专题一 四选一阅读 第3讲　题型突破——主旨大意题 课件-2024年高考英语二轮复习

这是一份专题一 四选一阅读 第3讲　题型突破——主旨大意题 课件-2024年高考英语二轮复习，共51页。PPT课件主要包含了第3讲，选项特征等内容，欢迎下载使用。
题型突破——主旨大意题
主旨大意题既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。尽管这类题在阅读中考查比例不高，但难度大，易失分。
技法一　标题归纳题——“高度概括”定标题
记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及不同话题的阅读材料都有可能会考查到标题归纳题。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What can be a suitable title fr the text？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，27题)2.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text？(2023·浙江1月，35题)
3.Which can be a suitable title fr the text？(2022·全国甲，27题)4.Which is the mst suitable title fr the text？(2022·全国乙，31题)
此类试题的解题流程如右：
Turning sil，pulling weeds，and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids.And at first it is，says Abby Jaramill，wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts，a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls.The prgram aims t help students develp science skills，envirnmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramill’s students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres.“The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks，” she says.“They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful，dirt is awful，insects are awful.” Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt，mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts’ classes，at tw middle schls and tw high schls，include hands-n experiments such as sil testing，flwer-and-seed dissectin，tastings f fresh r dried prduce，and wrk in the garden.Several times a year，students ck the vegetables they grw，and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.
Prgram evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes.“We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they’re eating differently，” Jaramill says.She adds that the prgram’s benefits g beynd nutritin.Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens.Besides，wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill’s special educatin students，many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues.“They get utside，” she says，“and they feel successful.”
27.What can be a suitable title fr the text?A.Rescuing Schl GardensB.Experiencing Cuntry LifeC.Grwing Vegetable LversD.Changing Lcal Landscape
标题归纳题。依据“穿珠连串”法，根据第一段的“And at first it is，says Abby Jaramill，wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts，a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls.The prgram aims t help students develp science skills，envirnmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.”和最后一段的“Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens.”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramill等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的学校园艺项目Urban Spruts，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。因此推断C项“Grwing Vegetable Lvers”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选C。
技法二　文章大意题——“主题句定位”寻主旨
说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题，如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都可能会考查文章大意题。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
What is the text mainly abut？(2023·浙江1月，27题)
此类试题的解题流程如下：
Live with rmmates? Have friends and family arund yu? Chances are that if yu’re lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle，nt everyne arund yu will be ready t jump n that bandwagn.I experienced this when I started switching t a zer waste lifestyle five years ag，as I was living with my parents，and I cntinue t experience this with my husband，as he is nt cmpletely zer waste like me.I’ve learned a few things alng the way thugh，which I hpe yu’ll find encuraging if yu’re ding yur best t figure ut hw yu can make the change in a nt-always-supprtive husehld.
Zer waste was a radical lifestyle mvement a few years back.I remember shwing my parents a vide f Bea Jhnsn，sharing hw cl I thught it wuld be t buy grceries with jars，and have s little trash! A few days later，I came back with my first jars f zer waste grceries，and my dad cmmented n hw silly it was fr me t carry jars everywhere.It came ff as a bit discuraging.
Yet as the mnths f reducing waste cntinued，I did what I culd that was within my wn reach.I had my wn bedrm，s I wrked n remving things I didn’t need.Since I had my wn tiletries(洗漱用品)，I was able t start persnalising my rutine t be mre sustainable.I als ffered t ck every s ften，s I prtined ut a bit f the cupbard fr my wn zer waste grceries.Perhaps yur husehld wn’t entirely make the switch，but yu may have sme cntrl ver yur wn persnal spaces t make the changes yu desire.
As yu make yur lifestyle changes，yu may find yurself wanting t speak up fr yurself if thers cmment n what yu’re ding，which can turn itself int a whle husehld debate.If yu have individuals wh are nt n bard，yur wrds prbably wn’t d much and can ften leave yu feeling mre discuraged.S here is my advice：Lead by actin.
27.What is the text mainly abut?A.Hw t get n well with ther family t have ne’s wn persnal space at t live a zer waste lifestyle in a t cntrl the budget when buying grceries.
