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【精品复习学案】外研社英语八年级上册第15讲 完成时（带答案）
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这是一份【精品复习学案】外研社英语八年级上册第15讲 完成时（带答案），共19页。
第 份 第15章 动词的完成时动词的完成时包括现在完成时和过去完成时。现在完成时是一种既涉及过去又联系现在的时态。与现在完成时所不同的是，过去完成时将时间推移到过去某一时间之前，即所谓的“过去的过去”。本章除讲解构成和用法外，还会将现在完成时与其他时态做一比较，总结难点。典型例句：1.He has lived in Beijing for ten years.（他住在北京10年了。）典型例句：2.He said he had lived in Beijing ten years before.（他说他10年前在北京住。）说明：典型例句1是现在完成时，表示他在北京住了10年了，现在仍住在北京，是从过去到现在的一种持续状态。典型例句2是过去完成时，表示他10年前在北京住过，但现在已经不住在北京了，是过去的某一时间之前发生的事情。1.现在完成时的构成现在完成时的形式是“have/has+过去分词”，一般表示影响、结束、继续和经历四种意思。现在完成时的否定句是在have/has后面直接加上not；一般疑问句是将have/has置于主语之前；特殊疑问句是将疑问词置于一般疑问句之前。1.现在完成时的肯定句句型：主语（第一、二人称单、复数）+have+过去分词+……主语（第三人称单数）+has+过去分词+……主语（第三人称复数）+have+过去分词+……I have bought lots of books about Western customs.（我买了许多有关西方风俗的书。）He has been to the Great Wall.（他去过长城。）They have already seen the film.（他们已经看过这部电影了。）重要：过去分词的三种用法（过去分词的构成参见（第9章 动词概说））过去分词构成现在完成时或过去完成时：have/has+过去分词或had+过去分词I have already written the letter.（我已经写完这封信了。）I had reached the British Museum by nine o’clock.（9点钟的时候我已经到达大英博物馆了。）过去分词构成被动语态：be+过去分词（参见（第16章 被动语态））My dog was taken care of Alice while I was away.（我不在时，我的狗是由艾丽斯照看的。）过去分词用作形容词，作定语。This is a broken chair.（这是一张被损坏的椅子。）2.现在完成时的否定句句型：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+……The Simpsons haven’t been to Canada since the day they left.（从离开那天起，辛普森一家就再也没去过加拿大。）Eric hasn’t got his plane tickets yet.（埃里克还没有买到飞机票。）补充：haven’t（读作[ˈhævnt]）=have not；hasn’t（读作[ˈhæznt]）=has not3.现在完成时的一般疑问句句型：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+……？A:Have you read Shelock Holmes?（你看《福尔摩斯》这本书了吗？）B:Yes,I have.（是的，我已经看了。）/No,I haven’t.（不，我还没看过。）A:Has the huntsman killed Snow White?（猎人杀死白雪公主了吗？）B:Yes,he has.（是的，他把她杀了。）/No,he hasn’t.（不，他没有杀死她。）注意：一个一般过去时的句子和一个一般现在时的句子合并后，可改成一个现在完成时的句子。He was busy then. He is still busy.→He has been busy since then.（他从那时起一直很忙。）4.现在完成时的特殊疑问句句型：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+……？How long have you been here?（你到这儿多久了？）How many times have you been to the Great Wall?（你去过长城几次？）A:Which book have you read?（你读过哪本书？）B:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.（《白雪公主和七个小矮人》。）2.现在完成时的用法现在完成时“have/has+过去分词”有以下几种用法：影响、结束：表示在过去不确定的时间里发生过或者未发生过的动作对现在产生的结果和影响；或者表示开始于过去的动作最近刚结束。继续：表示开始于过去并继续到现在的动作或状态（也许还会继续下去）。经历：表示从过去某时到现在的经历。1.影响、结束现在完成时表示在过去不确定的时间里发生过或者未发生过的动作对现在产生的结果和影响；或者表示开始于过去的动作最近刚结束。（1）表示过去的动作对现在产生的结果和影响现在完成时表示过去某个时间曾经做过的、发生过的事情，对目前的某种影响，这时一般不用时间状语；也可以表示到目前为止没有发生或经历的事情。The tickets have sold out.（票已售空。）I have tried Italian food.It’s delicious!（我已经尝过意大利美食了。美味啊！）Simon has seen the concert.He doesn’t want to see it again.（西蒙已经看过这场演唱会，不想再看了。）I have never visited San Francisco in the U.S.A.（我从没去过美国的旧金山。）（说明过去没有去过，现在仍没去过）（2）表示开始于过去的动作最近刚结束现在完成时表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束时，常和以下时间状语连用：I have just heard the news that our school will set up a press club.（我刚听到消息说我们学校要成立一个记者俱乐部。）They have just started to explore other planets.（他们才刚刚开始探索其他星球。）The scientists haven’t discovered any intelligent life on other planet yet.（科学家们还没有在其他星球上发现有智力的生命。）2.继续现在完成时表示过去开始，持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态，常和表示一段时间的状语连用。I’ve known Grace since my childhood.（我从小就认识格雷斯。）（表示现在还继续往来）Catherine has learned drawing since 2008.（凯瑟琳从2008年起学的画画。）（表示现在还在学）He has lived in Beijing for thirty years.（他住在北京30年了。）（表示现在还住在北京）I have known him for ten years.（我认识他10年了。）I have stayed in the hotel for two weeks so far.（迄今为止，我已经在这个旅馆住了两周了。）比较：since+时间点表示“从……开始”；for+一段时间表示“在……期间”。How long have you studied English?（你学英语多久了？）（表示现在仍在学）说明：询问做某事“多久了”时，通常用How long...?3.经历现在完成时表示从过去到现在之间曾经历过的事情，常和以下词语连用：He has never been ill in his life.（他一生中从未生过病。）I have been to the Summer Palace twice.（我曾经去过颐和园两次。）We have visited Louvre Museum before.（我们以前曾参观过卢浮宫。）3.使用现在完成时需注意事项现在完成时强调的是在时间上与现在的联系，因此它不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用，如ago（以前），yesterday（昨日），last week（上周），three years ago（三年前），in 2001（2001年）以及以when为首的疑问句等。在现在完成时的句子中，终止性动词（也叫点动词）一般不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。1.现在完成时与一般过去时现在完成时与一般过去时都表示在过去做的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等；一般过去时则只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。所以，一些表示过去的固定时间状语只能与一般过去时连用，如ago，last或由when（何时）引起的问句都不能与现在完成时连用。I have just cleaned my room.（我刚打扫过房间。）（现在完成时）I cleaned my room yesterday.（我昨天打扫了房间。）（一般过去时）（1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别举例（⚪）I visited your school three weeks ago.（三周前我参观了你们学校。）（此句只能用一般过去时）（⚪）I have already visited your school.（我已经参观过你们学校了。）（⚪）I have visited your school before.（以前（谈话之前）我参观过你们学校。）（×）I have visited your school three weeks ago.（⚪）I bought a teddy bear last Sunday.（上周日我买了一个泰迪熊。）（一般过去时能跟表示过去的时间状语last Sunday）（⚪）I have just bought a teddy bear.（我刚买了一个泰迪熊。）（×）I have bought a teddy bear last Sunday.（要用现在完成时，就要去掉last Sunday）切记：能与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：a week ago一周前；the other day几天前；last week上周；just now刚刚；in 2009在2009年；during the night在夜里；earlier this month本月初比较：一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较一般过去时与现在完成时都表示过去的动作或事情，但要注意它们的区别。一般过去时：He closed the window.（他关了这扇窗户。）现在完成时：He has closed the window.（他关上了窗户。）以上两句都是叙述了他过去把窗户关了这个动作。第一句用的是过去时，只叙述他过去做过的这个动作，这扇窗户现在也许是关的，也许是开的。而第二句用现在完成时，就包含了两个意思：一是他曾经关了这扇窗户（He once closed the window.）；二是强调动作与现在的关系，即现在这扇窗户是关着的（Now the window is closed.）。I bought a red car.（我过去买过一辆红色小汽车。）（只叙述这一过去发生的事实，与现在无关，也许我还用着，也许车早就卖了或者坏了）I have bought a red car.（我买了一辆红色小汽车。）（如果用现在完成时，既叙述了过去发生的动作：bought a car，又强调了与现在的关系，即我现在正在使用着：now I drive the car）（⚪）I went shopping yesterday morning.（我昨天早上去逛街了。）（×）I have gone shopping yesterday morning.I saw her yesterday (morning/evening).（我昨天（早上/晚上）看见过她。）I haven’t seen her so far.（我至今没见过她。）