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2024年高考英语一轮复习课件（新人教版） 第2部分 语法专题 专题一 第1讲 谓语动词
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这是一份2024年高考英语一轮复习课件（新人教版） 第2部分 语法专题 专题一 第1讲 谓语动词，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了will tell， is，hired，对点练习2，am filling，对点练习3，had said，have got，对点练习4，would be等内容，欢迎下载使用。
At first，Jack wasn’t fnd f studying and was addicted t cmputer games.Every time his mther went① t his rm，she fund that he was playing② cmputer games.His father had cndemned③ him many times befre he went t middle schl，s he prmised that he wuld study④ hard and quit cmputer games.It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lt in the past three years.Whenever asked abut Jack’s perfrmance at schl，his mther always answers⑥ prudly，“He has been making⑦ prgress.”He is making⑧ preparatins fr the cllege entrance exam.
考点精讲一——动词的时态
There is n dubt that Jack will be admitted t⑨ a gd cllege if he keeps wrking hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
[规则感悟] ①是一般过去时，结构为谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为wuld＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为have/has＋过去分词。⑥是一般现在时，结构为谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是现在进行时，结构为am/is/are＋现在分词。⑨是一般将来时，结构为will＋动词原形。⑩是将来进行时，结构为will＋be＋现在分词。
1.一般现在时(1)表示现在经常性的、习惯性的、反复的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，ften，smetimes，every day等。I usually d my hmewrk in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作业。(2)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。They’ll stand by yu even if yu dn’t succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现在时)。The teacher tld us the earth mves arund the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。(4)表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等将要发生的动作，只限于g，arrive，leave，start，return，begin，cme，take ff 等动词(短语)。The flight takes ff at 8∶30 every Wednesday and Friday.这个航班每周三和周五8∶30 起飞。(5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。
2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，three years ag，the ther day等时间状语连用。He arrived at schl at 9∶00 am yesterday.他昨天上午九点到学校。(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。He said he wuld tell her the news as sn as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
3.一般将来时(1)“shall/will＋动词原形”表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。It is said that he will retire next mnth.据说他将于下个月退休。—What time is it？——几点了？—I have n idea.But just a minute，I will check it fr yu.——我不知道。请稍等，我帮您查一下。
(2)“be ging t＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Lk at the dark cluds. It is ging t rain.看那些乌云，要下雨了。(3)“be t＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。I am t meet Mr Brwn at eleven ’clck this mrning.今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。
(4)“be abut t＋动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的时间状语连用。Wrk is abut t start n a new factry building.新厂房即将动工。
【对点练习1】1.The curtains are abut t pen，and in a few minutes the actin and dialgue _______(tell) yu the running regularly can’t make yu live frever，the review says it ____ (be) mre effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling r ______(hire) ur bikes frm the rental place at the Suth Gate.My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.(2021·全国甲)
4.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。He is playing basketball n the playgrund.他正在操场上打篮球。(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如g，cme，leave，arrive，start，mve等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。Jhn as well as his sister is setting ff fr Tky tmrrw mrning.约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always，ften，cnstantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。感情色彩可褒可贬。The girl is always talking alud in public.这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话。
5.过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this mrning.今天上午11点格林太太正准备午餐。(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。The teacher came in while the by was reading a nvel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
(3)一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见动词有g，cme，leave，start，arrive。She asked him whether he was cming back fr supper.她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
6.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。Dn’t phne me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。
1.She ___________(play) with the cellphne when her bss walked int the Friday I will g t anther cncert.They ______________(play) smething by Mzart at that time.3.—Hi，let’s g skating.—Srry，I’m busy right nw.I _________(fill) in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.
was playing
will be playing
7.现在完成时(1)表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。He has turned ff the light.(＝The light is ff nw.)他已经关灯了。
(2)表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有lately，recently，until nw，ever since，in the last(past) few days/years，up t nw，s far等。In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hmetwn.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。This/That/It is the that＋现在完成时This/That/It is the best/finest/mst interesting/...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the mst interesting nvel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8.过去完成时 (1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by＋过去时间点，by the end f＋过去时间点，by the time＋从句，until/befre/since＋过去时间点或从句。I had put away my cellphne befre my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的手机收起来了。(2)在，n 等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，n sner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。N sner had they rushed ut f the huse than it burnt dwn.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hpe，expect，mean，intend，want，suppse的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hped t g hme frm wrk ahead f time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
1.Befre getting int the car，I thught I __________________(learn) the instructr’s rders，but nce I started the car，my mind went blank.I frgt what he ________(say) t me raised in a family f teachers，I ________(get) plenty f chances t cnnect myself with literature since a yung age.3.I _____________(expect) t get the first prize in the cntest but the result made me disappinted.
had learned/learnt
had expected
9.过去将来时(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。She said she wuld retire the next year.她说她明年就退休了。I wndered what my sn wuld say the next mment.我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：was/were ging t＋动词原形；was/were t＋动词原形；was/were abut t＋动词原形。was/were ging t＋动词原形表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。He tld me he was ging t get married the next week.他告诉我他打算下周结婚。was/were abut t＋动词原形表示过去即将要发生的动作。常构成句型was/were abut t was abut t say smething mre，and then checked herself.她还想说几句，接着又克制住了自己。
10.现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。All these years they have been cntributing articles t ur magazine.这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。We have been seeing each ther quite a lt recently.最近我们常常见面。
1.—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.—He went t the library after breakfast and ________________(write) his essay there ever Einstein was brn in 1879.As a child，few peple guessed that he ________(be) a famus scientist whse theries ____________(change) the wrld.
has been writing
wuld change
【注意】 除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外，还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态：(1)be ，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句＋and/r＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。(4)It is (high/abut) time that sb...，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或shuld＋动词原形。
1.Silk ____________(becme) ne f the primary gds traded alng the Silk Rad by abut 100 BCE.(2016·浙江)2.It’s high time that we ________________(take) urgent measures t prtect water resurces.3.—Is Peter cming? —N，he ________(change) his mind after a phne call at the last yu give up in winter，yu _________(miss) the hpe f spring，the beauty f summer，and the harvest f autumn in yur life.
tk/shuld take
Xia Ming’s CellphneXia Ming’s cellphne was brken①.I culdn’t get thrugh t him while the cellphne was being repaired②.I wanted t infrm him that he had been admitted③ t the basketball club.Cellphnes are widely used④ nwadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ s frequently that peple have been cntrlled⑥ by them.Smene thinks that cellphnes shuld be restricted⑦ n sme ccasins.
考点精讲二——动词的语态
Xia Ming’s cellphne will be repaired⑧ well sn.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphne will have been brught⑨ hme and will be being used⑩ again.
[规则感悟] ①是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋过去分词。②是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为had been＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。⑥是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为have/has been＋过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为情态动词＋be＋过去分词。⑧是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋过去分词。⑨是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为will＋have been＋过去分词。⑩是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋being＋过去分词。
1.被动语态的用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。—The windw is dirty.—I knw.It hasn’t been cleaned fr weeks.——窗户脏了。——我知道。好几周没擦了。(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。All the emplyees except the manager are encuraged t wrk nline at hme.除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3)某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态： have有；cst花费；lack 缺少；suit 适合；belng t 属于；suffer frm 遭受；date frm/back t 追溯到；cnsist f 由……组成；take part in参加。I bught a bk frm Xinhua bkshp，which cst 15 yuan. 我从新华书店买了一本书，花了15元。She is experimenting with different typewriters t see which ne suits her best.她正在试验不同的打印机，看哪一种最适合她。Lins and tigers belng t the cat family.狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/ccur发生；remain剩下；break ut爆发；last持续；cme ut出版；cme up被提出；lse heart失去信心；run ut用完。An accident happened n the rad last night and five peple were killed.昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。A big fire brke ut in the area last week.上周那个地区发生了一场大火。(5)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。The patient gt treated nce a week.那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2.主动形式表示被动意义的结构(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，ck，draw等，常与well，easily，smthly等副词连用，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。The sign reads as fllws.告示如下。The shirt desn’t wash well.这件衬衫不好洗。Her new bk is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2)系动词如smell，taste，feel，lk，sund，prve等后接形容词作表语。Junk fd tastes delicius but it desn’t cntain enugh nutritin.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。Yur idea sunds wnderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。(3)pen，clse，lck，mve，keep等动词常与wn’t，can’t，wuldn’t 连用。N matter what he did t the dr，it wuldn’t pen.不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。
(4)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词或wrth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The huse needs repairing/t be repaired.这所房子需要修理。The film is really wrth seeing.这部电影的确值得一看。
(5)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，imprtant，impssible，pleasant，interesting等。The prblem is difficult t wrk ut.(可看作t wrk ut前省略了fr me)这道题很难计算。D yu think the water is safe t drink?你认为这水喝着安全吗？
(6)be t blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。Wh is t blame fr the mistake?这个错误应该归咎于谁？
1.Travelling t cnferences，lectures，wrkshps，and the like—frequently by plane—_______________________(view) as imprtant fr scientists t get tgether and exchange infrmatin.(2022·浙江1月)2.My washing machine ________________(repair) this week，s I have t wash my clthes by ，cycling，alng with jgging and swimming，____________(regard) as ne f the best all-rund frms f yu leave the club，yu ________________(nt，allw) back in.
