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2024年高考英语一轮复习课件（新人教版） 第2部分 语法专题 专题一 第2讲 非谓语动词
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这是一份2024年高考英语一轮复习课件（新人教版） 第2部分 语法专题 专题一 第2讲 非谓语动词，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了对点练习，to have，spending，decorated，faced，reviewing，注意 ，to walk ，educated，forming等内容，欢迎下载使用。
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
1.不定式的用法Xia Ming wants t becme① a basketball star and his dream is t play② basketball in the NBA.But he has s much hmewrk t d③.In rder t have④ mre time t play③ basketball，Xia Ming decides t study① hard t get④ a high scre.He really hpes that his father will allw him t play⑤ basketball every day.T make his dream cme true⑥ is nt easy.
[规则感悟] 动词的不定式形式在句子中作什么成分：①作宾语 ②作表语 ③作定语 ④作状语 ⑤作宾补 ⑥作主语
2.动词-ing形式的用法Reading① is ne f Xia Meng’s hbbies.Since she was a child，she has been dreaming f becming② a writer.Last mnth，she read a bk describing③ lve between a prince and a sleeping④beauty—a girl whse gift was slving⑤ difficult prblems in her dreams.The girl ften fund herself slving⑥ prblems while sleeping⑦ sundly，making⑧ her partners shcked.The bk is very interesting⑤.Xia Meng really enjys reading② the nvel and imagines slving② difficult prblems in her wn dreams.
[规则感悟] 动词-ing形式在句子中作什么成分：①作主语 ②作宾语 ③作后置定语 ④作前置定语 ⑤作表语 ⑥作宾补 ⑦⑧作状语
3.过去分词的用法Praised① by my teacher，I felt pleased②.The reasn why I was praised was that I picked up a lst③ cellphne and returned it t the wner.The incident made my parents amazed④.[规则感悟] 动词的过去分词形式在句子中作什么成分：①作状语 ②作表语 ③作定语 ④作宾补
考点精讲一——非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
Hearing hw thers react t the bk yu have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。It’s time I gt dwn t thinking abut that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。Asked what had happened，he lwered his head.问他发生了什么事的时候，他低下了头。Tm tk a taxi t the airprt，nly t find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
Having been ignred fr a lng time，the by sitting at the back felt bred and went ut.因长时间被忽视，坐在后面的那个男孩感到枯燥就出去了。There are still many prblems t be slved befre we are ready fr a lng stay n the Mn.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。Charles Babbage is generally cnsidered t have invented the first cmputer.人们一致认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。
1.Activities there range frm whale watching t hiking(远足) and accmmdatins aim_______(have) a lw impact n the natural envirnment.(2021·全国乙)2.After _________ (spend) sme time lking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time fr sme actin and what better than t ride n a piece f histry! (2021·全国甲)3.They make great gifts and yu see them many times _________(decrate) with red envelpes and messages f gd frtune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
4.Accrding t the study，when _______(face) with the new challenges，fast walkers are mre likely t be active while quiet peple tend t walk mre high schl students want t get int famus universities and they spend mst f their time __________(review) lessns.
考点精讲二——非谓语动词作主语、表语和宾语
1.非谓语动词作主语(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。T see is t believe.眼见为实。It is right t give up smking.戒烟是正确的。
在“It is/was＋adj.＋fr/f sb t d sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用f，此时形容词常为kind，nice，flish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用fr。It is generus f him t cntribute s much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。It was imprtant fr us t live a lw-carbn life.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
(2)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在谓语动词前，有时用it作形式主语。Playing with fire is dangerus.玩火会很危险。【注意】 下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (f...)/n use/n gd ding sthIt is n use cmplaining withut taking actin.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。It is n gd cming befre that.在那之前来没有用。
2.非谓语动词作表语(1)不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。My dream is t enter Peking University.我的梦想是考入北京大学。My jb is t clean the rms every day.我的工作是每天打扫房间。(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。Our jb is playing all kinds f music.我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
(3)现在分词、过去分词也可以作表语，现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”；而过去分词作表语意为“人感到……的”。It’s well knwn that a tiger lks very frightening.众所周知，老虎看起来令人很害怕。We were mved at the news that he had died fr the mtherland.听到他为国捐躯的消息，我们都很感动。
3.非谓语动词作宾语(1)不定式作宾语①常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
My English teacher prmised t lend sme bks t me.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。We agreed t meet at the schl gate.我们一致同意在校门口见面。②动词tell，shw，understand，knw，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。Please tell me when t start the prject.请告诉我何时开始这个项目。③在某些动词如find，think，cnsider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。We think it ur duty t prtect the envirnment.我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
(2)动名词作宾语①常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：
He tried t avid answering my questins.他试图对我的问题避而不答。We nly missed seeing each ther by five minutes.我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。My mther culdn’t help smiling when she heard the gd news.听到那个好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。②介词后要跟动名词作宾语，但是介词but后跟不定式作宾语。In 1993，China used 1.2 billin tns f cal fr heating and generating electricity.1993年，中国烧掉了12亿吨煤用于供热和发电。
After eating in her restaurant peple wuld becme tired very quickly.人们在她的餐馆里吃过饭以后，很快就会感到疲乏。They had n chice but t wait here.他们别无选择只有在这儿等待。③由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used t (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist n (坚持)，get dwn t (开始)，(致力于……)，bject t (反对)，stick t (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。With many reference materials in hand，he gt dwn t writing his graduatin thesis.手头有许多参考资料，他开始写毕业论文。
(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
mean t d sth打算做某事mean ding sth意味着做某事
frget t d sth忘记要去做某事(未做)frget ding sth忘记做过某事(已做过或已发生)
regret t d sth对要做的事感到遗憾(未做)regret ding sth对做过的事后悔(已做)
try t d sth努力去做某事try ding sth尝试做某事
g n t d sth继续做另一件事g n ding sth继续做原来做的事
remember t d sth记住去做某事(未做)remember ding sth记得做过某事(已做)
I meant t give yu this bk tday，but I frgt.我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。Missing this train means waiting fr anther hur.错过这辆火车意味着得再等一小时。
4.在need，want，require等后表示被动意义，不定式要用被动语态，动名词不需要。My bike needs t be repaired.＝My bike needs repairing.我的自行车需要修理。
1.It is pssible _______(walk) r bike the entire 14 kilmeters.(2021·全国甲)2.It is different frm traditinal turism because it allws the traveler t becme ________(educate) abut the areas.(2021·全国乙)3.It is widely believed that ________(frm) a gd habit will benefit us all ur Peter speaks in public，he always has truble __________(think) f the right things t say.