切记：能与现在完成时连用的时间状语：up to now直到现在；till/until now直到现在；since last week从上周；recently最近；for a long time很长一段时间；these days近日；in the past few days过去的几天A:Have you ever been to the Forbidden City before?（你以前去过紫禁城吗？）B:Yes,I have.（是的，我去过。）（2）when不能和现在完成时连用（⚪）When did you buy the red car?（你什么时候买的这辆红色小汽车？）（×）When have you bought the red car?A:Have you ever met Alice?（你遇见艾丽斯了吗？） B:Yes,I have.（是的。）A:When did you met her?（你什么时候遇见她的？）B:Last week.（上周。） A:Oh.She has already been here.（哦，她已经来了啊。）补充：句中有ago，last或when引导的问句都不能与完成时连用。句中有ever，already，for，three days，just，never，yet等词时要用完成时。A:I think the book is worth reading.（我认为这本书值得一读。）B:Have you borrowed it from our library?（你是从我们的图书馆借的吗？）A:Yes,I have.（是的。） B:When did you borrow it?（你什么时候借的？）A:Two days ago.（两天前。）B:So you have kept if for three days.（也就是说你已经借了三天了。）说明：此句中的have kept不能用have borrowed替代，因为borrow是短暂性动词，不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。B:When will you return it?（你什么时候还啊？）A:I’ll return it as soon as I have read it.=I’ll return it as soon as I have finished reading it.=I’ll return it as soon as I finish it.（我一看完就还。）说明：从句中用现在完成时强调读完这本书，因为finish（完成）这个词本身就是“读完”的意思，所以用一般现在时也可以。A:When did you go there?（你什么时候去那儿的？） B:Last week.（上星期。）A:I’ve just seen a horrible accident.（我刚刚目睹了一场可怕的事故。）B:Oh.What happened?（噢，怎么啦？） A:A truck ran into a car.（一辆卡车撞了一辆小汽车。）2.终止性动词终止性动词（也叫点动词）表示动作有一个终点，到了终点就不能再延续。因此在现在完成时句子中，这种动词不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常用的终止性动词有以下这些：（1）终止性动词与延续性动词用法正误列举（⚪）I’ve been away from Shanghai for 3 days.（⚪）I left Shanghai 3 days ago.（⚪）It is/has been 3 days since I left Shanghai.（我离开上海已经三天了。）注意：在正式英语中，含有表时间的since从句的主句通常用完成时；但若主句中的动词为静态动词，如be动词时，也可不用完成时。（×）I’ve left Shanghai for 3 days.（此时要把终止性动词变为延续性动词）（2）终止性动词的否定式如果现在完成时的谓语动词是终止性动词的否定式，则一般可以和表示一段时间的短语连用，因为终止性动词的这种否定构成一种可以持续的状态。Tom hasn’t left home for a month.（托尼已经有一个月没有出门了。）（表示“足不出户”这一状态）I haven’t seen you for a long time.（我已经好久没有看到你了。）（表示“不常见”这一状态）（3）have/has gotA.have/has got形式上是现在完成时，实际上和一般现在时的have/has的意思相同。Have you got a light?=Do you have a light?（你有打火机吗？）He has got a slight headache.=He has a slight headache.（他有点头痛。）B.“have/has got+不定式”表示“必须”。I’ve got to go.（我得走了。）You have got to use your imagination.（你得运用自己的想像力。）3.have/has been to与have/has gone to（⚪）Ronald has been to Hong Kong Disney theme park twice.（罗纳德去过香港的迪斯尼主题公园两次。）（表示罗纳德以前去过迪斯尼公园，现在在此地）（⚪）Ronald has gone to Hong Kong Disney theme park.（罗纳德去了香港的迪斯尼主题公园。）（表示罗纳德已经去了迪斯尼公园，现在不在此地）（×）Ronald has gone to Hong Kong Disney theme park twice.4.过去完成时的构成过去完成时的形式是“had+过去分词”，一般表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前发生的事情、完成的动作或存在的状态。它的否定句是在had后面直接加上not；一般疑问句是将had置于主语之前；特殊疑问句是将疑问词置于一般疑问句之前。1.过去完成时的肯定句句型：主语（所有人称）+had+过去分词+……By 2006 Kevin had already graduated from the junior high school.（2006年凯文已经从中学毕业了。）（截止到2006年，也就是说2006年之前凯文已毕业）In 2006 Kevin graduated from the junior high school.（凯文2006年从中学毕业。）（表示凯文中学毕业是发生在2006年的事）When I got there,he had left.（当我到那儿时，他已经走了。）2.过去完成时的否定句句型：主语（所有人称）+had+not+过去分词+……She told me she hadn’t had supper.（她告诉我她还没吃晚饭呢。）By nine o’clock yesterday evening Justin hadn’t got home.（昨天直到晚上9点，贾斯廷还没到家。）3.过去完成时的一般疑问句句型：Had+主语+过去分词+……？回答：Yes,...had./No,...hadn’t.A:Had you known anything about our school before you came here?（你来这儿之前就了解我们学校了吗？）注意：这是一个由before引导的时间状语从句，在对其主句提问时，只需将过去完成时的主句改用一般疑问句的倒装语序，从句维持陈述语序不变，但从句句末要加问号。B:Yes,I had.（是的，我了解。）/No,I hadn’t.（不，我不了解。）A:Had he stopped talking when he heard the ring?=Did he stop talking when he heard the ring?（他听见铃声时就不谈话了吗？）B:Yes,he had.（是的，他停止谈话了。）/No,he hadn’t.（不，他还在谈话。）（因为这两个动作发生的时间很近，不是很明显的前后次序，所以也可以用过去时）4.过去完成时的特殊疑问句句型：疑问词+had+主语+过去分词+……？What had you completed before I called you?（我给你打电话之前，你都完成什么了？）How long had Lynn studied French by the time she was 16?（到16岁时，林恩已经学了多长时间法语了？）5.过去完成时的用法（1）常与过去完成时连用的词A.过去完成时与already，just，ever，yet等词连用，表示过去的过去。Robert told me his team had already won.（罗伯特告诉我他们队已经赢了。）I heard that the president had just arrived here.（我听说院长刚刚到达。）补充：president还有“总统”“校长”“（公司等的）总经理，总裁，董事长”等意思。B.过去完成时与by then（截止到那时），by 9 o’clock（直到9点之前），by the end of...（到……时候为止），by the time...（到……时候），up till then（直到那时）等连用，表示过去的过去。By the end of 2007 many buildings had been built in the city.（截止到2007年年底，这座城市已高楼林立。）By the time Henry came here he had been a famous doctor.（亨利到这儿之前就已经是位名医了。）比较：by 2007截止到2007年；by the end of 2007截止到2007年年底C.过去完成时与when，before，after，as soon as，till/until等引导的时间状语从句连用，强调动作发生的时间先后。When she got home,her children had slept.（她到家时孩子们已经入睡了。）（孩子们入睡的动作在前，她到家的动作在后）When she had finished her job,she went to sleep.（当她把所有的事情做完之后，她就去睡觉了。）（此时不分主从句，哪个过去的动作在前，该句就用过去完成时）I stood there until the plane had disappeared in the sky.（我站在那儿直到飞机在天空中消失。）注意：与状语从句连用时，如果不强调动作的先后则有时可用一般过去时来表示，尤其是由as soon as，until引导从句时；但若要表示强调，则用过去完成时。As soon as I received the letter,I wrote to you.（我（那时）一收到信，马上就给你回信了。）（两个动作几乎同时发生，用一般过去时即可）He didn’t leave here until Mary arrived.（直到玛丽到了他才离开。）（2）过去完成时可用于宾语从句或间接引语中I didn’t know what he had done it for.（我以前不知道他究竟为什么这么做。）I asked him how many students had attended the meeting.（我问他有多少学生去开会了。）6.使用过去完成时需注意事项（1）过去完成时与现在完成时的比较过去完成时与现在完成时的用法基本相同，但现在完成时是以现在的时间为基点；过去完成时则是以过去的时间为基点，与现在无关，即过去的过去。I have known Neil for three years.（我认识尼尔三年了。）I had known Neil when I was a student.（当我还是个学生时，就已经认识尼尔了。）I have finished my experiment.（我已经做完实验了。）（表示现在说话时已经做完实验）By six o’clock,I had finished my experiment.（在6点之前，我就已经做完实验了。）（表示在过去的某一时间（six o’clock）以前已经做完实验，与现在无关）补充：just，already，yet，ever等词可以和现在完成时连用，也可以和过去完成时连用。Dora has just finished the work.（多拉刚做完这项工作。）Dora said that she had just finished the work.（多拉说她刚刚做完这项工作。）（2）过去完成时表示未能实现的愿望或希望表示意向的动词如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose等，用过去完成时表示想做而未做的事，意为“原本……，而未能……”等。We had hoped that you would come,but you didn’t.（我们原本以为你会来，但是你却没有来。）They had been supposed to be able to arrive by ten.（他们本来应该能在10点之前到达。）Common Mistakes（注意！失分陷阱！）