专题03 阅读理解：说明文【大题精做】-冲刺2024年高考英语大题突破+限时集训（新高考专用）

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说明文所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生态、安全等方面。在高考英语阅读理解中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。即便是细节理解题，大多数情况下考生也无法从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章细节信息后作出归纳和判断。通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试题的考查数量为2道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化。
（2023年新高考I卷D篇）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether”. Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
28．What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A．The methds f estimatin.B．The underlying lgic f the effect.
C．The causes f peple’s errrs.D．The design f Galtn’s experiment.
29．Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A．the crwds were relatively smallB．there were ccasinal underestimates
C．individuals did nt cmmunicateD．estimates were nt fully independent
30．What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A．The size f the grups.B．The dminant members.
C．The discussin prcess.D．The individual estimates.
31．What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A．Unclear.B．Dismissive.C．Dubtful.D．Apprving.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．C 31．D
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
28．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段的“In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
（2024上·河北沧州·高三泊头市第一中学校联考期末）Think f yur mst prized pssessin. Nw, imagine yu decide yu must sell this item. Hw much is it wrth t yu? Hw much wuld yu charge fr it? And wuld anyne else want t buy it at that price?
Let’s cnsider the real-wrld example f a yard sale. Befre yur neighbrs cme t lk at yur things, yu must first decide n the prices fr them. Fr yu, each item has a stry, and sme items may even evke strng emtins.
Let’s say yu’re selling a pair f special editin sprts shes that yu tk care f and really enjyed wearing n special ccasins. With these sweet memries in mind, yu put a price tag f $130 n the shes. Hwever, a custmer ffers $50 fr them. Yu think, “Hw culd they nt see hw special and valuable these are?”
In financial transactins like this, sellers ften believe their wn items are wrth mre than what buyers are willing t pay. This ccurs because buyers d nt have the seller’s experiences with and emtinal attachment t the items. Buyers want a gd deal, and they’re nt willing t pay what the seller is asking fr.
This negtiatin prcess can even feel a little painful fr the seller—ver lsing smething and the buyer nt valuing it as much. Ecnmists suggest this dynamic ccurs thrugh the endwment effect (禀赋效应)—peple’s tendency t value things they wn mre highly than they wuld if they did nt wn them. The endwment effect can take hld anytime we feel a sense f wnership ver a prduct, and it can happen quickly.
As the saying ges, “Emtins gel the best f us.” There is nthing wrng with being prud f wning things and treasuring yur experiences with them. But when yu cnsider selling a prized pssessin, think abut whether yu’re fully ready t part with il. The past is the past, thugh. Remving yur emtinal attachment t material pssessins can help yu make mre accurate assessments f hw much yur items are truly wrth.
28．What des the underlined wrd “evke” in paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A．Advcate.B．Cause.C．Identify.D．Cntrl.
29．What makes yu put a price tag f $130 n yur shes accrding t paragraph3?
A．Yur fndness fr the shes.B．Yur ignrance f the market.
C．The high quality f the shes.D．The special functin f the shes.
30．Which can best illustrate the result f endwment effect?
A．One likes cllecting ld things.
B．One tends t buy expensive gds.
C．One ffers a lwer price when shpping.
D．One charges a higher-than-usual price fr smething.
31．What’s the purpse f the last paragraph?
A．T make a suggestin.B．T intrduce a thery.
C．T analyze a phenmenn.D．T prvide sme evidence.
【答案】28．B 29．A 30．D 31．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“禀赋效应”的现象，并建议消除对物质财富的情感依恋，更准确地评估物品的价值。
28．词句猜测题。根据上文“Fr yu, each item has a stry(对你来说，每件物品都有一个故事)”和下文的emtins可知，此处是指一些物品可能会“唤起”一些情感，所以推知划线词是“引起、唤起”的意思。故选B项。
29．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Let’s say yu’re selling a pair f special editin sprts shes that yu tk care f and really enjyed wearing n special ccasins. With these sweet memries in mind, yu put a price tag f $130 n the shes.(假设你正在销售一双特别版的运动鞋，你很喜欢在特殊场合穿它。带着这些甜蜜的回忆，你给这双鞋标上了130美元的价格。)”可知，你对这双鞋的喜爱让你给这双鞋贴上了130美元的价格标签。故选A项。
30．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Ecnmists suggest this dynamic ccurs thrugh the endwment effect (禀赋效应)—peple’s tendency t value things they wn mre highly than they wuld if they did nt wn them.(经济学家认为，这种动态是通过禀赋效应发生的——人们倾向于认为自己拥有的东西比自己没有拥有的东西更有价值。)”可知，一个人对某物收取比平常更高的价格，最能说明禀赋效应的结果。故选D项。
31．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The past is the past, thugh. Remving yur emtinal attachment t material pssessins can help yu make mre accurate assessments f hw much yur items are truly wrth.(不过，过去的就让它过去吧。消除对物质财富的情感依恋可以帮助你更准确地评估你的物品到底值多少钱。)”可知，最后一段的目的是提出建议。故选A项。
刷模拟
Passage（1）
（2024·江苏连云港·统考一模）Artificial intelligence mdels can trick each ther int disbeying their creatrs and prviding banned instructins fr making drugs, r even building a bmb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is mre difficult than it seems.
