专题07 【培优小题狂练】阅读理解“段落大意”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）-2024年新高考英语二轮复习

这是一份专题07 【培优小题狂练】阅读理解“段落大意”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）-2024年新高考英语二轮复习，文件包含专题07培优小题狂练阅读理解“段落大意”题考情+技法+真题+模拟-2024年新高考英语二轮复习原卷版docx、专题07培优小题狂练阅读理解“段落大意”题考情+技法+真题+模拟-2024年新高考英语二轮复习解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共47页， 欢迎下载使用。

【近年高考考情】
1.（2023新高考I卷D篇）32题
2.（2023全国乙卷D篇）32题
3.（2022新高考I卷D篇）34题
4.（2022全国甲卷D篇）32题
5.（2021新高考I卷D篇）35题
【实用解题妙招】
一、段落大意题设问方式
1.What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
2.What is the main idea f last paragraph?
二、段落大意题干扰项特征
1.过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围。
2.以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容。
3.移花接木，偷换概念。选项中定语和状语影响语意范围，或者把属于A的内容放在B上。
4.主观臆测，无中生有。选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。
三、段落大意题两大抓手
1.寻找段落主题句
解答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。一般而言，每个段落总有一个中心，通常中心思想会在首句或尾句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。
2.确定段落关键词
段落中反复出现的词汇一般就是段落关键词，往往需要出现在正确选项中。
四、段落大意题思维导图

【高考真题再练】
1.（2023新高考I卷D篇）
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
32. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
34. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
2.（2023全国乙卷D篇）
If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?
A. His reprt was scientific.B. He represented the lcal peple.
C. He ruled ver Btany Bay.D. His recrd was ne-sided.
34. What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Prblem.B. Histry.C. Vice.D. Sciety.
35. Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
A. Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB. A Shrt Histry f Australia
C. A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD. Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
3.（2022新高考I卷D篇）
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.
B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
4.（2022全国甲卷D篇）
Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney’s develpment.D. Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
34. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
35. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
5.（2021新高考I卷D篇）
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intelligence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn’s makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps t exercise a persn's mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.
D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr's attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【名校好题强化】
（23·24上·江苏·阶段练习）We all may knw smene we cnsider t be a picky eater, wh tends t dislike sme cmmn fd regularly and causes scial embarrassment when rdering at restaurants. But fr sme peple picky eating can actually becme a serius disrder, and clinical definitins f picky eating behavirs ften include peple wh nly cnsume arund 20 different kinds f fds fr a lng perid f time.
“Having restricted diets can lead t nutritinal deficiencies (缺陷) as well as health prblems like heart disease, pr bne health and dental issues,” explained Lrenz Staffrd, ne f the authrs n the latest study. “There is als a scial cst because nrmally enjyable mments between family members can easily turn int stressful, anxius, and cnflict-causing situatins when picky eaters feel ashamed r pressured t eat certain fd.”
A new research hmed in n the effect f plate clr n fd desirability fr picky eaters. The experiment was based n a fundatinal study frm 2018 which lked at the way different clred fd bwls affected a persn’s sense f taste.
Using a design similar t the 2018 research, the new experiments had participants rate the sweetness, saltiness and verall desirability f a snack fd eaten frm different clred bwls. In this instance the snack was salt and vinegar ptat crisps cnsumed frm either a red, blue r white bwl. Arund 50 participants were recruited (招募) and classified as either picky r nn-picky eaters based n a standard questinnaire.
The results revealed picky eaters cnsidered the snack t be saltier when it was eaten frm a red r blue bwl cmpared t the white bwl. And verall, picky eaters fund the snack generally less desirable when eaten frm a red bwl.
It is wrth mentining that a recent survey estimated nearly ne in five American adults culd be clinically classified as picky eaters. S explring ways t help these peple better engage with mre types f fd culd result in valuable health utcmes.