陷阱例题①A:Are you going to help John with his Chinese this evening?B:No.He __________ to England.He will be back next month.【威海中考】句意提示：A：你今晚打算帮助约翰学习汉语吗？B：不。他已经回美国了，下个月才会回来。陷阱追击：现在完成时与一般过去时都表示在过去做的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等。如分辨不清，则容易误选A。正确解析：由答语可知他现在仍在英国，所以应该用现在完成时。正确答案为B。陷阱例题②A:Good evening.I __________ to see Miss Mary.B:Oh,good evening.I’m sorry,but she is not in.【兰州中考】句意提示：A：晚上好，我来这里是看望玛丽小姐的。B：哦，晚上好。对不起，但是她不在。陷阱追击：本题考查根据语境判断时态。如忽视上下文语境，则容易误选。正确解析：由句意可知“我”已经来到这里，且来这里的目的是看望玛丽，表达过去的动作对现在产生的影响，所以应该用现在完成时。正确答案为A。陷阱例题③I __________ English in that school since I came to the city.【荆州中考】句意提示：自从我来到这个城市，我就在那所学校教英语。陷阱追击：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态，用现在完成时。不了解现在完成时的这一用法，则容易误选。正确解析：由题干中since引导的时间状语从句可知应用现在完成时。正确答案为A。陷阱例题④A:What are you doing here? B:Jane __________.I’m waiting for her.句意提示：A：你在这儿做什么？B：简还没有回来。我在等她。陷阱追击：本题考查现在完成时的用法及根据语境判断逻辑关系，容易误选。正确解析：由“我正在等她”可知她还没有回来，用现在完成时。正确答案为C。Final Check（实力测验）1.用括号中动词的适当形式填空1.He __________ (wait) for an hour.2.I __________ (not finish) the work yet.3.__________ you __________ (know) him since then?4.I __________ (hear) from my father recently.5.We __________ (be) there many times in the past three years.6.The sun __________ (rise) when we got there.7.They __________ (finish) the work by the end of last month.8.How long __________ you __________ (stay) at home already?9.I __________ (not read) the book before.10.We __________ (have) an exam again sometime next week.11.The writer __________ (finish) several story books since 2000.12.I asked my mother __________ she __________ (come) back soon.13.What __________ you __________ (do) when I called you?14.He __________ just __________ (have) his breakfast.15.I believe that our volleyball team __________ (be) back in a week.16.The famous scientist __________ (reach) Beijing two days ago.17.We’ll go to visit the museum if it __________ (not rain) tomorrow.18.I saw my friend when I __________ (walk) in the street.19.He __________ (go) to see his grandfather last Sunday.20.When we got to the classroom,the class __________ (begin).2.汉译英1.A：我听说你姐姐结婚了，是真的吗？B：是的，她已经结婚5年了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.A：你哥哥参军了吗？B：他参军了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A：他什么时候参军的？B：他是2000年参军的，他参军已经10年了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.A：你父亲在哪儿？他在家吗？_______________________________________________________________________________B：他不在家，他去美国了。他是3年前去的，他在那儿已经呆了3年了。_______________________________________________________________________________3.词形变换4.按要求变换句型1.Is Tom’s bike now?（肯定回答）_______________________________________________________________________________2.There are some English books on the desk.（一般疑问句）_______________________________________________________________________________3.He has tea at half past two in the afternoon.（否定句）_______________________________________________________________________________4.It will take the workers more than a month to repair the bridge.（对划线部分提问）_______________________________________________________________________________5.I did my homework by myself yesterday.（一般疑问句）_______________________________________________________________________________6.He had done with the goods before he went away.（否定句）_______________________________________________________________________________7.The teacher was talking with Tom’s mother.（对划线部分提问）_______________________________________________________________________________8.I’m allowed to watch TV at home only once a week.（对划线部分提问）_______________________________________________________________________________9.By the end of last term the students had been to the Science Museum four times.（对划线部分提问）__________________________________________________________________________10.I have done some skiing.（一般疑问句）_______________________________________________________________________________5.改错1.What have you done yesterday?_______________________________________________________________________________2.Where have you bought that coat?_______________________________________________________________________________3.I have been to the island two years ago._______________________________________________________________________________4.I have studied English since six years._______________________________________________________________________________5.He has lived in the city ten years ago._______________________________________________________________________________6.When have you been to your hometown?_______________________________________________________________________________7.The manager has arrived here for two days._______________________________________________________________________________8.Have you listened to the news at six this morning?_______________________________________________________________________________9.By 2000 the book has been translated into about twelve languages._______________________________________________________________________________10.The students told me that they read the famous novel two years before._______________________________________________________________________________KEYS:1.2.1.A:I hear you sister has married.Is it true?B:Yes,she has been married for five years.2.A:Has your brother joined the army? B:Yes,he has.A:When did he join the army?B:He joined the army in 2000.He has been in the army for ten years.3.A:Where is your father?Is he in?/Is he at home?B:No,he isn’t (in).He has gone to America.He went there three years ago.He has been there for three years.3.4.1.Yes,it is.2.Are there any English books in the desk?3.He doesn’t have tea at half past two in the afternoon.4.How long will it take the workers to repair the bridge?5.Did you do your homework by yourself yesterday?6.He hadn’t done with the goods before he went away.7.Whose mother was the teacher talking with?8.How often are you allowed to watch TV at home?9.How many times had the students been to the Science Museum by the end of last term?10.Have you done any skiing?5.1.have you done→did you do（解说：注意现在完成时和过去时的区别。