5.We paced arund t avid ________(get) frstbite(冻伤) as the temperature stayed clse t －30 ℃ and ur drill batteries became t cld t experts all agree that the present ecnmic situatin is ___________(encurage).
考点精讲三——非谓语动词作定语
1.不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作；不定式的被动式t be dne作定语表示将来、被动的动作。Yu are suppsed t take this pprtunity t realize yur dream.你应该抓住这个机会去实现你的梦想。The questin t be discussed at the meeting is very imprtant.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。He had n pen t write with s he had t brrw ne frm his neighbur.他没有钢笔写字，不得不从邻居那儿借了一支。(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last，the nly等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。He is always the first t arrive at the schl and the last t leave the schl.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hpe，wish，fact，excuse，prmise，attempt，way等。The ability t express an idea is as imprtant as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2.分词作定语(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成或状态时，用过去分词。The park was full f peple enjying themselves in the sunshine.公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
We must keep a secret f the things being discussed here.我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)The players selected frm the whle cuntry are expected t bring us hnr in this summer game.人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)fallen leaves落叶(表完成)
3.动名词作定语动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。a walking stick拐杖a reading rm阅览室a sleeping car卧铺车
1.The matter _______________(discuss) nw is s imprtant that it will attract everyne’s a large family ___________(supprt)，he tk up tw part-time jbs in his spare Day，________(mark) n 22 April，is an annual event aiming t raise public awareness abut envirnmental ，it is quite nrmal fr an average persn ________(live) in a city t see thusands f ads every single day.
being discussed
考点精讲四——非谓语动词作状语
1.不定式作状语(1)作目的状语不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in rder或s as，但s as t不能用于句首。T pass the cllege entrance exam，we must wrk hard.为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。The bus stpped in rder t/s as t pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
(2)作结果状语不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构：nly t(不料……)、enugh t(足够……)、(太……而不能……)、 t...(如此……以至于……)等。Tm hurried back nly t find that his mther had left.汤姆匆忙赶回来，结果却发现他的母亲已经离开了。He is clever enugh t wrk ut the difficult maths prblem.他足够聪明，能解决这道数学难题。
I’m t tired t stay up any lnger.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。
(3)作原因状语形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋t d”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有srry，surprised，disappinted，excited，glad，happy，anxius，delighted，pleased，flish等。We were astnished t find the temple still in its riginal cnditin.我们吃惊地发现，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
【注意】 还有一类形容词如easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，cmfrtable，heavy，gd，imprtant，impssible，dangerus等，表示主语的特征或性质，后面也常用不定式作状语，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。The mrning air is s gd t breathe that he gets up early every day.早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。This bk is difficult t understand.这本书很难理解。
2.分词作状语分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。(1)作时间状语相当于when，while，befre，since，as引导的时间状语从句。Translated int English，the sentence was fund t have an entirely different wrd rder.＝When the sentence was translated int English，it was fund t have an entirely different wrd rder.当这个句子被译成英语时，人们发现它有一个完全不同的语序。
(2)作原因状语相当于because，since，as引导的原因状语从句。①Nt understanding this prblem，he asked the teacher abut it.＝Because he didn’t understand this prblem，he asked the teacher abut it.因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。②Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discuraged.＝Because he was defeated by his deskmate，he felt discuraged.由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。
(3)作条件状语相当于if，unless等引导的条件状语从句。Given anther hur，I can als wrk ut this prblem.＝If I’m given anther hur，I can als wrk ut the prblem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。Mre highways have been built in China，making it much easier fr peple t travel frm ne place t anther.中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。
(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。One evening Harry phned me，asking me t cme t his flat as sn as pssible.＝One evening Harry phned me，and he asked me t cme t his flat as sn as pssible.一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。
(6)作让步状语相当于thugh，althugh，even if等引导的让步状语从句。Warned f the danger，he still went skating n the thin ice.＝Thugh he was warned f the danger，he still went skating n the thin ice.虽然被警告有危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
【注意】 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如：lst(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(隐瞒的)、lst/absrbed(沉迷于……的)、dressed(穿着……的)、tired(对……感到厌倦的)、excited(兴奋的)等。Absrbed in his bk，he didn’t ntice me enter the rm.专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。Dressed in red，she lks mre beautiful.穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
3.独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
Generally speaking，the rule is very easy t understand.一般来说，这条规则很容易懂。Judging frm his accent，he is frm Hng Kng.从口音判断，他是香港人。T tell yu the truth，I am a little tired.说实话，我有点累。
4.独立主格结构(1)构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(2)特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；
③它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。Much wrk t d tnight(＝As there will be much wrk t d tnight)，we can’t g t see the film.今晚有很多活要干，我们不能去看电影。Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，they will g n an uting t the beach tmrrw.如果天气允许的话，他们明天将去海滩郊游。He was lying n the grass，his hands crssed under his head(＝and his hands were crssed under his head).他头枕着交叉的双手躺在草地上。
1.Later，they learned t wrk with the seasns，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，__________ (make) use f annual flds t irrigate(灌溉) their researchers hpe t use the instruments n-bard Chang’e-4 _______(find) and study areas f the Suth Ple-Aitken __________(permit)，yu can pay a visit t sme places f interest in (cmplete) in 1931，the Empire State Building，the highest skyscraper until 1954，inspired the imaginatin f the wrld.