主旨大意题。依据“主题句定位”法，通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Chances are that if yu’re lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle，nt everyne arund yu will be ready t jump n that bandwagn”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things alng the way thugh，which I hpe yu’ll find encuraging if yu’re ding yur best t figure ut hw yu can make the change in a nt-always-supprtive husehld.”可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。C项“Hw t live a zer waste lifestyle in a husehld.”能够概括文章主旨。故选C。
技法三　段落大意题——首尾兼顾知段意
段落大意题常在说明文和议论文中考查。文章的每一个段落都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。相对于标题归纳题和文章大意题，段落大意题考查频率较低。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，32题)2.What is the first paragraph mainly abut？(2023·全国乙，32题)3.What is paragraph 5 mainly abut？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，34题)
effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs，thse errrs aren’t always the same.Sme peple will tend t verestimate，and sme t underestimate.When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether，they cancel each ther ut，resulting in a mre accurate estimate.If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs，then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut.In mre technical terms，the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.If fr whatever reasns，peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent，the accuracy f the estimate will g
32.What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?A.The methds f underlying lgic f the causes f peple’s design f Galtn’s experiment.
段落大意题。依据“首尾兼顾知段意”原则。本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均值如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。故选B。
A(2023·河北石家庄质检三)While the rest f us are sleeping，freshwater turtles(龟) frm Central America t Asia are getting ut f the water and basking(月光浴) at night.There have been reprts f this behavir befre，but nw a new study is the first t dcument the widespread ccurrence.The findings suggest this may be a cmmn and almst entirely verlked aspect f many species’ eclgy.
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现淡水龟夜间出水是因为水温变化。
Dr.Dnald McKnight，ne f the researchers，said he and a clleague first bserved freshwater turtles night basking at the Rss River in Twnsville，Australia.“We think it’s related t temperature.The water is staying s warm at night that it’s actually warmer than the turtles like t be and they can cl dwn by cming ut f the water，” says McKnight.Fr the study，researchers put cameras t watch the night activity f as many freshwater turtle species as pssible.The cameras were set up in 25 lcatins.They were prgrammed t take a pht every tw minutes.They cllected data n 29 species f freshwater turtles.
It wuld be lvely t think the turtles are just enjying sme leisure time when things are quiet.But the researchers nte that in mst cases，the turtles gt ut f water when the water was t warm and the air was cler.Given the warming planet，that’s admittedly a bit depressing.Hwever，nt all f the nighttime baskers were escaping t-warm water.Accrding t the study，turtles in India exhibited mre basking n cler nights，rather than warmer nights，and thse in Africa spent mre time basking at night in winter than in summer.The reasns fr these differences are unclear.It may be that at sme sites r seasns，turtles are escaping unfavurably warm water temperatures，
while at thers，they are taking advantage f the warm air t increase their bdy temperature and escape unfavurably cld water.Regardless f the “why” behind different species’ reasns fr midnight basking，it’s a fascinating lk at behavirs nt previusly dcumented by scientists.And it is at least encuraging t knw that turtles are figuring ut imprtant behavirs tied t climate change.
1.Why d the freshwater turtles frm Australia get ut f water at night?A.T search fr extra avid natural cl themselves enjy the quietness utside.
细节理解题。根据第二段的“We think it’s related t temperature.The water is staying s warm at night that it’s actually warmer than the turtles like t be and they can cl dwn by cming ut f the water，”可知，澳大利亚的淡水龟晚上游出水是为了给自己降温。故选C。
2.What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?A.Hw the study was cnducted.B.What the study brught the study was carried ut.D.Where the study was made.
段落大意题。根据第三段“Fr the study，researchers put cameras t watch the night activity f as many freshwater turtle species as pssible.The cameras were set up in 25 lcatins.They were prgrammed t take a pht every tw minutes.They cllected data n 29 species f freshwater turtles.”可知，本段主要介绍了研究是如何进行的。故选A。
3.Which f the fllwing are the researchers certain abut?A.Turtles in Africa flee water ften n summer water is unfavurable fr turtles t survive in reasns fr turtles’ different behavirs are basking is caused by the change f water temperature.
