北师大版高中英语必修第二册UNIT4 Section D Lesson 3 Internet and Friendships课件

这是一份北师大版高中英语必修第二册UNIT4 Section D Lesson 3 Internet and Friendships课件，共60页。
Section D　Lesson 3　Internet and FriendshipsⅠ.基础词汇1．____________ vi. 集中(注意力) n. 焦点2．____________ n. & vt. 拥抱；紧抱3．____________ adj. 肤浅的4．____________ n. 内容；所容纳之物 adj. 满意的5．____________ vt. 保持；维持6．____________ n. 意见；看法；主张7．____________ n. 表情符号focushugshallowcontentmaintainopinionemojiⅡ.拓展词汇1．harm vt. & n．伤害，损害→________ adj.有害的→________ adj.无害的2．argue v．争吵；争辩；论证→________ n．论点；论据3．concentrate vi.专注，专心；集中注意力→___________ n．专心，专注4．concern vt.使担心→________ adj.关切的，关心的→________ prep.关于5．reward v．奖励；奖赏→________ adj.有益的；有意义的；报酬高的6．add v．加；增加→________ n．增添；添加harmfulharmlessargumentconcentrationconcernedconcerningrewarding　addition7．limit v．限制；限量→________ adj.局限的，限制性的→________ adj.有限的，少的→________ n.限制，限定→________ adj.无限制的8．brief adj.简洁的，简明的→________ adv.简短地；简要地9．percent n．百分比；百分数→________ n．百分率10．base n．基础→________ n．基础；基点11．create vt.制造→________ adj.创造性的→________ n．创造12．author n．作者→________ n．权威人士；专家13．table n．餐桌→________ n．平板电脑；药片；碑；牌limitinglimited limitationlimitlessbrieflypercentagebasiscreativecreationauthority　tabletⅢ.重点短语(英汉互译)A 写出下列短语的汉意1．harm friendships ________________2．face-to-face contact ________________3．replace a real-life smile or hug ________________4．show kindness to ________________5．through direct contact with other people ________________6．on social media ________________7．not necessarily ________________损害友谊面对面的交流代替现实生活中的微笑或拥抱对……表示善意通过直接与他人接触在社交媒体上未必8．on the basis of ________________9．be 100 percent sure that... ________________10．be honest about sth. ________________11．be in contact (with...) ________________12．be on the move ________________13．share...with... ________________14．give a brief response to ________________15．with an emoji or a picture ________________在……的基础上百分之百地确信……对某事坦诚(不隐瞒)(和……)保持联系在移动中，在行进中与……共享……　对……作简短回复用一个表情符号或一张图片B 写出下列汉语所对应的英语短语1．________________ 使某人能够做某事2．________________ 关心……3．________________ ……的数量4．________________ 不能与……相比5．________________ 除此之外(介词短语作状语)6．________________ 在某人看来enable sb. to do sth.be concerned withthe number of...cannot compare to　in additionin one's opinion7．________________ 关注8．_____________________ 保持健康关系9．________________ 在很多方面10．________________ 与……保持联系11．________________ 感到被爱和被关心12．________________ 指出focus onmaintain healthy relationshipsin many ways　stay in touch withfeel loved and cared forpoint outⅠ.课文思维导图Ⅱ.课文阅读理解1．How are important social skills mainly developed according to Robert?A.Through talks on the Internet.B.By showing kindness to others.C.By working with others.D.Through direct contact with people.D2．Which of the following is the basis of friendships according to Robert?A.Trust.B.Honesty.C.Online communication.D.Personal secrets.A3．Which of the following is not the advantage of online communication?A.Making communication much more convenient.B.Making communication more fun.C.Bringing much more wealth to others.D.Bringing people closer to each other.C4．What does Cathy think of the Internet?A.The Internet is harmful to friendships.B.The Internet is beneficial to friendships.C.The Internet reduces the trust among people.D.The Internet limits people's creativity.BⅢ.课文语法填空Robert thinks the Internet harms friendships.Firstly, due 1.________ talking online, we seldom contact each other face to face. However, important social skills 2.__________ (develop) through direct contact with other people. It is these skills that enable us to develop lifelong friendships. Secondly, the Internet can make people self-centred—only 3.________ (think) of themselves. The number of “likes” or followers cannot compare to having long-term and rewarding friendships. In addition, a lot of the content 4.________ (post) on social media is shallow or trivial. Thirdly, online relationships may not be 5.________ they appear to be. Friendships are built on the 6.________ (base) of trust. In his opinion, friends should focus more on face-to-face communication, 7.________ is the best way to maintain healthy relationships.toare developedthinkingpostedwhatbasiswhichCathy thinks the Internet helps friendships.Firstly, the Internet makes communication much more convenient. Secondly, the Internet has also made communication more fun. There are so many online tools you can use to be 8.________ (create). Thirdly, online communication can 9.________ (actual) bring people closer to each other. Whenever someone 10.________ (need) help, friends from all over the world can immediately provide useful suggestions or information. Online friends “fill holes real-life friends can't”. Finally, Cathy believes the Internet brings people closer together and makes communication with friends more convenient and interesting.creativeactually　needs教材助读·开放课堂[词汇注释]①harm/hɑːm/vt. & n．伤害，损害※do/cause harm to对……有害②bring...closer together把……紧密地联系在一起③face-to-face adj.面对面的(定语)※face to face面对面地(状语)④replace/rɪ'pleɪs/vt.取代；接替※no replacement for...没……替代⑤hug/hʌɡ/n. & vt.拥抱；紧抱⑥according to根据⑦concentrate/'kɒnsəntreɪt/vi.专注，专心；集中注意力※concentrate on专注于⑧show kindness to对……表现出善意⑨through direct contact with通过与……的直接接触⑩enable sb. to do sth.使某人能够做某事⑪develop lifelong friendships发展终生的友谊⑫not...but...不是……而是……⑬instead of代替，而不是※instead adv.相反，却⑭concerned/kən'sɜːnd/adj.关切的，关心的※be concerned with关心……⑮the number of ……的数量※a number of许多⑯cannot compare to不能与……相比⑰rewarding/rɪ'wɔːdɪŋ/ adj.有益的，有意义的※reward v. & n．回报；酬谢⑱addition/ə'dɪʃən/n.增添；添加※in addition除此之外in addition to除……(之外)还⑲content/'kɒntent/n.内容⑳shallow/'ʃæləʊ/adj.肤浅的，浅薄的(21) *trivial/'trɪviəl/adj.没有什么价值的；微不足道的(22)not necessarily未必(23)basis/'beɪsɪs/n.基础；基点※on the basis of在……基础上(24)percent/pə'sent/n.百分比；百分数※100 percent百分之百地(25)be honest about对……坦诚(26)because of由于，因为(短语介词)※because因为，由于(引导原因状语从句)(27)opinion/ə'pɪnjən/n.意见；看法；主张※in one's opinion在某人看来(28)focus/'fəʊkəs/vi. & vt.集中(注意力)；n.焦点※focus on关注(29)the best way to do sth.做某事的最好的方法(30)maintain/meɪn'teɪn/vt.保持；维持(31)in many ways在许多方面※in a way在某种程度上(32)make communication much more convenient 使交流更方便(33)stay in touch with与……保持联系※keep in touch with与……保持联系lose touch with与……失去联系(34)smartphone/'smɑːtfəʊn/n.智能手机(35)tablet/'tæblɪt/n.平板电脑；药片；碑，牌(36)be in contact保持联系(37)be on the move在移动中，在行进中(38)traditional ways of communicating传统的沟通方式(39)limiting/'lɪmɪtɪŋ/adj.局限的，限制性的※limit v. & n．限制；局限limited adj.有限的limitless adj.无限的(40)share...with...与……共享……(41)brief/'briːf/adj.简洁的，简明的※briefly adv.简洁地；简短地give a brief response to对……作出简短回复(42)*emoji/ɪ'məʊdʒi/n.表情符号(43)creative/kri'eɪtɪv/adj.创造性的(44)bring...closer to each other让……彼此更亲密(45)just a click away只需点一下(46)from all over the world(＝throughout the world)来自世界各地(47)feel loved and cared for感觉被爱和被关心(48)*thought-provoking adj.发人深省的，令人深思的(49)argument/'ɑːɡjʊmənt/n.论点；论据(50)point out指出(51)authority/ɔː'θɒrəti/n.权威人士；专家[教材原文]The Internet Harms① FriendshipsWhile__the__Internet__can__bring__people__closer__together②，__it__can__also__harm__friendships [1].[1]句中while是从属连词，表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句，可用although/though替换。Firstly, talking online is no replacement for face-to-face③ contact—images really cannot replace④ a real-life smile or hug⑤ . According to⑥ a parenting expert, Denise Daniels, communicating through a screen makes it more difficult for children to concentrate⑦ or show kindness to⑧ others. As__we__know,__important__social__skills__are__developed__through__direct__contact__with⑨__other__people [2]. It is these skills that enable us to⑩ develop lifelong friendships⑪.[2]As we know是非限制性定语从句，关系代词as指代后面整个主句的内容。Secondly, the Internet can make people self-centred—not thinking of anyone or anything but⑫ themselves. For example, instead of⑬ having proper conversations with their friends , some people are only concerned⑭ with their online popularity—How many “likes” did I get? How many followers do I have？—though we know that the number of⑮ “likes” or followers cannot compare to⑯ having long-term and rewarding⑰ friendships. In addition⑱， a lot of the content⑲ posted on social media is shallow⑳ or trivial21. Posts about funny cat images do not necessarily22 help form meaningful relationships.Thirdly, online relationships may not be what they appear to be. Friendships are built on the basis23 of trust, and with online communication __you__can__never__be__100__percent24__sure__that__the__people__you__are__chatting__to__are__being__honest__about25__who__they__are [3]. Because of26 this, going online can be particularly dangerous for people who are easily influenced or too trusting.