句子中有表示过去的时间词yesterday，因此动词必须用过去时。）2.have you bought→did you buy（解说：句中的where一词已经暗示出语境，问动作是在什么地方发生的，应该用过去时。）3.have been→went（解说：时间词two years ago决定了动词应用过去时。）4.since→for（解说：since+时间点，表示“自从……以来”；for+一段时间，表示“长达多长时间”，因此应该用for。）5.has lived→lived（解说：注意句中有时间词ten years ago，应用过去时。）6.have you been→did you go（解说：句中的when一词已经暗示出语境，问动作是何时发生的。）7.has arrived→has been（解说：英语中的动词有延续性和非延续性之分，这是由动词的含义决定的。这道题中的时间词for two days表示动作或状态延续了两天，而arrive是一个瞬间完成的非延续性动词，与for two days不匹配。be则可以表示状态延续了一段时间。）8.Have you listened→Were you listening（解说：句中的时间词at six this morning表示过去的某一时刻，所以动词要用过去进行时。）9.has been translated→had been translated（解说：句子的时间词是By 2000（到2000年时），显然要用过去完成时。）10.read→had read（解说：这是带宾语从句的复合句。宾语从句的时间词是two years before，所以要用过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。）【课后作业】I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form.1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework. 9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day. 10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet? 11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you. 12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in. 13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree. 14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday. 15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere? 1. have, seen, saw 2. Has, finished 3. has, come 4. has gone 5. have worked, moved 6. have made 7. have, stayed 8. have, finished 9. goes 10. have, found 11. is 12. were reading 13. is climbing 14. is coming 15. Have, seenII. Choose the best answer. 1. How long have you _______ here?A. come B. got C. arrived D. been2. My grandpa died _________.A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.3. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.A. been B. gone C. went D. never been4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her.A. after B. since C. for D. that5.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry? --I will. I _____ her several times.A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet6. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it? --Just 2 weeks.A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had7.--Do you know Lydia very well? --Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned8. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live9. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black? -- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to10. --____ you ever ____ to the US? -- Yes, twice.A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, goingIII. Rewrite the sentences. 1. I have been to Macau before. (改为否定句) I _________ _________ been to Macau before.2. He hasn’t come to school because he was ill. (就划线部分提问) ______ _______ he come to school?3. I bough a new bike just now. (用just改写) I ____ just ____ a new bike.4. We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句) We ____ ____English ____three years5. He has never surfed, _______ _______? （改成反意疑问句） 6. They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问) _______ _______have they been here?7. The old man _________ last year. He has _______ _______for a year. (die) （动词填空）8. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)Miss Gao has _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.Ask the questions1) I have been there for two days.__________ _________ __________ you __________ __________?2) My father has lived here since 2000._________ _________ __________ your father _________ __________?3) He left here yesterday._________ ________ he _________ __________?4) They bought a book two hours ago.__________ ___________ they __________ a book?Keys: 1. How long have, been there 2. How long has, lived here 3. When did, leave here 4. When did, buyUse “never, ever, already, just, yet, for, since” to fill in the blanks.1. I have _______ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.2. Jack has _________ finished his homework.3. Mr. Wang has taught in this school ________ ten years.4. “Have you ________ seen the film?” “No, I have ________ seen it.”5. “Has the bus left _______?” “Yes, it has _________ left.”Keys: 1. never 2. just , already 3. for 4. ever, never 5. yet , just / already 初中语法讲义完成时 年 月 日just刚刚already已经ever曾经recently最近never从未yet还，迄今（用于否定句）；已经（用于疑问句）this week/month这周/这个月lately最近，近来these days这些天since...自从……since then自那时起since 2 days ago从两天前so far迄今为止for a long time很长一段时间up to now直到现在till/until now直到现在in the past few days在过去的几天during the last two weeks在过去的两周often经常never从不ever曾经once一次，曾经twice两次since自从before之前three times三次arrive到达begin开始borrow借buy买come来die去世go去join参加leave离开lose失去finish完成stop停止A.returnedB.has returnedC.returnsD.will returnA.have comeB.comeC.cameD.had comeA.have taughtB.am teachingC.will teachD.taughtA.came backB.has come backC.hasn’t come back1.watch（现在分词）______________________2.study（现在分词）______________________3.fall（过去式）__________________________4.drive（现在分词）_______________________5.become（过去分词）____________________6.write（过去分词）______________________7.hear（过去式）_________________________8.broken（原形）_________________________9.read（过去分词）_______________________10.play（第三人称单数）__________________1.has waited2.haven’t finished3.Have,known4.have heard5.have been6.had risen7.had finished8.have,stayed9.haven’t read10.will have11.has finished12.if,would come13.were,doing14.has,had15.will be16.reached17.doesn’t rain18.was walking/walked19.went20.had begun1.watching2.studying3.fell4.driving5.become6.written7.heard8.break9.read10.plays
