北师大版高中英语必修第一册UNIT3 Section F课件

这是一份北师大版高中英语必修第一册UNIT3 Section F课件，共60页。
Section F　单元语法专项单元语法专项(1)——被动语态(一) 语态概述语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间是“施事”还是“受事”关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的施事者、执行者；而被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的受事者、承受者。主动句变为被动句时，其宾语在被动语态句子中一般成为主语。动词的语态和时态融合在一起，不可分离、不可独立存在。1．被动语态的构成被动语态的基本构成形式为：be＋过去分词。其中be为助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。如果使用情态动词，则其构成形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。2．被动语态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句◆不含情态动词的被动语态(1)肯定句式：主语＋be＋过去分词＋其他．❶Laura，you are wanted in the office.劳拉，办公室有人找你。❷Our school was built in 1961.我们学校建于1961年。(2)否定句式：主语＋be＋not＋过去分词＋其他．❶The problem hasn't been solved yet.这个问题还没解决。❷The window was not broken by John, but by the wind.窗子不是约翰打破的，而是被风刮破的。(3)一般疑问句式：Be＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？❶Is this song sung by that famous singer?这首歌是那位著名歌手唱的吗？❷Was he invited to the opening ceremony?他受邀出席开幕式了吗？(4)特殊疑问句式：疑问词＋be＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？Why was Tom asked to stay behind after school?汤姆为何在放学后被要求留下？◆含有情态动词的被动语态(1)肯定句式：主语＋情态动词＋be＋过去分词＋其他。❶This must be done as soon as possible.这件事必须尽快做。❷Cross the road very carefully. Look at both sides, or you might be knocked down.过马路要非常小心，要看两边，不然你有可能被撞倒。(2)否定句式：主语＋情态动词＋not＋be＋过去分词＋其他。❶What has been done cannot be undone.覆水难收。❷Such problems shouldn't be ignored.这样的问题不容忽视。(3)一般疑问句式：情态动词＋主语＋be＋过去分词＋其他？❶Should all the corn be gathered today?所有的玉米今天都应该收起来吗？❷Must the magazine be returned next week?这本杂志下周必须归还吗？(4)特殊疑问句式：疑问词＋情态动词＋主语＋be＋过去分词＋其他？❶Why should the article be typed in such a way?为什么这篇文章用这种方式打印(出来)?注：如果疑问词作主语，则是：疑问词＋情态动词＋be＋过去分词＋其他？❷Who may be sent abroad for further study?谁可能被派出国深造呢？(二) 各种时态的被动语态概览1．一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are＋过去分词❶The young pretty English teacher is loved by all her students.这位年轻漂亮的英语老师受到她所有学生的喜爱。❷A sound of piano is often heard in the next room.经常听到隔壁房间里有钢琴声。2．一般过去时的被动语态：was/were＋过去分词❶The boy was brought up in the orphanage.这个男孩是在孤儿院被抚养大的。❷She was called her nickname when she was young.她小时候被叫绰号。3．一般将来时的被动语态：will，am/is/are going to，am/is/are to＋be＋过去分词❶This matter will be looked into in the future.这件事将来是要调查的。❷When will the school sports meeting be held?什么时候举行学校运动会啊？❸What is going to be discussed today?今天要讨论什么？❹The exhibition is to be held next month.展览将于下个月举办。4．过去将来时的被动语态：would，was/were going to，was/were to＋be＋过去分词❶He said the work would be finished in a week.他说这项工作将在一周后完成。❷She told me that a wonderful play was going to be put on at this theatre.她告诉我这家剧院将上演一出精彩的戏剧。5．现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are＋being＋过去分词❶The thief is being questioned in the next room.那个小偷正在隔壁房间接受审问。❷Is the car accident being looked into now?那起交通事故正在被调查吗？6．过去进行时的被动语态：was/were＋being＋过去分词❶When I called, tea was being served.当我打电话时，正值上茶之际。❷The Children's Palace was being built last month. I'm not sure if it is completed.上个月少年宫正在建造中，我拿不准它完成了没有。7．现在完成时的被动语态：have/has＋been＋过去分词❶The party has been planned since the new year.这次聚会自新年开始就计划好了。❷Has the project been completed?这项工程已经完成了吗？8．过去完成时的被动语态：had＋been＋过去分词❶Sophia looked at the lanterns that had been lighted and placed near the opening.索菲娅望着那些已经点亮的并放在洞口附近的灯笼。❷Had the fire been put out when the firefighters arrived?消防队员到达时火已经扑灭了吗？9．将来完成时的被动语态：will have＋been＋过去分词❶The drawing will have been completed by the end of this week.这幅画将在本周末完成。❷The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives.这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。10．过去将来完成时的被动语态：would have＋been＋过去分词❶I was sure that the dispute would have been solved by that time.我确信到那时这个争端就已经被解决了。❷We were told that the project would have been completed by the end of this year.我们被告知这个项目将在今年年底完成。(三) 由主动语态到被动语态的转换1．“主＋动＋宾”(S＋V＋O)结构的被动语态“主＋动＋宾”(S＋V＋O)结构在转换为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，原来的谓语动词变为“be＋过去分词”形式，原来的主语在被动句中由by引导，通常可以和by一起省略。❶We have built many bridges in the past ten years.在过去的十年中，我们建了许多桥梁。→Many bridges have been built (by us) in the past ten years.❷I met my old friend on the street yesterday.我昨天在街上碰见了我的老朋友。→My old friend was met on the street yesterday.❸We are looking into the matter.我们正在调查这件事。→The matter is being looked into (by us).2．“主＋动＋间接宾语＋直接宾语”( S＋V＋IO＋DO)结构的被动语态“主＋动＋间接宾语＋直接宾语”( S＋V＋IO＋DO)结构转换为被动语态时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语变为被动句的主语。这个结构的转换分为两种：一种可以转换为带介词to的结构；另一种可以转换为带介词for的结构。