[3]句中that引导的从句作sure的宾语；you are chatting to是省略了关系代词who/whom/that的定语从句，修饰the people; who they are作about的宾语。In my opinion27，friends should focus28 more on face-to-face communication, and less on online communication. This is the best way to29 maintain30 healthy relationships.[汉语译文]互联网对友谊有害(harm)虽然互联网可以让人们更亲近，但它也会损害友谊。首先，网上聊天并不能代替面对面的交流——图片当然无法代替(replace)现实生活中的微笑或拥抱(hug)。根据育儿专家丹尼斯·丹尼尔斯的说法，通过屏幕交流会使儿童更难集中注意力(concentrate)或对他人表示善意。众所周知，重要的社交技能是通过直接与他人接触培养的。正是这些技能使我们得以发展终生的友谊。其次，互联网使人们以自我为中心，不去想除自己之外的任何人或任何事。例如，一些人不再和朋友好好地交谈了，他们只关心(be concerned with)自己在网上的人气——我得了多少个“赞”？多少人关注了我？——尽管我们知道有多少“赞”或关注者无法与拥有长期和有益的(rewarding)友谊相比。此外(in addition)，很多发布在社交媒体上的内容(content)都很肤浅(shallow)或琐碎(trivial微不足道的)。在网上发布搞笑猫咪的图片并不一定会帮助我们发展有意义的关系。第三，网络关系可能并不是它们看起来的样子。友谊建立在信任的基础(basis)上，通过线上交流，你永远不能百分之百地(percent百分比)确信与你交谈的人是否以诚相待。因此，对于那些容易受影响或过于信任他人的人来说，上网尤其危险。在我看来(opinion看法)，朋友们应该多关注(focus on)面对面的交流，少进行线上交流。这是保持(maintain)健康关系的最佳方式。Cathy's BlogThe Internet Helps FriendshipsThe Internet can help develop friendships in many ways31.Firstly, the Internet makes communication much more convenient32. You_can_stay_in_touch_with33_friends_no_matter_where_you_are_or_what_you_are_doing [4]. Using a smartphone34, a tablet35 or a computer, you can be in contact36 at home and also when you are on the move37.[4]句中no matter where与(no matter) what引导让步状语从句，分别表示“无论哪儿”“无论什么”。Secondly, the Internet has also made communication more fun. Traditional ways of communicating38, like letters and phone calls, can be limiting39 and take time. However, you can share photos, videos, news stories and websites with40 your friends online. You can give a brief41 response to a message with an emoji42 or a picture. There are so many online tools you can use to be creative43!Thirdly, online communication can actually bring people closer to each other44. Nowadays, your friends are just a click away45. Whenever someone needs help, friends from all over the worldB46 can immediately provide useful suggestions or information. This makes friends feel loved and cared for47. To me, this is a very thought-provoking48 argument49, as it points out50 the benefits of online friendships. As_Eileen_Kennedy-Moore,___an_authority51_on_the_subject_points_out[5], online friends“fill holes real-life friends can't”．Finally, I believe the Internet brings people closer together and makes communication with friends more convenient and interesting.[5]as引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如”，as指代后面整个主句的内容。as引导的非限制性定语从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可前、可中、可后。an authority on the subject是Eileen Kennedy-Moore的同位语。凯西的博客互联网对友谊有益互联网在很多方面都有助于友谊发展。首先，互联网使交流更加便捷。无论你在哪里，在做什么，都可以和朋友保持联系。通过使用智能手机(smartphone)、平板电脑(tablet)或电脑，无论你在家里还是在外面都能与他人联络。其次，互联网也使交流变得更加有趣。传统的沟通方式，如信件和电话，有局限性(limiting)而且比较耗时。而通过互联网，你可以在线与朋友共享照片、视频、新闻故事和网站。你可以用一个表情符号(emoji)或一张图片简短(brief)地回复信息。你可以使用这么多的在线工具，让交流变得有创意(creative)!第三，在线交流实际上可以让人们更亲近。现在，只要点一下鼠标，就能找到你的朋友。无论何时有人需要帮助，来自世界各地的朋友可以立即提供有用的建议或信息。这能让朋友们感到被爱和被关心。对我来说，这是一个非常发人深省的(thought-provoking)论点(argument)，因为它指出了线上友谊的好处。正如这方面的专家(authority)艾琳·肯尼迪·摩尔所指出的，网络朋友“填补了现实生活中朋友无法填补的空白”。最后，我相信互联网能使人们更紧密地联系在一起，让朋友间的交流更加方便和有趣。 核心探究·讲练互动►第一版块|核心单词1)harm vt. & n．伤害，损害(→harmful adj.有害的 harmless adj.无害的；不会导致损伤的) (教材原句)Do you think the Internet helps or harms friendships？你认为网络对友谊有益还是有害？do harm to＝be harmful to 对……有害do no/great/much/a lot of harm to 对……无害/有很大害处mean no harm 没有恶意come to no harm 没有受到伤害/损害cause harm to 对……造成损害do more harm than good 弊大于利harm the environment 损害环境There is no harm in (one's) doing sth. (某人)做某事无妨/无害。❶There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants, and eat away soil.在那里，它会污染饮用水，危害植物，侵蚀土壤。❷Reading in bed will do harm to your eyes.躺在床上看书对你的眼睛是有害的。❸It wouldn't do him any harm to work a bit harder.工作努力点对他没什么害处。❹Tom ought not to have told me your secret but he meant no harm.汤姆本不该把你的秘密告诉我的，但他并没有恶意。❺My brother's ship was caught in a storm but he came to no harm.我兄弟的船遇上了暴风雨，但他没受到伤害。❻There is no harm in using the environmentally friendly products.用环保产品是没有害处的。[知识拓展]　be harmful to (＝do harm to)　　对……有害the harmful effects of smoking 吸烟的害处be harmless to 对……无害[比较]　harm/injure/hurt/woundharm伤害人的健康、权利、事业等；injure在事故或打斗中受伤；hurt肉体伤害或感情伤害；wound用刀、枪等武器伤害。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①His failure did a lot of harm ________ his reputation.②The child fell over but came ________ no harm.③A group of moving elephants make people scared, although they are ______ (harm).④Tears help to protect the eye from potentially ________ (harm) foreign bodies.⑤Two fish meals a week are the recommendation for heart health, but there is no harm ________ having fish more often.to　to　harmless　harmfulin选词填空：harm/injure/hurt/wound⑥She was deeply ________ and shocked by what Smith had said.⑦Two soldiers died and three others were ________ in the attack.⑧The court case will seriously ________ my business.⑨He ________ his left arm in a car accident.hurtwounded　harm　injured2)argument n．论点；论据；辩论；理由 (教材原句)Identify one sentence for each argument that states this general idea.为每个陈述这一基本观点的论点找出一个句子。an argument for/against sth. 支持/反对某事的论点have an argument with sb. about/over sth. 与某人就某事争吵get into an argument with sb. 与某人发生争执win/lost an argument 在辩论中获胜/失败It is beyond argument that... ……是无可争辩的❶This point is vital to my argument.这一点对我的论据极为重要。❷Not knowing what the future will bring hardly seems an argument for doing nothing.不知道未来将会发生什么似乎很难成为无所作为的理由。❸You shouldn't have an argument with your parents about the bike.你不应该和你的父母争论自行车的事。❹I never win an argument with her. She always has the last word.同她的争论我从未赢过，她总是有理。argue v. 争论；争辩；争吵；表明argue that... 主张……argue for/against (doing) sth. 支持/反对(做)某事argue with sb. about/over sth. 因某事与某人争吵argue sb. into/out of doing sth. 说服某人做/不做某事❺The governments argue that this will help foreigners better join the society and promote understanding across cultures.政府认为这将有助于外国人更好地融入社会，促进跨文化的理解。❻Father argued against an increase in our pocket money.父亲反对增加我们的零花钱。❼You want to argue me into agreeing to your proposal.你想说服我同意你的建议吗。[比较]　argument/debateargument 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辩论；debate 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①They tried to argue him ________ joining them.②She thought it best to humour him rather than get into ________ argument.③Her ________ (argue) was that it would be cheaper to buy a new radio than to get the old one repaired.④As we've seen, the experts argue ________ which diet is the best.⑤A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) can't win an argument ________ a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.⑥The employees felt the policy about their promotion was unfair and argued ________ it.into　an　argumentaboutwith　against完成句子⑦The workers ________ (主张) a pay rise, or they will go on strike.⑧The man was so rude that I had to bite my tongue to keep from __________________________(与他发生争执).⑨They _____________________(因……互相争论) the best place for a holiday.argued forgetting into an argument with himargued with each other about3)replace vt.取代；接替 replace A with B 用B代替Abe replaced by 被……取代replace sb. as... 取代某人当……replace supper with snacks 用零食替代晚饭replace the old with the new 辞旧迎新replace the book on the shelf 把书放回架子上❶Nowadays, computer has replaced man in many fields.如今，计算机在许多领域取代了人类。❷We've replaced the old adding machine with a computer.我们用计算机取代了老式的加法计算器。❸I think that the theatre will be replaced by the cinema.我认为剧院将被电影院取代。❹Jack has replaced Tom as monitor of our class.杰克接替汤姆当了我们班的班长。[拓展]　replacement n．取代的人/物；更换；替换replaceable adj.可替换的❺My secretary leaves us next week, so we are advertising for a replacement.我的秘书下周要走，所以我们正登广告招聘一位替代者。❻We had a woman patient who was recovering from a knee replacement operation.我们有一位女性病人，她刚做完膝关节置换手术，正在康复中。[联想]　表示“取代，接替”的词语：replace　　in place oftake the place of sb. in sb's placetake sb's place instead of[即学即练]　单句语法填空①We have replaced human labour ________ machines.②The living-room television ________ (replace) and gets planted in the kids' room.③A person, unlike a machine, is not ________ (replace).④I cannot replace you ________ her assistant.