新高考英语二轮复习课件+讲义（新高考版） 第1部分 阅读理解与阅读七选五　专题1　第4讲　题型突破——词句猜测题

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第4讲　题型突破——词句猜测题
词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。
1.The wrd “...” in f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “...” in d the underlined wrds “...” prbably mean?4.What des the underlined wrd/phrase “...”in t?5.The underlined expressin “...” in prbably means “ ”.
技法一　词义猜测题——巧用线索猜词义词汇含义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，猜测词句能力的高低，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。下面介绍巧用逻辑关系、语法关系、构词法和上下文语境猜测词汇含义。
一、4种逻辑关系助力词义猜测
(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America，the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife.Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.Unfrtunately，it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.Millins f waterfwl(水禽) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen.Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins，greatly reducing waterfwl habitat(栖息地).
29.What des the underlined wrd “decimate”mean in the first paragraph?A.Acquire. D.Distribute.
词义猜测题。依据画线词所在句中的Unfrtunately可判断，画线词所在句与上文形成转折，上文讲到了探险者抵达北美洲时，这片大陆上充满了各种各样的野生物种，整个大陆生机勃勃。美洲土著居民明智地照顾着这些宝贵的自然资源，因此画线词所在句应讲述这些资源受到的破坏——探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年就将大部分资源破坏。故选C。
二、5种语法关系助力词义猜测
(2022·全国乙·C片段)That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，ften at night，t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
29.What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?A.Persnnel frm and f infrastructure.
词义猜测题。根据后文的举例用语“ sending maintenance staff，ften at night，t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知，maintenance指的是后文中的“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”，故选C。
三、3种构词法助力词义猜测
例如：A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness，uneasiness，r wrry.分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
四、上下文语境助力词义猜测有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)The elderly residents(居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling Wilsn，extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street，ne f the first t embark n the prject，said：“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins.We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
30.What d the underlined wrds “embark n”mean in paragraph 7?A.Imprve. D.Evaluate.
词义猜测题。根据上下文语境，即画线处前的“ne f the first”以及后文“We are t peple here.”可知，Wendy Wilsn是这个项目的发起人之一，所以画线词的含义与C项“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
技法二　代词指代题——“就近原则”判指代代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
1.What des the underlined wrd “this/it/them/which...” refer t?2.The underlined part “it/that/they/which...”in t “ ”.
解此类试题常用“就近原则”巧判断。解题流程如下：
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ·C片段)In the mid-1990s，Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven mnths，physically brken and having lst his mind.A few years later，still attracted t the cuntry，he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit，hwever，ended up invlving a lt mre than that.Hence this bk，Chasing the Sea：Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia，which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan，where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea.It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land，and f the peple he meets n his way：Rustam，his translatr，a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia，Oleg and Natasha，his hsts in Tashkent，and a string f freign aid wrkers.
29.What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?A.Develping a serius mental a guided tur in Central as a vlunteer in an article abut the Aral Sea.
代词指代题。依据代词永远出现在原词之后可知，画线代词指代第一段最后一句，由此可知，此处that指的是“写一篇有关咸海消失的文章”这件事。故选D。
技法三　句意猜测题——意义吻合推句意高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。
1.What des the underlined sentence in f the fllwing best explains the underlined sentence in
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。其解题流程如下：
(2019·浙江·B片段)Mney with n strings attached.It’s nt smething yu see every day.But at Unin Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth，a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What Yu Can，Take What Yu Need.”
24.What des the expressin “mney with n strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Mney spent withut nt legally ffered withut nt tied tgether.
句意猜测题。根据下文的内容并结合木板上写的“Give What Yu Can，Take What Yu Need.”可知，钉在木板上的钱是可以随意取的，并不附带任何条件，故选C项。
A(外刊阅读·原创题)　选自：USA TdayRbt vacuums are incredibly ppular，and these helpful husehld gadgets are cnveniently designed t pick up dust，hair and all manner f grime s yu dn’t have t d it yurself.Of all f the mdels available，the iRbt Rmba i7＋ is the best rbt vacuum we’ve ever tested，and right nw，yu can get it n sale fr $300 ff its usual price.
Thanks t this deal at Bed Bath & Beynd，yu can get this rbt vacuum n sale fr $699.99—its lwest price f all time.We’ve nly ever seen it at this lw twice befre，back in December 2019 and April 2020.While it’s true that even at its discunted price，the Rmba i7＋ is still extremely expensive，this handy little guy is in a class all its wn when it cmes t rbt vacuums.
Fr starters，it can empty itself ut via a secndary suctin feature lcated in its charging base.This unique functinality is a big part f why it csts s much and why ur testers and nline reviewers alike really lve it(yu can als get it withut this feature right nw with yur purchase f the regular i7，n sale fr $499.99—$200 ff its $699.99 list price).Perfect fr senirs，r anyne wh struggles t vacuum hard-t-reach areas，this rbtic machine makes it s yu never have t bend dwn n yur hands and knees t get rid f dirt r debris frm the vacuum.
