专题一 四选一阅读 第2讲　题型突破——推理判断题 课件-2024年高考英语二轮复习

这是一份专题一 四选一阅读 第2讲　题型突破——推理判断题 课件-2024年高考英语二轮复习，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了第2讲，选项特征等内容，欢迎下载使用。
题型突破——推理判断题
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的推敲，作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解文章的深层含义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生分析上下文逻辑关系的能力以及逻辑推理能力。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话，要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题，推断隐含信息、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点，而推断读者对象、后续内容、文章体裁、写作手法、文章结构和文章出处为低频考点。
技法一　隐含信息题——关键词句细推敲
隐含信息题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据语篇提供的信息，或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的逻辑关系，理解关键词句的真正含义，才能作出准确的推断。一般此类题干中主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(表明，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，cnclude(得出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，34 题)2.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph？(2023·全国甲，35题)
3.What can we infer frm the authr’s trip with friends t Devil’s Lake？(2023·全国乙，26题)4.What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2？(2023·全国乙，33题)
5.What can we infer abut the authr？(2023·浙江1月，26题)6.What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，31题)7.What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy？(2022·全国乙，35题)
解此类试题常用“推敲关键词句”法。解题流程如下：
，if precautins(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can becme trublesme，smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd.If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble.Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away.“Our hpe is t have a clean，attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits，” says James Jnkel，lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
35.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?A.Fd shuld be prvided fr can live in harmny with grizzlies.C.A special path shuld be built fr can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
推理判断题。依据题干定位细节，即语段中的“Obviusly，if precautins(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can becme trublesme，smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd.If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble.Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away.”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。
技法二　观点态度题——“忠于措辞”定选项
此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。观点和态度一般分为三大类：①支持、赞同、乐观；②客观、中立；③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。解这类题要注意不可掺杂个人观点，不能带着主观倾向评价作者或他人，要基于原文的措辞作出客观的判断。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，35题)2.What des the authr think f Weiner’s bk？(2023·全国甲，31题)
3.Hw des the authr find his phts taken at Devil’s Lake？(2023·全国乙，27题)4.What d peple usually think f British fd？(2023·全国乙，28题)
5.What was the attitude f the authr’s father tward buying grceries with jars？ (2023·浙江1月，25题)6.Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers’ texting in the US？ (2022·新课标Ⅱ，28题)7.What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney？(2022·全国甲，34题)
解此类试题常用“忠于措辞”法。解题流程如下：
a fllw-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin.Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates？Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds？This happened sme f the time，but it wasn’t the dminant respnse.Mst frequently，the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw，these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr.
Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain，the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
35.What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?A.Unclear. D.Apprving.
观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞”法。 根据最后一段“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain，the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究是赞许和支持的。故选D。
技法三　写作意图题——文体特点推意图
各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What is the authr’s purpse in writing this passage？(2021·天津6月，40题)2.What is the purpse f this text？(2020·新课标Ⅰ，31题)
一、整篇文章的写作目的/意图：
1.What is the authr’s purpse in mentining Fuzhu？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，26题)2.Why des the authr list great philsphers in paragraph 4？(2023·全国甲，29题)
二、具体段落的写作目的/意图：
3.Why des the authr mentin Na Ovadia in the first paragraph？(2023·浙江1月，28题)4.What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4？(2023·浙江1月，34题)
解此类试题常用“文体特点推意图”法。解题流程如下：
starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext(背景) f ne thing they can help us d better.The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates，see like Threau，listen like Schpenhauer，and have n regrets like Nietzsche.This，mre than a bk abut understanding philsphy，is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a
29.Why des the authr list great philsphers in paragraph 4?A.T cmpare Weiner with give examples f great praise their writing help readers understand Weiner’s bk.