⑤The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its ________ (replace): reusable shopping bags.⑥There won't be any difficulty in finding ________ replacement.with　is replaced　replaceableasreplacement　a(4)concentrate vi.专注，专心；集中注意力（→concentrated adj.集中的；全神贯注的concentration n.专心，专注；集中，聚集concentrate on/upon 集中于concentrate one's attention/mind/energy/effort(s) on 集中注意力/心思/精力于be difficult/impossible to concentrate 很难/不可能集中注意力❶At work you need to be able to concentrate.工作时你要专心。❷She has turned down several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.为了专心学习，她已经拒绝了几次演出中担任主角的邀请。❸He made a concentrated effort to improve his work.他专心致志地改进他的工作。❹I'm concentrating my efforts on preparing for tomorrow's interview.我正集中精力准备明天的面试。❺The area has one of the world's greatest concentrations of wildlife.该地区是世界上野生生物最集中的区域之一。❻Tiredness affects your powers of concentration.疲劳会影响你的注意力集中。[拓展]　“全神贯注于……”的其他表达：focus on...put one's heart intofocus/fix one's mind/attention on...be buried/lost/absorbed in...[即学即练]　单句语法填空①It was up to him to concentrate ______ his studies and make something of himself.②They reflect a __________ (concentrate) beam of light onto the town's central square, creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters.③You cannot afford to relax your __________ (concentrate) for a moment.一句多译我努力把我的注意力集中到我的英语研究上。④_________________________________________(concentrate)⑤_____________________________________(focus)on　concentratedconcentrationI tried to concentrate my attention on my English studies.I tried to focus my attention on my English studies.5)concerned adj.关切的，关心的；担忧的；有关的　concern vt.与……有关，关于 (教材原句)For example, instead of having proper conversations with their friends, some people are only concerned with their online popularity... 例如，一些人不再和朋友好好地交谈了，他们只关心自己在网上的人气……concern sb. 与某人有关concern oneself with sth. 让自己关心某事be concerned with 与……有关；涉及；关心be concerned about/for 关心；担心be concerned that... 担心……as/so far as sb./sth. be concerned 就某人/某事而言❶This matter concerns all of us.这件事跟我们全体都有关系。❷Don't interfere in things that don't concern you.别干涉与你无关的事情。❸He doesn't concern himself with politics.他不关心政治．❹We are very much concerned about the future of that country.我们非常担心那国的前途。❺Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers.其他人关心的是使用需要更少水和化肥的园艺方法。❻I think I've been very selfish. I've been mainly concerned with myself.我觉得我一直很自私。我总是只关心自己。[语境助记]　As far as I'm concerned, something must be done to stop this illegal action.在我看来，我们必须要做些什么来阻止这种违法行为。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①His mother is ________ (concern) about his future and his happiness.②Randolph's work was concerned ________ the effects of pollution on health.③As far as I'm ________ (concern), students who make a lot of progress should also be rewarded with prizes.④________ (concern) about the student, the teacher called his parents to find out why he was so often absent from class.完成句子⑤The film ________________ (涉及) unemployment.concernedwith　concernedConcernedis concerned with6)rewarding adj.有益的；有意义的；有报酬的；值得的 (教材原句)．.. though we know that the number of “likes” or followers cannot compare to having long-term and rewarding friendships.……尽管我们知道有多少“赞”或关注者无法与拥有长期和有益的友谊相比。a rewarding experience/job 有益的经历/工作a rewarding career 有意义的职业a rewarding day 大有收获的一天a rewarding trip 不虚此行❶Travelling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一个有趣而有意义的经历。❷Teaching is not very financially rewarding.教书不会有很高的报酬。❸He said this was the most rewarding dig in the world.他说这是世界上最值得去做的挖掘活动。 reward n. 报答；赏金；报酬vt. 奖赏；给……报酬in reward 作为回报in reward for 作为对……的报答as a reward for 作为对……的奖赏give a reward to sb. for sth. 为某事而给某人奖励reward sb. with sth. 用某物回报某人reward sb. for (doing) sth. 因为(做)某事而奖励某人❹I send him a book in reward for his help.我寄给他一本书来答谢他的帮助。❺Children are rewarded for good behaviour.表现良好的孩子要受到奖赏。❻Winning the match was just a reward for the effort the team had made.赢得比赛的胜利是全队付出努力应得的回报。❼They rewarded the winners with some fruits and flowers.他们将给优胜者一些水果和鲜花。[拓展]比较：reward/awardreward侧重回报、奖赏、酬谢award侧重表彰、授予、颁发注意：award sb. sth.授予某人某物[即学即练]　单句语法填空①He gets very little ________ reward for his hard work.②When it comes to the selling of houses, businesses also use highly ________ (reward) tactics.③If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would _______ (reward) with seven drops of water or juice...④She was rewarded ________ her 40 years' faithful service with the company.⑤If they went for the circle, they would be rewarded ________ the sum of the numbers...选词填空：reward/award⑥The university ________ him an honorary degree.⑦Our efforts were ________ by success.in　rewarding　be rewardedfor　withawarded　rewarded7)addition n．增添，添加；加法；增加物，添加物(→additional adj.附加的；额外的additionally adv.另外；除此之外；此外) (教材原句)In addition, a lot of the content posted on social media is shallow or trivial.此外，很多发布在社交媒体上的内容都很肤浅或琐碎。in addition 除此之外，此外in addition to 除……之外(还)❶In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.此外，大多数报纸都没有什么内容能吸引广大读者。❷In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more eco-friendly option.除了省钱，奶酪盐水也是一个更环保的选择。❸Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.早上锻炼，除了身体健康还有其他好处。❹Additionally, the bus service will run on Sundays, every two hours.此外，公共汽车将于星期天运行，每两小时一班。❺I'm not very good at addition.我不太擅长做加法。❻We exhibit several additions to our product line.我们在展览生产线上新增加几种产品。[同义]　moreover, besides, further more, what's morein addition to是短语介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词，相当于介词besides和短语介词as well as, apart from。 [易混比较]　in addition/in addition toin addition是介词短语，作副词用，单独作状语；可用于句首、句中或句末，用于句首或句中时，通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①________ (add) and division are forms of computation.②________ addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling.③In addition ________ the basic salary, there's a list of extra benefits.④Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took ________ (addition) samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.⑤_________ (addition), group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.Addition　In　to　additional　Additionally8)content n．内容；含量；[pl.]目录；所容纳之物　vt.使满足；使满意　adj.满足的；满意的 (1)n.内容；含量；[pl.]目录；所容纳之物❶The book is rich in content and concise in text.这本书内容丰富，文字简练。❷The calorie content in this kind of ice cream is very high.这种冰激凌的卡路里含最很高。❸There is a table of contents at the beginning of a dictionary.(当“目录”讲时，content用复数形式)词典的开头有目录。❹The police emptied her bag and examined the contents.警察倒出她包中的东西进行检查。(2)vt.使满足；使满意　adj.满足的；满意的content sb./oneself with (doing) sth.　使某人/自己满足于(做)某事be content to do sth. 愿意做某事；满足于做某事＝be willing to do sth.feel/be content with 对……感到满意/满足＝be satisfied with❺Nothing contents her; she is always complaining.没有什么东西能使她满足，她总是抱怨。❻Never content ourselves with book knowledge only.永远不要只满足于书本知识。❼I am content to admire the mountains from below.我从山下观赏群山，感到很满足。[语境助记]　Though she has achieved great success, she has never felt content with it.虽然她取得了巨大的成功，但她从来没有满足。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①You will have to content yourself ________ what you have.②He contented ________ (he) with a small achievement.③She dropped her suitcase and the ________ (content) fell out on the floor.④After a while she seemed content ________ (leave) her husband over at the cemetery.写出句中content的词性及含义⑤I'm perfectly content just to lie in the sun.________⑥She is unwilling to discuss the content of the play.________⑦Simple praise is enough to content him.________with　himself　contents　to leave形容词；满足的名词；内容动词；使满足9)basis n．基础；基点(抽象名词) base的复数为bases (教材原句)Friendships are built on the basis of trust, and with online communication you can never be 100 percent sure...友谊建立在信任的基础上，通过线上交流，你永远不能百分之百地确信……on a routine basis 按照常规on the basis of... 在……的基础上，根据on a regular/daily/weekly basis 定期/每天/每周form the basis of 形成……的基础lay a solid basis for 为……打下坚实的基础❶We drew this conclusion on the basis of experiments.我们是在试验的基础上得出这个结论的。❷On a daily basis, she reminded me that life goes on.每天她都提醒我生活还要继续。❸His research formed the basis of his new book.他的研究成果是他这本新书的基础。[拓展]　base v．以……为基础　n．底部；基地；基础basic adj.基本的，基础的(1)base...on/upon...　　使……以……为基础be based on/upon 以……为基础base... in... 以……为据点，把(总部等)设在……at the base of 在……的底部；在……的脚下(2)be basic to 对……是基本的；对……是必需的basic information/facts/ideas 基本信息/事实/思想the basic principles of law 法律的基本原则❹This novel is based on historical facts.