. The bx-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktp cmputer.
35. What des the text suggest peple d abut ld electrnic devices?
A. Stp using them.B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.
Passage2(2018·全国新课标卷I，B)
Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s leant int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 fr a prtin(一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we’re nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. "
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV’s Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight’s Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family’s lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What d we knw abut Susanna Reid?
A. She enjys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new prgramme.
C. She dislikes wrking early in the mrning. D. She has had a tight budget fr her family.
25. Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cking materials fr her.B. He prepares fd fr her kids.
C. He assists her in cking matters.D. He invites guest families fr her.
26. What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previus paragraphs.B. Prvide sme advice fr the readers.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.D. Intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less
C. Making Yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less
Passage3(2018·全国新课标卷II，B)
Many f us lve July because it’s the mnth when nature’s berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia’s fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白质), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物质). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
When cmbined with berries f slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”. Fr this purpse, select ripe bananas fr freezing as they are much sweeter. Remve the skin and place them in plastic bags r cntainers and freeze. If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn. Frzen bananas will last several weeks, depending n their ripeness and the temperature f the freezer.
If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children’s party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
24. What des the authr seem t like abut cherries?
A. They cntain prtein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antixidants.
25. Why is fresh lemn juice used in freezing bananas?
A. T make them smell better. B. T keep their clur.
C. T speed up their ripening. D. T imprve their nutritin.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A cntainer. D. A machine.
27. Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A. A bilgy textbk. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brchure.
Passage4(2018·北京卷，B)
Find Yur Adventure at the Space and Aviatin(航空) Center
If yu’re lking fr a unique adventure, the Space and Aviatin Center (SAC) is the place t be. The Center ffers prgrams designed t challenge and inspire with hands-n tasks and lts f fun.
Mre than 750,000 have graduated frm SAC, with many seeking emplyment in engineering, aviatin, educatin, medicine and a wide variety f ther prfessins. They cme t camp, wanting t knw what it is like t be an astrnaut r a pilt, and they leave with real-wrld applicatins fr what they’re studying in the classrm.
Fr the trainees, the prgrams als ffer a great way t earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Explratin badge as they build and fire mdel rckets, learn abut space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying t space with the crew frm all ver the wrld. The Aviatin Challenge prgram gives trainees the chance t earn their Aviatin badge. They learn the principles f flight and test their perating skills in the cckpit(驾驶舱) f a variety f flight simulatrs. Trainees als get a gd start n their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn abut water- and land-survival thrugh designed tasks and their search and rescue f ＂dwned＂ pilt.
With all the prgrams, teamwrk is key as trainees learn the imprtance f leadership and being part f a bigger task.
All this fun is available fr ages 9 t 18. Families can enjy the experience tgether, t, with Family Camp prgrams fr families with children as yung as 7.
Stay an hur r stay a week — there is smething here fr everyne!
Fr mre details, please visit us nline at www. ursac. cm.
40. Why d peple cme t SAC?
A. T experience adventures.
B. T lk fr jbs in aviatin.
C. T get a degree in engineering.
D. T learn mre abut medicine.
41. T earn a Space Explratin badge, a trainee needs t .
A. fly t space
B. get an Aviatin badge first
C. study the principles f flight
D. build and fire mdel rckets
42. What is the mst imprtant fr trainees?
A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.
C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.
题组三（2017年高考真题）
Passage1(2017·全国新课标卷I，D)
A build-it-yurself slar still（蒸馏器） is ne f the best ways t btain drinking water in areas where the liquid is nt readily available. Develped by tw dctrs in the U.S. Department f Agriculture, it’s an excellent water cllectr. Unfrtunately, yu must carry the necessary equipment with yu, since it’s all but impssible t find natural substitutes. The nly cmpnents required, thugh, are a 5＇5＇ sheet f clear r slightly milky plastic, six feet f plastic tube, and a cntainer — perhaps just a drinking cup — t catch the water. These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt.
