专题13 【培优小题狂练】阅读理解“猜测词义2”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）-2024年新高考英语二轮复习

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【近年高考考情】
1.（2022·新高考II卷·C篇）30题
2.（2020·新高考卷·C篇）29题
3.（2020·浙江卷·B篇）25题
4.（2019·全国II卷·A篇）21题
5.（2017·全国II卷·B篇）26题
6.（2017·全国I卷·C篇）29题
【实用解题妙招】
一、设问方式
1. What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
2. What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
二、实用妙招
在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如:要求考生指出代词it，they，ne等的指代对象。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。解题时需要做到:
1.原文定位：返回原文，找出指代词。
2.左顾右盼：找与其最接近的名词，名词性词组或句子（90%以上都是往前找答案）。
3.替换验证：替换该指代词，看逻辑是否通顺，范围是否一致。
三、思维导图
【高考真题再练】
1.（2022·新高考II卷·C篇）30题
Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir,” said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne."
28. Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective.B. Unnecessary.
C. Incnsistent.D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?
A. Where a driver came frm.B. Whether a driver used their phne.
C. Hw fast a driver was ging.D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. Advice.B. Data.C. Tests.D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. T Drive r Nt t Drive? Think Befre Yu Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer
C. New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generatin Cell Phne: The Textalyzer-
2.（2020·新高考卷·C篇）29题
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea: Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam, his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
This is a quick lk at life in Uzbekistan, made f friendliness and warmth, but als its darker side f sciety. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wnders, while n his way t Bukhara he gets a taste f plice methds when suspected f drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a muntain funeral(葬礼)fllwed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust strms, diseases and fishing bats stuck miles frm the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully rganizes histrical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-runded picture f Uzbekistan, seen frm Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stmach. As the authr explains, this is neither a travel nr a histry bk, r even a piece f reprtage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid descriptin f the purest f Central Asian traditins.
28. What made Mr Bissell return t Uzbekistan?
A. His friends' invitatin.B. His interest in the cuntry.
C. His lve fr teaching.D. His desire t regain health.
29. What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Develping a serius mental disease.
B. Taking a guided tur in Central Asia.
C. Wrking as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan.
D. Writing an article abut the Aral Sea.
30. Which f the fllwing best describes Mr Bissell's rad trip in Uzbekistan?
A. Rmantic.B. Eventful.C. Pleasant.D. Dangerus.
31. What is the purpse f this text?
A. T intrduce a bk.B. T explain a cultural phenmenn.
C. T remember a writer.D. T recmmend a travel destinatin.
3.（2020·浙江卷·B篇）25题
The traffic signals alng Factria Bulevard in Bellevue, Washingtn, generally dn't flash the same length f green twice in a rw, especially at rush hur. At 9:30am, the full red/yellw/green signal cycle might be 140 secnds. By 9:33am, a burst f additinal traffic might push it t 145 secnds. Less traffic at 9:37am culd push it dwn t 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-grwing city just east f Seattle, uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US: intersectin(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time t traffic cnditins. These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanvic, a researcher at Flrida Atlantic University.
Fr all f Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are nt a cure-all fr jammed radways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transprtatin Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial fr sme cities, thers are s jammed that nly a sharp reductin in the number f cars n the rad will make a meaningful difference. “It’s nt ging t fix everything, but adaptive signals have sme benefits fr smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch t adaptive signals has been a lessn in the value f welcming new appraches. In the past, there was ften an autmatic reactin t increased traffic: just widen the rads, says Mark Pch, the Bellevue Transprtatin Department’s traffic engineering manager. Nw he hpes that ther cities will cnsider making their streets run smarter instead f just making them bigger.
25. What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Increased length f green lights.B. Shrtened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing f traffic signals.D. Smth traffic flw n the rad.
26. What des Kevin Balke say abut adaptive signals?
A. They wrk better n brad rads.
B. They shuld be used in ther cities.
C. They have greatly reduced traffic n the rad.
D. They are less helpful in cities seriusly jammed.
27. What can we learn frm Bellevue’s success?
A. It is rewarding t try new things.B. The ld methds still wrk tday.
C. It pays t put thery int practice.D. The simplest way is the best way.
4.（2019·全国II卷·A篇）21题
My Favurite Bks
J Usmar is a writer fr Csmplitan and c-authr f the This Bk Will series(系列) f lifestyle bks. Here she picks her tp reads.
Matilda
Rald Dahl
I nce wrte a paper n the influence f fairy tales n Rald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciatin fr his strange and delightful wrds. Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents and the bssy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they’re als aspiratinal.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
It’s abut tw sisters—Eri, a mdel wh either wn’t r can’t stp sleeping, and Mari, a yung student. In trying t cnnect t her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discvers a wrld f diverse “night peple” wh are hiding secrets.