5.I lve t g sightseeing wrldwide，always ___________(absrb) in the culture f every cuntry I (see) the Great Wall wind its way ver the muntains，all f us felt really amazed.
考点精讲五——非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1.后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词及动词短语(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋t d”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：advise建议 allw 允许 ask 询问；要求 beg恳求 cause 导致 encurage 鼓励 permit准许 frbid 禁止 frce 强迫 intend打算 invite 邀请 rder 命令；要求 persuade说服 prefer 更喜欢 require 需要；要求 teach教 remind 提醒 tell 告诉 want想要 warn 警告 wish 希望；想要 wait fr等待 call n 号召；要求 depend n 依靠 urge 催促；力劝
She patiently explained all the rules t the students and required everyne t fllw them.她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则并要求每个人都遵守这些规则。The dctr warned him nt t eat t much meat.医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。He depends n yu t help him with his English.他指望你帮助他学英语。
(2)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：sb be said/believed/knwn/reprted/cnsidered/thught＋t d/t have dne/t be dne/t be ding/t have been dne sthHe is said t have been cheated in the street.据说，他在大街上被骗了。The accident is reprted t have killed tw peple.据报道，那次事故中有两人丧生。
2.非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，bserve，lk at，ntice，hear，listen t，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：
ding sth看见……正做……d sth看见……做了……
宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系
being dne看见……正在被做dne看见……被做
宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系
I saw him leave a few minutes ag.我看见他几分钟前离开了。As I gt clser，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，并且呼吸沉重。Back frm his tw-year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy t see his mther taken gd care f at hme.从非洲医疗服务两年回来后，李医生十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
[注意] “感官动词＋宾语＋省略t的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时需加t。The thief was bserved t enter the bank.(被动语态)有人看见小偷进了银行。
(2)使役动词make，let，have，get后接复合宾语的情况：
The teacher made sme students stay in the classrm after schl.老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。He tried t make himself understd.他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚。
be dne让……被做⇒
Dn’t let yur child play with matches.别让你的孩子玩火柴。Let the wrk be dne immediately.立刻把工作做完。
d sth让……做某事ding sth
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。My car brke dwn n my way t wrk and I will have it repaired tmrrw.我的车在上班的路上坏了，明天要找人修一下。
【注意】 (1)“使役动词＋宾语＋省略t的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时也需加t。He was made t wrk day and night，s he was very tired f the jb.他被迫日夜工作，所以他非常厌倦这项工作。(2)have sb ding sth用于否定句中，常与can’t，wn’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。I wn’t have yu speaking t yur dad like that.我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
t d sth使……做ding sth使……开始做
She gt her bike running very fast.她把自行车骑得飞快。I’ll get my bike repaired tmrrw.我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。3.动词leave，keep，find，catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况
sb/sth ding sth让某人/物一直处于某种状态
宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行
宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动和完成，宾补一般多为undne，unfinished，unsettled，untuched，etc.
sth undne留下某事未做
sb t d sth让某人去做某事sth t be dne留下某事要做
动词不定式表示将来的动作
sb/sth ding sth让某人/物一直做某事
表示被动且完成，或表示状态
sb/sth dne使某人/物被……
sb/sth t be...
sb ding发现某人正在做……sb/sth dne
发现某人/物 已经……
(4)catch sb ding sth撞见某人正在做某事The guests left mst f the dishes untuched, because they didn’t taste delicius.大部分的菜客人们都没有动，因为它们不可口。They use cmputers t keep the traffic running smthly.他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。The hall was fund thrughly cleaned and everything arranged in gd rder.人们发现礼堂彻底地被打扫了，一切都布置得井井有条。
I caught him smking in the bathrm.我撞见他在浴室里抽烟。4.“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构(1)with＋名词/代词＋现在分词，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行He lay n the grass with his eyes lking at the sky.他躺在草地上，眼睛望着天空。(2)with＋名词/代词＋过去分词，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态With his hair cut，he lked much yunger.理了发，他看起来年轻多了。
(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式，不定式表示动作尚未发生With a lt f hmewrk t d，I can’t g skating with yu.因为有很多作业要做，我不能和你一起去滑冰。
1.And when he saw the mists rising frm the river and the sft cluds ____________(surrund) the muntain tps，he was reduced t tears.(2020·全国Ⅲ)2.It’s typical f him t leave the water _________(run) while he is brushing his median(中位数的) age f an American in 1950 was 30—tday it is 41 and is expected ___________(increase) t 42 by the party，the pretty girl wre a very attractive skirt t make herself ________(ntice).
5.The park was full f beauty，with the sun shining and birds _________(sing).
1._________(knw) that yu are cming t visit ne f yur Chinese friends，I’m writing t infrm yu f sme custms yu shuld pay attentin (ffer) the pprtunity t speak at the graduatin ceremny made me was reprted _______________(receive) 80,000 yuan fr ffering a fur-Chinese-character answer n a pay-fr-knwledge (shw) arund the classrms，we were taken t see the library.
Being ffered
t have received
Having been shwn
5.The whle city lay in ruins after the earthquake，_______(make) us awake all night.
1.The Qinling Muntains have becme the easiest place n Earth ____________(encunter) wild being tw gals behind Suth Krea in the first half，the Chinese wmen’s natinal ftball team gt three in the secnd half with tw gals _______(scre) in just five up early in the mrning，________(put) n warm clthes and waiting in a lng line utside a stre t buy newly-made yuanxia is a ceremny fr me and ensures I will have anther sweet year.
4.Scientists frm Madagascar invested up t 12 years in the frest _________(recrd) sngs f the 20 indri grups，and fund the presence f rhythms featuring in human recent years，biang biang ndles and its assciated custm have becme mre widely knwn acrss China，______ (drive) in part by scial media interest in the made-up “biang” July，it’s estimated that Shennngjia will be linked t a newly built high-speed railway，_________ (make) the muntainus regin mre accessible.
