高考英语考点知识专讲专练（有答案） 考点43 阅读理解词义猜测题

这是一份高考英语考点知识专讲专练（有答案） 考点43 阅读理解词义猜测题，共35页。试卷主要包含了利用同义近义词猜词，利用反义词猜词，利用上下文语境猜词，利用定义和解释猜词，根据语义转折猜词，利用经验和常识猜词等内容，欢迎下载使用。


历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《教学大纲》要求学生“读懂生词率不超过3%的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1．旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianaplis race curse, where the natin’s mst famus car race is held each year n May 30th.我们学过 curse的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 curse是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 curse在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成词、转化词与派生词，如shplifting，heartbrken，cmputer-literate，decisin-thinking，imperfect等；3．“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4．“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5．超纲生词。
有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。
该类题常见的考查形式有：
1. The phrase “…”in the sentence culd be replaced by ____.
2. The wrd “…” in the paragraph refers t ____.
3. What is the meaning f the underlined wrd in the paragraph? / What des the unlined wrd mean?
4. Which f the fllwing is the clsest in meaning t the phrase “…”?
5. The wrd “…” mst nearly means ____.
对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。
1．构词法猜词
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unfreseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fre, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fre是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unfreseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。
…Baker cncludes that peple d nt have the ability t sense when they’re being stared at. If peple dubt the utcme f his tw experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see fr themselves.” …
70. The underlined wrd “utcme” in the last paragraph mst prbably means .
A. value B. result
C. perfrmance D. cnnectin
【答案】B
【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组cme ut 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。
2．利用同义近义词猜词
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或r连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。
…Fermat’s Last Therem（定理）, first put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French wman scientists wh made a majr advance in wrking ut the prblem, and wh had t dress like a man in rder t be able t study at the Ecle Plytechnique. …
65. Which f the fllwing best explains the meaning f the wrd “baffle” as it is used in the text?
A. T encurage peple t raise questins.
B. T cause difficulty in understanding.
C. T prvide a persn with an explanatin.
D. T limit peple’s imaginatin.
【答案】B
【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。
3．利用反义词猜词
对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词ht and cld, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。
…A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle ; it can be a basket f fun, accrding t Beth Anacleri, an Evastn mther f tw, ages 4 and 18 mnths. …
74.What des the underlined wrd “hassle” prbably mean?
A. A party designed by specialists.
B. A plan requiring careful thught.
C. A situatin causing difficulty r truble.
D. A demand made by guests.
【答案】C
【解析】根据前句的否定desn’t与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, truble相近。答案为C。
4．利用上下文语境猜词
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。
【天津卷，D】
Wuld yu BET n the future f this man？He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining，and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives，he determines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes，and the bk was Dn Quixte（《堂吉诃德》）. And the stry pses an interesting questin: why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days，while thers g t seed lng befre？
We've all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life's halfway mark. I'm nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can't all get there. I'm talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
……
52. What des the underlined part in Paragraph 3 prbably mean？
A. End ne's struggle fr liberty.
B. Waste ne's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the pprtunity t succeed.
D. Lse the interest t cntinue learning.
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
52.D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run ut f steam可知，停止学习，故选D。
5．利用定义和解释猜词
有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。
“Organic prduce is always better, ” Gld said. “The fd is free f pesticides (农药), and yu are generally supprting family farms instead f large farms. And mre ften than nt it is lcally (本地)grwn and seasnal, s it is mre tasty.” Gld is ne f a grwing number f shppers buying int the rganic trend, and supermarkets acrss Britain are cunting n mre like him as they grw their rganic fd business.
62. What is the meaning f “the rganic trend” as the wrds are used in the text?
A. Grwing interest in rganic fd.
B. Better quality f rganic fd.
C. Rising market fr rganic fd.
D. Higher prices f rganic fd.
【答案】A
【解析】由Gld is ne f a grwing number f shppers buying smething可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gld一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。
6．根据语义转折猜词
有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：thugh, althugh, still, but, yet, instead, instead f, hwever, while, n the cntrary, n the ther hand, unlike, rather than, fr ne thing, fr anther等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。
…Hwever bvius these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually nt s bvius as they seem except when we take special pains t think abut the subject.
…
71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” prbably means “_____”.
A. try very hard B. take ur time
C. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful
【答案析】A
【解析】由Hwever从句当中的at first glance（乍一眼看上去），与下文中的take special pains进行对比，既然不是一眼就看出那么简单，那么自然要费力去想了。由此可以推断出A项为最佳选项。
7．利用经验和常识猜词
…“I was n the way t a persnal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I gt nt Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) ging, I fell in behind a gld Pntiac Firebird that suddenly seemed t take ff quickly dwn the highway. The driver smehw panicked at the sight f me. He was ging mre than a hundred miles an hur and began passing cars n the shulder.”
63. The meaning f “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related t ___________ .
A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear
【答案】D
【解析】根据本段内容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是“惊慌”，相当于fear。
题组一（高考真题）
Passage1(新课标卷II，B)
“Yu can use me as a last resrt(选择), and if nbdy else vlunteers，then I will d it.” This was an actual reply frm a parent after I put ut a request fr vlunteers fr my kids lacrsse(长曲棍球)club.
I guess that there's prbably sme demanding wrk schedule, r scial anxiety arund stepping up t help fr an unknwn sprt. She may just need a little persuading. S I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mentin the single parent with fur kids running the shw and I talk abut the dad caching a team that his kids aren’t even n … At this pint the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright. Yes, I’ll d it.”