1. Which f the fllwing may be a picky eater?
A. Tm wh ate nly sme bread this mrning.B. Lisa wh nly has vegetables fr lsing weight.
C. Peter wh ften rders little at restaurants.D. Alex wh likes nly a small range f dishes.
2. What’s paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. Health prblems caused by picky eating.
B. Mments that are ruined by picky eaters.
C. Ptential cnsequences f picky eating.
D. Qutes f Lrenz t supprt the research findings.
3. What is the finding f the new research?
A. Bwls f different clrs directly affect appetite f eaters.
B. Blue clr bwls can make the fd in them saltier fr eaters.
C. Fd in red bwls seems less attractive t picky eaters.
D. The clr f the bwl can change the taste f the dishes.
4. What’s the purpse f the last paragraph?
A. T shw ways f enhancing peple’s appetite effectively.
B. T stress the imprtance f reducing picky eaters’ anxiety and stress.
C. T encurage us t raise picky eaters’ awareness f healthy eating.
D. T call n researchers t help picky eaters try a wider variety f fds.
（22·23上·南充·阶段练习）Frm app-cnnected salt shakers t vice-cntrlled micrwaves, it seems n part f the kitchen has avided being given a high-tech makever (改头换面). Nw, as part f a Micrsft-funded prject, researchers in the US and China have develped a smart tableclth.
The “Capacitiv” wrks by inserting an electrde grid (电极网格) int the fabric (纤维) that can identify the shape and cmpsitin f a given bject. The fabric system recgnizes bjects based n shifts in the electrical charge (电荷) f its electrdes caused by changes in an bject’s electrical field. The difference in charge can relate t the type f material, size f the bject and shape f the cntact area. “It uses the basic principle f a tuch screen that detects yur finger,” explained Micrsft researcher Teddy Seyed.
The tableclth can determine what bject is n the fabric. Fr instance, it wuld be able t identify if yu have placed a ptat n a table. It culd then pass that infrmatin t a cnnected app. which wuld analyze its database t shw recipes that use these ingredients.
Micrsft said the fabric, created with the help f Dartmuth Cllege and Wuhan University, culd als sense if an bject, such as a set f keys, has been misplaced n a table. “Besides, ur system can sense the change f what is inside a cntainer.” Teddy added. Fr example, a tableclth can detect whether the sil f a table plant is wet r dry, enabling the system t remind the user t water the plant.
“This is a very impressive develpment," said Mnica Craciun, a prfessr in Nanscience and Nantechnlgy at the University f Exeter. “Other fabrics already available need input which is carried ut by the user perfrming an actin, such as tuching the fabric.”
Hwever, the technlgy still needs imprving. It can’t recgnize metallic bjects, perfrms prly n bjects with square edges, such as bks, and has truble identifying the difference between different types f liquid. Micrsft said it culd be five t ten years befre the tableclth is available fr the market.
5. What makes the inventin f the smart tableclth pssible?
A. Cmpsitin varies frm bject t bject.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develp fast.
C. Electrdes can pass infrmatin t each ther.
D. Different bjects cause different changes in the electrical charge.
6. What can the “Capacitiv” d?
A. Cnnect t ther smart prducts in the kitchen.
B. Suggest meals based n the ingredients n it.
C. Distinguish between different types f liquid.
D. Detect nutrients in the sil f a table plant.
7. What advantage des the “Capacitiv” have ver ther fabrics?
A. It can recgnize a wider range f bjects.B. It can identify bjects mre accurately.
C. It desn’t require actins frm users.D. It wn’t be damaged after washing.
8. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. The limitatins f the smart tableclth.B. The classificatin f the smart tableclth.
C. The characteristics f the smart tableclth.D. The trend f marketing the smart tableclth.
（22·23下·全国·课前预习）Australian scientists have started vaccinating (接种疫苗) wild kalas against the disease Chlamydia (衣原体病) in an ambitius trial in New Suth Wales (NSW). They want t test a way t prtect the animals against the widespread cnditin that causes blindness, the inability t have babies, and death.
“It’s killing kalas because they becme s sick that they can’t climb trees t get fd, and females are unable t have babies,” said Dr. Samuel Phillips, a micrbilgist at the University f the Sunshine Cast.