Gne Girl
Gillian Fynn
There was a bit f me that didn’t want t lve this when everyne else n the planet did, but the hrrr stry is brilliant. There’s tensin and anxiety frm the beginning as Nick and Amy battle fr yur trust. It’s a real whdunit and the frustratin when yu realise what’s ging n is hrribly enjyable.
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy nvel frm ne f the best strytellers arund. After a serius flu utbreak wipes ut 99.4% f the wrld’s ppulatin, a battle unflds between gd and evil amng thse left. Randall Flagg is ne f the scariest characters ever.
21. Wh des “I” refer t in the text?
A. Stephen King.B. Gillian Flynn.
C. J Usmar.D. Rald Dahl.
22. Which f the fllwing tells abut Mari and Eri?
A. Csmplitan.B. Matilda.
C. After Dark.D. The Stand.
23. What kind f bk is GneGirl?
A. A flk tale.B. A bigraphy.
C. A lve stry.D. A hrrr stry.
5.（2017·全国II卷·B篇）26题
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when Gerge Ry Hill, the directr f Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, intrduced us in New Yrk City. When the studi didn’t want me fr the film - it wanted smebdy as well knwn as Paul — he std up fr me. I dn’t knw hw many peple wuld have dne that; they wuld have listened t their agents r the studi pwers.
The friendship that grew ut f the experience f making that film and The Sting fur years later had its rt in the fact that althugh there was an age difference, we bth came frm a traditin f theater and live TV. We were respectful f craft(技艺) and fcused n digging int the characters we were ging t play. Bth f us had the qualities and virtues that are typical f American actrs: humrus, aggressive, and making fun f each ther — but always with an underlying affectin. Thse were als at the cre(核心) f ur relatinship ff the screen.
We shared the belief that if yu’re frtunate enugh t have success, yu shuld put smething back — he with his Newman’s Own fd and his Hle in the Wall camps fr kids wh are seriusly ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each ther all that regularly, but sharing that brught us tgether. We supprted each ther financially and by shwing up at events.
I last saw him a few mnths ag. He’d been in and ut f the hspital. He and I bth knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk abut it. Ours was a relatinship that didn’t need a lt f wrds.
24. Why was the studi unwilling t give the rle t authr at first?
A. Paul Newman wanted it.
B. The studi pwers didn’t like his agent.
C. He wasn’t famus enugh.
D. The directr recmmended smene else.
25. Why did Paul and the authr have a lasting friendship?
A. They were f the same age.
B. They wrked in the same theater.
C. They were bth gd actrs.
D. They han similar charactertics.
26. What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Their belief.
B. Their care fr children.
C. Their success.
D. Their supprt fr each ther.
27. What is the authr’s purpse in writing the test?
A. T shw his lve f films.
B. T remember a friend.
C. T intrduce a new mvie.
D. T share his acting experience.
6.（2017·全国I卷·C篇）29题
Sme f the wrld’s mst famus musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans t celebrate the first annual Internatinal Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Natins Educatinal, Scientific and Cultural Organizatin) recently set April 30 as a day t raise awareness f jazz music, its significance, and its ptential as a unifying(联合) vice acrss cultures.
Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U.S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.
It’s Jasn Mran’s jb t help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser fr jazz, Mran hpes t widen the audience fr jazz, make the music mre accessible, and preserve its histry and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s nt really a part f the American appetite,” Mran tells Natinal Public Radi’s reprter Neal Cnan. “What I’m hping t accmplish is that my generatin and yunger start t recnsider and understand that jazz is nt black and write anymre. It’s actually clr, and it’s actually digital.”
Mran says ne f the prblems with jazz tday is that the entertainment aspect f the music has been lst. “The music can’t be presented tday the way it was in 1908 r 1958. It has t cntinue t mve, because the way the wrld wrks is nt the same,” says Mran.
Last year, Mran wrked n a prject that arranged Fats Waller’s music fr a dance party, “Just t kind f put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is cncert music,” says Mran. “Fr me, it’s the recntextualizatin. In music, where des the emtin(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) n hw t talk abut urselves and hw smething as abstract as a Charlie Parker recrd gets us int a dialgue abut ur emtins and ur thughts? Smetimes we lse sight that the music has a wider cntext,” says Mran, “s I want t cntinue thse dialgues. Thse are the things I want t fster.”
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as Internatinal Jazz Day?