(1)转换为带介词to的结构有些带双宾语的动词转换为被动语态时，可以有两种形式(即：可将直接宾语或间接宾语变为主语)。可用于这样转换的动词主要有bring，give，hand，lend，send，offer，pass, sell, show, tell等。❶We gave him some books./We gave some books to him.我们给了他一些书。→He was given some books./Some books were given to him.❷Liza sent me an email./Liza sent an email to me.丽萨给我发了一封电子邮件。→An email was sent to me by Liza./I was sent an email by Liza.(2)转化为带介词for的结构有些带双宾语的动词转换为被动语态时，通常要用直接宾语作主语，不用间接宾语作主语，并且一般在间接宾语前用介词for。可以这样转换的动词主要有buy，make，find, get, do, fetch, order, sing等。❶He bought his girlfriend a nice gift./He bought a nice gift for his girlfriend.他给女朋友买了一份很棒的礼物。→A nice gift was bought for his girlfriend (by him).❷My mother made me a skirt./My mother made a skirt for me.我妈妈给我做了一条裙子。→A skirt was made for me by my mother.3．“主＋动＋宾＋宾补”(S＋V＋O＋C)结构的被动语态“主＋动＋宾＋宾补”(S＋V＋O＋C)结构转换为被动语态时，应将主动句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语变为主语补足语。带有形式宾语it的句子一般把it变为被动句的主语。❶They have made the deserted temple their shelter.他们已把那座荒废的寺庙当成了他们的避难所。→The deserted temple has been made their shelter.那座荒废的寺庙已被当成了他们的避难所。❷We always keep the classroom clean.我们总是保持教室清洁。→The classroom is always kept clean.教室总是保持清洁。❸They asked me to help them.他们叫我帮助他们。→I was asked to help them.我被叫去帮他们了。❹We saw them playing football.我们看到他们在踢足球。→They were seen playing football by us.他们被我们看见在踢足球。❺We consider it wrong to shout at children who make mistakes.我们认为对犯错误的孩子大喊大叫是不对的。→It is considered wrong to shout at children who make mistakes.对犯错误的孩子大喊大叫被认为是不对的。 特别注意在see，watch, hear，notice，feel，make等词后，作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但转换为被动结构时要加上to。❶We often hear her sing.我们经常听到她唱歌。→She is often heard to sing by us.我们经常听到她唱歌。❷You don't have to make Peter work hard.你没有必要强迫彼得努力学习。→Peter doesn't have to be made to work hard.彼得没必要被强迫努力学习。4.短语动词的被动语态有些短语动词及物，可以转换为被动语态。主要有以下三种情况：(1)“动词＋副词”型“动词＋副词”型的短语动词，如pick up，work out，find out，carry out，take up，figure out，throw out等在转换为被动语态时，可直接把宾语变为主语，然后把短语动词变为被动形式。❶Many of my bad habits have been given up.我已改掉了很多坏习惯。❷A new policy was carried out.新的政策实施了。❸Our performance is to be put off till next week.我们的演出将推迟到下周。(2)“动词＋介词”型“动词＋介词”型的短语动词，如look at, look after, listen to, move into, break into等。❶Ancient buildings are carefully looked after.古代建筑被精心地照管着。❷The new song is not popular and is seldom listened to.这首新歌不受欢迎，很少被人听。(3)“动词＋副词＋介词”或“动词＋名词＋介词”型这样的短语大多都能变为被动形式，如look down upon(轻视)，do away with(废除；杀死)，take care of(照顾)，make use of(利用)，make efforts over(努力)，play a part in(起作用)，pay attention to(注意)等。有时可把“动词＋名词＋介词”短语动词中的名词变成被动语态的主语。❶More attention should be paid to our environment.应该多注意我们的环境。❷Such bad behaviour can't be put up with.这么恶劣的行为不能容忍。有的短语动词还可以有两种被动形式。例如：We should take good care of the old people.→Good care should be taken of the old people.The old people should be taken good care of.I will make full use of my spare time to learn English.→Full use will be made of my spare time to learn English.My spare time will be made full use of to learn English.5．含有宾语从句的主动句的被动语态含有宾语从句的主动句在变为被动语态时，it作被动句的形式主语，变为“It is/was＋过去分词＋that...”结构，有的还可变为“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do”结构。通常可用于这两种类型的动词有say，believe，consider, expect, know, report, suppose, think等。❶People say that Tom is a smart boy.人们都说汤姆是个聪明的孩子。→It is said that Tom is a smart boy.→Tom is said to be a smart boy.❷We expect that he will come soon.我们期待他不久就会到来。→It's expected that he will come soon.→He is expected to come soon.❸They think that she has made great progress.他们认为她取得了很大进步。→It's thought that she has made great progress.→She is thought to have made great progress.6．祈使句的被动语态祈使句的被动结构为“Let＋宾语＋be＋过去分词．”；否定被动结构为“Don't＋let＋宾语＋be＋过去分词．”或“Let＋宾语＋not be＋过去分词．”。❶Weigh the parcel right here.→Let the parcel be weighed right here.就在这里称包裹。❷Don't put the piano here.→Don't let the piano be put here./Let the piano not be put here.不要把钢琴放在这儿。(四) 英语为何喜欢使用被动语态？该问题虽然涉及中西方文化差异，但是，使用被动语态自有其原因和规律。句子使用主动还是被动语态，通常应根据具体情况而定。一般情况下，主动语态用得比较多，也比较自然。但下面几种情况一般使用被动语态。1．不知或不必提及动作的执行者时Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。2．强调动作的承受者时强调动作的承受者，把承受者作为谈话的中心时，常用被动语态。这类句子常加by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可不加。Many buildings were destroyed in the big fire.许多楼房在大火中被烧毁了。3．动作的执行者不明确时动作的执行者是泛指时(如people，one，anyone等)，常用被动语态。The house has been broken into.有人强行闯入这座房子。4．出于礼貌，不说出动作的执行者时You will be contacted.会和你联系的。5．为使句子更加合理、流畅有时为了使句子保持平衡或使句子更加合理，使用被动语态。These products are produced by our company, which was set up in 1949.这些产品都是我们公司生产的，我们公司是1949年成立的。6．