is viewed/has been viewed
is being repaired
is regarded
wn’t be allwed
1.After a three-year pilt perid，the GPNP will be fficially set up next year.The GPNP ___________(design) t reflect the guiding principle f “prtecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) f natural ecsystems...”(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)2.It’s a pity that few students nwadays are keen n reading classics which I think are really wrth _________(read).
is designed
3.The medical team which _______(cnsist) f three dctrs and five nurses has set ff fr Shanghai.4.I was sent t the village last mnth t see hw the develpment plan had ____________(carry) ut in the past tw years.
been carried
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1.语法一致原则I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each ther fr a lng time.T see her every day is② my dream.What I want t d is③ give up my present jb and wrk in her city.Hwever，all my relatives except my uncle bject t④ my idea.Smene tells⑤ me that it is nt wrthwhile t give up my jb，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every mnth.Many a persn thinks⑦ it nt wise t leave the city I am living in.
考点精讲三——主谓一致
[规则感悟] 该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：①根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数。②主语是动词不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。④主语后面跟有with，tgether with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等时，谓语动词的数与这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为smene，anyne，everyne等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。⑦“many a/mre than ne＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.意义一致原则I have been n a diet fr fur mnths.Fur mnths is① nt a shrt time.Thugh a large number f peple dn’t② understand me，the majrity f peple arund me supprt③ me.The ld cnsider④ it unwise t g n a diet，but the yung admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ wrried abut me，but nw they think I can chse t d this as lng as it desn’t harm my health.
[规则感悟] ①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。②“a number f＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。③the majrity f，the rest f，分数/百分数＋f＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。⑤family，grup，team，class，gvernment等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3.就近一致原则There are① many girls having a taste fr sweet fd，but neither my sister nr I am② interested in candies.[规则感悟] ①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。②r，nt als...，，，，等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1.用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物、同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。The pet and writer has cme.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tls.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and frk(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，ecnmics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Natins(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3.“n/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数＋and＋n/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Every man and every wman has a gd reasn t be prud f the wrk dne by their fathers.每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
4.all，the remaining，the part等加主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。The first part f the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.讲座的第一部分很生动，但其余部分非常枯燥。5.“几分之几/百分之几＋f＋名词”作主语时，一般根据f后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。Abut ne third f the bks are wrth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Only 60 percent f the wrk was dne yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。
6.peple，plice，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The plice say they have arrested twenty peple fllwing the disturbances.警方称他们已经在骚乱后逮捕了20个人。7.一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如gds，stairs，arms等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。A number f peple rushed int the supermarket when the gds were sld at a discunt.当商品打折时，很多人涌进了超市。
8.单复数同形的名词，如means，deer，sheep等作主语时，谓语动词单复数要视情况而定。Every means has been tried t cmplete the prject ahead f time.为了提前完成这个项目所有的方法都尝试了。Many deer are dying ut in ur cuntry s we must take effective measures t preserve them.在我国很多鹿快灭绝了，因此我们必须采取有效的措施来保护它们。
9.what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。What he said is far frm the truth.他的话与事实相差太远了。What the schl needs are qualified teachers.这个学校需要的是合格的教师。
10.a quantity f后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities f后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。With mre frests being destryed，huge quantities f gd earth are being washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
11.在倒装句中谓语动词常与后面最接近的主语一致。In the distance was heard the clapping f hands and the shuts f the peple.远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。12.就近原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。Is either Tm r yu t be sent t wrk there?是你还是汤姆要被派去那里工作？
1.The teacher and pet ften ______(give) lectures arund the city.2.I think Tm，rather than yu，___(be) t blame fr the incident；that is t say，yu are but Jim and Mike ___(be) n the playgrund far as I knw，his family __ nt very large but the family ___ all music lvers.(be)5.The pr _____(be) lked dwn upn in the ld days.
6.Neither his parents nr I ___(be) able t persuade him t change his t lud music and rck cncerts ___________(cause) hearing lss in sme teenagers s ___(be) an ld man and tw bys waiting fr yu in the drway.
1.The plan will extend prtectin t a significant number f areas that ______(be) previusly unprtected...(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)2.Ging t Munt Huangshan ________(remind) me f the ppular Beatles’ sng “The Lng and Winding Rad”.(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)3.Often，nly a small part f a museum’s cllectin __(be) n display.Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
考点精讲四——情态动词
1.can/culdMary—M Nancy—NM：Can① yu prnunce this wrd?N：Srry，I can’t①.M：Can/Culd② I use yur dictinary?N：Of curse yu can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictinary?M：Can④ it be in yur drmitry?N：N，it can’t④ be.I never study in my drmitry.M：Culd yu have lent⑤ it t yur deskmate?
N：N，my deskmate culdn’t have brrwed⑤ a dictinary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ tuch her bks withut permissin.M：An rganized persn can⑦ frget things.
[规则感悟] can/culd的意义及用法①can表示能力，意为“能够”。②can表示请求，culd 表示委婉语气。③can表示许可。④can/can’t表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于疑问句或否定句。⑤culd sb have dne...？意为“某人做过某事吗？”，culdn’t have dne意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2.may/mightMike—M Teacher—TM：May/Might① I cme in?T：Yes，yu may②.Yu’re almst late，and where is yur deskmate?M：Hmm，I dn’t knw.He may/might③ be n the way t schl.T：He might③ be；that is，he might nt③ be n his way t schl.Mike，yu may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he cme yet?M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might nt have set⑤ the alarm clck.
[规则感悟] may/might的意义及用法①表示请求。②表示许可，不用might。③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。④may as well“还是……好”。⑤might have dne表示对过去的推测，意为“可能做了某事”。might nt have dne意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。
3.mustJane—J Mther—MJ：Mm，must① I take this medicine?M：Yes，yu must①.J：Must① I take it right nw?M：N，yu needn’t②.Yu can take it later.J：But it must be③ bitter.M：I’ve tld yu t wear yur cat，but yu must④ wear yur T-shirt.Besides，yu must have played⑤utdrs.Yu mustn’t⑥ d it again.
[规则感悟] must的意义及用法①must表示必须，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句，意为“一定”。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have dne表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推测。
4.shuldBss—B Jane—J Steven—SB：It’s nine nw and everyne shuld① be here.Where is Steven? He shuld have arrived② ten minutes ag.J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual shuld③ be late fr wrk.B：Here he cmes.Why are yu late，Steven?S：I’m terribly srry，sir.I shuldn’t have drunk② t much cffee last night.I kept my eyes pen until fur ’clck in the mrning.B：A persn like yu shuldn’t drink④ t much cffee.S：Yes，I ught t be punctual as usual.
[规则感悟] shuld的意义及用法①表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。②shuld have dne 意为“本应做而没做”，shuldn’t have dne表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。③表示“竟然”。④shuld (nt) d sth＝ught (nt) t d sth(不)应该做某事。
5.shallMan—M Wman—WM：Hi，where are yu ging?W：I shall① g t New Yrk.M：Me t！Oh，yur suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it fr yu，Miss？(carrying the suitcase t the wman’s seat and sitting beside the wman)W：Thank yu fr helping me，but it’s required that everyne shall③ sit n his wn seat.M：It desn’t matter.W：Stay away frm me，r I will call the plice.Yu shall④ be srry fr what yu d.Sir，I need yur help.(waving t a pliceman)
[规则感悟] shall的意义及用法①用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人向对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6.need/dareMike—M Jack—JM：D yu dare t take① yur cellphne t the examinatin rm?J：N，I dare nt d② that；I needn’t d③ that，either.M：Yu study well，s yu dn’t need t cheat④.I am different.J：Stp thinking abut cheating，and yu can’t get away with it.Yu need t⑤ study hard.N pains，n gains.