A. T remember the birth f jazz.
B. T prtect cultural diversity.
C. T encurage peple t study music.
D. T recgnize the value f jazz.
29. What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Jazz becming mre accessible.
B. The prductin f jazz grwing faster.
C. Jazz being less ppular with the yung.
D. The jazz audience becming larger.
30. What can we infer abut Mran’s pinin n jazz?
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It shuld keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Explring the Future f Jazz.
B. The Rise and Fall f Jazz.
C. The Stry f a Jazz Musician.
D. Celebrating the Jazz Day.
【名校好题强化】
（23·24下·合肥·阶段练习）On Saturday 24 August 1918, it was raining cats and dgs and thundering ver a city called Sunderland n the nrtheast cast f England. The strm lasted fr nly abut ten minutes. Peple were surprised t see that it was nt just rainwater falling frm the sky. There were fish falling dwn, t! Peple came ut t find ut what was happening. They culd nt believe their wn eyes. There were thusands f fish—sand eels (沙鳗)—lying n the grund. They were abut seven centimeters lng, and all were frzen slid (冻成硬块).
Sand eels swim tgether in large grups, ften in sandy water, and are ften fund in large numbers in the Nrth Sea, which reaches ut t the east f Sunderland. Hw was it pssible fr these sand eels t fall frm the sky and land n Sunderland?
Scientists believed the heavy thunderstrm that afternn may have caused a watersput (水龙卷). Watersputs can be frmed when strng winds mve quickly in a circle ver water. They are s pwerful that anything less than ne meter in length can be taken int them and frced int the cluds. The cluds carry whatever has been taken int them fr lng distances —smetimes ver 150 kilmeters. It’s very cld up there and everything sn freezes slid.
Fr hundreds f years there have been reprts f small animals being taken int the sky thrugh watersputs. In 2009, dead tadples rained dwn n the city f Nana in Japan. In 2012, fifty kils f prawns fell frm the sky ver Sri Lanka. In 2017, fish fell n the castal city f Tampic in Mexic.
It must be a very strange experience t see fish raining dwn n yu. It wuld prbably hurt if ne fell n yur head! With climate (气候) change and many reprts f terrible strms, will the time ever cme when it may really begin t rain cats and dgs?
1. What d we knw abut the sand eels that landed n Sunderland?
A. They were few in number.B. They came in different sizes.
C. They were still alive when landing.D. They prbably came frm the Nrth Sea.
2. What des the underlined wrd “them” in Paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Cluds.B. Watersputs.C. Strng winds.D. The waters f the sea.
3. The authr mentins the fall f tadples in Japan in 2009 in rder t shw that.
A. raining sea animals is nt new in histryB. the envirnment is nt pleasant in Japan
C. watersputs can reach as far as JapanD. different animals can fall in different cuntries
4. In the end, what des the authr prbably care mst abut?
A. Our health.B. Our envirnment.C. The wild animals.D. The news reprts.
（23·24上·河南·阶段练习）Last Saturday, a pwerful earthquake struck the Philippines. It was first reprted as a magnitude (震级) f 7.2; this was later crrected t 6.8. Last Friday, a prt cllapsed in Glucester Harbr in Massachusetts. It was first reprted as a prt belnging t Cape Ann Ice, but later identified as a prt used by Channel Fish.
Crrectins and retractins (撤回) are cmmn-nt nly in the news, but als in science and in everyday life. The truble is that initial beliefs are smetimes hard t remve. Dzens f studies in experimental psychlgy have identified a phenmenn knwn as the cntinued influence effect that even after misinfrmatin is retracted, many peple cntinue t treat it as true. In ther wrds, it has a cntinued influence n their thinking.
Ecker and his clleagues designed an experiment in which 60 university undergraduates read a series f events that were written as pairs f news stries, half f which invlved a retractin in the secnd stry f sme misinfrmatin stated in the first stry. T measure the “cntinued influence” f the initial misinfrmatin, participants were asked a series f questins relevant t that aspect f the news stry. The researchers fund that peple’s reasning ften shwed an influence frm the initial, retracted claim, cnfirming previus finds.
The study’s authrs are cautius abut making strng cnclusins based n this single result. Hwever, they still suggest that unnecessary repetitins f misinfrmatin shuld be avided; if smene desn’t already believe the misinfrmatin, repeating it culd d mre harm than gd.
5. What is the functin f the first paragraph?
A. Raising the main tpic.B. Overviewing the whle article.
C. Shwing a prblem fr later slutin.D. Intrducing the backgrund infrmatin.
6. What des the underlined wrd “it” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The persistent influence.B. The misinfrmatin.