第 份 第15章 动词的完成时动词的完成时包括现在完成时和过去完成时。现在完成时是一种既涉及过去又联系现在的时态。与现在完成时所不同的是，过去完成时将时间推移到过去某一时间之前，即所谓的“过去的过去”。本章除讲解构成和用法外，还会将现在完成时与其他时态做一比较，总结难点。典型例句：1.He has lived in Beijing for ten years.（他住在北京10年了。）典型例句：2.He said he had lived in Beijing ten years before.（他说他10年前在北京住。）说明：典型例句1是现在完成时，表示他在北京住了10年了，现在仍住在北京，是从过去到现在的一种持续状态。典型例句2是过去完成时，表示他10年前在北京住过，但现在已经不住在北京了，是过去的某一时间之前发生的事情。1.现在完成时的构成现在完成时的形式是“have/has+过去分词”，一般表示影响、结束、继续和经历四种意思。现在完成时的否定句是在have/has后面直接加上not；一般疑问句是将have/has置于主语之前；特殊疑问句是将疑问词置于一般疑问句之前。1.现在完成时的肯定句句型：主语（第一、二人称单、复数）+have+过去分词+……主语（第三人称单数）+has+过去分词+……主语（第三人称复数）+have+过去分词+……I have bought lots of books about Western customs.（我买了许多有关西方风俗的书。）He has been to the Great Wall.（他去过长城。）They have already seen the film.（他们已经看过这部电影了。）重要：过去分词的三种用法（过去分词的构成参见（第9章 动词概说））过去分词构成现在完成时或过去完成时：have/has+过去分词或had+过去分词I have already written the letter.（我已经写完这封信了。）I had reached the British Museum by nine o’clock.（9点钟的时候我已经到达大英博物馆了。）过去分词构成被动语态：be+过去分词（参见（第16章 被动语态））My dog was taken care of Alice while I was away.（我不在时，我的狗是由艾丽斯照看的。）过去分词用作形容词，作定语。This is a broken chair.（这是一张被损坏的椅子。）2.现在完成时的否定句句型：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+……The Simpsons haven’t been to Canada since the day they left.（从离开那天起，辛普森一家就再也没去过加拿大。）Eric hasn’t got his plane tickets yet.（埃里克还没有买到飞机票。）补充：haven’t（读作[ˈhævnt]）=have not；hasn’t（读作[ˈhæznt]）=has not3.现在完成时的一般疑问句句型：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+……？A:Have you read Shelock Holmes?（你看《福尔摩斯》这本书了吗？）B:Yes,I have.（是的，我已经看了。）/No,I haven’t.（不，我还没看过。）A:Has the huntsman killed Snow White?（猎人杀死白雪公主了吗？）B:Yes,he has.（是的，他把她杀了。）/No,he hasn’t.（不，他没有杀死她。）注意：一个一般过去时的句子和一个一般现在时的句子合并后，可改成一个现在完成时的句子。He was busy then. He is still busy.→He has been busy since then.（他从那时起一直很忙。）4.现在完成时的特殊疑问句句型：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+……？How long have you been here?（你到这儿多久了？）How many times have you been to the Great Wall?（你去过长城几次？）A:Which book have you read?（你读过哪本书？）B:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.（《白雪公主和七个小矮人》。）2.现在完成时的用法现在完成时“have/has+过去分词”有以下几种用法：影响、结束：表示在过去不确定的时间里发生过或者未发生过的动作对现在产生的结果和影响；或者表示开始于过去的动作最近刚结束。继续：表示开始于过去并继续到现在的动作或状态（也许还会继续下去）。经历：表示从过去某时到现在的经历。1.影响、结束现在完成时表示在过去不确定的时间里发生过或者未发生过的动作对现在产生的结果和影响；或者表示开始于过去的动作最近刚结束。（1）表示过去的动作对现在产生的结果和影响现在完成时表示过去某个时间曾经做过的、发生过的事情，对目前的某种影响，这时一般不用时间状语；也可以表示到目前为止没有发生或经历的事情。The tickets have sold out.（票已售空。）I have tried Italian food.It’s delicious!（我已经尝过意大利美食了。美味啊！）Simon has seen the concert.He doesn’t want to see it again.（西蒙已经看过这场演唱会，不想再看了。）I have never visited San Francisco in the U.S.A.（我从没去过美国的旧金山。）（说明过去没有去过，现在仍没去过）（2）表示开始于过去的动作最近刚结束现在完成时表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束时，常和以下时间状语连用：I have just heard the news that our school will set up a press club.（我刚听到消息说我们学校要成立一个记者俱乐部。）They have just started to explore other planets.（他们才刚刚开始探索其他星球。）The scientists haven’t discovered any intelligent life on other planet yet.（科学家们还没有在其他星球上发现有智力的生命。）2.继续现在完成时表示过去开始，持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态，常和表示一段时间的状语连用。I’ve known Grace since my childhood.（我从小就认识格雷斯。）（表示现在还继续往来）Catherine has learned drawing since 2008.（凯瑟琳从2008年起学的画画。）（表示现在还在学）He has lived in Beijing for thirty years.（他住在北京30年了。）（表示现在还住在北京）I have known him for ten years.（我认识他10年了。）I have stayed in the hotel for two weeks so far.（迄今为止，我已经在这个旅馆住了两周了。）比较：since+时间点表示“从……开始”；for+一段时间表示“在……期间”。How long have you studied English?（你学英语多久了？）（表示现在仍在学）说明：询问做某事“多久了”时，通常用How long...?3.经历现在完成时表示从过去到现在之间曾经历过的事情，常和以下词语连用：He has never been ill in his life.（他一生中从未生过病。）I have been to the Summer Palace twice.（我曾经去过颐和园两次。）We have visited Louvre Museum before.（我们以前曾参观过卢浮宫。）3.使用现在完成时需注意事项现在完成时强调的是在时间上与现在的联系，因此它不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用，如ago（以前），yesterday（昨日），last week（上周），three years ago（三年前），in 2001（2001年）以及以when为首的疑问句等。在现在完成时的句子中，终止性动词（也叫点动词）一般不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。1.现在完成时与一般过去时现在完成时与一般过去时都表示在过去做的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等；一般过去时则只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。所以，一些表示过去的固定时间状语只能与一般过去时连用，如ago，last或由when（何时）引起的问句都不能与现在完成时连用。I have just cleaned my room.（我刚打扫过房间。）（现在完成时）I cleaned my room yesterday.（我昨天打扫了房间。）（一般过去时）（1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别举例（⚪）I visited your school three weeks ago.（三周前我参观了你们学校。）（此句只能用一般过去时）（⚪）I have already visited your school.（我已经参观过你们学校了。）（⚪）I have visited your school before.（以前（谈话之前）我参观过你们学校。）（×）I have visited your school three weeks ago.（⚪）I bought a teddy bear last Sunday.（上周日我买了一个泰迪熊。）（一般过去时能跟表示过去的时间状语last Sunday）（⚪）I have just bought a teddy bear.（我刚买了一个泰迪熊。）（×）I have bought a teddy bear last Sunday.（要用现在完成时，就要去掉last Sunday）切记：能与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：a week ago一周前；the other day几天前；last week上周；just now刚刚；in 2009在2009年；during the night在夜里；earlier this month本月初比较：一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较一般过去时与现在完成时都表示过去的动作或事情，但要注意它们的区别。一般过去时：He closed the window.（他关了这扇窗户。）现在完成时：He has closed the window.（他关上了窗户。）以上两句都是叙述了他过去把窗户关了这个动作。第一句用的是过去时，只叙述他过去做过的这个动作，这扇窗户现在也许是关的，也许是开的。而第二句用现在完成时，就包含了两个意思：一是他曾经关了这扇窗户（He once closed the window.）；二是强调动作与现在的关系，即现在这扇窗户是关着的（Now the window is closed.）。I bought a red car.（我过去买过一辆红色小汽车。）（只叙述这一过去发生的事实，与现在无关，也许我还用着，也许车早就卖了或者坏了）I have bought a red car.（我买了一辆红色小汽车。）（如果用现在完成时，既叙述了过去发生的动作：bought a car，又强调了与现在的关系，即我现在正在使用着：now I drive the car）（⚪）I went shopping yesterday morning.（我昨天早上去逛街了。）（×）I have gone shopping yesterday morning.I saw her yesterday (morning/evening).（我昨天（早上/晚上）看见过她。）I haven’t seen her so far.（我至今没见过她。）切记：能与现在完成时连用的时间状语：up to now直到现在；till/until now直到现在；since last week从上周；recently最近；for a long time很长一段时间；these days近日；in the past few days过去的几天A:Have you ever been to the Forbidden City before?