[规则感悟] need/dare的意义及用法• dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句 和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加nt， 如用法②和③。• dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。 如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词d/des，且其后要加(t) d， 如用法①④⑤。• 其用法简单总结为：有助有t，无助无t。
7.will/wuldTm—T Mary—MM：Hw abut the new watch?T：I will① never use it any mre.It just wn’t② give the crrect time.M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.T：At nine ’clck in the mrning？She wuld/used t④ have a nap in the afternn.M：The phne is ringing，but I am busy with my wrk.T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
[规则感悟] will/wuld 的意义及用法①表示意愿。②表示事物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。④wuld/used t表示过去的习惯。⑤表示意愿，意志。
1.用于固定习语中can’t/can (无论……也不过分；越……越好)Yu can’t be t careful when crssing a busy street.＝Yu can’t be careful enugh when crssing a busy street.你横穿繁忙的街道的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。2.can与be able t的区别(1)can只有一般现在时和一般过去时；be able t则有更多的时态。I’ll nt be able t cme this afternn.今天下午我不能来。
(2)当表示“经过努力才得以做成某事”时应用be able t，不能用can。He was able t g t the party yesterday evening in spite f the heavy rain.尽管下大雨，昨天晚上他去参加了聚会。3.must和have t 的区别must是说话人的主观看法，而have t则强调客观需要。must只有一般现在时，have t 有更多的时态形式。I really must g nw.我真的必须现在就走。I had t wrk when I was yur age.我像你这么大的时候不得不工作。
4.ught t的用法ught t意为“应该，应当”，没有人称和数的变化。ught t的否定形式为ught nt t或ughtn’t t，其一般疑问句形式是将ught置于主语前。多数情况下，ught t可与shuld互换使用。Yu shuld/ught t be listening.你应该倾听。
5.wuld与used t的区别(1)wuld表示过去的某种倾向或习惯性动作，常译为“过去常常”。可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，后面接表示动作的动词，不能接表示状态的词。When he wrked there，he wuld have a walk alng the river every mrning.当他在那儿工作的时候，每天早晨他总是沿着小河散步。(2)used t表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。He wuld sit in the park which used t be a factry reading fr hurs.他过去常坐在公园里读几个小时的书，这个公园过去曾经是一个工厂。
6.“情态动词＋have dne”的用法
Since nbdy gave him any help，he must have dne the research n his wn.既然没有人帮助他，他一定是独自做的研究。Culd he have left the wrk unfinished?他可能没有把工作做完吗？—The taxi driver is t blame fr the serius accident.—I can’t agree mre.He shuldn’t have drunk.——出租车司机应为这起严重的事故负责。——我非常赞同。他本不应该喝酒的。(事实上已经喝了)
Yu needn’t have watered the flwers because it wuld rain sn.你本不必浇花的，因为很快会下雨的。(事实上已经浇了)I culd have helped yu but I was busy at that time.我本来可以帮你但是我当时很忙。(事实上没有帮)
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加nt)1.—I dn’t really like James.Why did yu invite him?—Dn’t wrry.He __________ cme.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.2.I _____ thank yu t much fr all yur help t my sn while we were away frm ______ be ur manager.Our manager has gne t ______ have dne better，but yu didn’t try yur best.
5.I didn’t see her in the meeting rm this mrning.She _________ have spken at the present will nt believe such a gentleman ________ d ________ play with the knife，r yu may hurt _____ be punished fr what yu have ______ have rained last night，fr the rad is quite muddy.10.I _______ have taken the umbrella，fr the weather is fine.
1.It used t be that yu _____ drive fr miles here withut seeing anther persn，but nw there are huses and peple everywhere.(2021·天津3月)2.Yu shuldn’t ____________ (scld) him fr his pr perfrmance.After all，he had dne his best.
have sclded
考点精讲五——虚拟语气
1.wish/wuld rather/as if/if nly从句中的虚拟语气Mr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cld winter.)Z：I wish I had① smething ht t drink.W：I wuld rather I hadn’t invited② yu t g ut.Z：Hw big a fish! If nly I had caught② it.W：If nly yu hadn’t fallen② int the river！If nly we had① dry clthes nw! Nw I wish yur wife wuldn’t blame③ this n me.
[规则感悟] as if好像，wish希望，wuld rather宁可，if nly要是……就好了，这四个词汇后的从句往往用虚拟语气。①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用wuld/culd/might/shuld＋动词原形，wuld rather从句中用一般过去时。
2.条件句中的虚拟语气Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W(in the hspital)Z：What fine weather! If I were nt ill，I wuld g fishing.①W：If yu hadn’t gne fishing yesterday，yu wuldn’t have caught a cld.②Z：I wuld have stayed at hme，but Mr Wang invited me t g.③ He tld me t hurry，therwise I wuldn’t have frgtten t wear warm cats.④
W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault? But fr/Withut Mr Wang，yu wuld have been drwned.⑤Z：Had it nt been fr the big fish，I wuldn’t have fallen int the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I shuld recver tmrrw.⑦
[规则感悟] • ①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况： 对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋ wuld/culd/shuld/ might d... 对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had dne...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/ might have dne... 对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/shuld/were t d...，主语＋wuld/ culd/shuld/might d...• ⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装结构： Had＋主语＋dne，主语＋wuld/culd/might have dne...
• ③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，用法如下： 有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或 短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种虚拟语气称为含蓄虚拟条件句。常 用的这类词或短语有withut(要是)没有，but fr要不是，therwise/r 否则，but但是等。句子结构同上面if条件句中的虚拟语气的结构。
3.名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphne and that he (shuld) nt be punished.①The teacher rdered that he (shuld) take ut the cellphne and cmmanded that he (shuld) phne his parents right nw.①Mike requested that the teacher (shuld) nt call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (shuld) give him anther chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (shuld) nt take cellphnes t schl.② Her suggestin/advice was that Mike (shuld) study hard instead f cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/shuld prepare fr the cllege entrance examinatin.④
[规则感悟] • 某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语用(shuld＋)动 词原形。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令” (rder/cmmand)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建 议”(suggest/advise/recmmend/prpse)。• 上述动词用于“It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句”时，从句使用虚拟语 气，即谓语用(shuld＋)动词原形，如②。
• 上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestin，advice等，其后的表 语从句或同位语从句也用虚拟语气，即谓语用(shuld＋)动词原形， 如③。• It is (high/abut) time that sb did/shuld d sth也是常见的虚拟语气形 式，如④。
4.It is/was＋adj.＋that sb (shuld) d...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb (shuld) teacher：It is imprtant/essential/necessary that yu (shuld) learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I (shuld) learn English well.
[规则感悟] 在It is/was＋形容词(imprtant，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(shuld＋)动词原形”。
1.虚拟条件句的省略与倒装if条件句中有were，had或shuld时，可以省略if，并把were，had或shuld放在主语前，构成倒装结构。If I were in yur psitin，I wuld d the same.→Were I in yur psitin，I wuld d the same.假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样做的。
If yu had cme earlier，yu wuld have caught the bus.→Had yu cme earlier，yu wuld have caught the bus.如果你来得早些，你就会赶上公共汽车了。If it shuld rain tmrrw，we wuld nt g climbing.→Shuld it rain tmrrw，we wuld nt g climbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。
2.错综时间虚拟条件句当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。If yu had listened t the teacher yesterday，yu wuldn’t suffer s much nw.如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
3.当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。The smile n his face suggested that he was satisfied with ur wrk.他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。The ld man insisted that he was nt ill and that he (shuld) nt be sent t hspital.这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
1.The Antarctica is s mysteriusly described by sme peple.If nly I _________(be) there befre!2.Our nly request is that this ________________(settle) as sn as pssible.3.I believe he must have had an accident；therwise he _______________________(arrive) n it ____________________________(rain) tmrrw，they wuld nt g ut fr a picnic.
(shuld) be settled
shuld rain/were t rain/rained
5.If yu ___________(take) my advice，yu wuld nt have failed in the I wish every student _____(have) a scientific and systematic study methd！
1.If I hadn’t been faced with s many barriers，I ___________(nt，be) where I am.(2020·江苏)2.I wish my mther ___________(stp) interfering and let me make my wn father suggests that I ___________(get) enugh sleep befre the final husband is always talking abut the ecnmy，but I’d rather he _______(fcus) mre n ur children’s educatin.