I’m secretly relieved because I knw there’s real pwer in sharing vlunteer respnsibilities amng many. The unwilling parent rganizes the meal schedule, sends ut emails, and cllects mney fr end-f-seasn gifts. Smewhere alng the way, the same parent ends up becming an invaluable member f the team. The cach is able t fcus n the kids while the ther parents are relieved t be ff the hk fr anther seasn. Handing ut sliced ranges t bldthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching yur wn kid scre a gal.
Still, mst f us vlunteers breathe a sigh f relief when the seasn cmes t a clse. That relief is cupled with a deep understanding f why the same peple keep cming back fr mre: Cnnecting t the cmmunity(社区)as yu freely give yur time, mney, skills, r services prvides a real jy. Vlunteering just feels s gd.
In that sense, I’m pretty sure vlunteering is mre f a selfish act than I’d freely like t admit. Hwever, if thers benefit in the prcess, and I get sme reward t, des it really matter where my mtivatin lies?
24. What can we infer abut the parent frm her reply in paragraph l？
A. She knws little abut the club.
B. She isn't gd at sprts.
C. She just desn't want t vlunteer.
D. She's unable t meet her schedule.
25. What des the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in paragraph 2 mean ?
A. Encurage team wrk.
B. Appeal t feeling.
C. Prmte gd deeds.
D. Prvide advice.
26. What can we learn abut the parent frm paragraph 3?
A. She gets interested in lacrsse.
B. She is prud f her kids.
C. She’ll wrk fr anther seasn.
D. She becmes a gd helper.
27. Why des the authr like ding vlunteer wrk?
A. It gives her a sense f duty.
B. It makes her very happy.
C. It enables her t wrk hard.
D. It brings her material rewards.
Passage2(北京卷，B)
Alice Mre is a teenager entrepreneur(创业者), wh in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. By the time she was 13，her cmpany was wrth millins f dllars with the inventin f a super-sweet treat that culd save kids' teeth，instead f destrying them.
It all began when Mre visited a bank with her dad. On the uting, she was ffered a candy bar. Hwever, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad fr her teeth. But Mre was sick f missing ut n candies. S she desired t get rund the warning, "Why can't I make a healthy candy that's gd fr my teeth s that my parents can't say n t it?" With that in mind, Mre asked her dad if she culd start her wn candy cmpany. He recmmended that she d sme research and talk t dentists abut what a healthier candy wuld cntain.
With her dad's permissin, she spent the next tw years researching nline and cnducting trials t get a recipe that was bth tasty and tth-friendly. She als apprached dentists t learn mre abut teeth cleaning. Cnsequently, she succeeded in making a kind f candy nly using natural sweeteners, which can reduce ral bacteria.
Mre then used her savings t get her business f the grund. Afterwards, she and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket wner, wh finally agreed t sell Mre's prduct-Cancandy.
As CanCandy's success grws, s des Mre's credibility as a yung entrepreneur. Mre is enthusiastic abut the candy she created, and she's als psitive abut what the future might bring. She hpes that every kid can have a clean muth and a brad smile.
Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Mre is generally able t live a nrmal teenage life. Althugh she funded her cmpany early n in life, she wasn't driven primarily by prfit. Mre wants t use her unique talent t help thers find their smiles. She dnates 10% f AilicCandy's prfits t Big Smiles. With her talent and determinatin, it appears that the sky culd be the limit fr Alice Mre.
34. Hw did Mre react t her dad's warning?
A. She argued with him.B. She tried t find a way ut.
C. She paid n attentin.D. She chse t cnsult dentists.
35. What is special abut CanCandy?
A. It is beneficial t dental health.B. It is free f sweeteners.
C. It is sweeter than ther candies.D. It is prduced t a dentists' recipe.
36. What des Mre expect frm her business?
A. T earn mre mney.B. T help thers find smiles.
C. T make herself stand ut.D. T beat ther candy cmpanies.
37. What can we learn frm Alice Mre's stry?
A. Fame is a great thirst f the yung.
B. A yuth is t be regarded with respect.
C. Psitive thinking and actin result in success.
D. Success means getting persnal desires satisfied
Passage3(浙江卷，B)
Mney with n strings attached. It’s nt smething yu see every day. But at Unin Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What Yu Can, Take What Yu Need."
Peple quickly caught n. And while many tk dllars, many thers pinned their wn cash t the bard. “Peple f all ages, races, and sci-ecnmic(社会经济的)backgrunds gave and tk, ”said Tyler Bridges f The Tlbx, which created the prject. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress cme up t the bard and take a few dllars." Mst f the bills n the bard were singles, but a few peple left fives, tens and even twenties. The vide clip(片段)shws ne man wh had fund a $ 20 bill pinning it t the bard.
“What I can say fr the flks that gave the mst, is that they were full f smiles,” Bridges said. “There’s a certain feeling that giving can d fr yu and that was apparent in thse that gave the mst." Mst peple wh tk dllars tk nly a few, but Bridges said a very small number tk as much as they culd.
While the clip might lk like part f a new ad campaign, Bridges said the nly gal was t shw genersity and sympathy. He added that he hpes peple in ther cities might try similar prjects and pst their wn vides n the Internet.
“After all, everyne has bad days and gd days," he said. “Sme days yu need a helping hand and sme days yu can be the ne giving the helping hand.”
24. What des the expressin "mney with n strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Mney spent withut hesitatin.
B. Mney nt legally made.
C. Mney ffered withut cnditins.
D. Mney nt tied tgether.
25. What did Bridges want t shw by mentining the bride?
A. Wmen tended t be mre sciable.
B. The activity attracted varius peple.
C. Ecnmic prblems were getting wrse.
D. Yung cuples needed financial assistance.
26. Why did Bridges carry ut the prject?
A. T d a test n peple’s mrals.
B. T raise mney fr his cmpany.
C. T earn himself a gd reputatin.
D. T prmte kindness and sympathy.
Passage4(北京卷，D)
By the end f the century，if nt sner，the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate，accrding t a new study.