T cnstruct a wrking still, use a sharp stick r rck t dig a hle fur feet acrss and three feet deep. Try t make the hle in a damp area t increase the water catcher’s prductivity. Place yur cup in the deepest part f the hle. Then lay the tube in place s that ne end rests all the way in the cup and the rest f the line runs up — and ut — the side f the hle.
Next, cver the hle with the plastic sheet, securing the edges f the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck. The plastic shuld nw frm a cne(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The lw pint f the sheet must be centered directly ver, and n mre than three inches abve, the cup.
The slar still wrks by creating a greenhuse under the plastic. Grund water evaprates (蒸发) and cllects n the sheet until small drps f water frm, run dwn the material and fall ff int the cup. When the cntainer is full, yu can suck the refreshment ut thrugh the tube, and wn’t have t break dwn the still every time yu need a drink.
32. What d we knw abut the slar still equipment frm the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s cmplex. . D. It’s prtable.
33. What des the underlined phrase ＂the water catcher＂ in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hle. D. The cup.
34. What’s the last step f cnstructing a wrking slar still?
A. Dig a hle f a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center dwn. D. Cver the hle with the plastic sheet.
35. When a slar still wrks, drps f water cme int the cup frm .
A. the plastic tube B. utside the hle
C. the pen air D. beneath the sheet
Passage2(2017·全国新课标卷II，B)
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transitin – has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
Arund 100 peple have already put dwn a $10,000 depsit t get a Transitin when they g n sale, and thse numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia intrduces the Transitin t the public later this week at the New Yrk Aut Shw. But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst $279,000.And it wn’t help if yu’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventrs have been trying t make flying cars since the 1930s, accrding t Rbert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has cme clser than anyne t making the flying car a reality. The gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t make it easier fr the vehicle t fly. The Transitin is nw ging thrugh crash tests t make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraft, which are lwer than thse fr pilts f larger planes. Terrafugia
says an wner wuld need t pass a test and cmplete 20 hurs f flying time t be able t fly the Transitin, a requirement pilts wuld find relatively easy t meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. The basic data f the Transitin.
B. The advantages f flying cars.
C. The ptential market fr flying cars.
C. The designers f the Transitin.
29. Why is the Transitin unlikely t shw up in t many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams.
B. It is difficult t perate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns t much fuel.
30. What is the gvernment’s attitude t the develpment f the flying car?
A. Cautius B. Favrable.
C. Ambiguus. D. Disapprving.
31. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Flying Car at Aut Shw
B. The Transitin’s First Flight
C. Pilts’ Dream Cming True
D. Flying Car Clser t Reality
Passage3(2017·全国新课标卷II，D)
When a leafy plant is under attack, it desn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, tw scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm. What the plants pump thrugh the air is a mixture f chemicals knwn as vlatile rganic cmpunds, VOCs fr shrt.
Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way f crying ut. But is anyne listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighburs react.
Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty. They pump ut perfumes designed t attract different insects wh are natural enemies t the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical cnversatins help the neighbrs .The damage is usually mre serius n the first plant, but the neighbrs, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what t d.
Des this mean that plants talk t each ther? Scientists dn’t knw. Maybe the first plant just made a cry f pain r was sending a message t its wn branches, and s, in effect, was talking t itself. Perhaps the neighbrs just happened t ＂verhear＂ the cry. S infrmatin was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentinal back and frth.
Charles Darwin, ver 150 years ag, imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的)
than the wrld we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n.
32. What des a plant d when it is under attack?
A. It makes nises. B. It gets help frm ther plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends ut certain chemicals.
33. What des the authr mean by ＂the tables are turned＂ in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready t fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find frm their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters
B. prtect themselves against insects
C. talk t ne anther intentinally
D. help their neighbrs when necessary
35.what can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. The wrld is changing faster than ever.
B. Peple have strnger senses than befre
C. The wrld is mre cmplex than it seems
D. Peple in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
Passage4(2017·全国新课标卷III，C)
After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves.
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins — majr fd surces (来源) fr the wlf — grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park’s red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets.