(shuld) get
1.It is the first time that my sn ________(meet) Zhng Nanshan，the renwned Chinese her，face t girl ______(shake) her head happily，and the pt f milk n her head immediately fell nt the father，as well as his kids，___________(discuss) where t spend the weekend fat and salt ___________(remve) frm fd，the fd tastes as if it is missing smething.
is discussing
5.By the time Jack returned hme frm England，his sn _____________(graduate) frm the beautiful views f this mdern city r its lcal custm ______________(attract) thusands f visitrs during the past factry used 65 percent f the raw materials，the rest f which _____(be) saved fr ther big huse _______(belng) t Mr Smith，wh is a manager in a big cmpany.
had graduated
has attracted
9.Jenny _______ have kept her wrd.I wnder why she changed her ___________(wrk) in the lab when the pwer cut ccurred.
1.On a website called N Fly Climate Sci，fr example，rughly 200 academics—many f them climate scientists—______________(prmise) t fly as little as pssible since the effrt started tw years ag.(2022·浙江1月)2.Henry ___________(fix) his car when he heard the screams.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ) 3.He quickly _______(thrw) his tls aside，and started running，arms ut.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
have prmised
4.The Xi’an City Wall is the mst cmplete city wall that has survived China’s lng histry.It _________(build) riginally t prtect the city in the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred(修复).(2021·全国甲)5.As it _________(cnnect) things，yur brain turns them int a stry，and yu get a dream.(2021·北京)6.Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated，he ____________________(ffer) jbs by a dzen cmputer cmpanies.(2021·天津)
had been ffered
7.Gd evening，everybdy.Prfessr King _________________________(deliver) his lecture in a mment，but let me intrduce him first.(2021·天津)8.Currently，abut 35,000 wrks ___________________(display) in ver 300 rms in the Luvre，and it wuld take a lifetime t see everything.(2021·天津)9.Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brwn University，says，“because it ______(mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn _____________(cnstruct).”(2020·全国Ⅰ)
will deliver/will be delivering
are being displayed
is cnstructed
10.Amy，as well as her brthers，__________(give) a warm welcme when returning t the village last week.(2019·天津6月)
Passage 1 时态与主谓一致篇The first z 1. (establish) arund 3,500 years ag by an Egyptian queen fr her persnal enjyment.
was established
考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“arund 3,500 years ag”可知是过去时态，主语“The first z”和谓语动词establish之间是被动关系，且主语为单数，谓语用单数形式，故填 was established。
Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperr 2. (build) a huge z t shw his pwer and wealth.Later zs were set up fr the purpse f studying animals.
考查谓语动词的时态。句中“Five hundred years later”是表示过去的时间状语，谓语动词需要用过去式，故填 built。
Sme f the early Eurpean zs 3. (cnsist) f dark hles r dirty cages，the bad cnditins f which made peple disgusted.
考查谓语动词的时态。根据上下文可知，此处描述过去的情况，谓语动词用过去式，故填 cnsisted。
Later the zs 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in gd cnditin.These places became the first mdern zs.
were replaced
(were) kept
4.考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语“the zs”和谓语动词replace之间为被动关系，并且是描述过去发生的事，且主语为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填were replaced。5.考查谓语动词的时态和语态。animals与keep之间为被动关系且描述过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态，此处是并列谓语，前面已有be动词were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds f wild animals faced extinctin.
考查谓语动词的时态。“As early as the 1940s”是表示过去的时间状语，谓语动词要用过去式，故填 understd。
Since then，zs 7. (try) t save many endangered species，but relying n zs 8. (save) species is nt enugh.The best methd f prtectin is t leave them in their natural habitat.
have tried/have been trying
7.考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。时间状语为“Since then”，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行，且主语为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填have tried/have been trying。8.考查非谓语动词。rely n sb t d sth依靠某人做某事，故填t save。
Tday，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully fr any signs f disease with specially trained keepers lking after them and sme hspitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a cmfrtable life.
(are) watched
考查谓语动词的时态和语态。 主语animals和谓语动词watch之间是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系，故填(are) watched。
Anyway，it is true that z breeding prgrams 10. (play) an imprtant rle in prtecting many species f wildlife nw.
are playing
考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语nw可知，此处应该使用现在进行时，且主语prgrams是复数，故填are playing。
Passage 2 情态动词与虚拟语气篇I 1. have wrried befre I came t the new schl，fr my classmates here are very friendly t me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.
句意：因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。所以用needn’t。
语篇解读 本文讲述了作者来新学校后的情况。
I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.N ne 3.______ be cmpared with her in dancing.Jack is mre f a talker than a der.
2.句意：我希望我跳舞像她一样好。wish 后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，而且与现在事实相反，所以用danced。3.句意：没有人能跳得和她一样好，表示“能力”用can。
Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (d) smething instead f just talking.Every time I get clse enugh t hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Ha” t them.
did/shuld d
4.It is high time that sb shuld d/did sth到了某人该做某事的时候了。5.句意：每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will表示意愿。
Teachers recmmend that parents 6. (nt，allw) their children under 12 t ride bicycles t schl fr safety.Students 7.______ bey schl rules.
(shuld) nt allw
6.recmmend后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“shuld＋动词原形”，shuld可以省略。7.句意：学生必须要服从校规。must 表示强制。
Every student must wear schl unifrm while at schl.If a student 8.____________(nt，wear) schl unifrm，he wuld be punished immediately.Accrding t the rules，students 9. get grades nt lwer than 85 in any subject in rder t get the schlarship.
didn’t wear
8.因为主句谓语用wuld d，表示对现在的虚拟，所以条件状语从句中谓语用过去式。9.shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应该，必须”。
It is beynd my imaginatin that students here 10. be s crazy abut Harry Ptter series like me.
句意：我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷于《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 shuld在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。
1.时态的交叉使用典例 (2021·浙江6月)艺术展览将于本周在报告厅举行。更具体地说，它从周一开始，将持续至少五天。The art exhibitin falls this week in the lecture hall.T be mre specific，it starts n Mnday and will last 5 days at least.运用 (2022·浙江1月)虽然我对你去年离开中国感到有点遗憾，但我很高兴知道你在家乡过着幸福的生活。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thugh I felt a little srry that yu left China last year，I am pleased t knw yu are leading a happy life in yur hmetwn.
2.利用“主将从现”的规律典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。If I am accepted，I will intrduce Chinese painting skills t visitrs，which can help them knw mre abut Chinese culture.运用 (2021·北京)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
If yu are available next Sunday，I will wait fr yu at the schl gate and I’m sure we will have a gd time tgether.
3.被动语态的适当运用典例 (2021·浙江6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。A fantastic students’ Chinese painting shw was rganized in ur schl art gallery yesterday.运用 (2022·全国乙)很容易看出，选择听英语歌曲和看英文电影的学生的比例分别是65%和50%。_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
It can easily be seen that the percentage f students wh chse listening t English sngs and watching English mvies is respectively 65% and 50%.
4.虚拟语气巧利用(1)if条件句的虚拟典例 (2018·浙江6月)要是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wuldn’t have lst ur way.运用 (2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)如果我没读英文报Yuth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Yuth，I wuldn’t have made such great prgress in English.
(2)利用“It’s high time that...”表虚拟典例 (2022·全国甲)总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。All in all，it is high time that we shuld devte/devted urselves t prtecting the cean.运用 总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In a wrd，it is high time that we shuld raise/raised ur awareness f envirnmental prtectin.
(3)shuld的适当运用典例 (2021·上海)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。I recmmend that yu shuld take the Listening and Speaking curse first fr the fllwing reasns.运用 (2018·全国Ⅱ)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
It is required that anyne wh wants t participate shuld arrive at the lecture hall n time t watch the mvie and take part in the discussin.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。But fr/Withut her help and prfessinal instructin，I culdn’t have made such great prgress in English study.运用 (2020·全国Ⅱ)我们有幸参加了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We were frtunate t take part in the picking activity，therwise we wuldn’t have knwn hw sweet the fruits f labur were.
At first，Jack wasn’t fnd f studying and was addicted t cmputer games.Every time his mther went① t his rm，she fund that he was playing② cmputer games.His father had cndemned③ him many times befre he went t middle schl，s he prmised that he wuld study④ hard and quit cmputer games.It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lt in the past three years.Whenever asked abut Jack’s perfrmance at schl，his mther always answers⑥ prudly，“He has been making⑦ prgress.”He is making⑧ preparatins fr the cllege entrance exam.