7.Peple can simply dwnlad apps that allw them _______(make) free vide calls and send messages t ther peple arund the wrld. 8.She felt very glad as the testing prgram in the venue，_________(knw) as the “Ice Ribbn”，was ging as smthly as the athletes skated n the gleaming pwerful and natural springs __________(assciate) with Yellwstne’s identity and picture landscape brught Yellwstne its fame.
10.After taking the lessn，I nw understand the difficulty f calligraphy and that it will take effrts and cmmitment __________(master) this art frm.
1.That apprach brught Cbb’s air travel last year dwn by 75%，and she plans __________(cntinue) the practice.(2022·浙江1月)2.A visually-challenged man frm Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days t Xi’an，as a first step ___________(jurney) the Belt and Rad rute(路线) by ft.(2022·全国甲)
3.Inspired by the Belt and Rad Frum fr Internatinal Cperatin ______(hld) in Beijing，Ca decided t cver the rute by hiking as a tribute(致敬) t the ancient Silk Rad.(2022·全国甲)4.He flew 4,700 kilmeters frm Xi’an t Kashgar n Sept.20，________ (plan) t hike back t Xi’an in five mnths.(2022·全国甲)5._____________(strengthen) the cnnectin with yung peple，the event included a number f public prmtinal activities n scial media，________(invite) twenty-nine tea prfessinals frm arund the wrld t have thirty-six hurs f uninterrupted live bradcasts.(2022·全国乙)
T strengthen
6._________(cver) an area abut three times the size f Yellwstne Natinal Park，the GPNP will be ne f the first natinal parks in the cuntry.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)7.Eric wke up a little later when he heard children playing utside.He pushed a chair nt the balcny，and climbed up _______(see) them.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)8.There has been a dramatic rise in the number f extreme weather events ver the past 20 years，________(cause) largely by rising glbal temperatures，accrding t a new reprt frm the United Natins.(2021·北京)
9.This may be due t sme disadvantages fr peple _______(live) in the cuntryside，including lwer levels f incme and educatin，higher csts f healthy fds，and fewer sprts facilities.(2021·浙江1月)10.China’s Natinal Highway 318，__________(extend) ver 5,000 kilmeters frm Shanghai t Zhangmu，Tibet，is knwn as the “heavenly rad” fr its amazing views.(2021·天津3月)
1. (g) t Munt Huangshan reminds me f the ppular Beatles’ sng “The Lng and Winding Rad”.
考查非谓语动词作主语。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，本空为主语且表示主动的、一般性的动作，故应用动词的-ing形式作主语。
语篇解读 本文讲述了作者爬黄山的见闻和感受。
What is s breathtaking abut the experience is the ut-f-this-wrld scenes.The rlling sea f cluds yu see nce yu are at the tp will remind yu hw tiny we humans 2. (be).
考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知用一般现在时，且主语we humans是复数，谓语用are。
The ht spring at the ft f the muntain is smething yu must try after the climb.It will undubtedly help yu get 3. (refresh)!
考查非谓语动词作表语。get refreshed构成系表结构。
The 4. (amaze) thing abut the spring is that the clder the temperature 5. (get)，the htter the spring!
4.考查非谓语动词作定语。修饰thing表示“令人惊奇的”，故用-ing形式作定语。5.考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句意以及上下文时态可知，此处用一般现在时，且主语the temperature为第三人称单数，故填gets。
Strange，isn’t it? But that’s hw nature is—always leaving us 6.__________(astnish).
考查非谓语动词作宾补。本空在“leave＋复合宾语”结构中作宾补，且根据语境可知，这里指的是使我们“感到惊讶”，故填astnished。
What cmes next is the endless series f steps.Yu can’t help 7.__________(wnder) hw hard it was fr the peple then 8. (put) all thse rcks int place.
7.考查非谓语动词作宾语。can’t help ding sth忍不住做某事。8.考查不定式作主语。此处为 it is/was＋adj.＋fr sb＋t d sth的变式，it为形式主语，t d 为真正的主语。
Thugh it is the nly unnatural thing n yur way up the muntain，still it highlights the whle adventure and ffers a place where yu can sit dwn t rest yur 9. (ache) legs.
考查非谓语动词作定语。本空在句中作定语，ache与中心词legs之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词aching。
As the sng ges，this lng and winding rad “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitr’s memry.It sure des in mine.While yu’re in China，Munt Huangshan is a must 10. (visit)!
考查非谓语动词作定语。此处must用作名词，指“必须要做的一件事”，需用动词不定式作定语。
1.作主语或介宾用ding——不犯简单错误典例 (2022·浙江1月)说服他接受我的观点是不可能的，所以我不想浪费时间来讨论。Persuading him int accepting my views was impssible，s I didn’t want t waste my time discussing.运用 (2021·天津3月)在蒙古草原和那里的人一起体验生活将是一个很好的选择，以开阔我的视野。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Experiencing life n the Mnglia grassland with peple there will be a gd chice t braden my hrizns.
2.作状语用分词生动简练(1)ding作状语，表示句子主语和该动词为主谓(主动)关系。典例 (2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)大卫听了我的话，露出了灿烂的笑容，站起来朝起跑线走去。Hearing my wrds，David beamed a big smile，std up and mved twards the starting line.运用 (2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)父亲轻轻地拍着他们的肩膀，用温柔的声音说：“亲爱的，爱才是最重要的。让我们一起做吧。”____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Patting them gently n the shulders，the father said in a warm vice，“Darling，it is lve that cunts.Let’s d this tgether.”
(2)dne作状语，表示句子主语和该动词为动宾(被动)关系，或者表示主语所处的某种状态。典例 (2020·浙江7月)被这只熊不停地用力推，篱笆很快就散架了。Pushed hard cnstantly by the bear，the fence sn fell apart.运用 (2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)虽然筋疲力尽，但是大卫到达了终点线，所有的学生都为他欢呼。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Wrn ut，David reached the finishing line and all the students cheered fr him.
3.表目的，不定式适当提前典例 (2022·全国甲)而且，为了呼吁更多的人来保护海洋，我们还可以发传单。What’s mre，t call n mre peple t prtect the cean，we can als hand ut leaflets.运用 (2021·上海)为了更高效地学习英语，你最好选择听说课程。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T learn English mre efficiently，yu had better chse the Listening and Speaking curse.