C. The infrmatin retractin.D. The psychlgical phenmenn.
7. What can we learn abut the experiment frm the last tw paragraph?
A. It is well designed.B. It needs t be mre interesting.
C. It takes ages t see the results.D. It makes us mre cautius during wrk.
8. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Is Misinfrmatin Useful?B. Crrectins and Retractins
C. Ways t Remember True InfrmatinD. Can Repeating False Infrmatin be Helpful?
（23·24上·红桥·期中）On Nvember 7, Lewis Pugh cmpleted a ne-kilmeter swim in the freezing waters f King Edward Cve, ff Suth Gergia in Antarctica. He was wearing nly his swimming glasses, cap and Speeds!
Pugh is an advcate fr ur ceans and seas, wrking t prtect these ecsystem with their large diversity f marine (海洋的) life. When asked why he desn’t wear a wetsuit(防寒泳衣), Lewis says, “I ask wrld leaders t d everything they can t prtect ur ceans. Smetimes the steps they need t take are difficult and unppular. If I’m asking them t be curageus, I must als be. Swimming in a wetsuit wuld nt send the right message.”
It tk Pugh abut 19 minutes t cmplete the ne-kilmeter swim in Antarctica where the water averaged abut 1. 6℃. He says that his bdy can nly tlerate abut 20 minutes in the freezing waters befre it starts shutting dwn. As he swims, his bdy temperature steadily drps, which in turn causes his muscle cntrl t drp, slwing him dwn. When he is dne with his swim, his supprt team rushes him t a ht shwer and it takes almst an hur fr his bdy temperature t return t nrmal.
Dctrs and Pugh cautin that ne must receive mnths f training t swim in such cld waters. Even expert swimmers wh are unused t freezing water can drwn within minutes because f the physical shck experienced by the bdy. Pugh says he trained fr six mnths befre this swim.
This is nt the first time that Lewis has swum in dangerus cnditins. In 2007, he swam ne kilmeter in the Nrth Ple t draw attentin t the melting Arctic ice due t climate change. In 2015, he swam in the Bay f Whales in Antarctica’s Rss Sea as part f his successful campaign t help set up a marine reserve there.
9. Why did Lewis Pugh swim withut a wetsuit?
A. T swim faster.B. T shw his bravery.
C. T build up his bdy.D. T win public attentin.
10. What des the underlined wrd “it” in Paragraph 3 refer t?
A. His bdy.B. The water.
C. His bdy temperature.D. The water temperature.
11. What’s Pugh’s advice abut swimming in freezing waters?
A. One must be fully prepared.B. One shuld be expert at swimming.
C. One shuld be ready t take n challenges.D. One must be used t lng-distance swimming.
12. Which f the fllwing best describes Lewis Pugh?
A. Ambitius and self-centered.B. Hardwrking and single-minded.
C. Optimistic and envirnmentally friendly.D. Determined and envirnmentally cnscius.
13. What may be the best title fr the text?
A. Lewis Pugh: swimming fr a causeB. Hw t survive a swim in cld waters
C. Hw t prepare fr extreme swimmingD. Lewis Pugh: achieving the impssible
（23·24上·浙江·期中）It’s well knwn that weightlifting can strengthen ur muscles. Nw, there’s increasing evidence that strengthening the muscles we use t breathe is beneficial t. New research shws that daily muscle training helps prmte heart health and reduces high bld pressure.
“The muscles we use t breathe tend t shrink as we get lder,” explains researcher Daniel, a physilgist at the University f Clrad Bulder. T test what happens when these muscles are given a gd wrkut, he and his clleagues recruited healthy vlunteers aged 18 t 82 t try a daily five-minute technique using a resistance-breathing training device. When peple breathe int it, the device prvides resistance, making it harder t breathe. “We fund that ding 30 breaths per day fr six weeks lwers bld pressure by abut 9 mmHg,” Daniel says. Accrding t Jyner, a physician at the May Clinic wh studies hw the nervus system regulates bld pressure, that is the type f reductin with a bld pressure drug.
S, hw exactly des breath training lwer bld pressure? Daniel pints t the rle f endthelial (内皮的) cells, which help widen ur bld vessels (血管) and prmte gd bld flw. “What we fund was that six weeks f the training will increase endthelial l functin by abut 45%,”Daniel explains.
The new study builds n a previus study and adds t the evidence that the training is beneficial fr adults f all ages. Befre the results came in, Daniel had suspected that yung, health y adults might nt benefit as much. “But we saw strng effects,” Daniel says, pinting t a significant decline in bld pressure fr participants f all ages. He says the finding suggests the training culd help healthy yung peple prevent heart disease and the rise in bld pressure that tends t ccur with aging.