这部小说是以历史事实为根据的。❺The two firms are both based in China.这两家公司的总部都设在中国。❻He was taken by minibus to the military base.他被小型公共汽车带到了军事基地。[比较]　basis/base作“基础”讲，可以通用；the basis/base of friendship 友谊的基础base还表示具体的“根据，基地”。a naval base 海军基地air base 空军基地[即学即练]　单句语法填空①We judge a worker ________ the basis of his performance.②Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent ________ (base).③They explored the large cave ______ the base of this cliff.④The students are studying the ______ (base) principles of chemistry.⑤The menu is based ________ classic French cooking.⑥The two hotels are attractive ________ (base) from which to explore southeast Tuscany.⑦The organisation is based ______ North Carolina and has programmes in seventy countries.⑧Honesty and trust are basic ________ a good relationship.on　basis　at　basic　onbases　into选词填空：basis/base⑨Gunfire was heard at an army ______ close to the airport.⑩This article will form the ________ for our discussion.base　basis10)percent n．百分比；百分数(→percentage n．百分率；利润的分成) make up 75 percent of 占……的75%by 100 percent 百分之百地，全部地[特别提醒]　①非正式英语中常用符号%表示。与数词连用时，数词应置于percent之前。②当．.. percent of...作主语时：... percent of＋可数名词复数＋复数谓语动词... percent of＋不可数名词＋单数谓语动词❶It's been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.据报道，在一些西方国家，76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号。❷About 71 percent of the earth's surface is covered by water.地球表面约71%被水覆盖。❸Most shopping centres have knocked ten percent off the price.(percent通常与具体数字连用)大部分购物中心打九折。[比较]　percent/percentage具体数字＋percent，指具体的百分比。percentage不能用数字修饰，不指具体的百分比，可单独使用，也可被形容词修饰。❹Nonverbal behaviour makes up a large percentage of our daily interpersonal communication.非语言行为在我们的日常人际沟通中占很大比例。❺The percentage of unskilled workers is small.非熟练工的占比很小。❻Each of them got a percentage of the profits.(percentage不指具体的百分比)他们每个人都得到一部分利润。❼A high percentage of the female staff are part-time workers.女职员中，兼职工作的人占很高的比例。 [语境助记]　high percentage 高百分比a/the percentage of 占……的百分比a large percentage of 大部分[误区警示]　由．..percent of..., part of..., one fourth of..., none of..., a majority of..., the rest of..., more than..., all of..., most of..., some of..., half of...等加名词构成的主语，谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复数。Twenty percent of their income is to be spent on food.他们收入的20%将用在食品方面。95 percent of my students have passed the examination.我的学生中有95%通过了考试。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①What percentage of the earth ________ (be) covered by oceans?②And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small ________ (percent) of all garbage on the ground today.③About 70 percent of the surface of the earth ________ (be) covered by water.④Thirty percent of literary books ___________ (borrow) by students last year.完成句子⑤Television attracts ________________ (大部分) the people.is　percentageiswere borroweda large percentage of11)opinion n．意见；看法；主张 (教材原句)In my opinion, friends should focus more on face-to-face communication, and less on online communication.在我看来，朋友们应该多关注面对面的交流，少进行线上交流。one's opinion about/on/of 某人对……的看法in one's opinion (＝in one's view) 在某人看来have/hold a good/bad/high/low opinion of 对……评价好/差/高/低ask for one's opinion 询问某人的观点give/express one's opinion 发表意见What's your opinion of...? 你认为……怎么样？❶I can't agree with your opinion about this matter.我不赞同你对此事的看法。❷The best of a Kilimanjaro experience, in my opinion, isn't reaching the top.在我看来，乞力马扎罗山最美妙的体验并不是到达山顶。❸He holds a very high opinion of himself.他对自己的评价非常高。❹Could I ask for your opinion on a new product we are preparing to develop？我能向您征求一下您对我们准备研发的一款新产品的看法吗？❺That is what they say and I don't want to give my opinion about them.那是他们说的，我不想评价他们。[联想]　表示“观点，想法”的词还有view, viewpoint, point of view, idea, thought等。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①________ my opinion, you should change your mind right away. After all, his advice sounds reasonable.②I didn't see enough of the play to form an opinion ________ it.③The boss has a very high opinion ________ her.完成句子④What is __________________ (你对……的看法) the main function of university?⑤No matter what you say, I shall ________________ (坚持我的观点).⑥Tom is so independent that he never __________________ (询问他父母的意见) unless he wants their support.In　aboutofyour opinion of/about/onstick to my opinionasks his parents' opinion12)focus (→focused adj.聚精会神的；注意力集中的) (1)vi.集中(注意力)；聚集　vt.使集中；使聚焦focus on/upon 关注；集中于be focused on/upon 集中于focus one's attention/mind/energy on/upon 把某人的注意力/精神/精力集中在……❶He must be very tired today; he doesn't seem to focus at all.他今天一定很累，他似乎无法集中注意力。❷Focus on spending time that for you is fun and productive.把时间花在那些对你来说有趣和富有成效的事情上。❸Focus your attention on your class, and keep listening until you truly understand.把注意力集中在你的课上，一直听，直到你真正理解。(2)n.焦点；焦距；中心in focus/out of focus (照片、相机等)焦点对准/没有对准；对焦/失焦into focus 对焦come into focus 成为焦点become the focus of attention 成为关注的焦点bring... into focus 使……成为焦点❹The coffee shop is the focus of social life in France.在法国，咖啡馆是社交生活的中心。❺The camera was not in focus so the photograph was not clear.照相机的焦距不对，所以照片不清晰。❻There's a new frontier in 3D printing that's beginning to come into focus: food.3D打印领域的一个新领域——食物开始受到关注。[联想]　[即学即练]　单句语法填空①You will want to continue to focus ________ positive choices.②I think my face in this picture is a bit ________ of focus.③He is ________ (focus) on nothing but winning.④Recently the problem has been brought ________ focus.⑤I got her ________ focus before I took the photo.⑥He always wants to be ________ focus of attention.写出句中focus的词性及含义⑦He focused the sun's rays on the paper with a burning glass.________⑧The sixth chapter is the focus of this book.________⑨Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on？________on　out　focused　intointo　the动词，使聚焦　名词；中心，重点动词；关注13)maintain vt.保持，维持；维修，保养；供养，抚养(→maintenance n．保养，维护；保持；生活费) (教材原句)This is the best way to maintain healthy relationships.这是保持健康关系的最佳方式。maintain current levels 保持目前水平maintain a balance 保持平衡maintain high standards 保持高标准maintain a good relationship 保持良好关系maintain law and order 维持治安maintain prices 维持价格的稳定maintain the quality 保持质量maintain a road 养路maintain a family 维持一家人的生活maintain life 维持生命maintain friendship 保持友谊pay maintenance to sb. 付给某人生活费❶The two countries have maintained friendly relations for many years.两国多年来一直保持着友好的关系。❷Food is necessary to maintain life.食物是维持生命所必需的。[语境助记]His car has been well maintained and is in excellent condition.他的汽车保养得很好，状况极佳。He has to pay maintenance to his ex-wife.他必须付给前妻生活费。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①I have children to support, money to be earned, and a home to __________ (maintain).②The roof of the ancient temple caved in because of bad __________ (maintain).完成句子③They also help us to __________________ (维修机器).④They still __________________ (保持一定的距离) from him.be maintained　maintenancemaintain the machinerymaintain some distance14)limiting adj.局限的，限制性的 (教材原句)Traditional ways of communicating, like letters and phone calls, can be limiting and take time.传统的沟通方式，如信件和电话，有局限性，而且比较耗时。limiting factor 制约因素limiting temperature 限定温度limiting distribution 极限分布limiting speed 限制速度；极限速度❶A limiting factor in the improvement of health is the lack of doctors.对改善健康状况的一个限制因素是缺少医生。go over a limit 超出限度within limits 在合理限度内within the limits of 在……范围内to the limit 达到极限set a limit to/on 设定……的限度There is a/no limit to... ……是有/无限度的。(to是介词)limit... to... 把……限制在……内be limited to 被限制在……；局限于limit sb. to (doing) sth. 限制某人(做)某事There is no/a limit/are limits to/on... ……是无限的/有限的。❷We should set a limit to/on what our children can do.我们应该限制我们的孩子能做什么。❸There is no limit to what you can do if you are hard-working.如果你努力工作，成就无可限量。❹We must limit the composition to 1，000 words.我们必须把这篇作文限制在1 000字以内。❺In addition, the information about each word in a pocket dictionary is generally limited.此外，袖珍字典中关于每个单词的信息通常是有限的。 [拓展]　limit n．限度；限制；界限　vt.限制；限定→limited adj.有限的；被限制的　limitless adj.无限的　limitation n．限制[语境助记]　The protests were not limited to New York.抗议活动并不仅限于纽约。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The conditions laid down to me were not too ________ (limit).②There is a limit ________ what one person can tolerate.③Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and ________ (limit) the size of brains.④They may only have a ________ (limit) amount of time to get their points across.