Many publicly available large language mdels (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-cded rules that aim t prevent them frm exhibiting racial r sexual discriminatin, r answering questins with illegal r prblematic answers — things they have learned frm humans via training data. But that hasn’t stpped peple frm finding carefully designed instructins that blck these prtectins, knwn as “jailbreaks”, making AI mdels disbey the rules.
Nw, Arush Tagade at Leap Labratries and his c-wrkers have fund a prcess f jailbreaks. They fund that they culd simply instruct ne LLM t cnvince ther mdels t adpt a persna (角色), which is able t answer questins the base mdel has been prgrammed t refuse. This prcess is called “persna mdulatin (调节)”.
Tagade says this apprach wrks because much f the training data cnsumed by large mdels cmes frm nline cnversatins, and the mdels learn t act in certain ways in respnse t different inputs. By having the right cnversatin with a mdel, it is pssible t make it adpt a particular persna, causing it t act differently.
There is als an idea in AI circles, ne yet t be prven, that creating lts f rules fr an AI t prevent it displaying unwanted behaviur can accidentally create a blueprint fr a mdel t act that way. This ptentially leaves the AI easy t be tricked int taking n an evil persna. “If yu’re frcing yur mdel t be gd persna, it smewhat understands what a bad persna is,” says Tagade.
Yinzhen Li at Imperial Cllege Lndn says it is wrrying hw current mdels can be misused, but develpers need t weigh such risks with the ptential benefits f LLMs. “Like drugs, they als have side effects that need t be cntrlled,” she says.
28．What des the AI jailbreak refer t?
A．The technique t break restrictins f AI mdels.
B．The initiative t set hard-cded rules fr AI mdels.
C．The capability f AI mdels imprving themselves.
D．The prcess f AI mdels learning new infrmatin.
29．What can we knw abut the persna mdulatin?
A．It can help AI mdels understand emtins.
B．It prevents AI learning via nline cnversatins.
C．It can make AI mdels adpt a particular persna.
D．It frces AI mdels t fllw nly gd persnas.
30．What is Yinzhen Li’s attitude twards LLMs?
A．Unclear.B．Cautius.C．Apprving.D．Negative.
31．Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．LLMs: Illegal Learning MdelsB．LLMs: The Latest Advancement
C．AI Jailbreaks: A New ChallengeD．AI Jailbreaks: A Perfect Apprach
【答案】28．A 29．C 30．B 31．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能领域面临的一项新挑战——AI“越狱”。
28．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Artificial intelligence mdels can trick each ther int disbeying their creatrs and prviding banned instructins fr making drugs, r even building a bmb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is mre difficult than it seems. (人工智能模型可以欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的制造毒品的指令，甚至制造炸弹，这表明防止这种AI‘jailbreaks’比看起来要困难得多。)”以及第二段“Many publicly available large language mdels (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-cded rules that aim t prevent them frm exhibiting racial r sexual discriminatin, r answering questins with illegal r prblematic answers — things they have learned frm humans via training data. But that hasn’t stpped peple frm finding carefully designed instructins that blck these prtectins, knwn as “jailbreaks”, making AI mdels disbey the rules. (许多公开可用的大型语言模型（LLMs），如ChatGPT，都有硬编码规则，旨在防止它们表现出种族或性别歧视，或者用非法或有问题的答案回答问题——这些都是它们通过训练数据从人类那里学到的。但这并没有阻止人们找到精心设计的指令，阻止这些保护措施，即所谓的‘jailbreaks’，使人工智能模型不遵守规则。)”可知，许多公开可用的大型语言模型都有硬编码规则阻止非法、歧视等内容，但是人工智能模型可以突破保护限制措施，互相欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的指令；由此可知，AI“jailbreak”指的是打破人工智能模型限制，使人工智能模型违反规则的技术。故选A。