The technique is nt intended t replace exercise, he cautins, r t replace medicine fr peple with high bld pressure. Instead, Daniel says, “it wuld be a gd additinal preventin fr peple wh are ding ther healthy lifestyle appraches already.”
14. Wh was mst likely t be a vlunteer in the study?
A. An adult wrking nearby.B. A pupil frm a lcal schl.
C. A senir with heart disease.D. A backpacker staying fr 2 weeks.
15. The underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refers t .
A. giving the muscles a gd wrkut.B. ding 30 breaths per day fr six weeks.
C. regulating bld pressure by the nerves.D. lwering bld pressure by abut 9 mmHg.
16. What can be knwn abut the research result?
A. It was far frm satisfactry.B. It cnfirmed Daniel’s dubt.
C. It was cntrary t the previus study.D. It was beynd Daniel’s expectatin.
17. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Muscle training t prmte ur health.B. Weightlifting t strengthen ur muscles.
C. Daily breath training t reduce bld pressure.D. Lifestyle appraches t preventing bld diseases.
（23·24上·济宁·期中）Nature is ne f the greatest surces f inspiratin fr engineers and cmputer scientists t develp new technlgical tls. Over the past decade r s, rbticists have develped cuntless rbts inspired by the behavir and bilgical mechanisms f snakes, fish, birds, insects and cuntless ther animals.
Researchers at Beijing Institute f Technlgy recently designed a new bi-inspired rbt that can maintain its balance using tail-like mechanism. The rbt is made up f a main bdy, tw wheels and the tail-inspired cmpnent, which is cntrlled by an adaptive cntrller that allws it t turn in different directins within an area parallel (平行的) t the rbt’s wheels. The specific patters that are designed t increase the rbt’s stability are calculated using the s-called Lyapunv stability therem, which is a theretical cnstruct that describes the stability f dynamic systems.
Mst existing appraches t balancing vehicles with tw wheels wrk by cllecting a vehicle’s bdy height data using an inertial (惯性的) measurement unit (IMU), which is an electrnic device that can measure a specific frce acting n a bdy r bject. Cnventinal appraches prcess the data cllected by an IMU device and then carry ut balancing strategies accrdingly, typically by adjusting its tilt (倾斜的) angle.
While many f these appraches achieved satisfactry results, the design put frward by this team f researchers intrduces a practical alternative that des nt invlve adjusting the rbt’s tilt angle. It is ne f the few existing techniques that are inspired by the tails f animals, t enhance a wheeled rbt’s balance while cnsidering uncertainty in the envirnment.
The researchers evaluated the effectiveness f the tail-like rbtic mechanism in a series f tests. Their findings were very prmising. as when the rbt lst its balance in the tested envirnment, the artificial “tail” was able t re-balance it within n mre than 3.5 secnds.
In the future, this tail-like mechanism culd be adapted t enhance the stability and balance f ther existing r newly develped rbts. In additin, the findings gathered as part f this study culd inspire ther rbticists t design similar tail-like cmpnents.
18. What’s special abut the new rbt?
A. It is a bi-inspired rbt.
B. It is identical t an insect.
C. Its “tail”prmtes the stability cntrl.
D. Its wheels are used t sustain its balance.
19. Hw are paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly develped?
A. By giving a definitin.B. By setting an example.
C. By analyzing reasns.D. By making cmparisns.
20. What des the underlined wrd “it” in paragraph 5 refer t?
A. The adaptive cntrller.B. The bi-inspired rbt.
C. The tail-like cmpnent.D. The surrunding envirnment.
21. What des the last paragraph fcus n?
A. Reasns fr the research.B. Ptentials f the research.
C. Cmplexities f the research.D. Challenges f the research.
（23·24上·连云港·期中）Have yu ever wndered abut the significance f emtins in ur life? Emtins play a critical part in ur lives and are cntagius (传染的) unless yu knw hw t actually cntrl them. Let me give yu an example here: When yu are with yur lved nes, yur md changes instantly, right? If they feel happy then yu feel happy, and if they feel angry/sad then s d yu. Starting t get what I was talking abut in the beginning? Shuld yu be feeling like that? In certain situatins yes, but every time, n!
Yu may find it very hard t believe but it is NOT ur respnsibility t bear their feelings, this is smething that they have t d themselves. Apart frm this, we must als learn t cntrl ur feelings, and never ever be ruled by ur wn feelings.
Let me give yu my wn example here. In the middle f a fight between yur spuse (配偶) r partner, they will say, “Yu really hurt my feelings”. Smetimes, yu might even say: “Yu are making me angry”. What des this imply? It means that yu have allwed the ther persn t emtinally cntrl yu. Whenever this happens, yu start blaming yurself, especially fr the emtins that thers are feeling. This is knwn as emtinal reflectin. Yu must learn t cntrl this r it will create c-dependency in relatinships which is very harmful.