⑤She has to work ________ the limits of a fairly tight budget.⑥Set a limit ________ the number of tasks you take on each day and stick to it.limitingto/onlimitslimitedwithinto/on完成句子⑦We have to _____________ (限制) the expense of the trip.⑧The teaching of history should not __________ (局限于) dates and figures.set a limit to/onbe limited to15)brief adj.简洁的，简明的；短暂的，短时间的 n．摘要；概要　briefly adv.简要地；简洁地；短暂地) (教材原句)You can give a brief response to a message with an emoji or a picture.你可以用一个表情符号或一张图片简短地回复信息。make a brief speech 作简短的演说a brief stay 短暂的停留a brief silence 短暂的沉默a brief visit/meeting/conversation 短时间的参观/会议/交谈a brief description/summary/account 简明扼要的描述/总结/叙述a brief title 一个简短的标题to be brief＝in brief＝briefly speaking 简言之in brief 简要地❶To be brief/In brief/Briefly speaking, he was happy with the result.简而言之，他对这个结果很满意。❷She had time to give a brief report.她有时间作一个简短的报告。❸I took advantage of my brief freedom to dash across the lawn—and hit a large maple tree!我利用短暂的自由冲过草坪——撞到了一棵大枫树！❹To be brief, he was happy with the result.简言之，他对这个结果感到满意。[语境助记]　Briefly speaking, I think the answer is right.简言之，我认为答案是正确的。Please tell me what happened in brief; don't go into details.请简明扼要告诉我发生了什么，不必讲得太详细。[联想]　in short 总之，简言之in a word 总之，简言之all in all 总的说来on the whole 总的来说[即学即练]　单句语法填空①He was in a hurry, so he told me what I had to do ________ brief.②________ (be) brief, we must obtain our competitor's plans.③He told me ________ (brief) what had happened.完成句子④____________________ (简言之), I think we should accept his offer.⑤To begin with, I'd like to tell _______ (简要地) the importance of the work.in　To be　brieflyTo be brief/Briefly speakingin brief16)authority n．权威人士；专家；权力；官方，当局 (教材原句)As Eileen Kennedy-Moore, an authority on the subject, points out, online friends “fill holes real-life friends can't”．正如这方面专家艾琳·肯尼迪·摩尔所指出的，网络朋友“填补了现实生活中朋友无法填补的空白”。an authority on... ……方面的权威have the authority to do sth. 有权做某事have authority over 对……行使权力have sth. on good authority 有可靠的根据in a position of authority 当权local authority 地方政府部门under the authority of 在……的授权下public authority 公共机关in authority 当权，掌权❶We see him as an authority on the subject.我们把他看作这方面的权威。❷A policeman has the authority to arrest lawbreakers.警察有权逮捕犯法的人。❸The authorities have refused to let him enter the country.(表示“官方，当局”时常用复数形式)当局拒绝让他进入该国家。[语境助记]　In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority．还有一种用法，亚洲文化中的人可能认为沉默是一种尊重的表现，尤其是对长辈或权威人士。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①I shall have to report this to the ________ (authority).②He is recognised internationally as ________ authority in this field.③Only the manager has the authority ________ (sign) cheques.④He used to be considered an authority ________ American history.⑤However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person ________ authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.完成句子⑥她现在管辖着过去是她上司的那些人。She now has ___________ the people who used to be her bosses.authoritiesanto sign　on　inauthority over►第二版块|重要短语1)in many ways 在很多方面 The era of personal technology is in many ways just beginning.个人技术的时代从很多方面来说才刚刚开始。Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.移民在许多方面对英国文化有所贡献。有关way的其它搭配归纳：in a way＝in one way 在某种程度上all the way 一路上；始终，一直by the way 顺便问一下/说一下by way of 经由，经过；为了in the/one's way 挡道，碍事out of the/one's way 不挡道，不碍事on the way out 过时in this/that way 用这种/那种方法under way 已经开始on the/one's way to... 在(某人)去……的路上There is no way of doing/(that)... 不可能……❶Always water it down and don't let your ego get in the way.总是缓和语气，不要让自我妨碍你。❷We walked all the way to the station.我们一路走到车站。❸In a way he is right.在某种程度上他是对的。❹Don't stay in the way/my way.不要妨碍我。 [语境助记]　She did her shopping on the way home.在回家途中买了东西。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①Sitting back in the car on the way ________ the airport, I figured it all out.②He went to America ________ way of Russia.③By ________ way, where are you going?④In the past, he helped a lot ________ many ways.⑤Please get out ________ my way and leave me room.完成句子⑥He came ___________ (一路上) from Canada.⑦The student paid a visit to his teacher ________ (在途中) to Shanghai.⑧Get ____________ (走开)! I'm working.to　by　the　in　ofall the way　on the wayout of the way2)stay in touch with 与……保持联系 Do you stay in touch with your office all the time?你是否一直和办公室保持联系呢？Between Facebook and Twitter, it's never been easier to stay in touch with people.有了脸书和推特，与人保持联系再简单不过了。(1)表状态stay/keep in touch with... 和……保持联系be in touch with... 和……有联系be out of touch with... 和……失去联系(以上短语可与表示一段时间的状语连用)(2)表动作get in touch with... 和……取得联系lose touch with... 和……失去联系(以上两个短语表示短暂性动作，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用)❶Try to keep in touch with him.设法和他保持联系。❷I'll get in touch with you as soon as I return from America.我一从美国回来就立刻和你联系。❸Thanks for showing us your products over and over—we'll be in touch.谢谢向我们再三介绍你们的产品，我们将会保持联系。❹I'll put you in touch with someone in your area.我将安排你和你那个地区的一个人进行联系。 [知识拓展]　与表示一段时间的状语连用时，可将非延续性动词进行转变用延续性动词替代，如：borrow→keep, buy→have。用“be＋adj.”替代，如：die→be dead, marry→be married。用“be＋adv.＋prep.”替代，如：leave→be away from。用“be＋adv./prep.”替代，如：arrive in→be in, get up→be up, begin→be on。[即学即练]　完成句子①我是在马德里工作时认识他的，从那以后，我和他一直保持着联系。I met him when I worked in Madrid, and I've ______________________ him ever since.②为了更容易与我们取得联系，你最好将这张卡片放在手边。To make it easier to _____________ us, you'd better keep this card at hand.③我和詹姆斯已经多年没有联系了。James and I ________________ for years.④大学毕业后，我们去了不同的地方生活，渐渐失去了联系。After college, we went to live in different places and gradually we _________．stayed/kept/been in touch withget in touch withhave been out of touchlost touch3)refer to 提到，谈到；参考，查阅；涉及，关于 During the talk with him, he referred to your illness.在跟他的交谈中，他提到你的病情。I often refer to the dictionary.我常参阅字典。She cooked the dinner by referring to a cookbook.她是参照一本食谱做的晚餐。refer to... as... 把……称为……refer to his experiences 谈到他的经历refer to a dictionary 查词典give the speech without referring to notes 脱稿发表演讲refer to Asian problems 涉及亚洲问题make no reference to... 没有提及……in/with reference to 关于refer sb./sth. to sb. 把某人/物提交/委托给某人；向某人打听某人的情况refer sb. to sth. 让某人查阅……❶Your illness is so mysterious that I need to refer you to a specialist.你的病是一个谜，我得将你交给专家。❷I refer you to former employer, who will support my request.我向我以前的雇主打听你的情况，他会满足我的要求。 [语境助记]　The speaker referred to him as an up-and-coming politician.演讲者称他是个有希望的政治家。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The Pritzker Architecture Prize is often referred to ________ the Nobel Prize in architecture.②He referred to me ________ information.③You should have referred the matter ________ an expert.完成句子④当我遇到难题时，我通常会选择查阅相关的学习资料或网页。When I am faced with a difficulty, I usually choose to ________ relevant learning materials or Web pages.⑤As I cannot answer his question, he _________ (让我查阅) this dictionary.as　for　to　refer to　refers me to4)point out 指出→point sth. out to sb.向某人指出某事　point out (to sb.) that... (向某人)指出…… ❶It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection.我无意指出这本作品集中每一部戏剧的中心主题。❷My teacher pointed out my mistakes in my homework.我的老师指出我作业中的错误。❸You've never met her before? I'll point her out to you if I see her.你从没见过她？如果我看见她，我就把她指给你看。❹I pointed out (to him) that the account must be settled at once.我(向她)指出说这笔账必须马上算清。[拓展]　“动词＋out”短语carry out 执行；履行give out 用完，耗尽；分发；发出make out 看清，听清；理解，明白pick out 精心挑选；辨别出set out 出发，动身；开始工作sort out 整理；把……安排好work out 解决；计算；锻炼身体；成功地发展figure out 计算；弄懂，弄明白try out 试用；试验[知识拓展]　point at/to/towards sb./sth. 指向某人/某物He pointed at/to the forest. 他指着森林(那边)。[即学即练]　完成句子①Look at the photographs and see if you can ________ (指出) the man who attacked you.②他指向那部智能手机原来所在的地方。He _________ the spot where the smartphone used to stand.③当被要求选择他的“伙伴”时，西蒙选了一只熊猫，不久之后他就睡了一整夜。When asked to choose his “buddies”， Simon ________ a panda and soon after was sleeping through the night.point out　pointed to　picked out5)connect... with... 把……与……联系起来(抽象含义) connection n．联系，连接，人际关系；人脉The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic with the Pacific.巴拿马运河把大西洋和太平洋连接起来。A good student should connect what he reads with what he sees around himself.一个好学生应把他所读的东西与他周围看到的东西联系起来。connect... to/with/and... 把……与……连接起来(具体含义)be connected with 与……有联系/有关联in connection with (因)与……有关have a connection with 与……有联系make a connection between A and B 把A和B做连接❶A bridge connects the island with the mainland.