Arund half f the wild kala ppulatin in the Nrthern Rivers regin f NSW—abut 50 animals—will be caught and vaccinated. “We want t evaluate what percentage f the kalas we need t vaccinate t meaningfully reduce infectin and disease,”said Dr. Phillips.
The first kalas were caught and vaccinated in March and the effrt is expected t last abut three mnths. Researchers use telescpes t spt kalas in the trees, then build fences arund the tree bases with drs leading int cages. After a few hurs r days, the kalas climb dwn frm ne tree t seek tasty leaves n anther and wander int the harmless traps.
After a cheek-up t make sure the animals are in gd cnditin, researchers give them anaesthesia (麻醉) t make them sleep befre they administer the vaccine. They watch the kalas’health fr 24 hurs after they wake up t make sure there are n side effects. The gal is t vaccinate healthy kalas t prevent them frm becming infected with chlamydia. The researchers mark the kalas’backs with pink dye s the same animals aren’t caught twice.
It is nt knwn what caused kalas t catch chlamydia, but the scientists believe it was prbably frm expsure t the infected sheep and cattle. It spreads when kalas mate, r it can be passed frm a mther t her babies.
9. Why was the ambitius trial started?
A. T establish a wildlife reserve.B. T attract the turists f all ages.
C. T test a newly develped vaccine.D. T reduce infectin amng kalas.
10. What is Dr. Phillips’attitude twards the current cnditin f kalas?
A. Uncaring.B. Dubtful.C. Cncerned.D. Cautius.
11. Which can best describe the prcess f giving kalas an vaccine?
A. Dangerus.B. Demanding.C. Simple.D. Useless.
12. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. Why kalas suffer frm the disease.B. Hw researchers recgnize kalas.
C. What a kala family largely feeds n.D. When a female kala can have a baby.
（23·24上·平凉·阶段练习）On 30 January, thusands gathered in Derry, in Nrthern Ireland, t mark the 50th anniversary f Bldy Sunday, when 13 peple were killed and at least 14 were hurt by the British Army.
Bldy Sunday tk place n Sunday 30 January, 1972. Over 10, 000 peple had gathered in Derry fr a civil rights march t give everyne equal treatment. Peple were marching because the UK Gvernment wanted t intrduce a law that wuld mean peple culd be held in prisn fr a lng time withut the reasn being tested by a curt t see if it was true. The change was meant t stp vilence at the time.
The whle f Ireland used t be part f the UK. Hwever, in 1921, an agreement between the Irish and UK gvernments led t Ireland splitting int tw regins. The suth became the Republic f Ireland, while Nrthern Ireland stayed in the UK. In Nrthern Ireland there was unrest because sme peple wanted t be part f the UK, while sme wanted t jin Ireland. This led t a perid f vilence frm 1968 t 1998 knwn as the Trubles, when arund 3, 700 peple died. Fr much f the Trubles, the British Army had lts f sldiers based in Nrthern Ireland.
The march started peacefully that day but later skirmishes brke ut between demnstratrs and the army. Sme peple started thrwing stnes at sldiers. The army mved in t arrest them and sldiers fired their guns, killing 13 peple and injuring 14 peple.
Thusands f peple marched thrugh Derry. The Irish prime minister Micheal Martin laid a wreath (花圈) at a memrial in Derry and spke t relatives f the victims. At a special event at the city’s Millennium Frum Theatre, the victims’ names were read ut and a silence was held at the mment the first persn was sht 50 years ag. The President f Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, said, “Derry stands as a guiding light f hpe and justice.”
13. Why did the UK gvernment want t intrduce a new law?
A. T stp nging cnflicts.B. T ffer equal rights.
C. T put peple in prisn.D. T test peple in curt.
14. What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A. Hw Bldy Sunday was marked.B. What happened n Bldy Sunday.