What shuld be yur curse f actin here? It might seem rude when I say this but yu really need t hear it. YOU ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR HOW OTHERS FEEL! This ges sideways, thers are als nt respnsible fr hw yu feel and that is ur gal fr tday.
22. What is the functin f the first questin in Paragraph 1?
A. T intrduce the tpic.B. T share a ht game.
C. T entertain the readers.D. T explain the backgrund.
23. What des the underlined wrd “this” in Paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Yur partner makes yu angry.B. Yu hurt yur partner’s feelings.
C. Yur feelings are cntrlled by thers.D. Yu blame thers fr affecting yur feelings.
24. What can we infer abut emtins frm Paragraph 3?
A. Others can never cntrl yur emtins.B. Yu can’t be affected by thers’ emtins.
C. Grw with different emtinsD. Cntrl Emtins in prper ways
25. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Let G f Yur FeelingsB. Mind Yur Own Feelings
C. Grw with different emtinsD. Cntrl Emtins in prper ways
（23·24上·烟台·期中）Fr sharks, the Mesamerican Reef, which stretches ver 600 miles, is a busy highway. Sharks use it t find their way and it prvides them with fd and habitat.
But as with n-land highways, this superhighway can be dangerus. Overfishing, cmmercial develpment and illegal practices are endangering the species. “We’re seeing a cntinued decline in shark ppulatins. Our gal is t turn that rund.” says Rachel Graham, funder f Mar Alliance, a nn-prfit rganizatin fcused n cnserving sharks.
By mnitring sharks, Mar Alliance can cllect imprtant knwledge n the species t help infrm cnservatin and push fr plitical actin. But rather than acting in ppsitin t the lcal fishing cmmunity, MarAlliance enlists their help.
“They are the nes wh are n the sea every single day,” says Graham, “and they’re the nes wh decide the species’ future.”
MarAlliance emplys up t 60 fishermen acrss its range, mstly n a prject basis, training them t cllect data, recrd and release fish. Nt nly des this prvide an alternative incme t fishing cmmunities, making them less dependent n natural resurces, but it als teaches them abut the benefits f a healthy cean ecsystem and hw t fish sustainably.
Amng them, Ivan Trres, wh used t catch sharks t sell lcally as fd, has learned hw critical they’re t the whle ecsystem, saying he’d never fish sharks any mre.
If this attitude change cntinues t spread thrughut fishing cmmunities, Graham has hpe fr the shark ppulatins. “The primary threat t sharks is unquestinably verfishing,” she says, “By refrming the industry, ppulatins can bunce back.”
In 2020, Belize utlawed the use f gillnets, large panels f netting f trapping large sealife. The ban’s impact is already nticeable with a recrded 10-fld increase in shark ppulatins.
But such regulatins need t be cpied alng the whle superhighway fr lng-lasting impact, and cuntries need t find a sustainable balance between fishers and the fished. “We need t find a win-win strategy between fisher livelihds and shark survival,” Graham emphasizes. “I hpe that thrugh educatin and prviding an ecnmic alternative fr fishing cmmunities, MarAlliance will help ensure safe passage fr sharks alng the reef”.
26. Which f the fllwing best describes the Mesamerican Reef fr sharks?
A. Rmantic but messy.B. Vital but insecure.
C. Adventurus but beautiful.D. Unfamiliar but reliable.
27. What des the underlined “they” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A. MarAlliance.B. The fishers.
C. Mnitring authrities.D. The sharks.
28. What cntributed t Ivan’s attitude shift apart frm educatin?
A. A stricter fishing ban.B. The insurance payut he earned.
C. An ffer f extra wrk.D. The fishing cmmunities’ interventin.
29. What is mainly stressed in the last paragraph?
A. Slutin t verfishing.B. Difficulties facing MarAlliance.
C. Impact f existing regulatins.D. Features f internatinal cperatin.
（22·23上·绵阳·阶段练习）Peple were already knwn t cnsume micrplastics via fd and water as well as breathing them in. In a new study, scientists analyzed bld samples frm 22 healthy dnatrs and fund micrplastics in 17. Half the samples cntained PET plastic, which is cmmnly used in drinks bttles, while a third cntained plystyrene, which is used fr packaging fd and ther prducts. A quarter f the bld samples cntaincd plyethylene, frm which plastic carrier bags are made.