一座大桥把岛和大陆连接起来。❷I connect the printer to the computer.我把打印机连在电脑上。❸The breakdown of this computer was connected with some software.＝The breakdown of this computer has a connection with some software.这台电脑的故障与一些软件有关。❹He has been arrested in connection with a robbery.他因与一起抢劫案有关而被捕。❺There is a close connection between drugs and crimes.毒品和犯罪之间存在紧密的联系。[联想]　“与……有关系/有联系”的多种表达：be related tobe linked with/tobe involved inbe associated withhave something to do with[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The ________ (connect) between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.②We often connect his name ________ the fantastic invention.③He used his ___________ (connect) to get that job.④The discussion is connected ________ genetic engineering.⑤We usually connect roses ________ love.⑥Please make a connection ________ the two wires for me.connectionwith　connectionswith　with　between6)become obsessed with 痴迷于……；对……过度关注而受到困扰 become interested in 对……感兴趣become addicted to 对……上瘾become crazy about 痴迷于……become absorbed in 专心于……become aware of 意识到……❶She became obsessed with losing weight, which was thought-provoking.她沉迷于减肥，这很发人深省。❷He's completely obsessed with video games and spends all his spare time playing them.他完全沉迷于视频游戏，并花费所有空闲时间玩游戏。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The boy is obsessed ________ computer games.②She was obsessed by/with the ______ (think) of being too fat.③He's still obsessed ________ his exgirlfriend, even though they broke up over a year ago.④After the trip, my family became quite ________ (interest) in camping.with　thought　with　interested►第三版块|疑难句型1)while引导让步状语从句) (教材原句)While the Internet can bring people closer together, it can also harm friendships.虽然互联网可以让人们更亲近，但它也会损害友谊。[句式分析]　while意为“虽然；尽管”，相当于though/although，引导让步状语从句。❶While/Though/Although he loves his daughter, he is strict with her.虽然他爱他的女儿，但他对她很严格。❷While the work was difficult, it was interesting.这项工作虽然困难，但很有趣。[归纳拓展]　(1)while意为“当……时”，可与when换用，引导时间状语从句。从句中的谓语动词是延续性的。❸While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.玛丽写信时，孩子们在外面玩耍。❹His parents died while he was still at school.父母去世时，他还在读书。(2)while常位于句中，连接分句，意为“而；却”，强调前后两者的对比、对照。❺There's plenty of rain in the southeast, while there's little in the northwest.东南部雨量充足，而西北部则很少下雨。❻He likes playing basketball, while his twin brother likes listening to music.他喜欢打篮球，而他的孪生弟弟喜欢听音乐。(3)while引导的状语从句的省略。当主、从句主语一致，且从句的谓语中含有be动词的某种形式时，可以把从句的主语和be动词一起省略。❼While (you are) carrying the bucket, you must be careful enough.提桶时，你一定要足够小心。❽While (he was) in prison, he wrote his first novel.在狱中时，他写了他的第一本小说。[语境助记]While I admit that the problems are challenging, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认这些问题很棘手，但我并不同意它们无法解决。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①____________________ I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.②The first two services are free, ______ the third costs ￡ 35.③I lived in a hostel ___________ I was a student.完成句子④______________________________________ (虽然我理解你说的话), I can't agree with you.⑤He went out for a walk, _________________ (而我却待在家里).⑥_____________________________ (当讨论还在进行时), George came in.While/Though/Althoughwhile　while/whenWhile/Though/Although I understand what you saidwhile I stayed at homeWhile the discussion was still going on2)动名词(短语)作主语) (教材原句)Firstly, talking online is no replacement for face-to-face contact—images really cannot replace a real-life smile or hug.首先，网上聊天并不能代替面对面的交流——图片当然无法代替现实生活中的微笑或拥抱。❶Learning English is not that difficult.学英语并非那么难。❷It is no use crying over spilt milk.(谚)覆水难收。❸I think it is a waste of time sitting in front of the television all day.我认为整天坐在电视机前是浪费时间。❹It is worthwhile having such a companion.有这样一个伙伴是值得的。[误区警示]　(1)单个的动名词(短语)作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。一般来说，动名词(短语)作主语表示一种抽象的或泛指的动作。❺Running is a good form of exercise for most people.对大多数人来说，跑步是一种很好的锻炼方式。(2)动名词(短语)与动词不定式作主语的区别：动名词(短语)作主语泛指经常性的、抽象的动作；不定式作主语特指一次性的、具体的动作。❻Smoking is forbidden in many public places.许多公共场所禁止吸烟。❼It is not good for your health to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你的身体不好。[拓展]　动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语，常用于以下固定句型：It is no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没有用处/好处的。It is a waste of time/money doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间/金钱。It's hardly any use/good doing sth. 做某事几乎没有什么用处/好处。It's useless/fun/worthwhile doing sth. 做某事没用/有趣/值得。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①________ (move) to a new house is a very stressful experience.②It's no good __________ (complain) to your boss about so much work.③Cheating on an exam ________ (ruin) one's character.④It is necessary ________ (discuss) the problem with an experienced teacher.Moving　complainingruinsto discuss完成句子⑤________________ (躺在海滩上) makes a person relaxed.⑥________________ (朗读英语) in the morning will do you a lot of good.⑦It is a waste of time ______________ (去看医生) with most mild complaints.⑧____________________________ (只学习而不实践是没好处的). Lying on the beachReading English aloudgoing to the doctorIt is no good learning without practice3)make＋it＋adj./n. (＋for sb.) to do sth. (教材原句)According to a parenting expert, Denise Daniels, communicating through a screen makes it more difficult for children to concentrate or show kindness to others.根据育儿专家丹尼斯·丹尼尔斯的说法，通过屏幕交流会使儿童更难集中注意力或对他人表示善意。[句式分析]　该句式中，it是形式宾语，真正宾语是后面的不定式，for用于引出不定式的逻辑主语。❶Planes make it possible for us to go to the place far away.飞机使我们有可能去到遥远的地方。❷We make it a rule to satisfy our customers to the greatest extent.尽最大可能地满足顾客是我们的一项规定。❸We've already made it clear that we will never give in to the difficulties.我们已经表明我们决不向困难屈服。❹I don't think it possible for us to master a foreign language without much memory work.我认为不做大量的记忆工作，我们是不可能掌握一门外语的。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The teacher makes ________ easy for us to understand the problem.②He keeps practising to make it possible for him ________ (win) the competition.③She made it clear ________ she was there to hang out with them.完成句子④Food ____________________________ (使他有可能活下来).⑤She made it her business ________________________ (查清该谁负责).⑥________________ (我认为这是一个遗憾) you didn't come to the party.it　to win　thatmade it possible for him to surviveto find out who was responsibleI think it a pity that4)as引导的非限制性定语从句 (教材原句)As we know, important social skills are developed through direct contact with other people.众所周知，重要的社交技能是通过直接与他人接触培养的。[句式分析]　as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句，as意为“正如，正像”。as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句之前、主句中间或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句隔开。❶As was reported on TV, Chang'e-4 was successfully launched.正如电视里所报道的，“嫦娥四号”发射成功。❷As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。❸The earth, as we know, travels around the sun.我们都知道，地球绕着太阳转。as引导的非限制性定语从句的常见表达：as is known to us all 众所周知as sb. once said 正如某人曾经说过的as sb. points out 正如某人指出的as is often the case 情况总是这样的as is reported 正如所报道的as is mentioned above 如上所述[易错比较]　as与which均可引导非限制性定语从句，都可指代整个主句。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可位于句首、句中、句尾，表示“正如，正像”，而which引导非限制性定语从句时，意为“这使……；这一点”，引导的从句位于句末。❹She entered a good university, as we had expected.如我们所料，她考上了一所好大学。❺As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history.众所周知，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。❻He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him.他邀请我们吃饭，他真是太好了。[知识拓展]　which引导非限制性定语从句也可以指代整个主句，但此非限制性定语从句只能位于句末。Chang'e-4 was successfully launched, which made us very happy and proud.嫦娥四号发射成功，这使我们既高兴又自豪。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①He forgot to bring his pen with him, ________ was often the case.②A container weighs more after air is put in, ________ proves that air has weight.③The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.④I, ________ is mentioned above, am in favour of the latter view.as　which　as　as完成句子⑤_________________________ (正如报纸上所报道的那样), talks between the two countries are making progress.⑥________________ (这是常有的事), we have worked out the production plan.⑦He passed the exam, ________________________ (这使他的父母很高兴).As is reported in the newspapersAs is often the casewhich made his parents very happy5)过去分词(短语)作定语) ❶The new product finally passed the required test.