The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
28. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.
C. The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.
D. The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
29. What des the underlined wrd ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested.B. Separated.
C. Frced ut.D. Tracked dwn.
30. What did the disappearance f gray wlves bring abut?
A. Damage t lcal eclgy.
B. A decline in the park’s incme.
C. Preservatin f vegetatin.
D. An increase in the variety f animals.
31. What is the authr’s attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Uncaring.
题组四（名校模拟题）
Passage 1(河南省实验中学2019届高考全真模拟)
Slar energy systems & pwer plants d nt prduce air pllutin, water pllutin, r greenhuse gases. Using slar energy can have a psitive, indirect effect n the envirnment, when slar energy replaces r reduces the use f ther energy surces that have larger effects n the envirnment.
Hwever, sme pisnus materials and chemicals are used t make the phtvltaic ( 光电池的) cells that cnvert sunlight int electricity. Sme slar thermal (保热的) systems use ptentially hazardus liquids t transfer heat. Leaks f these materials culd be harmful t the envirnment. U. S. envirnmental laws regulate the use and settlement f these types f materials.
As with any type f pwer plant, large slar pwer plants can affect the envirnment near their lcatins. The placement f the pwer plant may have lng-term effects n the habitats f native plants and animals. Sme slar pwer plants may require water fr cleaning slar cllectrs and cncentratrs r fr cling turbine generatrs. Using large vlumes f grund water r surface water in sme dry lcatins may affect the ecsystems that depend n these water resurces. In additin, the beam f cncentrated sunlight a slar pwer twer creates can kill birds and insects that fly int the beam.
The amunt f slar energy that the earth receives each day is many times greater than the ttal amunt f all energy that peple cnsume each day. Hwever, n the surface f the earth, slar energy is a variable and irregular energy surce. The amunt f sunlight and the intensity f sunlight varies by time f day and lcatin. Weather and climate cnditins affect the availability f sunlight daily and n a seasnal basis. The type and size f a slar energy cllectin and cnversin system determines hw much f the available slar energy we can cnvert int useful energy.
1. Which f the fllwing best explains "hazardus" underlined in paragraph 2?
A. inexpensiveB. dangerus
C. ineffectiveD. abnrmal
2. What influence can large slar pwer plants have n the lcatins?
A. Plluting the grund water.
B. Prtecting the habitats f plants and animals.
C. Damaging the lcal natural balance.
D. Attracting birds and insects t the area.
3. What des the last paragraph mainly tell us?
A. Different areas receive different amunt f slar energy.
B. Hw t cnvert slar energy int useful energy.
C. The relatinship between slar energy cllectin and the sunlight.
D. Sme factrs that influence the amunt f slar energy cllectin.
Passage 2(山东省潍坊市2019届高三上学期期中考试)
Digital grunding is when parents r caregivers limit r cmpletely take away access t technlgy frm children. Accrding t a study cnducted by Pew Research，65％f parents have digitally grunded their teen by taking away their teen’s cellphne r internet access as punishment.
Because children are s cnnected with their technlgies, digital grunding may seem like a lgical step fr parents. Take away a child’s mst cherished item and they will quickly learn frm their behavir. But the idea f digital grunding isn’t as clear—cut as that. Instead, it may be a lse-lse situatin fr parents and kids, alike.
Fr mst parents, the gal f grunding isn’t t make their children unhappy r sad. It is t teach a lessn in the hpe that they wn’t engage in whatever behavir gt them in truble in the first place. Unfrtunately, thugh, digital grunding is ften just punishment, nt discipline. If a child stays ut past curfew(约定的最晚回家时间), a punishment wuld be hitting r yelling at them. Discipline wuld be nt letting them g ut the next weekend because they failed t fllw rules.
We’ve all been there—we’ve caught ur child ding smething wrng and in the heat f the mment laid ut a strict punishment. We may have been feeling ht—headed, embarrassed, r upset. Often, thugh, these punishments dn’t align with the bad behavir.