“Previus wrk had shwn that micrplastics were 10 times higher in the faeces (粪便) f babies cmpared with adults and that babies fed with plastic bttles are swallwing millins f micrplastic particles (微粒) a day. We als knw in general that babies are mre sensitive t chemical and particle expsure,” said Prf Dick Vethaak, a scientist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.“That wrries me a lt.”
The new research adapted existing techniques t detect and analyze particles as small as 0.0007mm. Sme f the bld samples cntained tw r three types f plastic. The team used steel syrınge needles and glass tubes t avid pllutin and tested fr backgrund levels f micrplastics using blank samples.
Vethaak acknwledged that the amunt and type f plastic varied cnsiderably between the bld samples.“But this is a pineering study,”he said, with mre wrk nw necded. He said the differences might reflect shrt-term expsure befre the bld samples were taken, such as drinking frm a plastic-lined cffee cup r wearing a plastic face mask.
A recent study fund that micrplastics can attach t the uter membranes(膜) f red bld cells and may limit their ability t transprt xygen. The particles have als been fund in the placentas f pregnant wmen.
“Arc the particles preserved in the bdy? Are they transprted t certain rgans? And are these levels sufficiently high t cause disease?” Vethaak said.“Mre detailed research n hw micrplastics affect the structures and prcesses f the human bdy, and whether and hw they can transfrm cells and hw they may cause cancer, is urgently needed. The prblem is becming mre urgent each day,”Vethaak added.
30. What des the new study in Paragraph I shw?
A. Micrplastic pllutin is harmful t human health.
B. Micrplastics have been detected in human bld.
C. Drinks bttles cntain mre micrplastics than plastic carrier bags.
D. Fd packagıng is the main surce f micrplastics in the human bdy.
31. What des the underlined wrd “That” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The mass prductin f plastic bttles.
B. The impact f micrplastics n babies.
C. The undevelped digestive system f babies.
D. The increasing amunt f chemicals in fd.
32. What might cause micrplastics t vary between bld samples?
A. Diverse sampling time.
B. Pllutin f bld samples.
C. Different physical cnditins f dnatrs.
D. Shrt-term expsure t plastics befre sampling.
33. Which is the best title f the passage?
A. Studies f Plastic Prducts.
B. The Expectatin f Micrplastics.
C. Pineering Studies f Micrplastic Particles.
D. Studies f Micrplastics int Human Bdy.
（23·24上·河南·期中）The dust settled earlier this week after attendees at the annual Burning Man festival were finally given the green light t leave after heavy rains turned the event grunds int a muddy pl that prevented tens f thusands f peple frm driving ut. Festival gers were tld t save fd and water until the grund dried sufficiently fr cars, trucks, and RVs t drive n.
Fr sme, the uncperative weather may remain nly an unfrtunate ftnte in the stried histry f this increasingly ppular arts and music festival, which has been happening since the1980s. But fr thers, it is a wake-up call that such huge events cannt escape frm the cruel realities f glbal warming.
One f Burning Man’s mst well-knwn principles is t “leave n trace (痕迹)”, where partygers are encuraged t pick up every bit f pieces and “matter that is ut f place” in rder t leave the site in a gd state. Hwever, despite attendees’ effrts t leave n trace n the site itself, lcal residents in the nearest twn, have spken ut abut hw their twn has becme a junkyard after the event.
Then, there are the scientists wh say that the site’s delicate (脆弱的) ecsystem is put under great pressure each year. Thugh the pale sands f the desert may seem like they dn’t supprt much life, it’s actually an ancient, dried lakebed that reawakens under rain.
In fact, during the festival’s pening, a climate rganizatin blcked traffic temprarily frm entering the festival grunds, whse aim was t draw attentin t the fact that the event prduces abut 100,000 tns f CO₂ a year—90% f that cming frm travel as peple drive and fly t reach the festival.
Thugh Burning Man has taken measures t make the festival greener, sme prtesters (抗议者) are pinting ut that it’s simply nt enugh. Burning Man as a phenmenn has clearly reached a crssrads. Given the real envirnmental impacts that it has year after year, it might be time fr rganizers and cmmunity members t rethink hw the festival cntinues ging frward.
34. What des the underlined wrd “it” in paragraph 2 prbably refer t?
A. The stried histry.B. The bad weather.
C. The huge event.D. The glbal warming.
35. What can be learned frm paragraph 3?
A. The partygers are nt respnsible at all.
B. Burning Man has set up the mst famus principle.
C. Lcal residents ften have an argument with attendees.
D. There is a gap between the rganizers’ wishes and reality.
36. Why did the climate rganizatin prevent the entry f traffic?
A. T reduce the risks f car accidents.
B. T limit the number f attendees.
C. T attract peple’s attentin t the festival.
D. T raise peple’s awareness f the carbn ftprint.
37. What can be the best title fr the text?
A. It Is Time t Rethink Burning ManB. Burning Man Is Lsing Its Appeal
C. Glbal Warming Is Ruining Our LifeD. Burning Man Met Heavy Rain
（23·24上·岳阳·阶段练习）Reading can be a scial activity. Think f the peple wh belng t bk grups. They chse bks t read and then meet t discuss them. Nw, the website Bk Crssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup.