（你以前去过紫禁城吗？）B:Yes,I have.（是的，我去过。）（2）when不能和现在完成时连用（⚪）When did you buy the red car?（你什么时候买的这辆红色小汽车？）（×）When have you bought the red car?A:Have you ever met Alice?（你遇见艾丽斯了吗？） B:Yes,I have.（是的。）A:When did you met her?（你什么时候遇见她的？）B:Last week.（上周。） A:Oh.She has already been here.（哦，她已经来了啊。）补充：句中有ago，last或when引导的问句都不能与完成时连用。句中有ever，already，for，three days，just，never，yet等词时要用完成时。A:I think the book is worth reading.（我认为这本书值得一读。）B:Have you borrowed it from our library?（你是从我们的图书馆借的吗？）A:Yes,I have.（是的。） B:When did you borrow it?（你什么时候借的？）A:Two days ago.（两天前。）B:So you have kept if for three days.（也就是说你已经借了三天了。）说明：此句中的have kept不能用have borrowed替代，因为borrow是短暂性动词，不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。B:When will you return it?（你什么时候还啊？）A:I’ll return it as soon as I have read it.=I’ll return it as soon as I have finished reading it.=I’ll return it as soon as I finish it.（我一看完就还。）说明：从句中用现在完成时强调读完这本书，因为finish（完成）这个词本身就是“读完”的意思，所以用一般现在时也可以。A:When did you go there?（你什么时候去那儿的？） B:Last week.（上星期。）A:I’ve just seen a horrible accident.（我刚刚目睹了一场可怕的事故。）B:Oh.What happened?（噢，怎么啦？） A:A truck ran into a car.（一辆卡车撞了一辆小汽车。）2.终止性动词终止性动词（也叫点动词）表示动作有一个终点，到了终点就不能再延续。因此在现在完成时句子中，这种动词不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常用的终止性动词有以下这些：（1）终止性动词与延续性动词用法正误列举（⚪）I’ve been away from Shanghai for 3 days.（⚪）I left Shanghai 3 days ago.（⚪）It is/has been 3 days since I left Shanghai.（我离开上海已经三天了。）注意：在正式英语中，含有表时间的since从句的主句通常用完成时；但若主句中的动词为静态动词，如be动词时，也可不用完成时。（×）I’ve left Shanghai for 3 days.（此时要把终止性动词变为延续性动词）（2）终止性动词的否定式如果现在完成时的谓语动词是终止性动词的否定式，则一般可以和表示一段时间的短语连用，因为终止性动词的这种否定构成一种可以持续的状态。Tom hasn’t left home for a month.（托尼已经有一个月没有出门了。）（表示“足不出户”这一状态）I haven’t seen you for a long time.（我已经好久没有看到你了。）（表示“不常见”这一状态）（3）have/has gotA.have/has got形式上是现在完成时，实际上和一般现在时的have/has的意思相同。Have you got a light?=Do you have a light?（你有打火机吗？）He has got a slight headache.=He has a slight headache.（他有点头痛。）B.“have/has got+不定式”表示“必须”。I’ve got to go.（我得走了。）You have got to use your imagination.（你得运用自己的想像力。）3.have/has been to与have/has gone to（⚪）Ronald has been to Hong Kong Disney theme park twice.（罗纳德去过香港的迪斯尼主题公园两次。）（表示罗纳德以前去过迪斯尼公园，现在在此地）（⚪）Ronald has gone to Hong Kong Disney theme park.（罗纳德去了香港的迪斯尼主题公园。）（表示罗纳德已经去了迪斯尼公园，现在不在此地）（×）Ronald has gone to Hong Kong Disney theme park twice.4.过去完成时的构成过去完成时的形式是“had+过去分词”，一般表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前发生的事情、完成的动作或存在的状态。它的否定句是在had后面直接加上not；一般疑问句是将had置于主语之前；特殊疑问句是将疑问词置于一般疑问句之前。1.过去完成时的肯定句句型：主语（所有人称）+had+过去分词+……By 2006 Kevin had already graduated from the junior high school.（2006年凯文已经从中学毕业了。）（截止到2006年，也就是说2006年之前凯文已毕业）In 2006 Kevin graduated from the junior high school.（凯文2006年从中学毕业。）（表示凯文中学毕业是发生在2006年的事）When I got there,he had left.（当我到那儿时，他已经走了。）2.过去完成时的否定句句型：主语（所有人称）+had+not+过去分词+……She told me she hadn’t had supper.（她告诉我她还没吃晚饭呢。）By nine o’clock yesterday evening Justin hadn’t got home.（昨天直到晚上9点，贾斯廷还没到家。）3.过去完成时的一般疑问句句型：Had+主语+过去分词+……？回答：Yes,...had./No,...hadn’t.A:Had you known anything about our school before you came here?（你来这儿之前就了解我们学校了吗？）注意：这是一个由before引导的时间状语从句，在对其主句提问时，只需将过去完成时的主句改用一般疑问句的倒装语序，从句维持陈述语序不变，但从句句末要加问号。B:Yes,I had.（是的，我了解。）/No,I hadn’t.（不，我不了解。）A:Had he stopped talking when he heard the ring?=Did he stop talking when he heard the ring?（他听见铃声时就不谈话了吗？）B:Yes,he had.（是的，他停止谈话了。）/No,he hadn’t.（不，他还在谈话。）（因为这两个动作发生的时间很近，不是很明显的前后次序，所以也可以用过去时）4.过去完成时的特殊疑问句句型：疑问词+had+主语+过去分词+……？What had you completed before I called you?（我给你打电话之前，你都完成什么了？）How long had Lynn studied French by the time she was 16?（到16岁时，林恩已经学了多长时间法语了？）5.过去完成时的用法（1）常与过去完成时连用的词A.过去完成时与already，just，ever，yet等词连用，表示过去的过去。Robert told me his team had already won.（罗伯特告诉我他们队已经赢了。）I heard that the president had just arrived here.（我听说院长刚刚到达。）补充：president还有“总统”“校长”“（公司等的）总经理，总裁，董事长”等意思。B.过去完成时与by then（截止到那时），by 9 o’clock（直到9点之前），by the end of...（到……时候为止），by the time...（到……时候），up till then（直到那时）等连用，表示过去的过去。By the end of 2007 many buildings had been built in the city.（截止到2007年年底，这座城市已高楼林立。）By the time Henry came here he had been a famous doctor.（亨利到这儿之前就已经是位名医了。）比较：by 2007截止到2007年；by the end of 2007截止到2007年年底C.过去完成时与when，before，after，as soon as，till/until等引导的时间状语从句连用，强调动作发生的时间先后。When she got home,her children had slept.（她到家时孩子们已经入睡了。）（孩子们入睡的动作在前，她到家的动作在后）When she had finished her job,she went to sleep.（当她把所有的事情做完之后，她就去睡觉了。）（此时不分主从句，哪个过去的动作在前，该句就用过去完成时）I stood there until the plane had disappeared in the sky.（我站在那儿直到飞机在天空中消失。）注意：与状语从句连用时，如果不强调动作的先后则有时可用一般过去时来表示，尤其是由as soon as，until引导从句时；但若要表示强调，则用过去完成时。As soon as I received the letter,I wrote to you.（我（那时）一收到信，马上就给你回信了。）（两个动作几乎同时发生，用一般过去时即可）He didn’t leave here until Mary arrived.（直到玛丽到了他才离开。）（2）过去完成时可用于宾语从句或间接引语中I didn’t know what he had done it for.（我以前不知道他究竟为什么这么做。）I asked him how many students had attended the meeting.（我问他有多少学生去开会了。）6.使用过去完成时需注意事项（1）过去完成时与现在完成时的比较过去完成时与现在完成时的用法基本相同，但现在完成时是以现在的时间为基点；过去完成时则是以过去的时间为基点，与现在无关，即过去的过去。I have known Neil for three years.（我认识尼尔三年了。）I had known Neil when I was a student.（当我还是个学生时，就已经认识尼尔了。）I have finished my experiment.（我已经做完实验了。）（表示现在说话时已经做完实验）By six o’clock,I had finished my experiment.（在6点之前，我就已经做完实验了。）（表示在过去的某一时间（six o’clock）以前已经做完实验，与现在无关）补充：just，already，yet，ever等词可以和现在完成时连用，也可以和过去完成时连用。Dora has just finished the work.（多拉刚做完这项工作。）Dora said that she had just finished the work.（多拉说她刚刚做完这项工作。）（2）过去完成时表示未能实现的愿望或希望表示意向的动词如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose等，用过去完成时表示想做而未做的事，意为“原本……，而未能……”等。We had hoped that you would come,but you didn’t.（我们原本以为你会来，但是你却没有来。）They had been supposed to be able to arrive by ten.（他们本来应该能在10点之前到达。）Common Mistakes（注意！失分陷阱！）陷阱例题①A:Are you going to help John with his Chinese this evening?B:No.He __________ to England.He will be back next month.【威海中考】句意提示：A：你今晚打算帮助约翰学习汉语吗？