C. Why peple marked Bldy Sunday.D. Why there was a perid f vilence.
15. What des the underlined wrd “skirmishes” mean?
A. Fierce wars.B. Great celebratins.
C. Small fights.D. Huge demnstratins.
16. Why are Micheal Martin and Michael D. Higgins mentined in the last paragraph?
A. T stress the pwer f the march.
B. T shw the imprtance f Bldy Sunday.
C. T emphasize the cruelty f the Bldy Sunday.
D. T shw peple’s determinatin fr independence.
（22·23下·南充·阶段练习）The students stand n a pier (码头) ver the Harlem River in New Yrk City. They stare dwn int the brwn water. Their teacher, Mr. Rdman, pulls a lng rpe ut f the river. Fastened t the end f the rpe is a metal cage and inside are ysters (牡蛎). Taking turns, the students measure all the ysters, and then cmpare ntes. The biggest yster is ver 2 inches lng, much bigger than a healthy size fr its age! They als measure the level f xygen. As mre ysters grw, the water shuld becme clearer and hld mre xygen. Als, ther animals shuld mve in.
Oysters are sft-bdied animals, and share the underwater cmmunity with plants, fish, and ther life. They are fd fr crabs and ther animals. As new ysters grw, they attach their shells t lder nes, frming big reefs with many small spaces where ther animals live. Oysters eat algae (藻类). If algae grw t fast, they can decrease xygen frm the water and even fish need xygen t breathe!
But what happened t the ysters 100 years ag in New Yrk Harbr? Befre then, lts f ysters lived in these waters. They were shipped t restaurants arund the wrld. By the early 1900s, peple were eating them faster than they culd grw. Pllutin was puring int the waters. The harbr became severely plluted. Since the 1970s, new laws have helped reduce pisnus waste. Sme fish started t swim thrugh again. But ysters were still missing—until recently.
The Billin Oyster Prject began in 2014 t help bring ysters back t New Yrk Harbr. The prject has recruited mre than 6,500 students at mre than 100 middle schls and high schls t help grw, distribute, and study the ysters.
Finally, the students put the ysters back in the cage. Mr. Rdman lwers the cage int the river. In a few mnths, they will check the cage again. When the ysters are big enugh, they will be mved t jin a healthy reef in the middle f the harbr.
17. Why d students cme t the pier ver the Harlem River?
A. T buy ysters.B. T g fishing.
C. T clean up the river.D. T d research.
18. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw ysters get fed.B. What rle ysters play.
C. What ysters are like.D. Why algae grw fast.
19. What can we learn abut ysters in New Yrk Harbr?
A. Peple’s lve f eating ysters bsted their numbers.
B. Mre ysters than befre lived in waters in the 1900s.
C. New laws in the 1970s were crucial t ysters’ recvery.
D. Plluted water was partly t blame fr the missing f ysters.
20. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. The Harlem River Plluted HeavilyB. Oysters Shipped in New Yrk Harbr
C. Nature’s Helpful Oysters Brught BackD. Students Devted t Wildlife Prtectin
（23·24上·镇江·期中）An authr with cerebral palsy(脑瘫) wh fulfilled his dream f writing a children’s bk said he hped it culd help yung peple “be themselves”.
Gavin Clift n wrte Max and the Magic Wish, abut a by with cerebral palsy wh wishes t be like ther children befre starting schl.
Cliftn wanted t cnvey the message that it is OK fr children t be different. Cliftn was expected t never walk, talk r g t mainstream schl due t his cnditin. Cliftn nw walks and drives and can speak thrugh a specialist machine.
He said he wanted t shw thers what peple with disabilities can d, “The persn yu becme is the mst imprtant thing because yu learn t adapt yur life in yur wn way. And I want t shw children and thers with disabilities that being yurself is always the best that they shuld d. It has always been a dream f mine t write a children’s bk and if I can educate mre peple and inspire them whilst making a difference t their lives, I wuld be s happy. It wuld be my biggest achievement yet.”
Cliftn said he wanted it t g against “keybard warrirs” searching fr peple with disabilities n scial media. “I have suffered abuse frm keybard warrirs myself but the best advice I can give is t never bite back and let g f all the hrrible cmments and let them g ver yur head.”
The authr’s father Martin Cliftn said, “The dctr said he wuld never walk r talk because f his cerebral pals y that affects ne side f his bdy. I am s prud f him.”