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
1.不定式的用法Xia Ming wants t becme① a basketball star and his dream is t play② basketball in the NBA.But he has s much hmewrk t d③.In rder t have④ mre time t play③ basketball，Xia Ming decides t study① hard t get④ a high scre.He really hpes that his father will allw him t play⑤ basketball every day.T make his dream cme true⑥ is nt easy.
[规则感悟] 动词的不定式形式在句子中作什么成分：①作宾语 ②作表语 ③作定语 ④作状语 ⑤作宾补 ⑥作主语
2.动词-ing形式的用法Reading① is ne f Xia Meng’s hbbies.Since she was a child，she has been dreaming f becming② a writer.Last mnth，she read a bk describing③ lve between a prince and a sleeping④beauty—a girl whse gift was slving⑤ difficult prblems in her dreams.The girl ften fund herself slving⑥ prblems while sleeping⑦ sundly，making⑧ her partners shcked.The bk is very interesting⑤.Xia Meng really enjys reading② the nvel and imagines slving② difficult prblems in her wn dreams.
[规则感悟] 动词-ing形式在句子中作什么成分：①作主语 ②作宾语 ③作后置定语 ④作前置定语 ⑤作表语 ⑥作宾补 ⑦⑧作状语
3.过去分词的用法Praised① by my teacher，I felt pleased②.The reasn why I was praised was that I picked up a lst③ cellphne and returned it t the wner.The incident made my parents amazed④.[规则感悟] 动词的过去分词形式在句子中作什么成分：①作状语 ②作表语 ③作定语 ④作宾补
考点精讲一——非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
Hearing hw thers react t the bk yu have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。It’s time I gt dwn t thinking abut that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。Asked what had happened，he lwered his head.问他发生了什么事的时候，他低下了头。Tm tk a taxi t the airprt，nly t find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
Having been ignred fr a lng time，the by sitting at the back felt bred and went ut.因长时间被忽视，坐在后面的那个男孩感到枯燥就出去了。There are still many prblems t be slved befre we are ready fr a lng stay n the Mn.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。Charles Babbage is generally cnsidered t have invented the first cmputer.人们一致认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。
1.Activities there range frm whale watching t hiking(远足) and accmmdatins aim_______(have) a lw impact n the natural envirnment.(2021·全国乙)2.After _________ (spend) sme time lking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time fr sme actin and what better than t ride n a piece f histry! (2021·全国甲)3.They make great gifts and yu see them many times _________(decrate) with red envelpes and messages f gd frtune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
4.Accrding t the study，when _______(face) with the new challenges，fast walkers are mre likely t be active while quiet peple tend t walk mre high schl students want t get int famus universities and they spend mst f their time __________(review) lessns.
考点精讲二——非谓语动词作主语、表语和宾语
1.非谓语动词作主语(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。T see is t believe.眼见为实。It is right t give up smking.戒烟是正确的。
在“It is/was＋adj.＋fr/f sb t d sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用f，此时形容词常为kind，nice，flish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用fr。It is generus f him t cntribute s much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。It was imprtant fr us t live a lw-carbn life.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
(2)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在谓语动词前，有时用it作形式主语。Playing with fire is dangerus.玩火会很危险。【注意】 下面句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/was a waste (f...)/n use/n gd ding sthIt is n use cmplaining withut taking actin.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。It is n gd cming befre that.在那之前来没有用。
2.非谓语动词作表语(1)不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。My dream is t enter Peking University.我的梦想是考入北京大学。My jb is t clean the rms every day.我的工作是每天打扫房间。(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。Our jb is playing all kinds f music.我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
(3)现在分词、过去分词也可以作表语，现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”；而过去分词作表语意为“人感到……的”。It’s well knwn that a tiger lks very frightening.众所周知，老虎看起来令人很害怕。We were mved at the news that he had died fr the mtherland.听到他为国捐躯的消息，我们都很感动。
3.非谓语动词作宾语(1)不定式作宾语①常跟不定式作宾语的动词：
My English teacher prmised t lend sme bks t me.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。We agreed t meet at the schl gate.我们一致同意在校门口见面。②动词tell，shw，understand，knw，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。Please tell me when t start the prject.请告诉我何时开始这个项目。③在某些动词如find，think，cnsider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。We think it ur duty t prtect the envirnment.我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
(2)动名词作宾语①常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：
He tried t avid answering my questins.他试图对我的问题避而不答。We nly missed seeing each ther by five minutes.我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。My mther culdn’t help smiling when she heard the gd news.听到那个好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。②介词后要跟动名词作宾语，但是介词but后跟不定式作宾语。In 1993，China used 1.2 billin tns f cal fr heating and generating electricity.1993年，中国烧掉了12亿吨煤用于供热和发电。
After eating in her restaurant peple wuld becme tired very quickly.人们在她的餐馆里吃过饭以后，很快就会感到疲乏。They had n chice but t wait here.他们别无选择只有在这儿等待。③由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used t (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist n (坚持)，get dwn t (开始)，(致力于……)，bject t (反对)，stick t (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。With many reference materials in hand，he gt dwn t writing his graduatin thesis.手头有许多参考资料，他开始写毕业论文。
(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
mean t d sth打算做某事mean ding sth意味着做某事
frget t d sth忘记要去做某事(未做)frget ding sth忘记做过某事(已做过或已发生)
regret t d sth对要做的事感到遗憾(未做)regret ding sth对做过的事后悔(已做)
try t d sth努力去做某事try ding sth尝试做某事
g n t d sth继续做另一件事g n ding sth继续做原来做的事
remember t d sth记住去做某事(未做)remember ding sth记得做过某事(已做)
I meant t give yu this bk tday，but I frgt.我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。Missing this train means waiting fr anther hur.错过这辆火车意味着得再等一小时。
4.在need，want，require等后表示被动意义，不定式要用被动语态，动名词不需要。My bike needs t be repaired.＝My bike needs repairing.我的自行车需要修理。
1.It is pssible _______(walk) r bike the entire 14 kilmeters.(2021·全国甲)2.It is different frm traditinal turism because it allws the traveler t becme ________(educate) abut the areas.(2021·全国乙)3.It is widely believed that ________(frm) a gd habit will benefit us all ur Peter speaks in public，he always has truble __________(think) f the right things t say.