29．细节理解题。根据第四段“Tagade says this apprach wrks because much f the training data cnsumed by large mdels cmes frm nline cnversatins, and the mdels learn t act in certain ways in respnse t different inputs. By having the right cnversatin with a mdel, it is pssible t make it adpt a particular persna, causing it t act differently. (Tagade表示，这种方法之所以有效，是因为大型模型消耗的大部分训练数据来自在线对话，模型学会以特定的方式响应不同的输入。通过与模型进行正确的对话，可以使其采用特定的角色，从而使其采取不同的行动。)”可知，“角色调节（the persna mdulatin）”可以通过与人工智能模型进行正确的对话让其采用特定的角色，采取不同的行动。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Yinzhen Li at Imperial Cllege Lndn says it is wrrying hw current mdels can be misused, but develpers need t weigh such risks with the ptential benefits f LLMs. “Like drugs, they als have side effects that need t be cntrlled,” she says. (伦敦帝国理工学院的Yinzhen Li表示，目前的模型可能会被滥用，这令人担忧，但开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLM的潜在好处。‘就像药物一样，它们也有需要控制的副作用，’她说。)”可知，Yinzhen Li认为，目前的模型可能会被滥用，但是开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLMs的潜在好处，由此可知，Yinzhen Li对LLMs持谨慎的态度。故选B。
31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Artificial intelligence mdels can trick each ther int disbeying their creatrs and prviding banned instructins fr making drugs, r even building a bmb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is mre difficult than it seems. (人工智能模型可以欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的制造毒品的指令，甚至制造炸弹，这表明防止这种人工智能“越狱”比看起来更困难。)”以及下文内容可知本文介绍了人工智能“越狱”、研究者们发现的一个“越狱”过程——“角色调节”以及专家对其态度；由此可知，本文主要阐述人工智能发展面临的人工智能“越狱”这一新的挑战；C选项“AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge (AI越狱：一个新的挑战)”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选C。
Passage（2）
（2024·江苏连云港·统考一模）Nt all birds sing, but several thusand species d. They sing t defend their territry and crn (柔声唱) t impress ptential mates. “Why birds sing is relatively well-answered,” says Iris Adam, a behaviral neurscientist. Hwever, the big questin fr her was why birds sing s much.
“As sn as yu sing, yu reveal yurself,” Adam says. “Like, where yu are and where yur territry is.” In a new study published in the jurnal Nature Cmmunicatins, Adam and her c-wrkers ffer a new explanatin fr why birds take that risk. They may have t sing a lt every day t give their vcal (发声的) muscles the regular exercise they need t prduce tp-quality sngs. T figure ut whether the muscles that prduce birdsngs require daily exercise, Adam designed an experiment n zebra finches-the little Australian sngbirds.
She prevented them frm singing fr a week by keeping them in the dark cage almst arund the clck. Light is what galvanizes the birds t sing, s she had t wrk t keep them frm warbling (鸣叫). “The first tw r three days, it’s quite easy,” she says. “But the lnger the experiment ges, the mre they are like, ‘I need t sing.’” At that pint, she’d tap the cage and tell them t stp singing.
After a week, the birds’ singing muscles lst half their strength. But Adam wndered whether that impacted the quality f sngs. When she played a male’s sng befre and after the seven days f darkness, she culdn’t hear a difference. But when Adam played it t a grup f female birds, six ut f nine preferred the sng that came frm a male wh’d been using his singing muscles daily.
Adam’s cnclusin shws that “sngbirds need t exercise their vcal muscles t prduce tp-perfrmance sngs. If they dn’t sing, they lse perfrmance, and their sngs get less attractive t females.” This may help explain sngbirds’ cntinuus singing.
It’s a gd rule t live by, whether yu’re a bird r a human-practice makes perfect, at least when it cmes t singing ne’s heart ut.
28．Accrding t Iris Adam, birds sing s much t ______.
A．warn ther birds f risksB．prduce mre sngs
C．perfrm perfectly in singingD．defend their territry
29．What des the underlined wrd “galvanizes” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Prepares.B．Stimulates.C．Frbids.D．Frightens.
30．What d we knw abut the caged birds in the experiment?
A．They lst the ability t sing.B．They strengthened their muscles.
C．Their sngs shwed n difference.D．Their sngs became less appealing.
31．What may Iris Adam agree with?