新产品终于通过了要求的测试。❷It is impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.在规定的时间内回答所有的问题是不可能的。过去分词(短语)作定语，分为前置和后置两种情况：(1)前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的词之前，表示被动和完成。此时过去分词具有形容词的特点，侧重永久性的状态或特点。fallen leaves 落叶the newly planted flower 新栽的花(2)后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句。❸The speaker answered all the questions raised by the audience.＝The speaker answered all the questions that were raised by the audience.演讲者回答了听众提出的所有问题。有些单个的过去分词，因为受到某些限制，习惯上放在被修饰词之后作后置定语。all the money donated　　所有捐赠的钱[误区警示]　(1)一般来讲，过去分词与现在分词都可作定语，但过去分词表示被动的、已经完成的含义，而现在分词表示主动的、正在进行的含义。❹The idea presented by Peter is much simpler.彼得提出的想法要简单得多。(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语时，不表示被动，只强调完成。the risen sun　　已升起的太阳a returned student 已归国的学生(3)有些过去分词已演变为形容词，如：excited, worried, crowded, retired, escaped, used。❺The retired worker often plays chess in the park with others.这名退休工人经常在公园里和别人下国际象棋。[语境助记]　It is a house built by the Romans．它是一栋由罗马人建造的房屋。John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter offering him it．约翰确实得到了那份工作，因为他给我看了给他的公函。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ________ (borrow) from the library.②Tsinghua University, ________ (found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.③Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students.④The witnesses ________ (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.⑤“Things ________ (lose) never come again！” I couldn't help talking to myself.borrowed　founded　spent　questionedlost　完成句子⑥For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit ________________ (在他自己的农场上种的).⑦After completing it, please return the form to us ________________ (在提供的信封内).grown on his own farmin the provided envelope6)强调句型It is/was＋...that＋... (教材原句)It is these skills that enable us to develop lifelong friendships.正是这些技能使我们得以发展终生的友谊。[句式分析]　此句是强调句型。其基本结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分。该句型可强调主语、宾语、状语等，但不能强调谓语。We met a famous film director in the park yesterday.昨天我们在公园遇到了一位著名的电影导演。→It was we that/who met a famous film director in the park yesterday.(强调主语)→It was a famous film director that/who we met in the park yesterday.(强调宾语)→It was in the park that we met a famous film director yesterday.(强调地点状语)→It was yesterday that we met a famous film director in the park.(强调时间状语)[句式变化]　一般疑问式：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分？特殊疑问式：疑问词＋is/was it that＋其他部分？如果对We met a famous film director in the park yesterday的几个成分进行提问则为：①Was it we that met a famous film director in the park yesterday？(一般疑问句)②Was it a famous director that we met in the park yesterday？(一般疑问句)③Where was it that we met a famous film director yesterday？(特殊疑问句)④When was it that we met a famous film director in the park?⑤Who was it that we met in the park yesterday?⑥Who was it that met a famous film director in the park yesterday？[特别提醒]　(1)构成强调句型的it不能用其他词代替。(2)被强调部分指人时，可以用who代替that，其他情况一律用that。(3)用is还是was要根据原句的时态来确定：属于现在或将来时间范畴的所有时态用is；属于过去时间范畴的所有时态用was。(4)强调句型的判断方法：去掉it is/was和that/who，适当调整语序，如果能还原成完整的句子，则为强调句型，否则不是。(5)当强调含有not... until...结构的句子时，强调句结构为It is/was not until... that...。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①It is my father ________ will have a face-to-face talk with me.②It was in Shanghai ________ I finally settled.③It was not ________ the 1940s that such machines could be built.④You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ________ the coach picks up tourists.⑤It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new neighbours.⑥It was not until she took off her dark glasses ________ I realised she was a film star.that/who　that　until　thatthat　that完成句子⑦是我喜欢遛狗。(强调主语)_________________________________________________________⑧父母关心的是孩子的安全。(强调宾语)_________________________________________________________⑨李雷就是在这个村子里出生的。(强调状语)_________________________________________________________It is I that/who like walking the dog.　It is children's safety that parents are concerned about.　It was in this village that Li Lei was born.7)what引导的名词性从句 (教材原句)Thirdly, online relationships may not be what they appear to be.第三，网络关系可能并不是它们看起来的样子。[句式分析]　本句是个复合句，what引导一个名词性从句作句子表语。what引导名词性从句时常常可理解为“……的意思”，“……的样子”“……的内容”等，具体要根据上文来确定。再如：❶What we need is more time.我们需要的是更多的时间。❷In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America.在1492年，哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。[说明]　what引导名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)时，它在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补。❸What he said at the meeting astonished everyone present.(主语从句)他在会上说的话使在场的每个人都感到惊讶。❹After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.(宾语从句)似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。❺This is what they've achieved after years of hard work.(表语从句)这是他们经过多年的努力工作才取得的成果。❻Do you have any idea what it means to be poor？(同位语从句)你知道贫穷意味着什么吗？[误区警示]　what与that引导名词性从句时的区别(1)what引导名词性从句时，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语等，意为“所……的东西”，相当于all that/the thing(s) that。(2)that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当成分，也无具体意思，只起连接作用。在宾语从句中常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中一般不能省略。 [语境助记]　I don't know what he will do to overcome the difficulty．我不知道他会做什么来克服这个困难。I believe (that) they will overcome the difficulty．我相信他们会克服这个困难的。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The policemen told them ________ Mr Smith did and that the wallet was safe.②I have no idea ________ my parents are fond of.③________ I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the past.④Mrs Taylor went around the shops, ordering ________ she thought was necessary.⑤This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.⑥In the newspaper, it says ________ English is getting more and more important.what　what　What　what　what　that完成句子⑦They have done ________________ (他们能做的) to help her.⑧You know, ________________ (你刚才所说的话) will make a great difference to the world.what they can dowhat you said just now8)“no matter＋特殊疑问词”引导的让步状语从句 (教材原句)You can stay in touch with friends no matter where you are or what you are doing.无论你在哪里，在做什么，都可以和朋友保持联系。[句式分析]　no matter意为“不管，无论”，与what/which/who/when/where/how等特殊疑问词连用，引导让步状语从句，相当于whatever/whichever/whoever/whenever/wherever/however等。❶Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations.下一次，无论你在哪里散步，都要把所有的风景、声音和感觉吸收进去。(next time 下一次，名词短语作连词，引导时间状语从句。)❷No matter when I meet her，she is always wearing a sweet smile.不管我何时遇见她，她总是带着甜甜的微笑。❸Whichever you buy，you'll get the membership price.＝No matter which you buy，you'll get the membership price.不论你买哪个，你都会得到会员价格。❹No matter how famous a brand is, it can be in ruins once it betrays the trust of consumers.＝However famous a brand is，it can be in ruins once it betrays the trust of consumers.无论一个牌子多有名气，一旦辜负了消费者的信任它就有可能会毁灭。[知识拓展]　whatever，whichever，whoever既可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从句。引导名词性从句时，不能替换为“no matter＋what/which/ who”的形式。 [一言辨异]　Whatever David says sounds right to Helen.(名词性从句)That's why she has made up her mind to be with him whatever/no matter what happens．(状语从句)对于海伦来说，无论戴维说什么，听起来都是对的。那就是她下定决心无论发生什么都要和他在一起的原因。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①I'll do ________ I can to help you.②—When could you have a meal with me?—I'd like to go ________ it is convenient for you.③________ hard I tried to think about it，what he said didn't really get across to me.④________ way you do the experiment, you must finish it today.完成句子⑤______________________(不管是谁)，we'll act according to the principle.⑥___________________________ (不管她在哪里)，she will be happy.⑦______________________________ (不管你是多么聪明的一个谈话者)，there are times when it's better to remain silent.whatever　whenever　HoweverWhicheverNo matter who/Whoever it isNo matter where/Wherever she may beNo matter how bright a talker you are9)现在分词(短语)作状语 (教材原句)Using a smartphone，a tablet or a computer，you can be in contact at home and also when you are on the move.通过使用智能手机、平板电脑或电脑，无论你在家里还是在外面都能与他人联络。[说明]　现在分词(短语)作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或结果等情况。现在分词(短语)的逻辑主语要与句子主语一致。❶时间状语(相当于时间状语从句) Seeing my parents waving in the crowd，I went running to them. 看到我的父母在人群中挥手，我跑向他们。❷原因状语(相当于原因状语从句) Being ill，she didn't go to school as usual today. 因为生病，她今天没像往常一样去上学。