考点精讲一——动词的时态
There is n dubt that Jack will be admitted t⑨ a gd cllege if he keeps wrking hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
[规则感悟] ①是一般过去时，结构为谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为wuld＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为have/has＋过去分词。⑥是一般现在时，结构为谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是现在进行时，结构为am/is/are＋现在分词。⑨是一般将来时，结构为will＋动词原形。⑩是将来进行时，结构为will＋be＋现在分词。
1.一般现在时(1)表示现在经常性的、习惯性的、反复的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，ften，smetimes，every day等。I usually d my hmewrk in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作业。(2)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。They’ll stand by yu even if yu dn’t succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现在时)。The teacher tld us the earth mves arund the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。(4)表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等将要发生的动作，只限于g，arrive，leave，start，return，begin，cme，take ff 等动词(短语)。The flight takes ff at 8∶30 every Wednesday and Friday.这个航班每周三和周五8∶30 起飞。(5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。
2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，three years ag，the ther day等时间状语连用。He arrived at schl at 9∶00 am yesterday.他昨天上午九点到学校。(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。He said he wuld tell her the news as sn as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
3.一般将来时(1)“shall/will＋动词原形”表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。It is said that he will retire next mnth.据说他将于下个月退休。—What time is it？——几点了？—I have n idea.But just a minute，I will check it fr yu.——我不知道。请稍等，我帮您查一下。
(2)“be ging t＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Lk at the dark cluds. It is ging t rain.看那些乌云，要下雨了。(3)“be t＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。I am t meet Mr Brwn at eleven ’clck this mrning.今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。
(4)“be abut t＋动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的时间状语连用。Wrk is abut t start n a new factry building.新厂房即将动工。
【对点练习1】1.The curtains are abut t pen，and in a few minutes the actin and dialgue _______(tell) yu the running regularly can’t make yu live frever，the review says it ____ (be) mre effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling r ______(hire) ur bikes frm the rental place at the Suth Gate.My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.(2021·全国甲)
4.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。He is playing basketball n the playgrund.他正在操场上打篮球。(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如g，cme，leave，arrive，start，mve等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。Jhn as well as his sister is setting ff fr Tky tmrrw mrning.约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always，ften，cnstantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。感情色彩可褒可贬。The girl is always talking alud in public.这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话。
5.过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this mrning.今天上午11点格林太太正准备午餐。(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。The teacher came in while the by was reading a nvel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
(3)一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见动词有g，cme，leave，start，arrive。She asked him whether he was cming back fr supper.她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
6.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。Dn’t phne me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。
1.She ___________(play) with the cellphne when her bss walked int the Friday I will g t anther cncert.They ______________(play) smething by Mzart at that time.3.—Hi，let’s g skating.—Srry，I’m busy right nw.I _________(fill) in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.
was playing
will be playing
7.现在完成时(1)表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。He has turned ff the light.(＝The light is ff nw.)他已经关灯了。
(2)表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有lately，recently，until nw，ever since，in the last(past) few days/years，up t nw，s far等。In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hmetwn.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。This/That/It is the that＋现在完成时This/That/It is the best/finest/mst interesting/...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时This is the first time that I have made a speech.这是我第一次做演讲。It is the mst interesting nvel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8.过去完成时 (1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by＋过去时间点，by the end f＋过去时间点，by the time＋从句，until/befre/since＋过去时间点或从句。I had put away my cellphne befre my father came back.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把我的手机收起来了。(2)在，n 等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，n sner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。N sner had they rushed ut f the huse than it burnt dwn.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hpe，expect，mean，intend，want，suppse的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hped t g hme frm wrk ahead f time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
1.Befre getting int the car，I thught I __________________(learn) the instructr’s rders，but nce I started the car，my mind went blank.I frgt what he ________(say) t me raised in a family f teachers，I ________(get) plenty f chances t cnnect myself with literature since a yung age.3.I _____________(expect) t get the first prize in the cntest but the result made me disappinted.
had learned/learnt
had expected
9.过去将来时(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。She said she wuld retire the next year.她说她明年就退休了。I wndered what my sn wuld say the next mment.我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：was/were ging t＋动词原形；was/were t＋动词原形；was/were abut t＋动词原形。was/were ging t＋动词原形表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。He tld me he was ging t get married the next week.他告诉我他打算下周结婚。was/were abut t＋动词原形表示过去即将要发生的动作。常构成句型was/were abut t was abut t say smething mre，and then checked herself.她还想说几句，接着又克制住了自己。
10.现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。All these years they have been cntributing articles t ur magazine.这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。We have been seeing each ther quite a lt recently.最近我们常常见面。
1.—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.—He went t the library after breakfast and ________________(write) his essay there ever Einstein was brn in 1879.As a child，few peple guessed that he ________(be) a famus scientist whse theries ____________(change) the wrld.
has been writing
wuld change
【注意】 除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外，还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态：(1)be ，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句＋and/r＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。(4)It is (high/abut) time that sb...，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或shuld＋动词原形。
1.Silk ____________(becme) ne f the primary gds traded alng the Silk Rad by abut 100 BCE.(2016·浙江)2.It’s high time that we ________________(take) urgent measures t prtect water resurces.3.—Is Peter cming? —N，he ________(change) his mind after a phne call at the last yu give up in winter，yu _________(miss) the hpe f spring，the beauty f summer，and the harvest f autumn in yur life.
tk/shuld take
Xia Ming’s CellphneXia Ming’s cellphne was brken①.I culdn’t get thrugh t him while the cellphne was being repaired②.I wanted t infrm him that he had been admitted③ t the basketball club.Cellphnes are widely used④ nwadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ s frequently that peple have been cntrlled⑥ by them.Smene thinks that cellphnes shuld be restricted⑦ n sme ccasins.
考点精讲二——动词的语态
Xia Ming’s cellphne will be repaired⑧ well sn.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphne will have been brught⑨ hme and will be being used⑩ again.
[规则感悟] ①是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋过去分词。②是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为had been＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。⑥是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为have/has been＋过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为情态动词＋be＋过去分词。⑧是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋过去分词。⑨是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为will＋have been＋过去分词。⑩是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋being＋过去分词。
1.被动语态的用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。—The windw is dirty.—I knw.It hasn’t been cleaned fr weeks.——窗户脏了。——我知道。好几周没擦了。(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。All the emplyees except the manager are encuraged t wrk nline at hme.除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3)某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态： have有；cst花费；lack 缺少；suit 适合；belng t 属于；suffer frm 遭受；date frm/back t 追溯到；cnsist f 由……组成；take part in参加。I bught a bk frm Xinhua bkshp，which cst 15 yuan. 我从新华书店买了一本书，花了15元。She is experimenting with different typewriters t see which ne suits her best.她正在试验不同的打印机，看哪一种最适合她。Lins and tigers belng t the cat family.狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/ccur发生；remain剩下；break ut爆发；last持续；cme ut出版；cme up被提出；lse heart失去信心；run ut用完。An accident happened n the rad last night and five peple were killed.昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。A big fire brke ut in the area last week.上周那个地区发生了一场大火。(5)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。The patient gt treated nce a week.那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2.主动形式表示被动意义的结构(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，ck，draw等，常与well，easily，smthly等副词连用，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。The sign reads as fllws.告示如下。The shirt desn’t wash well.这件衬衫不好洗。Her new bk is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2)系动词如smell，taste，feel，lk，sund，prve等后接形容词作表语。Junk fd tastes delicius but it desn’t cntain enugh nutritin.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。Yur idea sunds wnderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。(3)pen，clse，lck，mve，keep等动词常与wn’t，can’t，wuldn’t 连用。N matter what he did t the dr，it wuldn’t pen.不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。
(4)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词或wrth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The huse needs repairing/t be repaired.这所房子需要修理。The film is really wrth seeing.这部电影的确值得一看。
(5)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，imprtant，impssible，pleasant，interesting等。The prblem is difficult t wrk ut.(可看作t wrk ut前省略了fr me)这道题很难计算。D yu think the water is safe t drink?你认为这水喝着安全吗？
(6)be t blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。Wh is t blame fr the mistake?这个错误应该归咎于谁？
1.Travelling t cnferences，lectures，wrkshps，and the like—frequently by plane—_______________________(view) as imprtant fr scientists t get tgether and exchange infrmatin.(2022·浙江1月)2.My washing machine ________________(repair) this week，s I have t wash my clthes by ，cycling，alng with jgging and swimming，____________(regard) as ne f the best all-rund frms f yu leave the club，yu ________________(nt，allw) back in.
is viewed/has been viewed
is being repaired
is regarded
wn’t be allwed
1.After a three-year pilt perid，the GPNP will be fficially set up next year.The GPNP ___________(design) t reflect the guiding principle f “prtecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) f natural ecsystems...”(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)2.It’s a pity that few students nwadays are keen n reading classics which I think are really wrth _________(read).
is designed
3.The medical team which _______(cnsist) f three dctrs and five nurses has set ff fr Shanghai.4.I was sent t the village last mnth t see hw the develpment plan had ____________(carry) ut in the past tw years.
been carried
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1.语法一致原则I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each ther fr a lng time.T see her every day is② my dream.What I want t d is③ give up my present jb and wrk in her city.Hwever，all my relatives except my uncle bject t④ my idea.Smene tells⑤ me that it is nt wrthwhile t give up my jb，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every mnth.Many a persn thinks⑦ it nt wise t leave the city I am living in.