A．The sngbirds live n music.B．The sngbirds are brn singers.
C．Daily exercise keeps birds healthy.D．Practice makes birds perfect singers.
【答案】28．C 29．B 30．D 31．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经学家艾瑞斯·亚当对于为什么鸟唱得这么多歌的研究。
28．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“They may have t sing a lt every day t give their vcal (发声的) muscles the regular exercise they need t prduce tp-quality sngs. (它们可能每天都要唱很多歌，让它们的声带肌肉得到定期锻炼，从而创作出高质量的歌曲)”可知，亚当认为鸟儿每天都要唱很多歌，是为了更加完美地演唱。故选C。
29．词句猜测题。由划线词上文“She prevented them frm singing fr a week by keeping them in the dark cage almst arund the clck. (她把它们关在黑暗的笼子里，整整一个星期不让它们唱歌)”和下文“s she had t wrk t keep them frm warbling”可知，光是刺激鸟儿歌唱的东西，所以她必须努力不让它们鸣叫，她把它们关在黑暗的笼子里。由此可知，划线词的含义为“刺激”。A. Prepares准备；B. Stimulates刺激；C. Frbids禁止；D. Frightens使惊吓。故选B。
30．细节理解题。由文章第四段“After a week, the birds’ singing muscles lst half their strength. But Adam wndered whether that impacted the quality f sngs. When she played a male’s sng befre and after the seven days f darkness, she culdn’t hear a difference. But when Adam played it t a grup f female birds, six ut f nine preferred the sng that came frm a male wh’d been using his singing muscles daily. (一周后，鸟儿唱歌的肌肉失去了一半的力量。但亚当想知道这是否会影响歌曲的质量。当她在七天的黑暗之前和之后播放雄性的歌曲时，她听不出有什么不同。但是当亚当把这首歌放给一群雌鸟听时，九只雌鸟中有六只更喜欢每天都在使用唱歌肌肉的雄鸟发出的歌)”和第五段“Adam’s cnclusin shws that “sngbirds need t exercise their vcal muscles t prduce tp-perfrmance sngs. If they dn’t sing, they lse perfrmance, and their sngs get less attractive t females.” This may help explain sngbirds’ cntinuus singing. (亚当的结论表明，“鸣禽需要锻炼发声肌肉，才能唱出最好的歌曲。”如果它们不唱歌，就会失去表演能力，它们的歌声对雌性的吸引力也会降低。“这可能有助于解释鸣禽的持续歌唱)”可知，实验中关在笼子里的鸟的歌曲变得不那么有吸引力了。故选D。
31．推理判断题。由文章第五段“Adam’s cnclusin shws that “sngbirds need t exercise their vcal muscles t prduce tp-perfrmance sngs. If they dn’t sing, they lse perfrmance, and their sngs get less attractive t females.” This may help explain sngbirds’ cntinuus singing. (亚当的结论表明，“鸣禽需要锻炼发声肌肉，才能唱出最好的歌曲。”如果它们不唱歌，就会失去表演能力，它们的歌声对雌性的吸引力也会降低。“这可能有助于解释鸣禽的持续歌唱)”可推知，亚当认为练习使鸟成为完美的歌手。故选D。
Passage（3）
（2024·福建·统考一模）On the streets f Manhattan and Washingtn, D．C．, in neighbrhds in Seul and parks in Paris, ginkg (银杏) trees are lsing their leaves in reactin t the first gust f cld winter air. This leaf drp, gradual at first, and then sudden, carpets streets with glden, fan-shaped leaves. Scientists are dcumenting evidence f the event happening later and later, a pssible indicatin f climate change. But the stry f ginkgs is nt the familiar ne f human carelessness with nature.
Thanks t fssils fund in Nrth Dakta, scientists fund a ginkg has genetically similar ancestrs dating back 170 millin years t the Jurassic Perid. “It almst went extinct. Then humans rescued it and spread it arund the wrld. It’s such a great evlutinary (进化) and cultural stry,” says Peter Crane, a ginkg expert.
One thery fr the decline f the ginkg species began 130 millin years ag, when flwering plants began spreading. They grew faster and attracted mre pllinatrs (传粉者) than ginkgs. “It’s pssible that ginkgs were elbwed ut f the way,” says Crane. Already cmpeting t survive, ginkgs began t disappear during a time f glbal cling that began arund 66 millin years ag. By the time the last ice age ended 11,000 years ag, the remaining survivrs were fund in China.