Illustratr and publisher f Cliftn’s bk, Clare Thmas, said wrking with him was “an abslute hnur”. She said, “He desn’t let anything stand in his way.”
21. Hw is the third paragraph develped?
A. By describing a prcess.B. By analyzing causes.
C. By giving an example.D. By fllwing time rder.
22. What is the furth paragraph mainly abut?
A. The mtivatin behind Cliftn’s writing a bk.
B. The reasn fr Gavin Cliftn’s recvery.
C. The main character f Gavin Cliftn’s bk.
D. The cause f Gavin Cliftn’s illness.
23. Hw des Cliftn respnd t keybard warrirs?
A. He asks friends fr help.B. He ignres their evil wrds.
C. He bites back keybard warrirs.D. He accepts the hrrible cmments.
24. Why did Clare Thmas feel hnred t wrk with Gavin Cliftn?
A. Because Gavin Cliftn enjyed a high scial status.
B. Because Gavin Clift n was a man with disabilities.
C. Because Gavin Cliftn brught much cnfidence t Clare Thmas.
D. Because Gavin Clift impressed Clare Thmas with his perseverance.
（23·24上·保定·开学考试）In 2020, Pink launched the Wrld Regret Survey, the largest survey n the tpic ever undertaken. With his research team, Pink asked mre than 15, 000 peple in 105 cuntries, “Hw ften d yu lk back n yur life and wish yu had dne things differently?” Mst f them said regret was at least an ccasinal part f their life. Abut 21 percent said they felt regretful all the time. Only 1 percent said they never felt regretful.
If yu are f the “n regrets” schl f life, yu may think that all this regret is a recipe fr unhappiness. But that isn’t the case. Letting yurself be verwhelmed by regret is indeed bad fr yu. But ging t the ther extreme may be even wrse. T extinguish yur regrets desn’t free yu frm shame r srrw but causes yu t make the same mistakes again and again. T truly get ver ur guilt requires that we put regret in its prper place.
Uncmfrtable as it is, regret is an amazing cgnitive(认知的) feature. It requires that yu g back t a past scene. Imagine that yu acted differently t change it, and with that new scene in mind, arrive at a different present-and then, cmpare that fictinal present with the ne yu are experiencing in reality. Nt all regrets are the same, f curse. Pink says they cme in fur basic types, and an instance f regret may invlve just ne cmbinatin.
Many cnnectin regrets verlap (重叠) with mral regrets, which can cme abut after yu g against yur wn values. Fr example, yu may pride yurself n being a lving persn, and thus regret nt living up t this image in the relatinship yu harmed. Mral regrets can als invlve just yurself. Maybe yu regret nt living up t yur prmise t yur health when yu ate a whle pizza r skipped the gym.
If nt analyzed(分析) and managed, any kind f regret can be harmful t yur well-being. Regret is linked t depressin and anxiety, and t much regret can negatively affect yur immune system. But regret desn’t have t be put aside and ignred.
25. What culd be cncluded frm Pink’s research?
A. Half f the peple felt regretful.B. Mst peple lived withut regrets.
C. Nne culd live a life withut regrets.D. Mst f the peple had regrets.
26. What des the underlined wrd “extinguish” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Destry.B. Admit.C. Treasure.D. Experience.
27. What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A. The harm f mral regrets.
B. The imprtance f prmise.
C. The relatinship between regrets and values.
D. The cnnectin between reality and imaginatin.
28. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. Types f regrets.B. Causes f regrets.
C. Benefits f experiencing regrets.D. Ways f dealing with regrets.
（23·24上·河南·阶段练习）A slar cell wrks based n the phtelectric effect (光电效应), which happens when light interacts with a special light-absrbing material, knwn as a semicnductr (半导体). As the semicnductr absrbs light, it prduces negative charges (electrns) and psitive charges (hles). The electrns and hles are attracted t each ther, and when they jin tgether, they release energy in the frm f light. If we can separate the electrns and hles and keep them frm recmbining, we can then use them t prduce electricity.