At the heart f the phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms(海洋微生物)called phytplanktn. Because f the way light reflects ff the rganisms，these phytplanktn create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue，depending n the type and cncentratin f phytplanktn. Climate change will fuel the grwth f phytplanktn in sme areas，while reducing it in ther spts，leading t changes in the cean's appearance.
Phytplanktn live at the cean surface，where they pull carbn dixide(二氧化碳)int the cean while giving ff xygen. When these rganisms die，they bury carbn in the deep cean，an imprtant prcess that helps t regulate the glbal climate. But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth，since they need nt nly sunlight and carbn dixide t grw，but als nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center fr Glbal Change Science，built a climate mdel that prjects changes t the ceans thrughut the century. In a wrld that warms up by 3℃，it fund that multiple changes t the clur f the ceans wuld ccur. The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters，such as thse f the Arctic，a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn，and these areas will turn greener. “Nt nly are the quantities f phytplanktn in the cean changing. ”she said，“but the type f phytplanktn is changing. ”
42. What are the first tw paragraphs mainly abut?
A. The varius patterns at the cean surface.
B. The cause f the changes in cean clur.
C. The way light reflects ff marine rganisms.
D. The effrts t fuel the grwth f phytplanktn.
43. What des the underlined wrd“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Sensitive.B. BeneficialC. SignificantD. Unnticeable
44. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Phytplanktn play a declining rle in the marine ecsystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's mdel aims t prject phytplanktn changes
C. Phytplanktn have been used t cntrl glbal climate
D. Oceans with mre phytplanktn may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpse f the passage？
A. T assess the cnsequences f cean clur changes
B. T analyse the cmpsitin f the cean fd chain
C. T explain the effects f climate change n ceans
D. T intrduce a new methd t study phytplanktn
题组二（2018年高考真题）
Passage1(2018·新课标卷I，C)
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther.Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrializatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数)f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f, 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin(消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers),Chiapanec in Mexic(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(tw r three)r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
28. What can we infer abut languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They develped very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns. D. They were clsely cnnected.
29. Which f the fllwing best explains "dminant " underlined in paragraph 2？
A. Cmplex. B. Advanced.
C. Pwerful. D. Mdern.
30. Hw many languages are spken by less than 6, 000 peple at present?
A. Abut 6,800 B. Abut 3,400
C. Abut 2,400 D. Abut 1,200
31. What is the main idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peple’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
Passage2(2018·新课标卷II，)
Steven Stein likes t fllw garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when yu cnsider that he’s an envirnmental scientist wh studies hw t reduce litter, including things that fall ff garbage trucks as they drive dwn the rad. What is even mre interesting is that ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.
Americans use mre than 100 billin thin film plastic bags every year. S many end up in tree branches r alng highways that a grwing number f cities d nt allw them at checkuts(收银台) . The bags are prhibited in sme 90 cities in Califrnia, including Ls Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.
Amng the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allw shppers t purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require mre energy t prduce and transprt. And while plastic bags may be ugly t lk at, they represent a small percentage f all garbage n the grund tday.
The industry has als taken aim at the prduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shpping bags. The strnger a reusable bag is, the lnger its life and the mre plastic-bag use it cancels ut. Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make. One study fund that a cttn bag must be used at least 131 times t be better fr the planet than plastic.
Envirnmentalists dn't dispute（质疑） these pints. They hpe paper bags will be banned smeday t and want shppers t use the same reusable bags fr years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired t d?
A. Help increase grcery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stp things falling ff trucks.D. Argue fr the use f plastic bags.
25. What des the wrd “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Bans n plastic bags.B. Effects f city develpment.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage f reusable bags accrding t plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strng than plastic bags.D. Prducing them requires mre energy.
27. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Plastic, Paper r NeitherB. Industry, Pllutin and Envirnment
C. Recycle r Thrw AwayD. Garbage Cllectin and Waste Cntrl
Passage3(2018·浙江卷，B)
Steven Stein likes t fllw garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when yu cnsider that he’s an envirnmental scientist wh studies hw t reduce litter, including things that fall ff garbage trucks as they drive dwn the rad. What is even mre interesting is that ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.
Americans use mre than 100 billin thin film plastic bags every year. S many end up in tree branches r alng highways that a grwing number f cities d nt allw them at checkuts(收银台) . The bags are prhibited in sme 90 cities in Califrnia, including Ls Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.
Amng the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allw shppers t purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require mre energy t prduce and transprt. And while plastic bags may be ugly t lk at, they represent a small percentage f all garbage n the grund tday.
The industry has als taken aim at the prduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shpping bags. The strnger a reusable bag is, the lnger its life and the mre plastic-bag use it cancels ut. Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make. One study fund that a cttn bag must be used at least 131 times t be better fr the planet than plastic.
Envirnmentalists dn't dispute（质疑） these pints. They hpe paper bags will be banned smeday t and want shppers t use the same reusable bags fr years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired t d?
A. Help increase grcery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stp things falling ff trucks.D. Argue fr the use f plastic bags.
25. What des the wrd “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Bans n plastic bags.B. Effects f city develpment.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage f reusable bags accrding t plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strng than plastic bags.D. Prducing them requires mre energy.
27. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Plastic, Paper r NeitherB. Industry, Pllutin and Envirnment
C. Recycle r Thrw AwayD. Garbage Cllectin and Waste Cntrl
Passage4(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities fr Rbt Cars
The pssibility f self-driving rbt cars has ften seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away frm materializing in the real wrld. Well, the future is apparently nw. The Califrnia Department f Mtr Vehicles began giving permits in April fr cmpanies t test truly self-driving cars n public rads. The state als cleared the way fr cmpanies t sell r rent ut self-driving cars, and fr cmpanies t perate driverless taxi services. Califrnia, it shuld be nted, isn’t leading the way here. Cmpanies have been testing their vehicles in cities acrss the cuntry. It’s hard t predict when driverless cars will be everywhere n ur rads. But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated.