While digital grunding may slve the prblem temprarily, it wn’t prvide children with the guidance they need t act apprpriately in the future. Instead f grunding, shw yur child what they did wrng and give them the chance t act differently. This way, they will learn frm their mistakes in a practical manner and figure ut ways t be safe and smart with technlgy.
There’s n denying it：technlgy is here fr the lng-haul. This is why sme parenting experts dn’t recmmend digitally grunding yur children. It desn’t fcus n the end gal f safe behavir. They recmmend teaching them gd habits as sn as pssible, rather than taking away their technlgy. By digitally grunding them, yu are putting a bandage ver the wund, rather than treating it.
Nw, when we say that digital grunding is a lse-lse situatin, we’re nt saying that disciplining yur children in general is a lse—lse situatin. Discipline is a great way t teach children lessns, when used apprpriately.
1. Which f the fllwing is a frm f discipline?
A. Hitting r yelling at children.
B. Laying ut a strict punishment in the heat f the mment.
C. Taking away access t cellphnes frm children cmpletely.
D. Frbidding kids t g ut the next weekend if they stay ut past curfew.
2. What des the authr think f digital grunding?
A. It benefits children greatly.
B. It is n better than disciplining.
C. Parents can use it t crrect kids’behavir.
D. Neither parents nr children gain benefits frm it.
3. What des the authr suggest parents d instead f grunding?
A. Give kids mre free time. B. Act apprpriately in public.
C. Help kids frm gd habits. D. Put a bandage ver the wund.
4. What’s the purpse f the text?
A. T infrm us f ways f punishing kids.
B. T explain what digital grunding means.
C. T shw hw t parent children in digital times.
D. T prve digital grunding is nt a gd parenting way.
Passage 3(湖南省三湘名校教育联盟2019届高三大联考)
Nt nly des the use f plastic water bttles hurt yur wallet, it als increases pllutin and wastes energy and water. Only 23 % f all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning ver $ 1 billin wrth f plastic is treated as rubbish a year. Recently, Skipping Rcks Lab has invented a kind f water bttle called Oh.
It is a cnvenient, clear water bttle that can either be drunken r eaten. T drink it, yu can either peel ff the membrane(薄膜）r tear a hle in the membrane with yur teeth t pur the water int yur muth. T eat it，yu simply put the whle bttle in yur muth. One prblem the scientists have run int is hw t ship large amunts f Oh bubbles(水泡）withut arriving with a very wet truck. Hwever，they have attempted t package units f individual bubbles tgether inside a larger and thicker membrane. It is targeting large utdr events» such as marathns» music festivals，and sprting events， where tns f plastic bttles are used，and frequently left behind as litter. And t much plastic is sure t d harm t the envirnment，which culd accunt fr their purpse f such a new inventin.
The team has been wrking fr the past tw years t develp the technlgy and materials needed t prduce Oh； they have recently applied a patent fr their new advancements. The price fr an individual bubble r a unit f bubbles has nt been set yet, but they cst abut tw cents t create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bttles* It has appeared at events in Lndn, San Francisc , Bstn, at cnferences, festivals，and s n.
Oh is catching many peple’s attentin and has raised ver $ 1 millin and gained 1，000 investrs in nly three days. It is mstly being sld at events at the mment t keep the cnsumer’s interest while the prductin machine is getting up and running. It is quickly making a rise, s keep an eye ut this year fr these bttles f the future.
1.Hw is mst plastic dealt with in America?
A. It’s sld. B. It’s recycled.
C. It’s buried. D. It’s wasted.
2.Why did the team invent Oh?
A. T make a prfit fr a cmpany. B. T prtect the envirnment.
C. T make peple eat as they drink. D. T reduce the cst f plastic bttle.
3.What can we infer abut Oh frm the text?
A. It is easy and safe t ship it in large amunts.
B. It has becme ppular since it began t be sld.
C. It might be sld at a lwer price than plastic bttles.
D. It cst the team a lt f mney t develp the technlgy.
4.What des the authr really want t say in the last paragraph?