公告、新闻报道、报纸标题、科技文章中在公告、新闻报道、报纸标题(其中的be常省略)、科技文章中常用被动语态。Rubbish is strictly prohibited here.此处严禁倒垃圾。(公告)7．反身代词作宾语时反身代词在主动句中作宾语时，常改用被动语态，而省略反身代词。We were seated in the front of the theatre.(＝We seated ourselves in the front of the theatre.)我们坐在了剧院的前面。(五) 被动语态的注意事项1．有些感官动词如look，appear，seem, sound, taste，smell，feel等，用主动形式表示被动意义❶His suggestion sounds great.他的建议听起来不错。❷Silk feels smooth.丝绸摸起来光滑。❸The dish tastes delicious.这道菜尝起来好吃。2．有些不及物动词，常以主动形式表达被动意义主语一般指物，谓语动词通常表示主语的内在品质或性能，而且通常有一个必具性状语修饰(如well，easily等)。❶The door locks easily.这门很好锁。❷The cloth washes well.这布料很耐洗。❸Our teaching­aid books sell well.我们的教辅书很畅销。3．有些介词短语作表语，其主动形式含有被动意义有时介词短语“be＋in/on/under＋名词”含被动意义，可用来代替现在进行时的被动语态。❶The computer is in use (＝is being used) now.电脑正在使用中。❷These high­tech products are on display (＝are being displayed) these days.近几天这些高科技产品正在展出中。❸The highway is under construction (＝is being constructed).这条公路正在建设中。❹The suggestion is under discussion (＝is being discussed) at the meeting.会上正在讨论这个建议。4．少数动词用于现在进行时，可用主动形式表示被动意义。多用于与日常生活、行业术语有关的动词❶The rice is cooking.米饭正在煮。❷The breakfast is preparing now.早餐正在准备。❸My piano is still mending.我的钢琴还在修理。❹This game is constantly playing.这个游戏一直在玩。❺The film is showing.电影正在放映。5．“get＋过去分词”构成的被动语态该结构多用于日常生活起居、突发不利事件以及习惯好恶的一种渐变过程等。❶The vase was broken by the maid, but the master wanted to know how it got broken.花瓶被女佣人打破了，但雇主想知道它是怎样被打破的。❷He could not wash himself or get dressed.他既不会自己洗澡，也不会(自己)穿衣。❸She got burnt when she was cooking in the kitchen.她在厨房做饭时被烧伤了。❹The miners got trapped in the deep mine last Tuesday.上周二矿工们被困在很深的矿井中。❺The picture got damaged when we were moving.我们搬家时，这幅画损坏了。6．被动语态和系表结构的区别有些行为动词变为过去分词后，由动作变为状态，转化为形容词，如broken(被打破后的结果)，written(写完后的情况)等。如何区别形容词作表语表示状态，还是被动语态？试比较：The vase is broken. It isn't worth so much money.(系表结构)The vase was broken by my little brother yesterday. (被动语态)The article is written in simple English.(系表结构)The article was written by Lu Xun.(被动语态)通过比较含有此类行为动词的过去分词形式的句子发现，“系表结构”表示状态，多用于一般现在时，不加by sb.；“被动语态”表示动作，常用于过去时，可以加by sb.。[即学即练]Ⅰ.用动词(短语)的正确形式完成句子1．The Dragon Boat Festival ______________ (consider) as a very important occasion, when adults will hold a dragon boat race.2．After graduating from sports college, Paul ____________ (accept) as a professional athlete.3．Congratulations ________ (send) to the athlete after he defeated his competitors and became the champion.4．According to the local tradition, not only ________ their houses ________ (decorate), but turkey and pudding are also served on this occasion.is consideredwas accepted　were sentaredecorated5．Besides, a delicious snack ____________ (provide) by the host for the gathering last week.6．Advertisements will ________ (put up) to call on young people to try out for the football team.7．The host gave a detailed account of the match, and then the reasons for their defeat ________________ (summarise) by the coach.8．In other words, importance ought to __________ (attach) to body language.9．She ________ (make) very awkward throughout the gathering because she was ignored by the host.was providedbe put upwere summarisedbe attachedwas made10．According to their traditions and customs, an annual boxing match ________ (hold) during the festival.11．The beasts _____________ (scare away) because the villagers shouted all the time.12．At the wedding, the bride and groom ______________ (surround) by the guests who were greeting them.13．A large amount of wine and beer ______________ (bring in) by a teenager in jeans.14．As far as I ____________ (concern), I would like to sign up for the annual championship.is heldwere scared awaywere surroundedwas brought inam concerned15．The teenagers _____________ (require) to behave appropriately on this specific occasion.16．In general, John ___________ (regard) as a very capable and responsible young man.17．The doctors made an effort to do their duty, and the disease ____________ (prevent) from spreading.18．Patience and energy, in particular，________ (need) in this job.19．The athlete's behaviour caught the eye of the audience and he ___________ (award) the best performance prize.were required　is regardedwas preventedare neededwas awarded20．She whispered to me over and over that she ________ (feed) up with the noise here.21．To our relief, the old man ________ no longer ________ (treat) like that after he passed away.22．A detailed description of the event __________ (give) by the cyclist.23．He ____________ (amaze) at the amazing sight so that he couldn't calm down.24．