考点精讲三——主谓一致
[规则感悟] 该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：①根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数。②主语是动词不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。④主语后面跟有with，tgether with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等时，谓语动词的数与这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为smene，anyne，everyne等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。⑦“many a/mre than ne＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.意义一致原则I have been n a diet fr fur mnths.Fur mnths is① nt a shrt time.Thugh a large number f peple dn’t② understand me，the majrity f peple arund me supprt③ me.The ld cnsider④ it unwise t g n a diet，but the yung admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ wrried abut me，but nw they think I can chse t d this as lng as it desn’t harm my health.
[规则感悟] ①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。②“a number f＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。③the majrity f，the rest f，分数/百分数＋f＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。⑤family，grup，team，class，gvernment等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3.就近一致原则There are① many girls having a taste fr sweet fd，but neither my sister nr I am② interested in candies.[规则感悟] ①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。②r，nt als...，，，，等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1.用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物、同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。The pet and writer has cme.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tls.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and frk(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，ecnmics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Natins(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3.“n/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数＋and＋n/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Every man and every wman has a gd reasn t be prud f the wrk dne by their fathers.每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
4.all，the remaining，the part等加主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。The first part f the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.讲座的第一部分很生动，但其余部分非常枯燥。5.“几分之几/百分之几＋f＋名词”作主语时，一般根据f后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。Abut ne third f the bks are wrth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Only 60 percent f the wrk was dne yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。
6.peple，plice，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The plice say they have arrested twenty peple fllwing the disturbances.警方称他们已经在骚乱后逮捕了20个人。7.一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如gds，stairs，arms等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。A number f peple rushed int the supermarket when the gds were sld at a discunt.当商品打折时，很多人涌进了超市。
8.单复数同形的名词，如means，deer，sheep等作主语时，谓语动词单复数要视情况而定。Every means has been tried t cmplete the prject ahead f time.为了提前完成这个项目所有的方法都尝试了。Many deer are dying ut in ur cuntry s we must take effective measures t preserve them.在我国很多鹿快灭绝了，因此我们必须采取有效的措施来保护它们。
9.what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。What he said is far frm the truth.他的话与事实相差太远了。What the schl needs are qualified teachers.这个学校需要的是合格的教师。
10.a quantity f后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities f后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。With mre frests being destryed，huge quantities f gd earth are being washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
11.在倒装句中谓语动词常与后面最接近的主语一致。In the distance was heard the clapping f hands and the shuts f the peple.远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。12.就近原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。Is either Tm r yu t be sent t wrk there?是你还是汤姆要被派去那里工作？
1.The teacher and pet ften ______(give) lectures arund the city.2.I think Tm，rather than yu，___(be) t blame fr the incident；that is t say，yu are but Jim and Mike ___(be) n the playgrund far as I knw，his family __ nt very large but the family ___ all music lvers.(be)5.The pr _____(be) lked dwn upn in the ld days.
6.Neither his parents nr I ___(be) able t persuade him t change his t lud music and rck cncerts ___________(cause) hearing lss in sme teenagers s ___(be) an ld man and tw bys waiting fr yu in the drway.
1.The plan will extend prtectin t a significant number f areas that ______(be) previusly unprtected...(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)2.Ging t Munt Huangshan ________(remind) me f the ppular Beatles’ sng “The Lng and Winding Rad”.(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)3.Often，nly a small part f a museum’s cllectin __(be) n display.Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
考点精讲四——情态动词
1.can/culdMary—M Nancy—NM：Can① yu prnunce this wrd?N：Srry，I can’t①.M：Can/Culd② I use yur dictinary?N：Of curse yu can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictinary?M：Can④ it be in yur drmitry?N：N，it can’t④ be.I never study in my drmitry.M：Culd yu have lent⑤ it t yur deskmate?
N：N，my deskmate culdn’t have brrwed⑤ a dictinary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ tuch her bks withut permissin.M：An rganized persn can⑦ frget things.
[规则感悟] can/culd的意义及用法①can表示能力，意为“能够”。②can表示请求，culd 表示委婉语气。③can表示许可。④can/can’t表推测，意为“可能/不可能”，常用于疑问句或否定句。⑤culd sb have dne...？意为“某人做过某事吗？”，culdn’t have dne意为“不可能做过某事”，表示对过去的推测，用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can’t 表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。
2.may/mightMike—M Teacher—TM：May/Might① I cme in?T：Yes，yu may②.Yu’re almst late，and where is yur deskmate?M：Hmm，I dn’t knw.He may/might③ be n the way t schl.T：He might③ be；that is，he might nt③ be n his way t schl.Mike，yu may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he cme yet?M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might nt have set⑤ the alarm clck.
[规则感悟] may/might的意义及用法①表示请求。②表示许可，不用might。③表示对现在的猜测，might表示语气更不肯定。④may as well“还是……好”。⑤might have dne表示对过去的推测，意为“可能做了某事”。might nt have dne意为“可能没做某事”，常用于疑问句或否定句。
3.mustJane—J Mther—MJ：Mm，must① I take this medicine?M：Yes，yu must①.J：Must① I take it right nw?M：N，yu needn’t②.Yu can take it later.J：But it must be③ bitter.M：I’ve tld yu t wear yur cat，but yu must④ wear yur T-shirt.Besides，yu must have played⑤utdrs.Yu mustn’t⑥ d it again.
[规则感悟] must的意义及用法①must表示必须，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③must be表示对现在的推测，只用于肯定句，意为“一定”。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have dne表示对过去的推测，只用于肯定句中，意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推测。
4.shuldBss—B Jane—J Steven—SB：It’s nine nw and everyne shuld① be here.Where is Steven? He shuld have arrived② ten minutes ag.J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual shuld③ be late fr wrk.B：Here he cmes.Why are yu late，Steven?S：I’m terribly srry，sir.I shuldn’t have drunk② t much cffee last night.I kept my eyes pen until fur ’clck in the mrning.B：A persn like yu shuldn’t drink④ t much cffee.S：Yes，I ught t be punctual as usual.
[规则感悟] shuld的意义及用法①表示推测，意为“按理说应当”。②shuld have dne 意为“本应做而没做”，shuldn’t have dne表示“本不应做却做了”，含有虚拟的意味。③表示“竟然”。④shuld (nt) d sth＝ught (nt) t d sth(不)应该做某事。
5.shallMan—M Wman—WM：Hi，where are yu ging?W：I shall① g t New Yrk.M：Me t！Oh，yur suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it fr yu，Miss？(carrying the suitcase t the wman’s seat and sitting beside the wman)W：Thank yu fr helping me，but it’s required that everyne shall③ sit n his wn seat.M：It desn’t matter.W：Stay away frm me，r I will call the plice.Yu shall④ be srry fr what yu d.Sir，I need yur help.(waving t a pliceman)
[规则感悟] shall的意义及用法①用于第一人称，表示将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示请求。③用于第三人称肯定句，表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称，表示说话人向对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
6.need/dareMike—M Jack—JM：D yu dare t take① yur cellphne t the examinatin rm?J：N，I dare nt d② that；I needn’t d③ that，either.M：Yu study well，s yu dn’t need t cheat④.I am different.J：Stp thinking abut cheating，and yu can’t get away with it.Yu need t⑤ study hard.N pains，n gains.