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“But the researchers nte that in mst cases，the turtles gt ut f water when the water was t warm and the air was cler.”可知，研究人员能够确定的是月光浴由水温的变化引起。故选D。
4.Hw des the authr feel abut the finding?A.Skeptical. D.Desperate.
观点态度题。根据最后一段“’s a fascinating lk at behavirs nt previusly dcumented by scientists.And it is at least encuraging t knw that turtles are figuring ut imprtant behavirs tied t climate change.”可推知，作者对此项发现持积极态度。故选B。
BKindness is seen as a true strength，and the success f civilizatins relies n kindness.We teach children frm a yung age t “be kind t ne anther” and “treat thers the way yu want t be treated”.Being kind is even shwn t be gd fr well-being.Accrding t May Clinic，when we perfrm acts f kindness，the pleasure center in ur brain is activated，releasing the stress-reducing hrmne(激素).Individuals wh vlunteer n a regular basis reprt greater life satisfactin.That said，cnsider the fllwing questin：Culd kindness ever be cnsidered harmful t us when it has such clear benefits？Let’s think abut this assuming we are in the wrkplace.
本文是一篇议论文，主题语境是“人与自我”。本文讲述了真正的善良并不是一味满足他人的要求，要学会拒绝。
Yu are a new persn n the team，and yu want t be well-liked and respected by yur c-wrkers.Yu are a kind persn and tell yur team，“Let me knw hw I can help yu；I’m always available t help.” Thugh yu may truly mean this，there are peple in this wrld wh can cnsider yur kindness as weakness unfrtunately.This can lead t yu being taken advantage f by thers.
Let’s fast-frward t a year later.Yu have been in yur psitin nw fr ne year，and yu are wrking with the same team.Yu ntice that yur c-wrkers cntinue asking fr yur succr ver and ver again.In fact，the nly time they interact with yu is when they need smething.Yu have been always at yur c-wrkers’ service and there has rarely been any return frm them.Imagine the level f discuragement yu’re feeling!
In a very brad sense，it is advantageus t be kind t thers，and yur kind acts will be appreciated and，perhaps，pay ff.Hwever，yu need t be willing t say “n”.When peple ask yu fr a favr，assess if yu have the time，energy and attentin t give t them.T truly be kind，smetimes yu need t be mre cmfrtable saying “n” t thers and saying “yes” t yurself.
5.Why is May Clinic mentined?A.T stress the imprtance f explain the reasns fr being shw the psitive effect f assess the current kindness educatin.
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Being kind is even shwn t be gd fr well-being.”可知，善良甚至被证明对健康有益。紧接着，作者陈述了May Clinic的观点，即当我们做善事时，大脑中的愉快中枢被激活，释放出减压激素。定期做志愿者的人对生活的满意度更高。由此可知，作者提及May Clinic是为了说明善良的积极影响。
6.Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “succr” in paragraph 3?A.Cmfrt. D.Assistance.
词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Let me knw hw I can help yu；I’m always available t help.”及第三段中的“cntinue asking fr”“the nly time they interact with yu is when they need smething.Yu have been always at yur c-wrkers’ service and there has rarely been any return frm them”可知，画线词所在句表示“你注意到你的同事们继续不停地向你寻求帮助”。画线词succr意为“帮助，援助”，与assistance同义，故选D。
7.What des the authr suggest ding in the last paragraph?A.Finding the best way t refuse a little mre self- grateful fr thers’ kind yur effrts and sacrifices.
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“yu need t be willing t say ‘n’... smetimes yu need t be mre cmfrtable saying ‘n’ t thers and saying ‘yes’ t yurself”可知，有时你需要更自如地对别人说“不”，对自己说“是”。由此可推知，作者给出的建议是要更加注重自我一些。故选B。
8.What is the text mainly discussing?A.Are we hurting urselves with kindness?B.Why are randm acts f kindness imprtant?C.Is the pwer f kindness at wrk undervalued?D.Hw can shwing kindness prmte well-being?
主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，作者先引入“善良”这一话题，进而提到善良的益处，然后笔锋一转，发出疑问“当善良有如此明显的好处时，它会被认为对我们有害吗？”。接着作者以工作场所中的例子对这一问题进行阐释和论述，最后给出了自己的建议。由此可知，本文主要讨论的是善良是否会对我们有害。