To my disappointment, my school uniform was nowhere ________ (find).was fedwastreated　was given　was amazedto be foundⅡ.用被动语态改写句子1．We can finish the work in two days.The work ________________________ by us in two days.2．They produce silk in Suzhou.Silk __________________ in Suzhou by them.3．The children will sing an English song.An English song ________________________ by the children.4．You needn't do it now.It ________________________ by you now.5．Lucy sent me a New Year Card last week.A New Year Card ________________________ me by Lucy last week.can be finishedis producedwill be sungneedn't be donewas sent to　6．People use metal for making machines.Metal ___________________ for making machines by people.7．He made me do that for him.I ________________________ that for him.8．I have given this book to the library.This book ________________________ to the library by me.9．Did they build a bridge here a year ago?________ a bridge ________ here by them a year ago?10．We'll put on an English play in our school.An English play ________________________ on in our school by us.is usedwas made to do　has been given　Wasbuilt　will be put　11．More and more farmers buy colour TV sets.Colour TV sets ________________________ by more and more farmers.12．My brother often mends his watch.His watch __________________ by my brother.13．We must water the flowers every day.The flowers must ________________________ by us every day.14．They use knives for cutting things.Knives ________________________ for cutting things by them.15．He made the farmers work for a long time.The farmers ________________________ for a long time by him.are boughtis often mendedbe watered　are used　were made to work　16．Did he break the window yesterday?________ the window ______________ yesterday?17．They have sold out the light green dresses.The light green dresses ____________________ out by them.18．We clean the classroom every day. The classroom ________________________ by us every day.19．You must not plant trees in very dry earth.Trees ________________________ in very dry earth by you.20．You can dig a hole in the earth.A hole ________________________ in the earth by you.Wasbroken by himhave been soldis cleaned　must not be plantedcan be dugⅢ.用正确的时态和语态完成句子1．The students ________ often ________ (tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.2．That play ________ (put) on again sometime next month.3．The old man is ill. He ___________ (must take) to hospital at once.4．Vegetables, eggs and fruits ________ (sell) in this shop.5．What ________ a knife ________ (make) of? It ________ (make) of metal and wood.6．A piano concert ________ (give) here last Friday.7．________ the magazine ________ (can take) out of the library?8．The room ________ (clean) by the girls every day.9．________ the stars ________ (can see) in the daytime?10．The flowers ______________ (water) by Li Ming already.aretold　will be putmust be takenare soldismadeis madewas givenCanbe taken　is cleaned　Canbe seen　have been watered　11．These kinds of machines _____________ (produce) in Japan.12．Apples _____________ (grow) on this farm.13．Russian ________ (learn) as a second language by some students in China.14．Planes, cars and trains ____________ (use) by business people for travelling.15．The cinema ________ (build) in 1985.16．Cars ______________ (must not park) here.17．A beautiful horse __________ (draw) by John the other day.18．This kind of computer ____________ (can make) in this company.19．The book ____________ (print) now and will come out soon.20．The PLA ____________ (found) on August 1st，1927.are/were producedare grown　is learnt　are usedwas builtmustn't be parked　was drawncan be made　is being printedwas foundedⅣ.用适当的时态和语态完成短文We have an old musical instrument. It 1.________ a clavichord (古钢琴). It 2.________ (make) in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord 3.________ (keep)in the living room. It 4.___________ (belong) to our family for a long time. The instrument 5.__________ (buy) by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it 6.____________ (damage) by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings 7.__________ (break). My father 8._____________ (shock). Now we 9.____________ (not allow) to touch it. It 10._____________ (repair) by a friend of my father's now.is　was made　is kept　has belonged　was bought　was damaged　were broken　was shockedare not allowedis being repaired单元语法专项(2)——动词短语和短语动词(一) 概述动词短语(verb phrases)和短语动词(phrasal verbs)是两个不同的概念。