Furthermre，what surprised ur testers was that the Rmba i7＋ shuld pick up 10 grams f debris.It actually scred a perfect 10 in ur lab testing，which is almst unheard f.It’s als a smart device，s yu can cnnect it t Wi-Fi t cntrl it via Alexa and Ggle Hme.Even better，yu can watch as it creates a map f yur hme，allwing yu t track its prgress r keep it ut f specific rms.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了一款最新的机器人真空吸尘器，这款吸尘器价格非常昂贵，即使搞活动打折也比同类产品贵，但是易操作，实用性强，尤其是适用于老人。
1.What des the underlined wrd “grime” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Object. D.Water.
词义猜测题。由画线单词前面的and可知，grime应该与dust和hair为同义词，意思也应该是垃圾或灰尘。故选C。
2.Hw much is this rbt vacuum if it desn’t discunt?A.$300. B.$$499.99. D.$999.99.
推理判断题。由第一段最后一句中的“right nw，yu can get it n sale fr $300 ff its usual price”可知，现在搞活动期间购买可以在原价的基础上减去$300；再由第二段第一句“Thanks t this deal at Bed Bath & Beynd，yu can get this rbt vacuum n sale fr $699.99—its lwest price f all time.”可知，目前活动价是$699.99，因此加上优惠的$300，原价应该是$999.99，故选D。
3.What des the underlined sentence in the secnd paragraph mean?A.The price f the Rmba i7＋ is ttally different frm all the ther vacuums f the same Rmba i7＋ is like a little guy in a we refer t rbt vacuums，the Rmba i7＋ belngs t the guy f his Rmba i7＋ is t expensive fr the custmers t buy.
句意理解题。通过阅读画线句，分析其结构，理解句意，再通过照应上下文可知，the Rmba i7＋的价格在同类产品中是独一无二的，完全与众不同，故选A。
4.What des the underlined wrd “which” in the last paragraph refer t?A.The Rmba i7＋ actually scred a perfect 10 in ur lab lab testing.
代词指代题。此处的which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整个句子，所以此处的which是指“It actually scred a perfect 10 in ur lab testing”。故选C。
B(2022·湖南岳阳二模)In February f 1942，Mexican farmer Dinisi Pulid thught he heard thunder cming frm his crnfield.Hwever，the sund wasn’t cming frm the sky.The surce was a large smking break sending ut gas and pushing ut rcks.This pening wuld cme t be knwn as the vlcan Paricutin，and ver the next 9 years，its lava and ash wuld cver ver 200 square km.But where did this new vlcan cme frm，and what caused its unpredictable eruptin?
One f the mst cmmn causes f an eruptin is an increase in magmastatic pressure.Magma(岩浆) cntains varius elements and cmpunds.At high enugh cncentratins，cmpunds like water r sulfur(硫) frm high-pressure gas bubbles.When these balls f gas reach the surface，they can burst with the frce f a gunsht.And when millins f bubbles explde，the energy can send ash int the air.But befre they pp r burst，they act like bubbles f CO2 in a shaken sda.
Nt all eruptins are due t rising magmastatic pressure—smetimes the weight f the rck abve can becme dangerusly lw.Landslides can remve massive quantities f rck frm atp a magma chamber r rm，drpping the pressure and instantly tuching ff an eruptin.This prcess is knwn as “unlading”and it’s been respnsible fr numerus eruptins，including the sudden explsin f Munt St.Helens in 1980.But unlading can als happen ver lnger perids f time due heating ice r melting glaciers.In fact，many gelgists are wrried that glacial melt caused by climate change culd increase vlcanic activity.
Unfrtunately，knwing what causes eruptins desn’t make them easy t predict.While scientists can rughly determine the strength and weight f the Earth’s crust(地壳)，the depth and heat f magma chambers makes measuring changes in magmastatic pressure very difficult.But vlcanlgists are cnstantly explring new technlgy t vercme this rcky field.Advances in thermal imaging(热成像) have allwed scientists t detect undergrund htspts.Spectrmeters can analyze gases escaping magma.Hpefully，these tls will help us better understand these gas breaks and their explsive eruptins.语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是火山爆发的原因。
5.Why des the authr mentin the stry f a farmer in the first paragraph?A.T shw the pwer f vlcan intrduce the intrduce the vlcan explain the reasn.
推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，第一段开头提到一个农民的故事是为了引出火山喷发的原因这个主题，故选B。
6.What des the underlined wrd “they” in paragraph 2 refer t?A.The bubbles f ash f the bubbles f elements f a sda.
代词指代题。根据第二段第三、四句可知，they指的是水或硫这样的化合物形成的高压气泡，即Gas bubbles f cmpunds，故选C。
7.Which f the fllwing is true abut the eruptin f Munt St.Helens?A.Landslides shuld be respnsible fr its began t explde ver a lng perid f prcess f “unlading” ccurred after its weight f the rck abve it increased as t cause its eruptin.
细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句可知，山体滑坡应该对圣海伦斯火山的爆发负责。故选A。