写作意图题。根据本段中的“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext(背景) f ne thing they can help us d better.The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates，see like Threau，listen like Schpenhauer，and have n regrets like Nietzsche.”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner的书的内容，接着作者通过列举几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。
技法四　推断低频题——内容细节巧判断
这类考题考查频率较低，常包括读者对象题、后续内容题、文章体裁题、写作手法题、文章结构题和文章出处题等。一般来讲，读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象；后续内容推断题要求考生能根据整篇文章的情节发展预测文章的后续内容，这种题型对考生的能力要求较高；文章体裁题要求考生根据文章的行文风格对文章体裁作出判断，如新闻报道、书评、传记、导游手册等；写作手法题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法；文章结构题需要考生对文章结构，如总－分或总－分－总等进行分析；文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.Where is the text mst prbably taken frm？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，28题)2.What might the authr cntinue talking abut？(2023·全国乙，31题)
3.Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm？(2023·全国乙，35题)4.Where is this text prbably taken frm?(2022·新课标Ⅰ，21题)5.What is the text？(2022·全国乙，27题)
解此类试题常用“内容细节巧判断”法。解题流程如下：
this “bk f bks”，artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures.We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl，with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins.Adults are prtrayed(描绘) alne in many settings and pses—absrbed in a vlume，deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag，but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated.Frm a 21st-century pint f view，the printed bk is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader.T serve its functin，a bk must be activated by a user：the cver pened，the pages parted，the cntents reviewed，perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined.And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked，a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private，“ff-line” activity.
28.Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?A.An intrductin t a bk.B.An essay n the art f writing.C.A guidebk t a museum.D.A review f mdern paintings.
文章出处题。依内容判出处，根据语段中的“In this ‘bk f bks’，artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures.”以及最后一段中的“Frm a 21st-century pint f view，the printed bk is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader.”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍。故选A。
A(外刊阅读·原创题)　选自 magazine New ScientistI am a firm believer that yu can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ag，I wrte a bk abut stargazing frm cities based n that very assumptin.My argument is that stargazing can smetimes be easier t d frm urban areas，especially fr peple wh are new t the pastime and want t learn their way arund the night sky.
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者对光污染的担心、光污染的危害及解决方法，最后指出光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。
Having said that，I am very cncerned abut light pllutin，particularly after reading a recent study in Science suggesting that，frm 2011 t 2023，light pllutin has gt wrse quickly.It reprted the results f a citizen science prject that cllected infrmatin frm peple all ver the wrld，ttalling mre than 51,000 bservatins f the night sky，finding that it is brightening by clse t 10 per cent each year.
Light pllutin isn’t just a prblem fr stargazers.It is a driver f bidiversity lss，particularly affecting birds.It harms human health t，with an influence n mental health and links fund t sme cancers.It is als a huge carbn emitter—the energy used sending light int the sky is simply a waste f electricity.
The Internatinal Dark Sky Assciatin has a simple set f guidelines that peple can fllw t limit their cntributin t light pllutin.This includes making sure that any utdr light yu install is necessary，nly pints exactly where yu need it and is nly used when required.Yu shuld als limit the amunt f blue light in yur utdr lighting.The biggest causes fr light pllutin in cities are things like streetlights and bright lights frm big cmmercial businesses，such as supermarkets.Yu can write t yur lcal gvernment if yu are cncerned abut unnecessary light pllutin in yur area.
It isn’t all that bad，thugh.Cuntryside charity CPRE has run a UK annual star cunt each February since 2019 t build up a picture f hw light pllutin is changing.By its estimates，in the UK at least，light pllutin gt better and，by 2023，still hasn’t gt wrse.
1.What is the purpse f paragraph 1?A.T intrduce a state the authr’s argue ver the ideal place fr intrduce the tpic t be discussed.
写作意图题。根据第一段中的“I am a firm believer that yu can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ag，I wrte a bk argument is...”可知，作者一直持有的观点就是“你可以在任何地方观星”；再结合第二段开头“Having said that，I am very cncerned abut light pllutin”可知，事实并不是作者想的那样，由此我们可推断作者写第一段的目的就是要引出第二段要讲的话题：光污染。故选D。
2.Which f the fllwing shws the crrect structure f the passage?A.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6)B.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2 & 3)→Part 2(Para.4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6)C.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Para.3)→Part 3(Paras.4 & 5)→Part 4(Para.6)D.Part 1(Para.1)→Part 2(Para.2)→Part 3(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 4(Paras.5 & 6)
文章结构题。综合分析文章篇章结构可知，第一、二两段引出光污染话题；第三段讲到了光污染的危害；第四、五两段指出了解决方法；最后一段用英国光污染好转的例子说明光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。故选C。
3.What can we infer frm the last paragraph?A.Light pllutin is pllutin desn’t exist in the pllutin is a glbal challenging pllutin can be reduced with jint effrts.