前者是以动词为主，配以宾语或状语的“动词词组”，常见于固定搭配和习语，有独立的语义，如have a rest, speak English, behave well, come into being。后者是以动词为核心，辅以副词或介词的“词组动词”，归根结底还是表示动作，如look up，listen to，get off，look forward to，take care of。(二) 动词短语（verb phrases）指“动＋宾”和“动＋状”结构的固定搭配1．及物动词＋宾语enjoy oneself 玩得愉快feel oneself 感觉正常go shopping 去购物do some cleaning 打扫卫生lose courage 丧失勇气lose heart 丧失信心lose interest 失去兴趣lose patience 失去耐心lose weight 减肥make sense 讲得通make the bed 整理床铺make a bet 打赌make a bow 鞠躬make faces 扮鬼脸take action 采取行动take advice 接受建议take aim 瞄准take a breath 歇口气take care 当心take effect 生效take place 发生take office 就职play truant 逃学keep watch 放哨2．不及物动词＋状语burst into tears 突然大哭起来come into being 形成come to power 掌权come into use 开始使用come to the point 言归正传come into effect 生效get in touch 取得联系get into trouble 遭遇麻烦get along well 进展顺利go to bed 上床睡觉fall into pieces 崩溃put on weight 长胖keep in touch 保持联系live alone 独自生活(三) 短语动词（phrasal verbs）主要有如下几种结构1．动词＋副词“动词＋副词”结构分为两种情况：(1)若是由及物动词组成，必须接宾语。宾语若为代词，须放在动词和副词之间；宾语若为名词，可以放在动词和副词之间，也可以放在副词之后。(2)若是由不及物动词组成，则不能接宾语。add up 加起来break off 折断；中断break out 爆发bring in 引进；赚取bring up 抚养；提出；呕吐call off 取消；停止进行，叫停carry out 执行cut off 切断drink up 喝光find out 查明；查出get in 收割give away 暴露；捐赠go on 继续hold up 举起；阻碍point out 指出，指明put off 推迟put on 穿上；上演put out 熄灭put up 举起；张贴pick up 捡起；接某人set up 建立；建起take off 起飞take up 开始从事tear up 撕碎turn away 不准某人进入turn off 关闭turn down 调小声音；拒绝turn in 上交turn up 出现wear out 磨损；使筋疲力尽2．动词＋介词“动词＋介词”结构相当于及物动词，其后应接宾语。believe in 信任break into 破门而入call for (去)接；需要care for 喜欢；关心care about 在乎come across 偶然碰到deal with 处理；对付depend on 依靠get over 克服go about 开始做，从事go through 经历；遭受laugh at 嘲笑look after 照顾look into 调查look for 寻找run into 撞到；偶然遇上stand for 代表stick to 坚持wait for 等候wait on 招待3．动词＋副词＋介词“动词＋副词＋介词”结构相当于及物动词，其后应接宾语。add up to 总共，共计catch up with 赶上come up with 提出do away with 废除get away from 逃离get along with 进展get away with 逃脱处罚get down to 开始认真做get through to 接通go in for 喜欢go on with 继续hold on to 抓住keep away from 远离keep up with 跟上keep on with 继续live up to 不辜负look down upon/on 蔑视look forward to 期盼look out for 警惕look about for 到处寻找make up for 弥补put up with 容忍settle down to 开始认真对待run out of 用光4．动词＋宾语＋介词短语bring...to an end 使……结束bring...under control 使……在掌控下have...in mind 考虑，周到keep...in mind 将……记在心中keep...in touch 保持联系bear...in mind 将……记在心中put...at ease 使……舒适put...into effect 使……生效learn...by heart 记住know...by heart 记住take...by surprise 使……惊诧set...on fire 焚烧take...into account 考虑到take...into consideration 考虑到5．动词＋名词＋介词(1)固定搭配catch hold of 抓住make contributions to 对……作出贡献catch sight of 看见make friends with 与……交朋友make fun of 取笑make peace with 与……讲和make preparations for 为……做好准备make room for 为……腾出空make sense of 理解，弄懂make way for 给……让路make use of 利用pay attention to 注意show an interest in 对……表现出兴趣take account of 考虑到take advantage of 利用take care of 照顾take charge of 负责；控制take delight in 以……为乐take hold of 握住take notice of 注意到take part in 参加take pride in 以……为骄傲(2)动词＋oneself＋介词seat oneself in/on 坐在dress oneself in 穿衣absent oneself from 缺席busy oneself with 忙于pride oneself on 得意于accustom oneself to 习惯于accommodate oneself to 适应adapt oneself to 适应adjust oneself to 适应addict oneself to 上瘾于abandon oneself to 沉湎于address oneself to 着手；设法解决amuse oneself with 用……自娱apply oneself to 致力于break oneself of 戒掉bury oneself in 埋头于，专心于charge oneself with 使承担hide oneself in 藏身于concern oneself with 关心limit oneself to 局限于content oneself with 满足于devote oneself to 致力于dedicate oneself to 献身于distinguish oneself as 使著名drown oneself in 埋头于，沉溺于engage oneself in 从事，忙于familiarise yourself with (使)熟悉free oneself from (使)摆脱give oneself to 热衷于help oneself to 自己取lose oneself in 沉迷于occupy oneself with 使忙于oppose oneself to 反对prepare oneself for 准备present oneself at 出席restrict oneself to 约束resign oneself to 听任rid oneself of 摆脱throw oneself into 投身于associate oneself with 表示支持特点注意上述结构通常可换用be＋v.­ed形式。例如：❶He quickly accustomed himself to this new way of life.＝He was quickly accustomed to this new way of life.他很快就习惯了这种新的生活方式。❷The old man addicted himself to smoking.＝The old man was addicted to smoking.那位老人吸烟成瘾。(四) 动词短语或短语动词的学习方法(一)在“动词＋介词”结构中，一般而言，介词的作用有两个：1．让这个不及物动词可以接宾语，介词从中起到中介和桥梁的作用；2．补足动词的词义。比方说，单独一个look是“看”，后面加上不同的介词，让“看”的外延扩大。例如，look for中for表示目的，意为“想得到；为了得到”。所以，看的目的是“寻找某物”，也可以是“想得到某物”。look after中after表示“跟在后面；跟随”，所以，跟着看就是“照顾；照料”。可以想象一下，你跟在一个人的身后注视着他，一旦有需要就会及时提供帮助，无论生病在床，还是孩子在前面走路，你都要look after him/her。在“动词＋副词”结构中，一般而言，副词的作用都是表意的。它对动词不是修饰关系，而是补充关系，让这个动词的词义更广泛、更丰满或产生新的词义。例如，give up这个短语，这里give不是通常的词义“给予”，而是另外一个意思：认输，服从，让步。