B：不。他已经回美国了，下个月才会回来。陷阱追击：现在完成时与一般过去时都表示在过去做的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等。如分辨不清，则容易误选A。正确解析：由答语可知他现在仍在英国，所以应该用现在完成时。正确答案为B。陷阱例题②A:Good evening.I __________ to see Miss Mary.B:Oh,good evening.I’m sorry,but she is not in.【兰州中考】句意提示：A：晚上好，我来这里是看望玛丽小姐的。B：哦，晚上好。对不起，但是她不在。陷阱追击：本题考查根据语境判断时态。如忽视上下文语境，则容易误选。正确解析：由句意可知“我”已经来到这里，且来这里的目的是看望玛丽，表达过去的动作对现在产生的影响，所以应该用现在完成时。正确答案为A。陷阱例题③I __________ English in that school since I came to the city.【荆州中考】句意提示：自从我来到这个城市，我就在那所学校教英语。陷阱追击：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态，用现在完成时。不了解现在完成时的这一用法，则容易误选。正确解析：由题干中since引导的时间状语从句可知应用现在完成时。正确答案为A。陷阱例题④A:What are you doing here? B:Jane __________.I’m waiting for her.句意提示：A：你在这儿做什么？B：简还没有回来。我在等她。陷阱追击：本题考查现在完成时的用法及根据语境判断逻辑关系，容易误选。正确解析：由“我正在等她”可知她还没有回来，用现在完成时。正确答案为C。Final Check（实力测验）1.用括号中动词的适当形式填空1.He __________ (wait) for an hour.2.I __________ (not finish) the work yet.3.__________ you __________ (know) him since then?4.I __________ (hear) from my father recently.5.We __________ (be) there many times in the past three years.6.The sun __________ (rise) when we got there.7.They __________ (finish) the work by the end of last month.8.How long __________ you __________ (stay) at home already?9.I __________ (not read) the book before.10.We __________ (have) an exam again sometime next week.11.The writer __________ (finish) several story books since 2000.12.I asked my mother __________ she __________ (come) back soon.13.What __________ you __________ (do) when I called you?14.He __________ just __________ (have) his breakfast.15.I believe that our volleyball team __________ (be) back in a week.16.The famous scientist __________ (reach) Beijing two days ago.17.We’ll go to visit the museum if it __________ (not rain) tomorrow.18.I saw my friend when I __________ (walk) in the street.19.He __________ (go) to see his grandfather last Sunday.20.When we got to the classroom,the class __________ (begin).2.汉译英1.A：我听说你姐姐结婚了，是真的吗？B：是的，她已经结婚5年了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.A：你哥哥参军了吗？B：他参军了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A：他什么时候参军的？B：他是2000年参军的，他参军已经10年了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.A：你父亲在哪儿？他在家吗？_______________________________________________________________________________B：他不在家，他去美国了。他是3年前去的，他在那儿已经呆了3年了。_______________________________________________________________________________3.词形变换4.按要求变换句型1.Is Tom’s bike now?（肯定回答）_______________________________________________________________________________2.There are some English books on the desk.（一般疑问句）_______________________________________________________________________________3.He has tea at half past two in the afternoon.（否定句）_______________________________________________________________________________4.It will take the workers more than a month to repair the bridge.（对划线部分提问）_______________________________________________________________________________5.I did my homework by myself yesterday.（一般疑问句）_______________________________________________________________________________6.He had done with the goods before he went away.（否定句）_______________________________________________________________________________7.The teacher was talking with Tom’s mother.（对划线部分提问）_______________________________________________________________________________8.I’m allowed to watch TV at home only once a week.（对划线部分提问）_______________________________________________________________________________9.By the end of last term the students had been to the Science Museum four times.（对划线部分提问）__________________________________________________________________________10.I have done some skiing.（一般疑问句）_______________________________________________________________________________5.改错1.What have you done yesterday?_______________________________________________________________________________2.Where have you bought that coat?_______________________________________________________________________________3.I have been to the island two years ago._______________________________________________________________________________4.I have studied English since six years._______________________________________________________________________________5.He has lived in the city ten years ago._______________________________________________________________________________6.When have you been to your hometown?_______________________________________________________________________________7.The manager has arrived here for two days._______________________________________________________________________________8.Have you listened to the news at six this morning?_______________________________________________________________________________9.By 2000 the book has been translated into about twelve languages._______________________________________________________________________________10.The students told me that they read the famous novel two years before._______________________________________________________________________________KEYS:1.2.1.A:I hear you sister has married.Is it true?B:Yes,she has been married for five years.2.A:Has your brother joined the army? B:Yes,he has.A:When did he join the army?B:He joined the army in 2000.He has been in the army for ten years.3.A:Where is your father?Is he in?/Is he at home?B:No,he isn’t (in).He has gone to America.He went there three years ago.He has been there for three years.3.4.1.Yes,it is.2.Are there any English books in the desk?3.He doesn’t have tea at half past two in the afternoon.4.How long will it take the workers to repair the bridge?5.Did you do your homework by yourself yesterday?6.He hadn’t done with the goods before he went away.7.Whose mother was the teacher talking with?8.How often are you allowed to watch TV at home?9.How many times had the students been to the Science Museum by the end of last term?10.Have you done any skiing?5.1.have you done→did you do（解说：注意现在完成时和过去时的区别。