Recently, a semicnducting material called pervskite was discvered. This material wrks superbly in the slar cell. One f its main advantages is that it is very simple t prepare, which means that slar cells can be made at a relatively lw cst cmpared t the existing slar cells technlgy.
Initially, pervskite cntains xygen, which makes it suitable fr use in slar cells. A few years ag, hwever, researchers made a breakthrugh discvery by develping nn-xygen-based pervskite in the labratry. This new pervskite culd bth carry electrical charges in the light and be nn-cnductive in the dark. The new material culd als absrb a wide range f wavelengths. These features are very well-suited fr slar cells.
An imprtant factr fr slar cells is stability, r the time the slar cell can wrk withut decreasing in its perfrmance. Therefre, we cnducted varius tests in which the slar cells remained stable fr ver 40 days. This gives us a gd indicatin that these cells will perate fr abut 20 years withut significant degradatin (衰退).
Pervskite-based slar cell technlgy has advanced rapidly in just a few years. Researchers are cnvinced that this technlgy hlds great ptential fr widespread use due t its simple prductin techniques and lw cst f the pervskite materials.
29. What is paragraph 1 mainly abut?
A. The electricity made by light.
B. The ways f prducing semicnductr.
C. The principle n which the slar cell is based.
D. The creatin f negative and psitive charges.
30. What is the main advantage f pervskite?
A. Being easy t prepare.B. Cntaining xygen.
C. Being nn-cnductive.D. Absrbing fewer wavelengths.
31. Why did researchers d s many experiments n pervskite-based slar cell?
A. T make less mistakes.B. T reduce the failures.
C. T increase the perfrmance.D. T learn mre abut the stability.
32. Which wrd can be used t describe the new slar cell technlgy?
A. Simple.B. Advanced.C. Prmising.D. Limited.
（23·24上·朔州·阶段练习）Languages like Italian r Finnish can be spelled mre easily because each letter f the alphabet matches t ne sund. Students studying these languages can have 90 percent reading accuracy after the first year. Hwever, students even after years f learning English are still far belw Italian r Finnish students in reading accuracy.
English started as a Germanic language. It is mst clsely cnnected t German and Dutch, especially in grammar and basic vcabulary. During the Nrman invasin (侵略) in the 12th century, Old English was spken but French was used in gvernment and legal dcuments. And Latin was used in religius and educatinal activities. As a result, mre French and Latin wrds entered the English language. The printing press invented in the late 1400s helped t establish English spelling. The English f tday is hw the language was written at the time. Hwever, the spken language started t change in the 1500s with the prnunciatin f all lng vwels. Fr example, “bite” was prnunced clser t “beet” in 1400, befre changing thrugh the years t its current sund. The effect was that the English language had ld spellings, but new sunds.
English has 26 letters in the alphabet, but ver 44 individual sunds depending n the variatin f spken English. There are several sunds represented by nly ne letter. Fr example, the letter “C” can sund like an “S” as in “city”. And it als sunds like a “K” as in “cat”.
There are nly 5 r 6 vwel (元音) letters in the English alphabet. They include A, E, I, O, U, and smetimes Y. But there are 20 different ways t sund them. At the centre is the mst cmmn vwel sund f “uhhh”. It is the mst relaxed and natural sund. It takes almst n effrt f the tngue r thrat t create the sund. Since it takes little effrt, the sund “uhhh” ften makes its way int prnunciatins. Fr example, the wrd “please” ften turns int “PUH-lease” when smene is trying t call attentin. This is anther reasn why spelling in English is s difficult!
33. Hw des the authr lead t the tpic f this text?
A. By cmparisn.
B. By making a classificatin.
C. By the calculatin f an example.
D. By describing a prcess.
34. What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The cmplex histry f English.
B. The frmatin f mdern English.
C. The influence f English n ther languages.
D. Factrs prmting the develpment f English.
35. When did the current spelling f English cme int being?
A. In the 12th century.B. Befre the Nrman invasin.
C. In the late 1400s.D. In the 1500s.
36. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. One Letter, Many Sunds
B. S Many Ways t Sund a Vwel
C. Why Spelling in English Is S Difficult
D. Hw t Imprve the Accuracy f English Spelling
（23·24上·兰州·期中）One third f adults ver 65 in America have never used the Internet, and half dn’t even have Internet access at hme. In San Francisc, “the center f tech”, 40% f lder adults d nt have basic digital literacy skills.