give up中的up指“彻底屈服和放弃的结果”。(二)一个动词词组，不是无缘无故地胡乱拼凑而成，而是有一定的规则和原理。例如，我们学过的一个动词短语get away with telling people lies，有的同学不理解单词表上为什么把get away with...翻译为“做了坏事不受惩罚”。其实，只要理解了该词组的字面意思就知道为什么了。get away意为“逃脱；逃离”，with表示“携带”，组合在一起就是“携带着所做的坏事跑掉了”，那就是意味着“做了坏事没受惩罚”。又如put on weight这个短语是“增加体重；发福”的意思，weight是“重量”，put on为何翻译成“增加”？其实，put on仍含有“穿衣”(把衣服放在身体上)的那层意思，若“把重量放在身上”那不是“增加了体重”吗？以下是学习短语动词的几种思路。1．“寻找”：look之后为何用for?在平时学习的过程中，我们要注重发现语言规律。同一个动词，为何用不同的介词？例如：①look at the blackboard，at表示目标，指视力集中的小范围。“看黑板”是指看的目标。②look to the east，to表示方向，“东方”是方向，不是目标，所以用to，而不用at。③look into the well，“井”是有体积的东西，“向里面看”要用into。“天空”也一样，所以我们说look into the sky，不说look at the sky，因为天空是漫无边际的，at指具体的目标，显然不能搭配在一起。④look out of the window，人从室内向外看，还要通过窗户，所以一定要用out of。⑤look for the pen，钢笔丢了需要找，那么看是为了得到，for表示目的(为了得到)，所以是“寻找”。介词for可以跟许多词义不同的不及物动词连用，构成固定搭配。首先我们发现，for这个介词，它表示“目的”和“得到”的含义，因此在这些动词词组中都保留了这种含义。以下含有for的短语动词，for的含义基本一致，区别就在动词本身。①look for，look(看)是为了得到，所以表示“寻找”；②wait for，wait(等)是为了见到，所以表示“等待”；③ask for，ask(问)是为了获得，所以表示“要求”；④pay for，pay(付钱)是为了得到别的东西，所以表示“购买”；⑤search for，search(搜)是为了得到，所以表示“寻找”；⑥reach for，reach(伸手)是为了取得，所以表示“伸手取”；⑦apply for，apply(申请)是为了得到，所以表示“申请得到”；⑧call for，call(叫)是为了得到，所以表示“要求”；⑨send for，send(派出)是为了请到，所以表示“派人去请”；⑩fight for，fight(战斗)是为了得到(权利、自由等)，所以表示“为……而战”。2．由get off the bus想到off的含义上面讲了for跟一些动词搭配的情况。当然，for还有其他的意思，暂且不论。再说一个词off，这个词既可作介词，也可作副词，跟动词连用也构成许多固定搭配。我们发现，该词含有“脱离”“分离”“离开”等含义。①get off表示“下车”，意味着人“离开”了汽车。②take off表示“脱衣”或“起飞”。“脱衣”意味着衣服“离开”了人体；“起飞”意味着飞机“离开”了陆地。③keep off the grass是一句常用语，意思是“远离草坪”。④switch off和turn off，都表示“关闭开关，切断电源”，使电器和电源“断开”。⑤fall off和drop off，“The apple fell (dropped) off the tree.”意味着苹果“离开”了树枝。⑥set off和start off都表示“出发”或“动身”，意味着人“离开”了原地到另一个地方去。⑦send off和see off都表示“为某人送行”，意味着送某人“离开”，甚至目送很远。⑧cut off，cut off a piece of bread表示“切下一片面包”，意味着这片面包“离开”了原来那块面包；此外，cut off还有“切断”的意思，既然切断了，那么两个事物也就“分离”了。⑨come off表示“脱落”，“A button has come off my coat.(一颗扣子从大衣上掉下来了)”说明扣子“离开”了衣服。⑩jump off the wall表示“从墙上跳下来”，意味着人“离开”墙了。⑪give off smoke表示“发出/放出烟雾”，说明烟雾“离开”了原来的火源。⑫pay off the debt表示“还清了债务”，意味着“离开”了债务缠身的境地。⑬ring off表示“挂电话”，意味着通话双方已经“离开”电话。⑭carry off表示“赢得；获得”，“Tom carried off first prize in the contest.(汤姆在竞赛中获得了一等奖)”意味着奖品“离开”原来的地方或发奖单位。⑮wipe off和rub off，wipe/rub off the stain表示“把污渍从衣服上擦掉”，意味着污渍“离开”了衣服。⑯wash off表示“洗掉”，跟上面两个词组词义相似。⑰tear off和strip off表示“撕掉”“剥掉”，意味着包装“离开”原来的物体。⑱clear off表示“走开”或“清扫”，意味着人“离开”原来的地方；clear off the table是指让剩饭和餐具“离开”桌子。⑲pick off表示“摘下”，意味着让果子“离开”树枝。⑳bite off表示“咬下”，bite off a piece of the apple(咬下一块苹果)意味着这一块苹果“离开”了原来那个苹果。[21]像go off(离开)，walk off(走开)，run off(跑掉)，move off(离去)，hurry off(匆忙离去)，rush off(匆忙离开)这些词组，off跟这些“转移动词”(暂称)连用时，都表示“离开，离去”的概念。3．从习惯用语rob sb. of sth.看表示“涉及”之意的of在遇到“The man robbed her of her bag.”这个句子时，大家习惯上跟remind sb. of sth.，warn sb. of sth.等词组作类比记忆。那么它们的共同之处到底在哪里呢？大家知道，介词是英语中非常活跃的一类词，而of则是最活跃的介词之一，它表示的意思有十几个。它的主要用法是表达“所属关系”，其次是跟动词连用表示“涉及”，如remind sb. of sth.和warn sb. of sth.中的of表示“提醒和警告的内容是/涉及”，此用法在英语中的习惯表达是：动词＋sb. of sth.。❶This law will deprive us of our most basic rights.这条法律将剥夺我们最基本的权利。❷This method will free them of a lot of debts.这个办法会使他们摆脱巨额债务。❸This new medicine will cure him of his skin disease.这种新药将能治好他的皮肤病。❹The professor hoped to break the students of the habit of looking for easy answers.教授希望改掉学生们不动脑筋就找答案的习惯。❺The man cheated me of my watch.那人骗走了我的手表。❻The witness cleared me of the charge.证人澄清了对我的指控。❼It is not easy to rid oneself of a bad habit.要戒掉一个人的坏习惯确实不容易。4．从“捡起”到“偶然学到”——pick up的引申义和比喻义给我们的启示一个短语动词，往往有多个词义。在学习过程中，是把所有的词义和用法死记硬背，还是通过理解去记忆？学习一个单词或短语，首先看字面意思，也叫“本义”，其次是“引申义”，再次是“比喻义”。这个顺序不能颠倒，否则就违背认知规律。例如，pick up的本义是“捡起；拾起”。它由pick(捡)和up(向上；起来)两个词义合成而来。❶He picked up his knife and fork.他捡起了刀叉。❷He picked up the child and put her on his shoulders.他抱起孩子，让她骑在自己的肩膀上。掌握了本义之后，引申义就好理解了。我们常说“用车接某人；让某人搭车”，就用pick up这个词组，它的意思是，某人在家、在路边或在某个地方，用车去“pick up”他，说明这个词组仍然具有“捡起；拾起”的含义。最近几年的高考试题，还多次出现了带有pick up比喻义“偶然学会”的题目，这实际上是考查学生对一个词组的灵活掌握。以下例句中，pick up的意思可谓繁多而复杂，但都是由本义“捡起；拾起”衍生的引申义和比喻义。❸He picked up news from all sources.他从各种渠道收集消息。❹She picked up a valuable first edition at a book sale.她在书市上买到一本珍贵的首版书。❺I am able to pick you up on the short wave radio.我能用短波收音机收听到你的信号。❻The dog easily picked up the scent of the murderer.狗轻易地嗅出了谋杀者的气味。❼He picked up the girl at a college disco.他在大学的迪斯科舞会上偶然结识了那个姑娘。❽Pick yourself up and go on.自己站起来，继续前行。❾She soon picked up French when she went to live in France.她到法国居住后很快就学会了法语。[10]A cup of coffee might pick you up.一杯咖啡也许能使你振作起来。以上例句展示了pick up常见的几种意思。只要掌握了它的基本含义，那么，结合具体语境，它有什么样的含义都能体会和翻译出来。俗话说“万变不离其宗”，只要掌握了pick up的本义，那么其他所有的引申义和比喻义都可以理解和掌握。