A. Oh is t be a success in the future.
B. Oh is being supprted by smart peple.
C. Oh is taking the place f plastic bttles nw.
D. Oh is being prduced t attract mre investrs,
Passage 4（滨州市2018届高三5月第二次模拟 ）
Educatrs acrss the US are calling fr majr changes t the admissins prcess in higher educatin. The Harvard schl f Greduate Educatin, alng with 80 ther schls and rganizatins, released a reprt called "Turning the Tide Making Caring Cmmn” in January, 2016. The reprt argues that the prcess schls use t chse students causes majr prblems.
David Hawkins is the Executive Directr fr Educatinal Cntent and Plicy at the Natinal Assciatin fr Cllege Admissins Cunseling. Hawkins tld Vice f America that mst clleges and universities require many things frm students when they apply. Schls usually ask fr an essay describing a student's interests r why they want t study at that schl. The schls als ask fr letters frm teachers r ther respnsible adults describing why a student is a gd candidate. But, Hawkins says, the area that schls are mst cncerned abut is a student's high schl grades and standardized test results.
The reprt suggests that paying attentin t academic success ver ther qualities wrks well fr sme students but hurts thers. In additin, academic success is nt the mst imprtant quality a student shuld have. Mre attentin shuld be paid t shwing whether r nt a student wants t d well in the wrld, accrding t the reprt.
The reprt ges n t state that the best way t change the admissins prcess is by changing cllege applicatins. It suggests that schls shuld ask fr evidence that students care abut ther peple. But the reprt des have its critics. Bb Schaeffer, Public Educatin Directr fr the Natinal Center fr Fair and Open Testing, said that every few years, smene makes the same argument fr changes, but n real change has happed yet. Even many f the schls that agree with the reprt still make n changes.
Llyd Thacker, Executive Directr f the Educatin Cnservancy, said that until a majrity f schls agree t make the changes, there will still be prblems. Hwever, he said, the admissins prcess was better in the past. If bad changes can affect the prcess, s can gd nes.
1.What is the prblems f the admissins prcess accrding t the reprt?
A. The schls ask t many things frm the applying students.
B. The schls attach t much imprtance t students’ academic recrds
C. The number f students getting admitted is t small
D. Admissins fficers cnsider t many unimprtant factrs
2.What is usually missing in an essay?
A. The reasns t attend the schl
B.A descriptin f interests
C. Recmmendatin letters frm adults
D. Evidence that students care abut thers
3.Bb Schaeffer argues that _________.
A. nt all changes are gd
B. the largest schls are expected t make changes first
C.n schls currently agree with the reprt
D. sme schls dn’t make changes even if they agree
4.What’s Llyd Thacker’s attitude tward the pssible change in the admissins prcess?
A. Cnfident B. Negative
C. Dubtful D. Unclear
题组一
Passage1
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。
28.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.和第二段的Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device that gets arund this prblem: a smart key bard.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
29.C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的The key bard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus，the keybard can determine peple’s identities可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。
30.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。
31.D
【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选D。
Passage2
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
32.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段During the rsy years f elementary schl, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lnely寂寞的；generus慷慨的；cl冷静的，故选C。
33.A
【解析】主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。
34.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。
35.A
【解析】标题归纳题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。
Passage3
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Grdn的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。
32.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the micrrganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A项符合题意。
33.D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Grdn的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌, ...”。结合最后一段中的“Grdn students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem,...”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCH prgram的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知D项符合题意。
34.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f the year ,present it t NASA, ”“Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review，and ’s nt a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。
35.B
主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径——借助美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划里，学生们通过hmewrk（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。故选B。
Passage4
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。