❸条件状语(相当于条件状语从句)Turning right，you will find the place you want.往右转弯，你就会找到你要找的地方。❹让步状语(相当于让步状语从句) Working so hard, he failed again.尽管努力学习，他还是失败了。❺伴随状语 He sat at the table reading China Daily. 他坐在桌子旁看《中国日报》。❻结果状语 The mother died，leaving a lot of money for her children. 那位母亲去世了，给她的孩子们留下了一大笔钱。[误区警示]　(1)现在分词短语作结果状语表示自然而然的结果，而不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，且常与only搭配使用。One hundred and fifty trees had been blown down by the high winds, blocking roads and railway lines.150棵树被大风刮倒，堵塞了道路和铁路线。I hurried to his house，only to find him not in.我匆匆赶到他家，却发现他不在家。(2)现在分词的否定式：not＋现在分词Not recovering from the operation, I couldn't keep pace with you.由于尚未从手术中康复，我跟不上你。(3)现在分词短语作伴随状语或结果状语时，分词短语没有相应的状语从句替换，可将其改写成由and连接，且与谓语动词并列的结构。They walked by the lake，holding hands.＝They walked by the lake and held hands.他们手挽着手在湖边散步。[即学即练]　单句语法填空①The visitors stood on top of Mount Tai，________ (enjoy) the rising sun.②________ (find) the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.③Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way ________ (use) the sun and the stars.④Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, ________ (turn)the old town into a dreamland.enjoying　Finding　usingturning⑤The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ________ (allow) more patients to be treated.⑥_____________(work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.⑦The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，________ (make)air conditioning unnecessary.allowing　Having worked　making同义句转换⑧When I looked out of the window, I saw some students passing by the classroom.→______________________________________________________I saw some students passing by the classroom.(现在分词短语作状语)⑨Having a painful back injury, Pat couldn't concentrate on his study.→______________________________________________________Pat couldn't concentrate on his study.(状语从句)Looking out of the windowBecause he had a painful back injuryⅠ.单词拼写1．Some materials have been banned on the ________(基础)that they are too hard.2．In fact, most people only absorb about 20 ________ (百分比) of a speaker's opinion.3．We were invited to give our ________ (意见) about how the error should be avoided.4．We shall thoroughly maintain our ________ (焦点) on the needs of the customers.5．But, in the interim, we obviously have a duty to ________ (维持)law and order.basispercentopinionsfocus　maintain6．Nowadays, many college students have replaced taking class notes by hand with typing on laptops or ________ (平板电脑).7．The accident could have been much worse; luckily no ________ (伤害)was done.8．Mary described how she got into an ________ (争吵) with one of the adults. 9．Everyone was very ________ (关心的) whether he would pull through or not.10．In general, we can learn a lot from the ________ (有意义的)experience of communicating with native speakers of English.11．Firecrackers have caused severe damage to the ________ (所容纳之物)of the building.tablets　harmargumentconcernedrewardingcontents12．When it is autumn, they move to ________ (浅的) waters and get their food.13．He's universally recognised as an ________ (权威人士) on Russian affairs.14．One-in-five Americans will use a tablet or ________ (智能手机).15．The argument laid down to me was not too ________ (限制性的).16．We were given a ________ (简洁的) demonstration of the tablet's functions. 17．He was one of the most ________ (创造性的) teenagers of his generation.shallow　authoritysmartphonelimiting　briefcreativeⅡ.短语填空in addition, in brief, think of, in many ways, refer to, on the basis of, be obsessed with, content with1．In his speech, he _________ a recent trip to Canada.2．Nowadays some students ______________ smart-phones and computer games.3．The website provides regional weather reports, a shipping forecast and gale warnings. __________， visitors can download satellite images of the country.4．I'm perfectly __________ the way the campaign has gone.referred toare obsessed withIn additioncontent with5．I can't ________ her name at the moment.6．We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact on our lives ____________．7．She was chosen for the job ___________ her powerful qualifications.8．_______， I am always looking at things from the perspective of reality, and also very considerate.think ofin many wayson the basis ofIn briefⅢ.单句语法填空A 1．My own opinions seem insignificant compared ________ other people's.2．Are you still in touch ________ the authority from your college?3．The experiments have been done on ________ (brief) soaked rocks.4．The genius tends to get things done ________ (creative).5．It is evident that smoking is ________ (harm) to health.6．The committee is concerned about players' behaviour, especially arguing ________ referees.7. It is not a good idea to miss meals and replace them ________ snacks.8．In addition, some houses still lack ________ (base) amenities such as bathrooms.with/towithbrieflycreativelyharmfulwithwithbasicB 1．[2022·浙江一考]Focus ________ spending time that for you is fun and productive.2．[2019·天津二考]How does an early-warning system help us ________ (maintain) the ecological balance?1．答案与解析：on　focus on...意为“集中注意力于……”。句意：把时间花在那些对你来说有趣和富有成效的事情上。2．答案与解析：(to)maintain　句意：预警系统如何帮助我们维持生态平衡？3．[天津二考]The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and ________ (brief), apologising for your mistake.4．[2022·江苏卷]Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took ________ (addition) samples of the men's blood and fat tissue(脂肪组织).3．答案与解析：briefly　副词briefly和quickly作并列状语修饰Respond。句意：你越早注意到越好。迅速而简短地回应，为你的错误道歉。4．答案与解析：additional　形容词作定语，修饰samples。句意：就在每次锻炼前和锻炼完一小时后，科学家们对这些人的血液和脂肪组织进行了额外的取样。5．[北京卷]You'd better learn some ________ (basis) Chinese before you come.6．[2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷]I was confused：Is there something wrong with this kid？Then I realized ________ was happening.5．答案与解析：basic　形容词作定语，修饰Chinese。句意：你来之前最好先学一些基本的中文。6．答案与解析：what　what引导的名词性从句作realized的宾语。句意：我很困惑：这孩子有什么问题吗？然后我意识到发生了什么。7．[2021·北京卷]Some experts say that music can be ________ (harm) if it is too loud.8．[天津二考]I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for ________ (argue).7．答案与解析：harmful　形容词作表语，表示主语的特征。句意：一些专家说，音乐如果太大声会有害。8．答案与解析：argument　名词作介词的宾语。句意：我喜欢事实，那些具体的东西。我认为任何抽象的东西都有太多争论的余地。9．[2020·全国Ⅰ卷]We're thinking about how we can engineer plants ________ (replace)functions of the things that we use every day...10．[北京卷]If Tononi's theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night's sleep, we find it harder the next day ________ (concentrate)and learn new information...9．答案与解析：to replace　不定式作目的状语。句意：我们正在考虑如何才能改变植物的基因结构，使它们代替我们每天使用的东西的功能……10．答案与解析：to concentrate　不定式短语作真正的宾语，find后面的it作形式宾语。句意：如果托诺尼的理论正确，那就可以解释为什么当我们错过一次晚上的睡眠，我们发现第二天更难集中精力并学习新的信息……11．[2021·北京卷]The most ________ (reward)day for our group was project day, when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together.12．[2021·北京卷]Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more ________ (concern)with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilisation.11．答案与解析：rewarding　形容词作定语，修饰day。句意：对我们小组来说，最有意义的一天是项目日，在这一天我们为收集物品而付出的所有努力终于汇集到了一起。12．答案与解析：concerned　be concerned with意为“关注……”。句意：崩溃学是一门研究崩溃的学科，它更关注于识别趋势及其随之而来给日常文明带来的危害。Ⅳ.完成句子1．比赛将于1月18日在我们的学校礼堂举行，主题是芭蕾舞表演。The contest，which is scheduled to be held in our school hall on January 18th，will __________ the ballet.2．对该事件的描述不应该局限于日期和人物。Description of the event should not ____________dates and figures.3．垃圾食品根本没有营养，因此学生要避免吃垃圾食品。Junk food is ___________ nutritious，so students should avoid eating it.focus onbe limited toanything but4．他问了几个有关公司前途的问题。He asked several questions __________ the future of the company.5．除了这些安排以外，另增救护车值班至午夜。 ___________these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight.6．在我看来，这本书是关于这个学科最有意义的一本。The book is，____________，the most rewarding book on the subject.7．你是知道的，朱莉娅是一个伟大的作家。____________，Julia is a great author.concerningIn addition toin my opinionAs you know8．无论人们身在何处、走了多远，在春节期间，他们都会回家享受团圆时光。_____________people go and ___________far they go，they will go back home enjoying reunion time during the Spring Festival.9．与40年前相比，卫生保健的水平得到了极大提高。Standards in health care have improved enormously __________40 years ago.10．这种软件是为了满足顾客的需要而开发的。The software was developed ___________ the demand of the customers.No matter whereno matter howcompared toin response to