5．除了方位“向上”，up还有什么意思？谈到up，它除了基本义是“向上”(go up，come up，get up，pick up，stand up，climb up，look up等)以外，还有一个很重要的用法，就是表示“完结和结束”，经常跟一些及物动词连用，这类动词一般与“消费和消耗”有关。(1)use up用尽❶After he lost his job, he used up all his savings.他失业后吃光了老本。(2)eat up吃光❷It was greedy of them to eat up all the candy.他们把所有的糖都吃光了，真贪吃。(3)drink up喝干❸To my surprise, she drank up the whole bottle of wine.使我惊奇的是，她把一瓶酒全喝了。(4)swallow up吞没❹It is believed that a black hole can swallow up any objects like stars near it.人们相信黑洞可以将周围的一切物体吞食掉，比如恒星。(5)buy up买断❺He bought up all the spare building land in the district.他把这个地区的所有闲置的建筑土地全部买下了。(6)sell up售完❻The girl told me that film tickets were sold up.那个女孩告诉我说电影票已经卖完了。(7)pay up付清❼I had a hard time getting him to pay up.我好不容易让他还清了全部欠款。(8)burn up烧尽❽Let's burn up all this waste paper.咱们把这些废纸烧掉吧。(9)wash up洗净❾After every meal there is a stack of dishes I need to wash up.每顿饭后，我都有一大堆盘子要洗。(10)fill up充满[10] I want to fill up the fuel tank before returning the car.我想在还车之前把油箱加满。(11)finish up用尽[11] We'll finish up the remains of the meat for supper.晚饭时我们将把剩下的肉吃光。(12)sum up总结[12] You have only 100 words in which to sum up his speech.你只能用100字来概括他的讲话。[即学即练]Ⅰ.根据句子意思，用get的相关搭配填空1．He couldn't have Yong Hui ______________ telling people lies!2．The bridge was destroyed so we couldn't ________ the river.3．“How are you _____________ your English study？”“Very well.”4．The little cat climbed to the top of the tree and was afraid to ________．5．The thief tried to __________ the police, which he found impossible.6．You should ________ your smoking habit, the sooner the better.getting away withget acrossgetting along withget downget away fromget out of7．I wanted to make a telephone to her, but I couldn't ________.8．They ________ at Christmas time last year and they had a good time.9．There isn't much time left. How can one ____________ all this work before the office closes?10．He is still asleep; he hasn't ________．11．The newspaper apologised that it had ______ the fact _____．12．The train had already left by the time they ________ the station.get throughgot togetherget throughgot up　gotwrong　got to　13．There will be no difficulty in the world that they cannot ________．14．Don't ________ the bus until it stops.15．The farmers were ________ the wheat when we arrived at the farm.16．Make sure that you ________ all the questions ________ before you hand the papers in.17．It began to rain as soon as they ________ home.18．You will ________ trouble if you don't listen to me.get overget offgetting ingetright　got back　get intoⅡ.根据句子意思，用set的固定搭配填空1．I don't want to ________ a series of facts in the diary as most people do.2．He decided to ________ a school for the poor children from the mountain villages.3．The film ________ California in the middle of the nineteenth century when gold was discovered.4．The weather was very cold and they had to ________ some wood to warm themselves.5．“Have you ________ for the meeting？”“Not yet, but it will be held next week.”6．The famous writer sat down in his chair, put some paper on the writing desk and ________ writing.set downset upis set inset fire toset a dateset about　7．Alice is a very nice girl and ready to help others. She has __________________ to us and we should learn from her.8．It's time for supper. Please ____________ and put some dishes on it.9．The man was arrested by the police, because he ________ the store ________．10．One afternoon the sailors ____________ from the coast in a small boat and were caught in a storm.11．He wanted to know the exact time, so he ____________ by the radio time signal.12．The king pardoned the prisoners and they were ________．13．She ________ a bit of money every month for future use.set a good exampleset the tableseton fireset out/off　set the clockset freesets asideⅢ.根据句子意思，用go的相关搭配填空1．Most students in our school ________ sports and games. They are becoming stronger and stronger now.2．Before liberation, the old man suffered a lot and _____________ many hardships.3．As time ________， he got to realise his mistakes.4．The teacher was ____________ our examination papers when I paid a visit to her.5．If we don't finish painting the kitchen today, we can ________ it tomorrow.go in forwent through　went by　going throughgo on with6．Though I was very hungry, I had to ______________ breakfast this morning as I was in a hurry.7．Tomorrow there will be a maths test for us. l have to ________ my lessons now.8．