While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. The arrival f driverless vehicles is a chance t make sure that thse vehicles are envirnmentally friendly and mre shared.
D we want t cpy — r even wrsen — the traffic f tday with driverless cars? Imagine a future where mst adults wn individual self-driving vehicles. They tlerate lng, slw jurneys t and frm wrk n packed highways because they can wrk, entertain themselves r sleep n the ride, which encurages urban spread. They take their driverless car t an appintment and set the empty vehicle t circle the building t avid paying fr parking. Instead f walking a few blcks t pick up a child r the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The cnvenience even leads fewer peple t take public transprt — an unwelcme side effect researchers have already fund in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study frm the University f Califrnia at Davis suggested that replacing petrl-pwered private cars wrldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems culd reduce carbn emissins frm transprtatin 80% and cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) and peratins 40% by 2050. Fewer emissins and cheaper travel sund pretty appealing. The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car wnership culd increase as the prices drp and mre peple becme cmfrtable with the technlgy.
Plicymakers shuld start thinking nw abut hw t make sure the appearance f driverless vehicles desn’t extend the wrst aspects f the car-cntrlled transprtatin system we have tday. The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.
47. Accrding t the authr, attentin shuld be paid t hw driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transprtatin-related prblems
B. prvide better services t custmers
C. cause damage t ur envirnment
D. make sme peple lse jbs
48. As fr driverless cars, what is the authr’s majr cncern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affrdability. D. Management.
49. What des the underlined wrd ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Emplyed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the authr’s attitude t the future f self-driving cars?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Sympathetic.
题组三（2017年高考真题）
Passage1(2017·新课标卷II，D)
When a leafy plant is under attack, it desn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, tw scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm. What the plants pump thrugh the air is a mixture f chemicals knwn as vlatile rganic cmpunds, VOCs fr shrt.
Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way f crying ut. But is anyne listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighburs react.
Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty. They pump ut perfumes designed t attract different insects wh are natural enemies t the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical cnversatins help the neighbrs .The damage is usually mre serius n the first plant, but the neighbrs, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what t d.
Des this mean that plants talk t each ther? Scientists dn’t knw. Maybe the first plant just made a cry f pain r was sending a message t its wn branches, and s, in effect, was talking t itself. Perhaps the neighbrs just happened t “verhear” the cry. S infrmatin was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentinal back and frth.
Charles Darwin, ver 150 years ag, imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的)
than the wrld we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n.
32. What des a plant d when it is under attack?
A. It makes nises. B. It gets help frm ther plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends ut certain chemicals.
33. What des the authr mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready t fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find frm their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters
B. prtect themselves against insects
C. talk t ne anther intentinally
D. help their neighbrs when necessary
35.what can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. The wrld is changing faster than ever.
B. Peple have strnger senses than befre
C. The wrld is mre cmplex than it seems
D. Peple in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
Passage2(2017·新课标III卷，C)
After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves.
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins — majr fd surces (来源) fr the wlf — grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park’s red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets.
The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
28. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.
C. The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.
D. The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
29. What des the underlined wrd ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested.B. Separated.
C. Frced ut.D. Tracked dwn.
30. What did the disappearance f gray wlves bring abut?
A. Damage t lcal eclgy.
B. A decline in the park’s incme.
C. Preservatin f vegetatin.
D. An increase in the variety f animals.
31. What is the authr’s attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Uncaring.
Passage3(2017·天津卷)
This mnth, Germany’s transprt minister, Alexander Dbrindt, prpsed the first set f rules fr autnmus vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They wuld define the driver’s rle in such cars and gvern hw such cars perfrm in crashes where lives might be lst.
The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles: the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future.
Dbrindt wants three things: that a car always chses prperty(财产) damage ver persnal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based n age r race; and that if a human remves his r her hands frm the driving wheel — t check email, say — the car’s maker is respnsible if there is a crash.
“The change t the rad traffic law will permit fully autmatic driving,” says Dbrindt. It will put fully driverless cars n an equal legal fting t human drivers, he says.
Wh is respnsible fr the peratin f such vehicles is nt clear amng car makers, cnsumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest ne f them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University f Leeds, UK.
An assumptin behind UK insurance fr driverless cars, intrduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and mnitring the rad” at every mment.
But that is nt what many peple have in mind when thinking f driverless cars. “When yu say ‘driverless cars’, peple expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “Yu knw — n driver.”
Because f the cnfusin, Merat thinks sme car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully autmated withut peratin.
Driverless cars may end up being a frm f public transprt rather than vehicles yu wn, says Ryan Cal at Stanfrd University, Califrnia. That is happening in the UK and Singapre, where gvernment-prvided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.
46. What des the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. A place where cars ften break dwn.
B. A case where passing a law is impssible.
C. An area where n driving is permitted.
D. A situatin where drivers’ rle is nt clear.
47. The prpsal put frward by Dbrindt aims t __________.
A. stp peple frm breaking traffic rules
B. help prmte fully autmatic driving
C. prtect drivers f all ages and races
D. prevent serius prperty damage
48. What d cnsumers think f the peratin f driverless cars?
A. It shuld get the attentin f insurance cmpanies.
B. It shuld be the main cncern f law makers.
C. It shuld nt cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It shuld invlve n human respnsibility.
49. Driverless vehicles in public transprt see n bright future in _________.
A. SingapreB. the UK
C. the USD. Germany
50. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Autnmus Driving: Whse Liability?