[规则感悟] need/dare的意义及用法• dare和need用作情态动词时，没有人称和时态的变化，常用于疑问句 和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加nt， 如用法②和③。• dare和need用作实义动词时，有人称和时态的变化，常用于肯定句中。 如果用于疑问句和否定句，需要加助动词d/des，且其后要加(t) d， 如用法①④⑤。• 其用法简单总结为：有助有t，无助无t。
7.will/wuldTm—T Mary—MM：Hw abut the new watch?T：I will① never use it any mre.It just wn’t② give the crrect time.M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.T：At nine ’clck in the mrning？She wuld/used t④ have a nap in the afternn.M：The phne is ringing，but I am busy with my wrk.T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
[规则感悟] will/wuld 的意义及用法①表示意愿。②表示事物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯，意为“常常做某事”。④wuld/used t表示过去的习惯。⑤表示意愿，意志。
1.用于固定习语中can’t/can (无论……也不过分；越……越好)Yu can’t be t careful when crssing a busy street.＝Yu can’t be careful enugh when crssing a busy street.你横穿繁忙的街道的时候，再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。2.can与be able t的区别(1)can只有一般现在时和一般过去时；be able t则有更多的时态。I’ll nt be able t cme this afternn.今天下午我不能来。
(2)当表示“经过努力才得以做成某事”时应用be able t，不能用can。He was able t g t the party yesterday evening in spite f the heavy rain.尽管下大雨，昨天晚上他去参加了聚会。3.must和have t 的区别must是说话人的主观看法，而have t则强调客观需要。must只有一般现在时，have t 有更多的时态形式。I really must g nw.我真的必须现在就走。I had t wrk when I was yur age.我像你这么大的时候不得不工作。
4.ught t的用法ught t意为“应该，应当”，没有人称和数的变化。ught t的否定形式为ught nt t或ughtn’t t，其一般疑问句形式是将ught置于主语前。多数情况下，ught t可与shuld互换使用。Yu shuld/ught t be listening.你应该倾听。
5.wuld与used t的区别(1)wuld表示过去的某种倾向或习惯性动作，常译为“过去常常”。可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，后面接表示动作的动词，不能接表示状态的词。When he wrked there，he wuld have a walk alng the river every mrning.当他在那儿工作的时候，每天早晨他总是沿着小河散步。(2)used t表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。He wuld sit in the park which used t be a factry reading fr hurs.他过去常坐在公园里读几个小时的书，这个公园过去曾经是一个工厂。
6.“情态动词＋have dne”的用法
Since nbdy gave him any help，he must have dne the research n his wn.既然没有人帮助他，他一定是独自做的研究。Culd he have left the wrk unfinished?他可能没有把工作做完吗？—The taxi driver is t blame fr the serius accident.—I can’t agree mre.He shuldn’t have drunk.——出租车司机应为这起严重的事故负责。——我非常赞同。他本不应该喝酒的。(事实上已经喝了)
Yu needn’t have watered the flwers because it wuld rain sn.你本不必浇花的，因为很快会下雨的。(事实上已经浇了)I culd have helped yu but I was busy at that time.我本来可以帮你但是我当时很忙。(事实上没有帮)
用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加nt)1.—I dn’t really like James.Why did yu invite him?—Dn’t wrry.He __________ cme.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.2.I _____ thank yu t much fr all yur help t my sn while we were away frm ______ be ur manager.Our manager has gne t ______ have dne better，but yu didn’t try yur best.
5.I didn’t see her in the meeting rm this mrning.She _________ have spken at the present will nt believe such a gentleman ________ d ________ play with the knife，r yu may hurt _____ be punished fr what yu have ______ have rained last night，fr the rad is quite muddy.10.I _______ have taken the umbrella，fr the weather is fine.
1.It used t be that yu _____ drive fr miles here withut seeing anther persn，but nw there are huses and peple everywhere.(2021·天津3月)2.Yu shuldn’t ____________ (scld) him fr his pr perfrmance.After all，he had dne his best.
have sclded
考点精讲五——虚拟语气
1.wish/wuld rather/as if/if nly从句中的虚拟语气Mr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cld winter.)Z：I wish I had① smething ht t drink.W：I wuld rather I hadn’t invited② yu t g ut.Z：Hw big a fish! If nly I had caught② it.W：If nly yu hadn’t fallen② int the river！If nly we had① dry clthes nw! Nw I wish yur wife wuldn’t blame③ this n me.
[规则感悟] as if好像，wish希望，wuld rather宁可，if nly要是……就好了，这四个词汇后的从句往往用虚拟语气。①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用wuld/culd/might/shuld＋动词原形，wuld rather从句中用一般过去时。
2.条件句中的虚拟语气Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W(in the hspital)Z：What fine weather! If I were nt ill，I wuld g fishing.①W：If yu hadn’t gne fishing yesterday，yu wuldn’t have caught a cld.②Z：I wuld have stayed at hme，but Mr Wang invited me t g.③ He tld me t hurry，therwise I wuldn’t have frgtten t wear warm cats.④
W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault? But fr/Withut Mr Wang，yu wuld have been drwned.⑤Z：Had it nt been fr the big fish，I wuldn’t have fallen int the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I shuld recver tmrrw.⑦
[规则感悟] • ①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况： 对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋ wuld/culd/shuld/ might d... 对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had dne...，主语＋wuld/culd/shuld/ might have dne... 对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/shuld/were t d...，主语＋wuld/ culd/shuld/might d...• ⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装结构： Had＋主语＋dne，主语＋wuld/culd/might have dne...
• ③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，用法如下： 有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或 短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种虚拟语气称为含蓄虚拟条件句。常 用的这类词或短语有withut(要是)没有，but fr要不是，therwise/r 否则，but但是等。句子结构同上面if条件句中的虚拟语气的结构。
3.名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphne and that he (shuld) nt be punished.①The teacher rdered that he (shuld) take ut the cellphne and cmmanded that he (shuld) phne his parents right nw.①Mike requested that the teacher (shuld) nt call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (shuld) give him anther chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (shuld) nt take cellphnes t schl.② Her suggestin/advice was that Mike (shuld) study hard instead f cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/shuld prepare fr the cllege entrance examinatin.④
[规则感悟] • 某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语用(shuld＋)动 词原形。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令” (rder/cmmand)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建 议”(suggest/advise/recmmend/prpse)。• 上述动词用于“It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句”时，从句使用虚拟语 气，即谓语用(shuld＋)动词原形，如②。
• 上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestin，advice等，其后的表 语从句或同位语从句也用虚拟语气，即谓语用(shuld＋)动词原形， 如③。• It is (high/abut) time that sb did/shuld d sth也是常见的虚拟语气形 式，如④。
4.It is/was＋adj.＋that sb (shuld) d...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb (shuld) teacher：It is imprtant/essential/necessary that yu (shuld) learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I (shuld) learn English well.
[规则感悟] 在It is/was＋形容词(imprtant，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(shuld＋)动词原形”。
1.虚拟条件句的省略与倒装if条件句中有were，had或shuld时，可以省略if，并把were，had或shuld放在主语前，构成倒装结构。If I were in yur psitin，I wuld d the same.→Were I in yur psitin，I wuld d the same.假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样做的。
If yu had cme earlier，yu wuld have caught the bus.→Had yu cme earlier，yu wuld have caught the bus.如果你来得早些，你就会赶上公共汽车了。If it shuld rain tmrrw，we wuld nt g climbing.→Shuld it rain tmrrw，we wuld nt g climbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。
2.错综时间虚拟条件句当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。If yu had listened t the teacher yesterday，yu wuldn’t suffer s much nw.如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
3.当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。The smile n his face suggested that he was satisfied with ur wrk.他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。The ld man insisted that he was nt ill and that he (shuld) nt be sent t hspital.这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
1.The Antarctica is s mysteriusly described by sme peple.If nly I _________(be) there befre!2.Our nly request is that this ________________(settle) as sn as pssible.3.I believe he must have had an accident；therwise he _______________________(arrive) n it ____________________________(rain) tmrrw，they wuld nt g ut fr a picnic.
(shuld) be settled
shuld rain/were t rain/rained
5.If yu ___________(take) my advice，yu wuld nt have failed in the I wish every student _____(have) a scientific and systematic study methd！
1.If I hadn’t been faced with s many barriers，I ___________(nt，be) where I am.(2020·江苏)2.I wish my mther ___________(stp) interfering and let me make my wn father suggests that I ___________(get) enugh sleep befre the final husband is always talking abut the ecnmy，but I’d rather he _______(fcus) mre n ur children’s educatin.