The fish has ________ because of the hot weather. You can't eat it any longer.9．What he had said ____________ his will. He was unwilling to do so.10．The actress wanted to buy a hat to ________ her black dress.go without　go overgone badwent againstgo with11．The price of goods is ________. That is to say, things are becoming expensive.12．All the lights ________ suddenly because of a power failure.13．He was not feeling quite well; he _____________ to have a health examination.14．At the eve of Christmas, the kids were too excited to ________．15．Our basketball team are ___________ to win the championship. They will surely win the game.going upwent outwent to hospital　go to sleepgoing all outⅣ.根据句子意思，用give的相关搭配填空1．She ___________ a beautiful baby girl and it made the whole family very happy.2．The cows stopped __________ because they had been frightened by the earthquake.3．His strength ________； he couldn't walk any farther.4．They are badly in need of help. Let's ________ them ________．5．You ought to ________ smoking; it will do harm to your health.6．The hero would rather die than ________ the enemy.7．As motor vehicles burn fuel, they ________ waste gases.8．The teacher is ______________ examination papers. The students are going to have an exam.gave birth togiving milkgave outgivea handgive upgive in togive offgiving out9．Please ________ Mary ________ to tell her not to come while we are away from home.10．He was praised and respected, for he ________ the money he found.11．Only when a teacher has ____________ is a student allowed to enter this room.12．The musicians will ____________ at the theatre to raise money for wildlife protection.13．He ____________ that everyone should keep quiet when the enemy appeared.14．What is this liquid? It ______________ a terrible smell. Please take it away.givea ringgave back　given permissiongive a concertgave an ordergives off/outⅤ.用make的正确形式完成短文A Story About the Word “Make”Tom graduated from a medical college. He 1.________ a decision that he would go to work in a local hospital. He 2.________ up his mind to 3.________ a contribution to his home town before he went to college.At college, he didn't depend all upon his parents, but 4.________ a living by teaching as a tutor. Therefore he 5.________ some money in his spare time. His class was 6.________ up of 40 students. He never 7.________ fun of other boys though they didn't even know how to 8.________ the bed. He always 9.________ his classmates happy. So he 10.________ friends with many of his classmates. He seldom 11.________ a telephone call to his parents to 12.________ sure that he didn't spend extra money.made　had mademakemademade　mademade　make　made　made　made　makeHe was a wise student and never 13.________ trouble among other students though sometimes he 14.________ mistakes. He knew the proverb “Time and tide wait for no man.” So he 15.________ full use of his time to study his major and 16.________ up for what had been lost.Though the science of medicine was very difficult to study, he 17.________ it. As a result, he 18.________ a good doctor.made　made　made　make　made　madeⅥ.用take的正确形式完成短文A Story About the Word“Take”A few days ago I was 1.________ to a hospital in town by my mother. After I 2.________ a seat in the hospital, a doctor, who had 3.________ a master's degree at college, 4.________ my temperature and 5.________ it down in my medical record. He 6.________ great trouble to examine me and it 7.________ him about half an hour to finish checking my health. The doctor 8.________ pity on me because I was seriously ill. “9.________ good care of the boy. He has 10.________ a very bad cold，” the doctor said to my mother. “11.________ this medicine three times a day and 12.________ a good rest. He'll get well again soon and 13.________ it easy，” he added. The doctor was so kind that he 14.________ me as a child of his own. Then we 15.________ a bus home.taken　took　taken　took　took　tooktook　took　Take　taken　Take　take　take　took　took　As soon as I had been 16.________ back home, I 17.________ off all my clothes and 18.________ a warm bath. Because we 19.________ the doctor's advice, several days later something wonderful 20.________ place: I was fully recovered.But I still felt sorry, for I had 21.________ a few days off and hadn't 22.________ the opportunity to 23.________ part in the English contest in my school. But I thought no one else could 24.________ my place.taken　took　took　took　took　taken　taken　take　take