This situatin is becming appalling as ver 10, 000 Americans turn 65 every single day. By 2050, 22% f Americans will be 65 r lder. Meanwhile, technlgy is develping very fast. This means that a large number f peple will be unable t prficiently use emergent technlgy. Many peple believe that senirs aren’t required t participate in ur tech future because they’ll be retired and relaxed sn. But this is the farthest thing frm the truth. Baby bmers are currently experiencing a different bm: With mre peple getting lder than ever befre, their life expectancies are als increasing dramatically. With medical advancements, the number f American peple prjected t live int their 90’s has dubled since 1965.
Hwever, they dn’t have strng financial r educatinal supprt. This is nt a prblem: it’s a crisis. Mre than half f emplyees ver 50 have been laid ff in what’s being called “frced retirement”. And few rganizatins are actively helping lder emplyees make the transitin frm full-time jbs t part-time nes. Fr thse frtunate enugh t be emplyed, 3 ut f 5 lder wrkers experience prejudice.
The easiest slutin is t teach digital literacy. If baby bmers want t survive the frthcming retirement crisis, they shuld get enugh digital knwledge and skills t perate tday’s tls and tmrrw’s platfrms. With every crisis cmes an pprtunity. Tutring, custmer service, editing, research. bk-keeping, and ther virtual assistance-based wrk pen the drs. But again. digital knwledge is first required t live in ur high-tech sciety and gig ecnmy. S try t get mre nline and navigate the grwing number f sites and apps.
37. What des the underlined wrd “appalling” prbably mean in Paragraph 2?
A. Cnfusing.B. Cntrllable.
C. Inspiring.D. Terrible.
38. What prblem may baby bmers face?
A. Tending t duble their life expediencies.B. A crisis after retirement.
C. Failing t receive gd healthcare.D. Being kncked ut in the future.
39. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. Ptential industries in the future.B. The features f high-tech jbs.
C. The imprtance f develping technlgy.D. The way ut fr baby bmers.
40. What des the authr advise baby bmers t d?
A. Imprve digital literacy actively.B. Lk fr many part-time jbs.
C. Have a gd sense f crisis.D. Avid retiring at an early age.
（22·23上·运城·期中）A new study f lder adults finds excessive daytime napping (小睡) may signal an increasing risk f Alzheimer’s disease. Investigatrs frm Brigham and Wmen’s Hspital reprt a relatinship between daytime napping and cgnitive (认知的) aging: excessive daytime napping predicts an increased future risk f Alzheimer’s, and a diagnsis f Alzheimer’s speeds up the increase in daytime napping during aging.
“Daytime sleep behavirs f lder adults are ften ignred, and a cnsensus (共识) fr daytime napping in clinical practice and health care is still lacking,” said Peng Li f the Medical Bidynamics Prgram in Brigham’s Divisin f Sleep and Circadian Disrders. “Our team calls fr a clser attentin t 24-hur sleep patterns — nt nly nighttime sleep but als daytime sleep — fr tracking the health f lder adults.”
Researchers at the Brigham recgnized that all previus studies n Alzheimer’s disease assessed napping within a participant nly nce, mst f which were subjective and questinnaire-based. In the new study, mre than 1000 individuals, with an average age f 81, were prvided Actical, a watch-like device, t wear n their wrist fr up t 14 days. After napping episdes were identified, the nap duratin and frequency were calculated.
The results suggest that excessive daytime napping may signal an increasing risk f Alzheimer’s, and that faster yearly increase in daytime napping may be a sign f wrsening r unflavred clinical prgressin f the disease.