B. Fully Autmatic Cars: A New Breakthrugh
C. Autnmus Vehicles: Driver Remved!
D. Driverless Cars: Rt f Rad Accidents
Passage4(2017·江苏卷)
Befre birth, babies can tell the difference between lud sunds and vices. They can even distinguish their mther’s vice frm that f a female stranger. But when it cmes t embrynic learning (胎教), birds culd rule the rst. As recently reprted in The Auk: Ornithlgical Advances, sme mther birds may teach their yung t sing even befre they hatch (孵化). New-brn chicks can then imitate their mm’s call within a few days f entering the wrld.
This educatinal methd was first bserved in 2012 by Snia Kleindrfer, a bilgist at Flinders University in Suth Australia, and her clleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were fund t repeat ne sund ver and ver again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers—a sund that served as their regular ＂feed me!＂ call.
T find ut if the special quality was mre widespread in birds, the researchers sught the red-backed fairy wren, anther species f Australian sngbird. First they cllected sund data frm 67 nests in fur sites in Queensland befre and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the rder and number f ntes. A cmputer analysis blindly cmpared calls prduced by mthers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns ut that baby red-backed fairy wrens als emerge chirping like their mms. And the mre frequently mthers had called t their eggs, the mre similar were the babies’ begging calls. In additin, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd.
This bservatin hints that effective embrynic learning culd signal neurlgical (神经系统的) strengths f children t parents. An evlutinary inference can then be drawn. ＂As a parent, d yu invest in quality children, r d yu invest in children that are in need?＂ Kleindrfer asks. ＂Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality.＂
58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means＂____________＂.
A. be the wrst B. be the best
C. be the as bad D. be just as gd
59. What are Kleindrfer’s findings based n?
A. Similarities between the calls f mms and chicks.
B. The bservatin f fairy wrens acrss Australia.
C. The data cllected frm Queensland’s lcals.
D. Cntrlled experiments n wrens and ther birds.
60. Embrynic learning helps mther birds t identify the baby birds which ____________.
A. can receive quality signals
B. are in need f training
C. fit the envirnment better
D. make the ludest call
题组四（名校模拟题）
Passage 1(天津市红桥区2019届高三下学期第一次模拟考试)
Yur next Saturday night takeaway culd be brught t yu by a rbt after a majr fd delivery cmpany annunced plans t use autmated vehicles t transprt meals. Eurpe’s biggest nline takeaway fd cmpany Just Eat has partnered with Starship Technlgies t deliver fd with rbts n the streets f Lndn later this mnth. “Nbdy has ever dne deliveries with land-based rbts,” said Allan Martinsn, the chief perating fficer f Starship.
The rbt curier can travel up t 4 miles per hur fr abut 10 miles. It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras t navigate (确定方向). Instead f a persn arriving at their dr, custmers culd find themselves receiving a ntificatin n their phne that says a rbt is n its way and a cde t unlck the autmated curier. “Put the cde in, the rbt pens up, and there’s yur fd,” said David Buttress, chief manager f Just Eat.
The rbt, which has s far been tested in Greenwich, Miltn Keynes and Glastnbury, csts £ 1 t transprt within 3 miles, cmpared with the £3 t £6 it csts fr a human curier. T date 30 rbts have driven nearly 5,000 miles withut getting int an accident r finding themselves picked n by passers-by. They have driven in mre than 40 cities arund the wrld, including Lndn and Tallinn, Estnia.
An initial wrry was hw the public wuld react t rbts. But Martinsn said the public has been calm when passing the delivery machine n the streets. “The mst surprising reactin has been the lack f reactin,” said Martinsn.
Anther significant fear was that peple wuld disrupt (扰乱) the rbts, r try t steal them and their cntents. T prevent this, the rbt is fitted with nine cameras, tw way audi, and mvement sensrs that send a warning if it is lifted ff the grund. And it pens nly with a passcde prvided t the custmer via a ntificatin. “It’s much easier t shplift than it is t steal a rbt,” said Martinsn.
1. Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “curier” in Paragraph 2?
A. delivererB. cllectr
C. prviderD. guide
2. Accrding t the text, the Starship rbt ________.
A. pens up upn hearing the cde
B. travels 10 miles per hur at mst
C. finds its way by means f GPS and cameras
D. sends a message t the custmer upn arrival
3. The test f Starship rbts shws that ________.
A. they are easy t perate
B. the rbt delivery is appreciated in big cities
C. the rbt delivery is cheaper than human delivery
D. they can travel fr 10 hurs cntinuusly
4. Which f the fllwing is ne f the wrries abut Starship rbts?
A. Safety f the rbt delivery.
B. Accuracy f the rbt delivery
C. Peples indifference t the rbts.
D. Peple’s cncern abut public traffic.
5. Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the text?
A. Great Imprvement f Just Eat
B. Glbal Trend f Fd Cmpanies
C. New Rbts t Mve n the rad
D. Delivery Rbts t Replace Takeaway Drivers
Passage 2(湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019届高三一模)
Laughter is part f the universal human vcabulary. All members f the human species understand it. Unlike English r French r Swahili, we dn’t have t learn t speak it. We re brn with the capacity t laugh.
Very little is knwn abut the specific brain mechanisms respnsible fr laughter. Cntrary t flk wisdm, mst laughter is nt abut humr; it is abut relatinships. T find ut when and why peple laugh, I went with several assistants t lcal malls and recrded what happened just befre peple laughed. Over a 10-year perid, we studied ver 2,000 cases f naturally ccurring laughter.
We fund that mst laughter des nt necessarily fllw jkes. Peple may laugh after a variety f statements, such as, “Here cmes Mary,” “Hw did yu d n the test?” r “D yu have a rubber band?” These certainly aren’t jkes.