28.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Befre1830s，... Accrdingly newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple. In additin ,mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding.”可知，在19世纪30年代之前,只有富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊，，视觉上令人望而却步。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。分析选项，A . Academic学术的；B. Unattractive没有吸引力， 无魅力的； C. Inexpensive廉价的，不贵的； D. Cnfidential机密的，保密的。可知 A、C和D是错误的，只有B符合题意，故选B。
29.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。
30.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’—a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.”可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大众的，在街上可以买的到报纸。分析选项可知，选项B符合题意，故选B。
31.A
【解析】推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend f newspapers fr ‘the man n the street’ did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh wners f successful papers, had little desires t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。
题组二
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。
32.A 【解析】观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That’s bad news fr the envirnment – and ur wallets – as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。
33.D 【解析】细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的T figure ut hw much pwer these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her clleagues at the Rchester Institute f Technlgy in New Yrk tracked the envirnmental csts fr each prduct thrughut its life可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。
34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They fund that mre n-demand entertainment viewing n tablets instead f TVs and desktp cmputers culd cut energy cnsumptin by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。
35.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。
Passage 2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。
24.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。
25.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：同义词表达with the help f和help。
26.C 【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.可知，Save Mney: Gd Fd节目是Save Mney: Gd Health节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。
27.D 【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文章中的prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget. 在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜； hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. 如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱； hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. 我们自己做这种食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D正确。
Passage 3
【文章大意】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文章主要介绍并比较了几种水果各自的营养价值和健康功效，并列出了一些食用这些水果的方法。
24.C 【解析】细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。
25.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。
26.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出a juicer就是一台机器。故选D。
27.B 【解析】文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用a juicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书；B项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。
Passage 4
【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目简介，命题时从读者的真实需求出发，着重考查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。。
40.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句If yu’re lking fr a unique adventure, the Space and Aviatin Center (SAC) is the place t be. 可知，人们来SAC是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选A。
41.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Explratin badge as they build and fire mdel rckets, learn abut space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying t space with the crew frm all ver the wrld. 可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，故选D。
42.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段With all the prgrams, teamwrk is key as trainees learn the imprtance f leadership and being part f a bigger task. 可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B。
题组三
Passage1
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。
32.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，prtable表示＂轻便的；手提的＂，故选D。
33.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try t make the hle in a damp area t increase the water catcher’s prductivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。＂接水器＂指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。
34.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cver the hle with the plastic sheet, securing the edges f the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。
35.D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Grund water evaprates (蒸发) and cllects n the sheet until small drps f water frm, run dwn the material and fall ff int the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Terrafugia公司研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。
28.A 【解析】段落大意题。根据＂The vehicle—named the Transitin – has tw seats wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and bums 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.＂可知选A。
29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst
$279,000＂可知，因为Transitin 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。
30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂the gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t
make it easier fr the vehicle t fly＂以及＂Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraf＂可知，政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选B。