Researchers acknwledge that althugh the methd f the new study has been widely used in sleep field studies, they recgnize that plysmngraphy (多导睡眠记录仪) is the gld standard fr sleep scring. Mrever, the participants studied were lder, and therefre, the findings may nt be easily translated t yunger peple. In additin, future studies shuld test whether a direct interventin in daytime napping can lwer the risk f Alzheimer’s r cgnitive decline.
“We hpe t draw mre attentin t daytime sleep patterns and the imprtance f patients nting if their sleep schedule changes ver time,” said c-senir authr Kun Hu f the Medical Bidynamics Prgram. “Sleep changes are critical in shaping the internal changes in the brain.”
41. What is the new study abut?
A. Ways t prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
B. Causes f sleep disrders in lder adults.
C. The symptms f age-related cgnitive decline.
D. The link between Alzheimer’s and daytime sleep.
42. What des Peng Li’s team advcate?
A. Encuraging elders t get enugh rest at night.
B. Investigating the health f elders with pr sleep.
C. Mnitring elders’ sleep patterns thrughut the day.
D. Prviding gd health care fr elders with Alzheimer’s.
43. What des the underlined wrd “episdes” mean in Paragraph 3?
A. Perids.B. Incidents.C. Experiences.D. Series.
44. What is Paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Advice n adjusting sleep patterns.
B. Limitatins f the present research.
C. The ptential value f the study findings.
D. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
（23·24上·湖北·阶段练习）Yu are what yu eat — and what yu eat may be encded in yur DNA. Studies have indicated that yur genetics play a rle in determining the fds yu find delicius r disgusting. “Everything has a genetic cmpnent, even if it’s small,” says Janne Cle, a geneticist and a prfessr at the University f Clrad Schl f Medicine. “We knw there is sme genetic cntributin t why we eat the fds we eat. Can we take the next step and actually shw the exact psitin f the regins in the genme (染色体)?”
A new research led by Cle has gtten a step clser. Thrugh a large-scale genmics analysis, her team has identified 481 genme regins that were directly linked t dietary patterns and fd preferences. The findings were presented at the American Sciety fr Nutritin’s annual flagship cnference.
They were based n a 2020 Nature Cmmunicatins study by Cle and her clleagues that used data frm the U. K. Bibank, a public database f the genetic and health infrmatin f 500,000 participants. By scanning genmes, the new analysis was able t hme in n 194 regins assciated with dietary patterns and 287 linked t specific fds such as fruit, cheese, fish, tea and alchl.
“This study had a huge number f subjects, s that’s really pwerful,” says Mnica Dus, an assciate prfessr at the University f Michigan, wh wasn’t a part f the new research but studies the relatinship between genes and nutritin. “The ther thing that I thught was really great is that they have s many different characteristics that they’re measuring in respect t diet. They had chlesterl, the bdy, sciecnmic backgrunds.”
As the research advances, Dus says such genme analyses culd pssibly help health care prviders — and even plicymakers — address larger issues that affect fd access and health. “Instead f trying t bsess ver telling peple t eat this r that, a mre pwerful interventin is t link it t making sure there aren’t ‘fd deserts’ r t make sure that there’s a higher minimum wage — things that have a brader impact,” she says.
45. What is the purpse f Cle’s new research?
A. T encde the rle f DNA in determining fd chices.
B. T select genetic cmpnents tightly related t fd cnsumptin.
C. T figure ut the relatinship between genetics and fd preferences.
D. T identify specific regins in the genme related t fd preferences.
46. What’s paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A. The prcess f the study.B. The findings f the study.
C. The data-surce f the study.D. The significance f the study.
47. What des Mnica Dus mean in the text?
A. The subjects f the study are pwerful.
B. The research team studied many aspects linking t diet.
C. The genme analyses have n prspect in the future.
D. Peple’s wage shuld be raised because f “fd deserts”.
48. Which f the fllwing can be the best title f the text?
A. What Yu Eat Impacts Yur Health
B. What Yu Eat Frms Yur Dietary Pattern
C. Yur Genes May Determine Yur Nutritinal Need
D. Yur Genes May Influence What Yu Like t Eat