We believe laughter evlved frm the panting (喘气的) behavir f ur ancient ancestrs. Tday, if we tickle (使发痒) chimps, they dn’t laugh. But, instead, they prduce a panting sund. That’s the sund f ape laughter, and it’s the rt f human laughter.
Apes laugh in the kinds f situatins that lead t human laughter, like games that invlve chasing. Other animals prduce sunds during play, but they are s different frm laughter. Rats, fr example, prduce high sunds during play and when tickled, but these are very different in sund frm human laughter.
Laughter is ften psitive, but it can be negative t. There’s a difference between “laughing with” and “laughing at”. Peple wh laugh at thers may be trying t drive them ut f the grup.
N ne has actually cunted hw much peple f different ages laugh, but yung children prbably laugh the mst. At ages 5 and 6 we prbably laugh mre than at any ther times. Adults laugh less than children, prbably because they play less.
Wrk nw underway will tell us mre abut the brain mechanisms behind laughter, hw it has evlved, and why we’re s susceptible t tickling.
1. What was the purpse f the decade’s research?
A. T prve that peple laugh because f humur.
B. T find ut the real reasn fr peple s laughter.
C. T research peple s different reactin n jkes.
D. T recrd cnversatins amng shppers in malls.
2. What can we learn frm the text?
A. Peple wh play mre tend t laugh mre.
B. Apes prduce high sunds when tickled.
C. Scientists knw the brain mechanisms respnsible fr laughter well.
D. The situatins in which apes laugh are very different frm thse in which humans laugh.
3. What des the underlined wrd “susceptible” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A. Sensitive.B. Flexible.
C. Addictive.D. Reliable.
4. Which f the fllwing might be the best title fr the text?
A. The Impact f Laughter
B. The Meaning f Laughter
C. A Big Mystery: Why D We Laugh?
D. Laughter: The Mst Beautiful Wrds
Passage 3(2018届福建省百所重点校高三年联合考试)
The stry f Sir Nichlas Wintn is the ne that yu wuld imagine culd nly happen n the silver screen. Sir Nichlas Wintn was a British man wh went t heric effrts, ptentially putting himself at risk, during Wrld War II. Sir Wintn was respnsible fr ensuring the safety f six hundred and sixty-nine Jewish children by aiding their escape frm cuntries ccupied by Nazis. Finally, the Jewish children were brught t England where he wrked t make sure families in his native cuntry wuld help the kids by taking them int their hmes.
Recently, this unbelievable stry has again been making the runds n the Internet, particularly after a rerun f the BBC shw called “That’s Life”, which featured Sir Wintn. Peple arund the wrld were mved at the details f the stry, with saying it t be the best stry they’ve ever seen.
Sir Wintn kept his entire plan cmpletely secret, even his wife had n idea abut his planning until fifty years later. After the war, years passed and many peple remained in the dark abut Sir Wintn’s extrardinary achievement. Sme fifty years later, his wife Greta was searching in their huse and discvered a Wintn’s ntebk which dcumented the names f all the children. She wrked with BBC and they prduced a TV episde (插曲) f their prgram “That’s Life” that served as an hnr fr Sir Wintn’s wrk.
In 2003, Sir Wintn was knighted by the Queen f England fr his wrk. He als was even nminated fr a Nbel Peace Prize. He als had a small planet named after him by Czech astrnmers. Sir Wintn died peacefully in his sleep at the ld age f ne hundred and six, in 2015. Leaders arund the wrld paid tribute (悼念). Israel’s ambassadr t the United Kingdm, Daniel Taub, said, “He was a her f ur time, having saved 669 Jewish children frm Nazis. His stry, as a pint f light in a perid f darkness, will frever be remembered.”
1.What happened t the 669 Jewish children?
A. They were killed by Nazis.
B. They returned t their wn hmes.
C. They fled t their native cuntries.
D. They were raised by English families.
2.What made Wintn’s stry spread widely?
A. Peple’s chatting nline.B. The prgram “That’s Life”.
C. His wife’s prmtin.D. Praises frm sme leaders.
3.Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined expressin “remained in the dark’, in Paragraph 3?
A. felt dubtfulB. remained mved
C. knew nthingD. criticized smething
4.What d we knw abut Wintn?
A. He was brn in 1909.B. Nazis tried t arrest him.
C. He named a small planet.D. Many children paid tribute t him.
Passage 4((2018届河南省中原名校高三质量考评)
A ROBOT cmpanin fr lder peple aims t prmte activity and deal with lneliness by urging them t take part in digital and physical activities.
The ElliQ rbt, made by Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics, will be published at the Design Museum in Lndn this week. ElliQ is a small desktp device that cnsists f a dmed (拱形的) “bdy” and a separate detachable (可拆卸的) screen.
Created in cllabratin with Swiss designer Yves Behar, the rbt is able t encurage a degree f scial engagement. Similar t hme assistants like the Amazn Ech, peple can simply talk t it, and there are visual clues that culd be particularly helpful fr thse with hearing difficulties.
A key purpse f ElliQ is t act as an easy platfrm t access existing services such as scial media, and messaging prgrams. Fr example, the device culd alert the users that their grandchild has psted a new pht n Facebk, shw it t them n the screen.
ElliQ can recmmend activities vluntarily. It might ask if yu’re interested in watching a vide, fr instance, r suggest a walk. It can als act as reminder t take medicatin.
Having a rbt cnstantly ffer suggestins culd bviusly get annying, s the device uses machine learning t tailr these suggestins t individual preferences. If a suggestin is met with a psitive respnse nce, ElliQ might try it again. If nt, it might change fr a different tack.
1.Which f the fllwing statements is NOT true?
A.A rbt cmpanin fr lder peple will strngly advise them t participate in digital and physical activities t be healthy.