Members g n the site and register (登记) the bks they wn and wuld like t share. Bk Crssing prvides an identificatin number (识别码) t stick inside the bk. Then the persn leaves it in a public place, hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader wh finds it.
Bruce Pedersn, the managing directr f Bk Crssing, says, “The tw things that change yur life are the peple yu meet and bks yu read. Bk Crssing cmbines bth.”
Members leave bks n park benches and buses, in train statins and cffee shps. Whever finds their bk will g t the site and recrd where they fund it.
Peple wh find a bk can als leave a jurnal entry describing what they thught f it. E— mails are then sent t the BkCrssers t keep them updated abut where their bks have been fund. Bruce Pedersn says the idea is fr peple nt t be selfish by keeping a bk t gather dust n a shelf at hme.
Bk Crssing is part f a trend (趋势) amng peple wh want t get back t the “real” and nt the virtual (虚拟).The site nw has mre than ne millin members in mre than ne hundred thirty—five cuntries.
38. Why des the authr mentin bk grups in the first paragraph?
A. T explain what they are.B. T intrduce Bk Crssing.
C. T stress the imprtance f reading.D. T encurage readers t share their ideas.
39. What des the underlined wrd “it” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. An adventure.B. A public place.
C. The bk.D. The identificatin number.
40. What will a Bk Crsser d with a bk after reading it?
A. Keep it safe in his bkcase.B. Mail it back t its wner.
C. Meet ther readers t discuss it.D. Pass it n t anther reader.
41. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Online Reading: A Virtual TurB. Electrnic Bks: A New Trend
C. A Bk Grup Brings Traditin BackD. A Website Links Peple thrugh Bks
（23·24上·重庆·期中）Upn discvering her grandma Gergie’s clthing sketches (草图) in 2021, Julia, a 27-year-ld TikTker, barely knew hw t sew clthes. Nnetheless, she decided t take it upn herself t make Grandma’s ld designer dreams cme alive. And it’s nt surprising at all, then, that when Julia shared her hard wrk with her abslutely delighted Grandma, and later her fllwers—mre than 21millin viewers tuned in t see what the mst adrable versin f Paris Fashin Week lks like. Oh, and what a sight it is.
When Julia first came acrss her grandma’s fashin design sketches that were almst three times as ld as she is, she was attracted by them. S were her unexpected TikTk viewers, 2.7 millin f them, wh shared Julia’s appreciatin f these drawings, leading t her first viral vide. “I knew grandma was talented, but I was like, ‘Ww, these are really much better than what I was envisining in my head’,” she tld Insider.
Using material leftver frm her grandmther’s cllectin f utdated fabrics, Julia has sewn many f the dresses Gergie envisined. She ntes that she desn’t always fllw her “grandma sketch”, as what lks gd n paper might nt translate nt the bdy. “Grandma encurages that,” Julia explains.
This nging cperatin acrss generatins has led t an extremely ppular TikTk series in which Julia shws Gergie what she’s created. It’s als sparked sweet cnversatins between the tw f them, which are shared n vide. “It’s a beautiful bnding experience between us that has made Grandma happy,” she said.
“Lts f peple wh are lder and watch my vides say they lve seeing smene yunger appreciate smething frm their generatin,” she said. “And then yunger peple see it and maybe they lst their grandparents, and they say seeing my vides reminds them f their grandparents,” said Julia.
42. What used t be Gergie’s dream?
A. T set up a fashin schl.B. T becme a fashin designer.
C. T attend Paris Fashin Week.D. T create a ppular TikTk series.
43. What des the underlined “that” in Paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Julia’s using leftver fabrics.B. Julia’s sewing her wn dresses.
C. Julia’s adjusting her grandma’s designs.D. Julia’s fllwing her grandma’s sketches.
44. What has led t the ppularity f Julia’s wrks n TikTk?
A. It fllws the latest fashin style.
B. It cnnects different generatins.
C. It reminds its viewers f their belved nes.
D. It encurages peple t make imprvements.
45. What kind f persn is Julia?
A. Sensitive and warm-hearted.B. Helpful and determined.
C. Ambitius and devted.D. Caring and talented.