31.D 【解析】标题归纳题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架以及多年以前人们对飞车的
设想至今成为现实展开说明。故选D。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。
32.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular
smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm＂可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。
33.A 【解析】词义推测题。根据＂Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker wh was lunching nw
becmes lunch＂，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。
34.B 【解析】细节理解题，根据＂Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being
attacked＂ 及＂Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away... ＂可知答案选B。
35.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据＂imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的) than the wrld
we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n＂可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。
28. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。
29. C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。
30. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；造成了土狼数量的快速增长，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。
31.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。
题组四
Passage1
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了太阳能发电的潜在弊端以及影响太阳能收集量的几个因素。
1.B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“Hwever, sme pisnus materials and chemicals are used t make the phtvltaic ( 光电池的) cells that cnvert sunlight int electricity.”可知，然而，一些有毒的材料和化学物质被用来制造将阳光转化为电能的光伏电池，一些太阳能保温系统使用潜在危险的液体来传递热量，由此可知画线词词义为“危险的”，故B项正确。
2. C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The placement f the pwer plant may have lng-term effects n the habitats f native plants and animals.”可知，大型太阳能发电厂的选址可能会对当地动植物的栖息地产生长期的影响，也就是会破坏当地自然平衡，故C项正确。
3.D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Hwever, n the surface f the earth, slar energy is a variable and irregular energy surce. The amunt f sunlight and the intensity f sunlight varies by time f day and lcatin. Weather and climate cnditins affect the availability f sunlight daily and n a seasnal basis.”可知，在地球表面，太阳能是一种可变的和不规则的能源，阳光的数量和强度随着一天的时间和地点而变化，天气和气候条件影响每日和季节性的阳光供应，由此可知，本段主要介绍的是影响太阳能收集量的几个因素，故D项正确。
Passage2【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了“数码囚禁”并不是教养孩子的好方法。
1.D
【解析】细节理解题。由第三段“ a child stays ut past curfew(约定的最晚回家时间), a punishment wuld be hitting r yelling at them. Discipline wuld be nt letting them g ut the next weekend because they failed t fllw rules. ”可知，一个孩子超过约定的最晚回家时间，惩罚就是打他们或对他们大喊大叫。纪律不会让他们下周末出去，因为他们没有遵守规则。故D选项正确。
2.D
【解析】细节理解题。由第二段“Instead, it may be a lse-lse situatin fr parents and kids, alike. ”可知，相反，这对父母和孩子来说可能是一种两败俱伤的局面。故D选项正确。
3.C
【解析】推理判断题。由倒数第二段“They recmmend teaching them gd habits as sn as pssible，rather than taking away their technlgy”可知，他们建议尽快教他们好习惯，而不是拿走他们的科技。故C选项正确。
4.D
【解析】推理判断题。由第二段“Instead, it may be a lse-lse situatin fr parents and kids, alike. ”第三段“Fr mst parents, the gal f grunding isn’t t make their children unhappy r sad. 第五段“while digital grunding may slve the prblem temprarily it wn’t prvide children with the guidance they need t act apprpriately in the future. ”第六段“This is why sme parenting experts dn’t recmmend digitally grunding yur children”可知，“数码囚禁”并不是教养孩子的好方法。故D选项正确。
Passage3
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Skipping Rcks Lab发明的新型环保储水容器Oh，它是一个能携带液体资源的球面薄膜，它的制作成本很低，强韧且环保、可生物降解而且可食用。
1.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的Only 23 % f all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning ver $ 1 billin wrth f plastic is treated as rubbish a year.可知在美国，只有23%的塑料资源被回收利用，大部分的塑料都被当作垃圾扔掉了，故选D。
2.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的it als increases pllutin and wastes energy and water.和第二段
And t much plastic is sure t d harm t the envirnment，which culd accunt fr their purpse f such a new inventin.可知Skipping Rcks Lab发明新型环保的储水容器Oh，它是一个能携带液体资源的球面薄膜，它的制作成本很低，强韧且环保、可生物降解而且可食用。因此可知其目的是保护环境，故选B。
3.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的The price fr an individual bubble r a unit f bubbles has nt been set yet, but they cst abut tw cents t create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bttles可知制造储水容器Oh的成本比塑料矿泉水瓶低得多，因此可以推断出其市场售价可能会比塑料瓶低，故选C。
4.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是It is quickly making a rise，s keep an eye ut this year fr these bttles f the future.这一句话可知许多投资商看好储水容器Oh的市场前景，作者也相信它一定会成功的，故选A。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。美国高等教育的招生过程中存在问题，教育工作者呼吁对此进行改变。
1.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句The reprt suggests that paying attentin t academic success ver ther qualities wrks well fr sme students but hurts thers.可知，报告指出，与其他素质相比更注重学业成绩对某些学生来说效果不错，但却伤害了其他学生。由此可知录取的过程中出现的问题就是注重了学生的学业成绩。分析选项可知B项符合题意。故选B。
2.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中It suggests that schls shuld ask fr evidence that students care abut ther peple.可知，报告还指出，学校应该要求学生关心他人的证据。故选D。
3.D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中said that every few years, smene makes the same argument fr changes, but n real change has happed yet. Even many f the schls that agree with the reprt still make n changes.可知，Bb Schaeffer认为，有些学校即使同意，也不会做出改变。故选D。
4.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据全文可知，作者只是对于录取过程中的问题进行了描述，没有进行自己的评论，因此是中立的。分析选项可知A项是正确的。故选A。