B. The ElliQ rbt is published at the Design Museum in Lndn.
C. The screen f the ElliQ rbt can be remved if necessary.
D. The ElliQ rbt is created by Swiss designer Yves Behar and Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics.
2.The underlined wrd “alert” is clsest m meaning t ________ .
A. declareB. annunceC. remindD. say
3.ElliQ can serve the fllwing purpses EXCEPT________.
A. when the user’s friend updates his mments (朋友圈), it can shw it t the user n the screen.
B.it can recmmend sme activities even the user desn’t ask.
C.it will cnstantly give suggestins regardless f the user’s individual preference.
D.it can help thse with hearing difficulties by ffering visual clues.
4.In which clumn we are mst likely t find the passage?
A. News & TechnlgyB. Peple
C. Health D. Internatinal Affairs
题组一
Passage 1
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文中讲述了作者成功说服了一个家长参加志愿者团队，作为一名志愿者作者发挥了自己的作用，并获得了快乐。
24.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的 Yu can use me as a last resrt（选择）, and if nbdy else vlunteers，then I will d it.可知，你可以当我是最后的候选人，如果没有其他的志愿者，那么我就做。由此可推断出，她不想做自愿者。故选C。
25.B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线前句she may just need a little persuading.和下面的一句话I mentin the single parent with fur kids running the shw and I talk abut the dad caching a team that his kids aren't even n ...可知，作者为了劝服这位家长，举了两个例子。故可知，划线句此处应是“煽情”之意。故选B。
26.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中这位家长作出的贡献及the same parent ends up becming an invaluable member f the team可知，她最终成为了志愿者队伍中的重要的一员，也即是说，她成了一个好帮手。故选D。
27.B
【解析】细节理解题。题干问作者为什么喜欢做志愿者工作。根据第四最两句Cnnecting t the cmmunity（社区）as yu freely give yur time, mney, skills, r services prvides a real jy. Vlunteering just feels s gd.可知，为社区做贡献可以带来真正的快乐， 参加志愿者活动活动能让人感觉快乐。故选B。
Passage2
【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Alice Mre，一个年轻有为的创业者的故事，故事告诉我们：积极的思考和行动会带来成功。
34.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的But Mre was sick f missing ut n candies. S she desired t get rund the warning, "Why can’t I make a healthy candy that's gd fr my teeth s that my parents can't say n t it? "及下文她想方设法最终制作出了叫CanCandy的糖果可知，她对父亲的警告的反应是：她试图找到一条出路。故选B。
35.A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的Cnsequently, she succeeded in making a kind f candy nly using natural sweeteners, which can reduce ral bacteria.可知，因此，这种糖只使用天然甜味剂，可以减少口腔细菌，因此它对牙齿有利。故选A。
36.B
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Mre wants t use her unique talent t help thers find their smiles.可知，Mr想用她独特的才能帮助别人找到他们的笑容。故选B。
37.C
【解析】推理判断题。文章主要讲述了Mr的创业故事，她之所以能成功源于面对问题和困难时，她乐观的看待问题，积极的想方设法去解决问题。因此，通过她的故事让我们懂得积极的思考和行动会带来成功。故选C。
Passage3
【语篇解读】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了上个月在洛杉矶的联合车站,一块牌子上别针别满了美元，上面写着“给予你所能给与的，拿走你所需要的”。这样的活动吸引了各种各样的人，组织者希望通过这样的活动来提倡仁慈和同情。
24.C
【解析】词义猜测题。由第一段“But at Unin Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What Yu Can, Take What Yu Need.”可知，但是上个月在洛杉矶的联合车站，一块牌子上别针别满了美元，上面写着“给予你所能给与的，拿走你所需要的”。所以通过下文的语境，判断出第1段中的mney with n strings attached是“无条件提供的钱”的意思。故B选项正确。
25.B
【解析】推理判断题。由第二段““Peple f all ages, races, and sci-ecnmic（社会经济的）backgrunds gave and tk, ”said Tyler Bridges f The Tlbx, which created the prject. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress cme up t the bard and take a few dllars.”可知，发起该项活动的泰勒·布里奇斯说:“所有年龄、种族和社会经济背景的人都会付出和索取。”甚至有一位穿着婚纱的新娘来到了牌子前，拿走了一些钱。所以通过泰勒·布里奇斯所说的，可以判断出，他提到新娘就是想说明这项活动吸引了各种各样的人。故B选项正确。
26.D
【解析】细节理解题。由倒数第二段“While the clip might lk like part f a new ad campaign, Bridges said the nly gal was t shw genersity and sympathy”可知，尽管这段视频看起来像是一项新的广告活动的一部分，但是布里奇斯说这次活动唯一的目标是表现出慷慨和同情。所以布里奇斯实施这个活动是为了提倡仁慈和同情。故D选项正确。
Passage4
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
42. B
【解析】段落大意题。第一段“By the end f the century. If nt sner, the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“At the heart phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms called phytplanktn. Becaust f the way light reflects ff the rganisms ,these phytplanktns create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue, depending n the type and cncentratin”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。分析选项可知B符合题意，故选B。
43. A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词后的“Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, since they need nt nly sunshine and carbn dixide t grw, but als nutrients.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。可知A项正确。
44. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters ,such as thse f the Arctic, a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。分析选项可知D项符合题意。
45. C
【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end f the century. If nt sner, the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s warning trendWarming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。
题组二
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
28.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther... when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了12000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。
29.C 【解析】猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dminant languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。
30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that. 可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400.故选B。
31.C 【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
Passage2
【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。
25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans n plastic bags，故选A。
26.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。
27.A 【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper r Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。
Passage3
【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。
25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans n plastic bags，故选A。
26.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。
27.A 【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper r Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. 可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
49.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第四段The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Emplyed被应用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduced被减少。故选A。