推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“It isn’t all that bad，thugh.”可知，光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步，随后作者又列举了英国光污染好转的例子，由此我们可以推断作者在最后一段想表达的就是在大家共同的努力下，光污染可以被减少。故选D。
4.In which sectin f a newspaper can we mst prbably read this text?A.Travel. D.Culture.
文章出处题。文章主要讲了“光污染”，由此我们可以推测文章最有可能出现在报纸的“环境”这一版块。故选B。
BFluid(流体) intelligence is a decisive factr f human cgnitin(认知).Studies shw that high fluid intelligence predicts prfessinal success，scial mbility，health，and lngevity，and als relates t strnger additinal cgnitive capacities like memry.Nw，new research has mapped the parts f the brain that supprt ur ability t think quickly.
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国伦敦大学学院神经病学研究所的一个团队已绘制出“流体智力”相关脑区图谱，该结果首次表明，大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。
“Our findings indicate fr the first time that the right frntal regins f the brain are critical t the high-level functins invlved in fluid intelligence，such as prblem slving and reasning，”says lead study authr Prfessr Lisa Cipltti f the UCL Queen Square Institute f Neurlgy.
Despite mdern science largely agreeing that fluid intelligence is a key aspect f what makes us human，it’s quite difficult fr scientists t study these matters：In rder t establish which parts f the brain are necessary fr a certain ability，researchers must study patients in whm that part is either missing r damaged.S，earlier studies have mainly made use f functinal imaging(fMRI) techniques，which are nt entirely accurate and smetimes can be misleading.
This latest prject，led by Prfessr Cipltti，included a ttal f 227 patients wh had experienced brain injuries，like a brain tumr r strke.The team cmpleted this using the Raven Advanced Prgressive Matrices(APM)：the best-established test f fluid intelligence.The APM features varius multiple-chice visual pattern prblems f increasing difficulty.Each f the prblems shws an incmplete pattern f gemetric figures and asks participants t select the missing piece frm a set f multiple pssible chices.Next，researchers intrduced a nvel “lesin-deficit mapping(损伤缺陷映射)” apprach that helped t make ut the cmplex patterns f cmmn brain injuries，such as strke.
Results shw fluid intelligence-damaged perfrmance was mstly limited t patients with right frntal damage，as ppsed t a wide set f regins distributed acrss the brain.“Our apprach f cmbining nvel ‘lesin-deficit mapping’ with detailed investigatin f APM perfrmance in a large sample f patients prvides crucial infrmatin abut the neural basis f fluid intelligence，” Prfessr Cipltti cncludes.
5.What is the significance f the recent findings?A.They define the term fluid challenge the previus human illustrate the functin f fluid lck the psitin invlving fluid intelligence.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Our findings indicate fr the first time that the right frntal regins f the brain are critical t the high-level functins invlved in fluid intelligence...”可知，最近的研究首次表明大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。故选D。
6.What adds t the difficulty f studying fluid intelligence?A.Lack f financial f advanced f suitable f prfessinal guidance.
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In rder must study patients in whm that part is either missing r damaged.”可知，缺乏合适的受试者是造成科学家难以研究的主要原因。故选C。
7.What is the main purpse f paragraph 5?A.T list the result f the explain the feature f praise the researchers’ ffer slutins t brain injuries.
写作意图题。综合分析第五段可知，本段承接第四段，详细介绍了流体智力测试方案——瑞文高级推理测验(APM)的细节。故选B。
8.What des Prf.Cipltti think f the research?A.Fruitful. D.Labur-saving.
观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“prvides crucial infrmatin abut the neural basis f fluid intelligence”可知，Prf.Cipltti认为他们的这次研究是富有成效的。故选A。