(shuld) get
1.It is the first time that my sn ________(meet) Zhng Nanshan，the renwned Chinese her，face t girl ______(shake) her head happily，and the pt f milk n her head immediately fell nt the father，as well as his kids，___________(discuss) where t spend the weekend fat and salt ___________(remve) frm fd，the fd tastes as if it is missing smething.
is discussing
5.By the time Jack returned hme frm England，his sn _____________(graduate) frm the beautiful views f this mdern city r its lcal custm ______________(attract) thusands f visitrs during the past factry used 65 percent f the raw materials，the rest f which _____(be) saved fr ther big huse _______(belng) t Mr Smith，wh is a manager in a big cmpany.
had graduated
has attracted
9.Jenny _______ have kept her wrd.I wnder why she changed her ___________(wrk) in the lab when the pwer cut ccurred.
1.On a website called N Fly Climate Sci，fr example，rughly 200 academics—many f them climate scientists—______________(prmise) t fly as little as pssible since the effrt started tw years ag.(2022·浙江1月)2.Henry ___________(fix) his car when he heard the screams.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ) 3.He quickly _______(thrw) his tls aside，and started running，arms ut.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)
have prmised
4.The Xi’an City Wall is the mst cmplete city wall that has survived China’s lng histry.It _________(build) riginally t prtect the city in the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred(修复).(2021·全国甲)5.As it _________(cnnect) things，yur brain turns them int a stry，and yu get a dream.(2021·北京)6.Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated，he ____________________(ffer) jbs by a dzen cmputer cmpanies.(2021·天津)
had been ffered
7.Gd evening，everybdy.Prfessr King _________________________(deliver) his lecture in a mment，but let me intrduce him first.(2021·天津)8.Currently，abut 35,000 wrks ___________________(display) in ver 300 rms in the Luvre，and it wuld take a lifetime t see everything.(2021·天津)9.Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brwn University，says，“because it ______(mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn _____________(cnstruct).”(2020·全国Ⅰ)
will deliver/will be delivering
are being displayed
is cnstructed
10.Amy，as well as her brthers，__________(give) a warm welcme when returning t the village last week.(2019·天津6月)
Passage 1 时态与主谓一致篇The first z 1. (establish) arund 3,500 years ag by an Egyptian queen fr her persnal enjyment.
was established
考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“arund 3,500 years ag”可知是过去时态，主语“The first z”和谓语动词establish之间是被动关系，且主语为单数，谓语用单数形式，故填 was established。
Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperr 2. (build) a huge z t shw his pwer and wealth.Later zs were set up fr the purpse f studying animals.
考查谓语动词的时态。句中“Five hundred years later”是表示过去的时间状语，谓语动词需要用过去式，故填 built。
Sme f the early Eurpean zs 3. (cnsist) f dark hles r dirty cages，the bad cnditins f which made peple disgusted.
考查谓语动词的时态。根据上下文可知，此处描述过去的情况，谓语动词用过去式，故填 cnsisted。
Later the zs 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in gd cnditin.These places became the first mdern zs.
were replaced
(were) kept
4.考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语“the zs”和谓语动词replace之间为被动关系，并且是描述过去发生的事，且主语为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填were replaced。5.考查谓语动词的时态和语态。animals与keep之间为被动关系且描述过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态，此处是并列谓语，前面已有be动词were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds f wild animals faced extinctin.
考查谓语动词的时态。“As early as the 1940s”是表示过去的时间状语，谓语动词要用过去式，故填 understd。
Since then，zs 7. (try) t save many endangered species，but relying n zs 8. (save) species is nt enugh.The best methd f prtectin is t leave them in their natural habitat.
have tried/have been trying
7.考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。时间状语为“Since then”，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行，且主语为复数，谓语用复数形式，故填have tried/have been trying。8.考查非谓语动词。rely n sb t d sth依靠某人做某事，故填t save。
Tday，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully fr any signs f disease with specially trained keepers lking after them and sme hspitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a cmfrtable life.
(are) watched
考查谓语动词的时态和语态。 主语animals和谓语动词watch之间是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系，故填(are) watched。
Anyway，it is true that z breeding prgrams 10. (play) an imprtant rle in prtecting many species f wildlife nw.
are playing
考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语nw可知，此处应该使用现在进行时，且主语prgrams是复数，故填are playing。
Passage 2 情态动词与虚拟语气篇I 1. have wrried befre I came t the new schl，fr my classmates here are very friendly t me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.
句意：因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。所以用needn’t。
语篇解读 本文讲述了作者来新学校后的情况。
I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.N ne 3.______ be cmpared with her in dancing.Jack is mre f a talker than a der.
2.句意：我希望我跳舞像她一样好。wish 后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，而且与现在事实相反，所以用danced。3.句意：没有人能跳得和她一样好，表示“能力”用can。
Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (d) smething instead f just talking.Every time I get clse enugh t hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Ha” t them.
did/shuld d
4.It is high time that sb shuld d/did sth到了某人该做某事的时候了。5.句意：每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will表示意愿。
Teachers recmmend that parents 6. (nt，allw) their children under 12 t ride bicycles t schl fr safety.Students 7.______ bey schl rules.
(shuld) nt allw
6.recmmend后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“shuld＋动词原形”，shuld可以省略。7.句意：学生必须要服从校规。must 表示强制。
Every student must wear schl unifrm while at schl.If a student 8.____________(nt，wear) schl unifrm，he wuld be punished immediately.Accrding t the rules，students 9. get grades nt lwer than 85 in any subject in rder t get the schlarship.
didn’t wear
8.因为主句谓语用wuld d，表示对现在的虚拟，所以条件状语从句中谓语用过去式。9.shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应该，必须”。
It is beynd my imaginatin that students here 10. be s crazy abut Harry Ptter series like me.
句意：我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷于《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 shuld在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。
1.时态的交叉使用典例 (2021·浙江6月)艺术展览将于本周在报告厅举行。更具体地说，它从周一开始，将持续至少五天。The art exhibitin falls this week in the lecture hall.T be mre specific，it starts n Mnday and will last 5 days at least.运用 (2022·浙江1月)虽然我对你去年离开中国感到有点遗憾，但我很高兴知道你在家乡过着幸福的生活。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thugh I felt a little srry that yu left China last year，I am pleased t knw yu are leading a happy life in yur hmetwn.
2.利用“主将从现”的规律典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)如果我被接受的话，我会把中国画的技巧介绍给参观者，这将帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。If I am accepted，I will intrduce Chinese painting skills t visitrs，which can help them knw mre abut Chinese culture.运用 (2021·北京)如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们会在一起玩得很开心。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
If yu are available next Sunday，I will wait fr yu at the schl gate and I’m sure we will have a gd time tgether.
3.被动语态的适当运用典例 (2021·浙江6月)昨天，在我们学校美术馆，举办了一场精彩的学生中国画展览。A fantastic students’ Chinese painting shw was rganized in ur schl art gallery yesterday.运用 (2022·全国乙)很容易看出，选择听英语歌曲和看英文电影的学生的比例分别是65%和50%。_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
It can easily be seen that the percentage f students wh chse listening t English sngs and watching English mvies is respectively 65% and 50%.
4.虚拟语气巧利用(1)if条件句的虚拟典例 (2018·浙江6月)要是我没有追那只兔子，我们就不会迷路了。If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wuldn’t have lst ur way.运用 (2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)如果我没读英文报Yuth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Yuth，I wuldn’t have made such great prgress in English.
(2)利用“It’s high time that...”表虚拟典例 (2022·全国甲)总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。All in all，it is high time that we shuld devte/devted urselves t prtecting the cean.运用 总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In a wrd，it is high time that we shuld raise/raised ur awareness f envirnmental prtectin.
(3)shuld的适当运用典例 (2021·上海)我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。I recmmend that yu shuld take the Listening and Speaking curse first fr the fllwing reasns.运用 (2018·全国Ⅱ)按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
It is required that anyne wh wants t participate shuld arrive at the lecture hall n time t watch the mvie and take part in the discussin.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。But fr/Withut her help and prfessinal instructin，I culdn’t have made such great prgress in English study.运用 (2020·全国Ⅱ)我们有幸参加了这次采摘活动，否则我们不知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We were frtunate t take part in the picking activity，therwise we wuldn’t have knwn hw sweet the fruits f labur were.
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