5.We paced arund t avid ________(get) frstbite(冻伤) as the temperature stayed clse t －30 ℃ and ur drill batteries became t cld t experts all agree that the present ecnmic situatin is ___________(encurage).
考点精讲三——非谓语动词作定语
1.不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作；不定式的被动式t be dne作定语表示将来、被动的动作。Yu are suppsed t take this pprtunity t realize yur dream.你应该抓住这个机会去实现你的梦想。The questin t be discussed at the meeting is very imprtant.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。He had n pen t write with s he had t brrw ne frm his neighbur.他没有钢笔写字，不得不从邻居那儿借了一支。(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last，the nly等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。He is always the first t arrive at the schl and the last t leave the schl.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hpe，wish，fact，excuse，prmise，attempt，way等。The ability t express an idea is as imprtant as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2.分词作定语(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成或状态时，用过去分词。The park was full f peple enjying themselves in the sunshine.公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
We must keep a secret f the things being discussed here.我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)The players selected frm the whle cuntry are expected t bring us hnr in this summer game.人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)fallen leaves落叶(表完成)
3.动名词作定语动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。a walking stick拐杖a reading rm阅览室a sleeping car卧铺车
1.The matter _______________(discuss) nw is s imprtant that it will attract everyne’s a large family ___________(supprt)，he tk up tw part-time jbs in his spare Day，________(mark) n 22 April，is an annual event aiming t raise public awareness abut envirnmental ，it is quite nrmal fr an average persn ________(live) in a city t see thusands f ads every single day.
being discussed
考点精讲四——非谓语动词作状语
1.不定式作状语(1)作目的状语不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in rder或s as，但s as t不能用于句首。T pass the cllege entrance exam，we must wrk hard.为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。The bus stpped in rder t/s as t pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
(2)作结果状语不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构：nly t(不料……)、enugh t(足够……)、(太……而不能……)、 t...(如此……以至于……)等。Tm hurried back nly t find that his mther had left.汤姆匆忙赶回来，结果却发现他的母亲已经离开了。He is clever enugh t wrk ut the difficult maths prblem.他足够聪明，能解决这道数学难题。
I’m t tired t stay up any lnger.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。
(3)作原因状语形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋t d”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有srry，surprised，disappinted，excited，glad，happy，anxius，delighted，pleased，flish等。We were astnished t find the temple still in its riginal cnditin.我们吃惊地发现，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
【注意】 还有一类形容词如easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，cmfrtable，heavy，gd，imprtant，impssible，dangerus等，表示主语的特征或性质，后面也常用不定式作状语，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。The mrning air is s gd t breathe that he gets up early every day.早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。This bk is difficult t understand.这本书很难理解。
2.分词作状语分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。(1)作时间状语相当于when，while，befre，since，as引导的时间状语从句。Translated int English，the sentence was fund t have an entirely different wrd rder.＝When the sentence was translated int English，it was fund t have an entirely different wrd rder.当这个句子被译成英语时，人们发现它有一个完全不同的语序。
(2)作原因状语相当于because，since，as引导的原因状语从句。①Nt understanding this prblem，he asked the teacher abut it.＝Because he didn’t understand this prblem，he asked the teacher abut it.因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。②Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discuraged.＝Because he was defeated by his deskmate，he felt discuraged.由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。
(3)作条件状语相当于if，unless等引导的条件状语从句。Given anther hur，I can als wrk ut this prblem.＝If I’m given anther hur，I can als wrk ut the prblem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。Mre highways have been built in China，making it much easier fr peple t travel frm ne place t anther.中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。
(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。One evening Harry phned me，asking me t cme t his flat as sn as pssible.＝One evening Harry phned me，and he asked me t cme t his flat as sn as pssible.一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。
(6)作让步状语相当于thugh，althugh，even if等引导的让步状语从句。Warned f the danger，he still went skating n the thin ice.＝Thugh he was warned f the danger，he still went skating n the thin ice.虽然被警告有危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
【注意】 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如：lst(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(隐瞒的)、lst/absrbed(沉迷于……的)、dressed(穿着……的)、tired(对……感到厌倦的)、excited(兴奋的)等。Absrbed in his bk，he didn’t ntice me enter the rm.专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。Dressed in red，she lks mre beautiful.穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
3.独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
Generally speaking，the rule is very easy t understand.一般来说，这条规则很容易懂。Judging frm his accent，he is frm Hng Kng.从口音判断，他是香港人。T tell yu the truth，I am a little tired.说实话，我有点累。
4.独立主格结构(1)构成：名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(2)特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；
③它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。Much wrk t d tnight(＝As there will be much wrk t d tnight)，we can’t g t see the film.今晚有很多活要干，我们不能去看电影。Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，they will g n an uting t the beach tmrrw.如果天气允许的话，他们明天将去海滩郊游。He was lying n the grass，his hands crssed under his head(＝and his hands were crssed under his head).他头枕着交叉的双手躺在草地上。
1.Later，they learned t wrk with the seasns，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，__________ (make) use f annual flds t irrigate(灌溉) their researchers hpe t use the instruments n-bard Chang’e-4 _______(find) and study areas f the Suth Ple-Aitken __________(permit)，yu can pay a visit t sme places f interest in (cmplete) in 1931，the Empire State Building，the highest skyscraper until 1954，inspired the imaginatin f the wrld.
5.I lve t g sightseeing wrldwide，always ___________(absrb) in the culture f every cuntry I (see) the Great Wall wind its way ver the muntains，all f us felt really amazed.