50.B 【解析】观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 中的 advancement，mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. 以及plan fr it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
题组三
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。
32.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据“reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular
smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm”可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。
33.A 【解析】词义推测题。根据“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker wh was lunching nw
becmes lunch”，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。
34.B 【解析】细节理解题，根据“Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being
attacked” 及“Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away... ”可知答案选B。
35.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据“imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的) than the wrld
we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n”可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。
28.D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。
29.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。
30.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；造成了土狼数量的快速增长，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。
31.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。
Passage3
【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出说明了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。
46.D 【解析】考查词义猜测。根据第二段的句子the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future可知选D。
47.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段内容The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles…可知选B。
48.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六、七、八段内容可知选D。
49.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.可知选C。
50.A 【解析】通读全文可以知道，本文主要讲述了谁来对无人驾驶的机动车辆负责。故选A。
Passage4
【文章大意】文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。
58.B【解析】根据第二段＂when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers＂可知，鸟儿在孵化小鸟的时候，鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵化后也能发出类似的声音，说明鸟儿很擅长胎教。
59.A【解析】根据第三段＂the researchers sught the red-backed fairy wren, anther species f Australian sngbird.＂可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查，排除B项；未对其它鸟类进行记录研究，排除D项。根据倒数第三段中的＂A cmputer analysis blindly cmpared calls prduced by mthers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.＂可知，A项正确。
60.C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd＂和最后一段＂Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality.＂可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。
题组四
Passage1
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伦敦一家食品速递公司宣布未来会使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，目前该公司在几个城市都测试了陆地快递机器人送餐服务。未来送货机器人可能会取代人类送快递。
1.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段Yur next Saturday night takeaway culd be brught t yu by a rbt after a majr fd delivery cmpany annunced plans t use autmated vehicles t transprt meals.可知，一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。所以这个词是“投递”的意思，故选A。
2.C 【解析】细节理解题 。根据第二段It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras t navigate(确定方向). Instead f a persn arriving at their dr, custmers culd find themselves receiving a ntificatin(通知) n their phne that says a rbt is n its way and a cde t unlck the autmated curier.可知，Starship机器人依靠全球定位系统和照相机找到路。故选C。
3.C 【解析】细节理解题 。根据第三段The rbt, which has s far been tested in Greenwich, Miltn Keynes and Glastnbury, csts ￡1 t transprt within 3 miles, cmpared with the ￡3 t ￡6 it csts fr a human curier.可知，机器人送餐要比人送餐更便宜。故选C。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段第一句Anther significant fear was that peple wuld disrupt(扰乱) the rbts, r try t steal them and their cntents.（另一重大担忧就是担心人们干扰机器人，或是想把机器人及其所运物品偷走）可以推断出，担忧机器人运送的安全问题。故选A。
5.D 【解析】主旨大意题。纵观全文，特别是第一段第一句Yur next Saturday night takeaway culd be brught t yu by a rbt after a majr fd delivery cmpany annunced plans t use autmated vehicles t transprt meals.（一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。）可知，D项Delivery Rbts t Replace Takeaway Drivers作为标题最合适。
Passage 2
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言。本文探讨了人类为什么笑这个话题。
1.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段的T find ut when and why peple laugh可知本文写作目的是弄清楚人类什么时候以及为什么会笑。故B项正确。
2.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的At ages 5 and 6 we prbably laugh mre than at any ther times. Adults laugh less than children, prbably because they play less.可知，玩得多的人笑得多。A项正确。
3.A
词义猜测题。联系上下文可知susceptible（易受……影响的）与sensitive的意思最为接近。故选A。
4.C
【解析】主旨大意题。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言，本文探讨了人类为什么而笑这个问题。故C项为最佳标题。
Passage3
【文章大意】文章主要讲述Sir Nichlas Wintn在纳粹期间帮助669个犹太孩子逃到英国的故事。如今而且BBC把这一故事搬上荧幕，让大众知道在黑暗时期还有这样一个英雄给人们带来光明。
1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Finally, the Jewish children were brught t England where he wrked t make sure families in his native cuntry wuld help the kids by taking them int their hmes.”可知，669个犹太人孩子被带到了英国，并由英国家庭收养。故选D。
2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句“Recently, this unbelievable stry has again been making the runds n the Internet, particularly after a rerun f the BBC shw called “That’s Life””可知，这个故事被BBC做成电视节目，重新出现在人们的视野中，使这个故事被人们所熟知。故选Ｂ。
3.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据前面的句意可知，Sir Nichlas Wintn一直对自己的英雄事迹保密，甚至是他的妻子。所以，此处应为不为人们所知道。故选C。
4.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Sir Wintn died peacefully in his sleep at the ld age f ne hundred and six, in 2015.”可知，Sir Wintn 生于1909年。故选A。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款能够帮助老年人处理孤独的机器人伴侣。
1.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The ElliQ rbt, made by Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics, will be published at the Design Museum in Lndn this week.”可知，ElliQ在伦敦的设计博物馆发布，故B项正确。
2.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“the users that their grandchild has psted a new pht n Facebk, shw it t them n the screen.”可知，这个设备能提醒老年人他们的孙子或孙女在Facebk发布新照片并展示给他们看，故C项正确。
3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三、四段对ElliQ功能的介绍可知，ElliQ会提醒老年人朋友圈有新动态，为他们推荐一些活动以及通过提供视觉线索帮助听力有困难的老年人，但并没有说不管个人喜好如何它都会不断地提出建议，故C项正确。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍的是一款能够帮助老年人处理孤独的机器人伴侣，属于科技范畴，最有可能出现在科技新闻中，故A 项正确。