句子中有表示过去的时间词yesterday，因此动词必须用过去时。）2.have you bought→did you buy（解说：句中的where一词已经暗示出语境，问动作是在什么地方发生的，应该用过去时。）3.have been→went（解说：时间词two years ago决定了动词应用过去时。）4.since→for（解说：since+时间点，表示“自从……以来”；for+一段时间，表示“长达多长时间”，因此应该用for。）5.has lived→lived（解说：注意句中有时间词ten years ago，应用过去时。）6.have you been→did you go（解说：句中的when一词已经暗示出语境，问动作是何时发生的。）7.has arrived→has been（解说：英语中的动词有延续性和非延续性之分，这是由动词的含义决定的。这道题中的时间词for two days表示动作或状态延续了两天，而arrive是一个瞬间完成的非延续性动词，与for two days不匹配。be则可以表示状态延续了一段时间。）8.Have you listened→Were you listening（解说：句中的时间词at six this morning表示过去的某一时刻，所以动词要用过去进行时。）9.has been translated→had been translated（解说：句子的时间词是By 2000（到2000年时），显然要用过去完成时。）10.read→had read（解说：这是带宾语从句的复合句。宾语从句的时间词是two years before，所以要用过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。）【课后作业】I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form.1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework. 9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day. 10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet? 11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you. 12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in. 13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree. 14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday. 15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere? 1. have, seen, saw 2. Has, finished 3. has, come 4. has gone 5. have worked, moved 6. have made 7. have, stayed 8. have, finished 9. goes 10. have, found 11. is 12. were reading 13. is climbing 14. is coming 15. Have, seenII. Choose the best answer. 1. How long have you _______ here?A. come B. got C. arrived D. been2. My grandpa died _________.A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.3. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.A. been B. gone C. went D. never been4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her.A. after B. since C. for D. that5.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry? --I will. I _____ her several times.A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet6. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it? --Just 2 weeks.A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had7.--Do you know Lydia very well? --Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned8. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live9. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black? -- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to10. --____ you ever ____ to the US? -- Yes, twice.A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, goingIII. Rewrite the sentences. 1. I have been to Macau before. (改为否定句) I _________ _________ been to Macau before.2. He hasn’t come to school because he was ill. (就划线部分提问) ______ _______ he come to school?3. I bough a new bike just now. (用just改写) I ____ just ____ a new bike.4. We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句) We ____ ____English ____three years5. He has never surfed, _______ _______? （改成反意疑问句） 6. They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问) _______ _______have they been here?7. The old man _________ last year. He has _______ _______for a year. (die) （动词填空）8. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)Miss Gao has _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.Ask the questions1) I have been there for two days.__________ _________ __________ you __________ __________?2) My father has lived here since 2000._________ _________ __________ your father _________ __________?3) He left here yesterday._________ ________ he _________ __________?4) They bought a book two hours ago.__________ ___________ they __________ a book?Keys: 1. How long have, been there 2. How long has, lived here 3. When did, leave here 4. When did, buyUse “never, ever, already, just, yet, for, since” to fill in the blanks.1. I have _______ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.2. Jack has _________ finished his homework.3. Mr. Wang has taught in this school ________ ten years.4. “Have you ________ seen the film?” “No, I have ________ seen it.”5. “Has the bus left _______?” “Yes, it has _________ left.”Keys: 1. never 2. just , already 3. for 4. ever, never 5. yet , just / already 初中语法讲义完成时 年 月 日just刚刚already已经ever曾经recently最近never从未yet还，迄今（用于否定句）；已经（用于疑问句）this week/month这周/这个月lately最近，近来these days这些天since...自从……since then自那时起since 2 days ago从两天前so far迄今为止for a long time很长一段时间up to now直到现在till/until now直到现在in the past few days在过去的几天during the last two weeks在过去的两周often经常never从不ever曾经once一次，曾经twice两次since自从before之前three times三次arrive到达begin开始borrow借buy买come来die去世go去join参加leave离开lose失去finish完成stop停止A.returnedB.has returnedC.returnsD.will returnA.have comeB.comeC.cameD.had comeA.have taughtB.am teachingC.will teachD.taughtA.came backB.has come backC.hasn’t come back1.watch（现在分词）______________________2.study（现在分词）______________________3.fall（过去式）__________________________4.drive（现在分词）_______________________5.become（过去分词）____________________6.write（过去分词）______________________7.hear（过去式）_________________________8.broken（原形）_________________________9.read（过去分词）_______________________10.play（第三人称单数）__________________1.has waited2.haven’t finished3.Have,known4.have heard5.have been6.had risen7.had finished8.have,stayed9.haven’t read10.will have11.has finished12.if,would come13.were,doing14.has,had15.will be16.reached17.doesn’t rain18.was walking/walked19.went20.had begun1.watching2.studying3.fell4.driving5.become6.written7.heard8.break9.read10.plays
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