考点精讲五——非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1.后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词及动词短语(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋t d”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：advise建议 allw 允许 ask 询问；要求 beg恳求 cause 导致 encurage 鼓励 permit准许 frbid 禁止 frce 强迫 intend打算 invite 邀请 rder 命令；要求 persuade说服 prefer 更喜欢 require 需要；要求 teach教 remind 提醒 tell 告诉 want想要 warn 警告 wish 希望；想要 wait fr等待 call n 号召；要求 depend n 依靠 urge 催促；力劝
She patiently explained all the rules t the students and required everyne t fllw them.她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则并要求每个人都遵守这些规则。The dctr warned him nt t eat t much meat.医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。He depends n yu t help him with his English.他指望你帮助他学英语。
(2)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：sb be said/believed/knwn/reprted/cnsidered/thught＋t d/t have dne/t be dne/t be ding/t have been dne sthHe is said t have been cheated in the street.据说，他在大街上被骗了。The accident is reprted t have killed tw peple.据报道，那次事故中有两人丧生。
2.非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，bserve，lk at，ntice，hear，listen t，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：
ding sth看见……正做……d sth看见……做了……
宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系
being dne看见……正在被做dne看见……被做
宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系
I saw him leave a few minutes ag.我看见他几分钟前离开了。As I gt clser，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，并且呼吸沉重。Back frm his tw-year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy t see his mther taken gd care f at hme.从非洲医疗服务两年回来后，李医生十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
[注意] “感官动词＋宾语＋省略t的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时需加t。The thief was bserved t enter the bank.(被动语态)有人看见小偷进了银行。
(2)使役动词make，let，have，get后接复合宾语的情况：
The teacher made sme students stay in the classrm after schl.老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。He tried t make himself understd.他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚。
be dne让……被做⇒
Dn’t let yur child play with matches.别让你的孩子玩火柴。Let the wrk be dne immediately.立刻把工作做完。
d sth让……做某事ding sth
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。My car brke dwn n my way t wrk and I will have it repaired tmrrw.我的车在上班的路上坏了，明天要找人修一下。
【注意】 (1)“使役动词＋宾语＋省略t的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时也需加t。He was made t wrk day and night，s he was very tired f the jb.他被迫日夜工作，所以他非常厌倦这项工作。(2)have sb ding sth用于否定句中，常与can’t，wn’t等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。I wn’t have yu speaking t yur dad like that.我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
t d sth使……做ding sth使……开始做
She gt her bike running very fast.她把自行车骑得飞快。I’ll get my bike repaired tmrrw.我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。3.动词leave，keep，find，catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况
sb/sth ding sth让某人/物一直处于某种状态
宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行
宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动和完成，宾补一般多为undne，unfinished，unsettled，untuched，etc.
sth undne留下某事未做
sb t d sth让某人去做某事sth t be dne留下某事要做
动词不定式表示将来的动作
sb/sth ding sth让某人/物一直做某事
表示被动且完成，或表示状态
sb/sth dne使某人/物被……
sb/sth t be...
sb ding发现某人正在做……sb/sth dne
发现某人/物 已经……
(4)catch sb ding sth撞见某人正在做某事The guests left mst f the dishes untuched, because they didn’t taste delicius.大部分的菜客人们都没有动，因为它们不可口。They use cmputers t keep the traffic running smthly.他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。The hall was fund thrughly cleaned and everything arranged in gd rder.人们发现礼堂彻底地被打扫了，一切都布置得井井有条。
I caught him smking in the bathrm.我撞见他在浴室里抽烟。4.“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构(1)with＋名词/代词＋现在分词，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行He lay n the grass with his eyes lking at the sky.他躺在草地上，眼睛望着天空。(2)with＋名词/代词＋过去分词，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态With his hair cut，he lked much yunger.理了发，他看起来年轻多了。
(3)with＋名词/代词＋不定式，不定式表示动作尚未发生With a lt f hmewrk t d，I can’t g skating with yu.因为有很多作业要做，我不能和你一起去滑冰。
1.And when he saw the mists rising frm the river and the sft cluds ____________(surrund) the muntain tps，he was reduced t tears.(2020·全国Ⅲ)2.It’s typical f him t leave the water _________(run) while he is brushing his median(中位数的) age f an American in 1950 was 30—tday it is 41 and is expected ___________(increase) t 42 by the party，the pretty girl wre a very attractive skirt t make herself ________(ntice).
5.The park was full f beauty，with the sun shining and birds _________(sing).
1._________(knw) that yu are cming t visit ne f yur Chinese friends，I’m writing t infrm yu f sme custms yu shuld pay attentin (ffer) the pprtunity t speak at the graduatin ceremny made me was reprted _______________(receive) 80,000 yuan fr ffering a fur-Chinese-character answer n a pay-fr-knwledge (shw) arund the classrms，we were taken t see the library.
Being ffered
t have received
Having been shwn
5.The whle city lay in ruins after the earthquake，_______(make) us awake all night.
1.The Qinling Muntains have becme the easiest place n Earth ____________(encunter) wild being tw gals behind Suth Krea in the first half，the Chinese wmen’s natinal ftball team gt three in the secnd half with tw gals _______(scre) in just five up early in the mrning，________(put) n warm clthes and waiting in a lng line utside a stre t buy newly-made yuanxia is a ceremny fr me and ensures I will have anther sweet year.
4.Scientists frm Madagascar invested up t 12 years in the frest _________(recrd) sngs f the 20 indri grups，and fund the presence f rhythms featuring in human recent years，biang biang ndles and its assciated custm have becme mre widely knwn acrss China，______ (drive) in part by scial media interest in the made-up “biang” July，it’s estimated that Shennngjia will be linked t a newly built high-speed railway，_________ (make) the muntainus regin mre accessible.
7.Peple can simply dwnlad apps that allw them _______(make) free vide calls and send messages t ther peple arund the wrld. 8.She felt very glad as the testing prgram in the venue，_________(knw) as the “Ice Ribbn”，was ging as smthly as the athletes skated n the gleaming pwerful and natural springs __________(assciate) with Yellwstne’s identity and picture landscape brught Yellwstne its fame.
10.After taking the lessn，I nw understand the difficulty f calligraphy and that it will take effrts and cmmitment __________(master) this art frm.
1.That apprach brught Cbb’s air travel last year dwn by 75%，and she plans __________(cntinue) the practice.(2022·浙江1月)2.A visually-challenged man frm Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days t Xi’an，as a first step ___________(jurney) the Belt and Rad rute(路线) by ft.(2022·全国甲)
3.Inspired by the Belt and Rad Frum fr Internatinal Cperatin ______(hld) in Beijing，Ca decided t cver the rute by hiking as a tribute(致敬) t the ancient Silk Rad.(2022·全国甲)4.He flew 4,700 kilmeters frm Xi’an t Kashgar n Sept.20，________ (plan) t hike back t Xi’an in five mnths.(2022·全国甲)5._____________(strengthen) the cnnectin with yung peple，the event included a number f public prmtinal activities n scial media，________(invite) twenty-nine tea prfessinals frm arund the wrld t have thirty-six hurs f uninterrupted live bradcasts.(2022·全国乙)
T strengthen
6._________(cver) an area abut three times the size f Yellwstne Natinal Park，the GPNP will be ne f the first natinal parks in the cuntry.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)7.Eric wke up a little later when he heard children playing utside.He pushed a chair nt the balcny，and climbed up _______(see) them.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ)8.There has been a dramatic rise in the number f extreme weather events ver the past 20 years，________(cause) largely by rising glbal temperatures，accrding t a new reprt frm the United Natins.(2021·北京)
9.This may be due t sme disadvantages fr peple _______(live) in the cuntryside，including lwer levels f incme and educatin，higher csts f healthy fds，and fewer sprts facilities.(2021·浙江1月)10.China’s Natinal Highway 318，__________(extend) ver 5,000 kilmeters frm Shanghai t Zhangmu，Tibet，is knwn as the “heavenly rad” fr its amazing views.(2021·天津3月)
1. (g) t Munt Huangshan reminds me f the ppular Beatles’ sng “The Lng and Winding Rad”.
考查非谓语动词作主语。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，本空为主语且表示主动的、一般性的动作，故应用动词的-ing形式作主语。
语篇解读 本文讲述了作者爬黄山的见闻和感受。
What is s breathtaking abut the experience is the ut-f-this-wrld scenes.The rlling sea f cluds yu see nce yu are at the tp will remind yu hw tiny we humans 2. (be).
考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知用一般现在时，且主语we humans是复数，谓语用are。
The ht spring at the ft f the muntain is smething yu must try after the climb.It will undubtedly help yu get 3. (refresh)!
考查非谓语动词作表语。get refreshed构成系表结构。
The 4. (amaze) thing abut the spring is that the clder the temperature 5. (get)，the htter the spring!
4.考查非谓语动词作定语。修饰thing表示“令人惊奇的”，故用-ing形式作定语。5.考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句意以及上下文时态可知，此处用一般现在时，且主语the temperature为第三人称单数，故填gets。
Strange，isn’t it? But that’s hw nature is—always leaving us 6.__________(astnish).
考查非谓语动词作宾补。本空在“leave＋复合宾语”结构中作宾补，且根据语境可知，这里指的是使我们“感到惊讶”，故填astnished。
What cmes next is the endless series f steps.Yu can’t help 7.__________(wnder) hw hard it was fr the peple then 8. (put) all thse rcks int place.
7.考查非谓语动词作宾语。can’t help ding sth忍不住做某事。8.考查不定式作主语。此处为 it is/was＋adj.＋fr sb＋t d sth的变式，it为形式主语，t d 为真正的主语。
Thugh it is the nly unnatural thing n yur way up the muntain，still it highlights the whle adventure and ffers a place where yu can sit dwn t rest yur 9. (ache) legs.
考查非谓语动词作定语。本空在句中作定语，ache与中心词legs之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词aching。
As the sng ges，this lng and winding rad “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitr’s memry.It sure des in mine.While yu’re in China，Munt Huangshan is a must 10. (visit)!
考查非谓语动词作定语。此处must用作名词，指“必须要做的一件事”，需用动词不定式作定语。
1.作主语或介宾用ding——不犯简单错误典例 (2022·浙江1月)说服他接受我的观点是不可能的，所以我不想浪费时间来讨论。Persuading him int accepting my views was impssible，s I didn’t want t waste my time discussing.运用 (2021·天津3月)在蒙古草原和那里的人一起体验生活将是一个很好的选择，以开阔我的视野。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Experiencing life n the Mnglia grassland with peple there will be a gd chice t braden my hrizns.
2.作状语用分词生动简练(1)ding作状语，表示句子主语和该动词为主谓(主动)关系。典例 (2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)大卫听了我的话，露出了灿烂的笑容，站起来朝起跑线走去。Hearing my wrds，David beamed a big smile，std up and mved twards the starting line.运用 (2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)父亲轻轻地拍着他们的肩膀，用温柔的声音说：“亲爱的，爱才是最重要的。让我们一起做吧。”____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Patting them gently n the shulders，the father said in a warm vice，“Darling，it is lve that cunts.Let’s d this tgether.”
(2)dne作状语，表示句子主语和该动词为动宾(被动)关系，或者表示主语所处的某种状态。典例 (2020·浙江7月)被这只熊不停地用力推，篱笆很快就散架了。Pushed hard cnstantly by the bear，the fence sn fell apart.运用 (2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)虽然筋疲力尽，但是大卫到达了终点线，所有的学生都为他欢呼。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Wrn ut，David reached the finishing line and all the students cheered fr him.
3.表目的，不定式适当提前典例 (2022·全国甲)而且，为了呼吁更多的人来保护海洋，我们还可以发传单。What’s mre，t call n mre peple t prtect the cean，we can als hand ut leaflets.运用 (2021·上海)为了更高效地学习英语，你最好选择听说课程。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
T learn English mre efficiently，yu had better chse the Listening and Speaking curse.
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