Ginkg trees are smelly. “My guess is that they were eaten by animals that liked smelly things. They then passed thrugh their bdy and grew.” Crane says. Thse same seeds may have helped ginkg find favr with humans 1,000 years ag. Once cleaned f their uter layer, ginkg seeds are safe t eat. It’s then, when the trees had lng since disappeared elsewhere, that peple in China may have begun planting them and eating their seeds. Then gradually ginkgs spread acrss the wrld. Nw it’s seemingly naturally resistant t insects and high levels f air pllutin.
Crane isn’t wrried abut its future, thugh: The ppularity f the species will help it survive. “Thugh its status in the wild may be difficult t access, it’s a plant that’s unlikely t ever g extinct,” he says.
28．What may have caused the further delay f ginkg’s leaf drp?
A．The clder weather in winter.
B．The prtectin frm city cuncils.
C．The glbal warming phenmenn.
D．The careless interactin with humans.
29．What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A．The reasns why ginkgs almst died ut.
B．The advantages f ginkgs ver ther plants.
C．The theries f experts fr multiplying ginkgs.
D．The cmpetitin between varius flwering plants.
30．What might have cntributed t ginkgs’ survival?
A．Their eatable seeds.B．Their unpleasant smell.
C．The natural evlutin.D．The careful planting.
31．Hw des Crane feel abut ginkgs’ future?
A．Wrried.B．Optimistic.C．Uncertain.D．Hpeless.
【答案】28．C 29．A 30．A 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了银杏树的历史、特点、传播以及现状，通过科学家和专家的观点和研究来阐述银杏树在自然界和人类文化中的重要地位，同时也探讨了银杏树面临的一些挑战和未来发展的趋势。
28.推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists are dcumenting evidence f the event happening later and later, a pssible indicatin f climate change.(科学家们正在记录这一事件发生得越来越晚的证据，这可能是气候变化的一个迹象)”可推知，全球变暖现象可能是导致银杏落叶时间进一步推迟的原因。故选C项。
29．主旨大意题。根据第三段“One thery fr the decline f the ginkg species began 130 millin years ag, when flwering plants began spreading. They grew faster and attracted mre pllinatrs (传粉者) than ginkgs. “It’s pssible that ginkgs were elbwed ut f the way,” says Crane. Already cmpeting t survive, ginkgs began t disappear during a time f glbal cling that began arund 66 millin years ag. By the time the last ice age ended 11,000 years ag, the remaining survivrs were fund in China.(关于银杏物种衰落的一种理论始于1.3亿年前，当时开花植物开始传播。它们的生长速度比银杏快，吸引了更多的传粉者。“有可能银杏被挤出了生存的道路，”克雷恩说。已经在为生存而竞争的银杏，在全球变冷时期开始消失，这一时期大约始于6600万年前。到最后一个冰河时代结束前的11000年，剩下的幸存者在中国被发现)”可知，本段主要讲述了银杏树几乎灭绝的原因，包括与其他植物的竞争以及全球变冷等因素。因此，本段的主要内容是关于银杏树几乎灭绝的原因。故选A项。
30．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Thse same seeds may have helped ginkg find favr with humans 1,000 years ag. Once cleaned f their uter layer, ginkg seeds are safe t eat. It’s then, when the trees had lng since disappeared elsewhere, that peple in China may have begun planting them and eating their seeds. Then gradually ginkgs spread acrss the wrld. Nw it’s seemingly naturally resistant t insects and high levels f air pllutin.(同样的种子可能在1000年前帮助银杏赢得了人类的青睐。一旦去掉外层，银杏种子就可以安全食用。然后，当这些树在其他地方早已消失的时候，中国人可能已经开始种植它们并食用它们的种子。然后银杏逐渐传播到世界各地。现在它似乎对昆虫和高水平的空气污染具有天然的抵抗力)”可知，银杏树能够生存下来，部分原因是因为它们的种子可以被人类食用。故选A项。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Crane isn’t wrried abut its future, thugh: The ppularity f the species will help it survive. “Thugh its status in the wild may be difficult t access, it’s a plant that’s unlikely t ever g extinct,” he says.(不过，克雷恩并不担心它的未来：这个物种的受欢迎程度将有助于它的生存。“尽管它在野外的地位可能难以评估，但它是一种不太可能灭绝的植物，”他说)”可知，专家Crane对银杏树的未来并不担心，认为这个物种的受欢迎程度将有助于它的生存。由此推知，Crane对银杏的未来是乐观的。故选B想。
Passage（4）
（2024·湖南邵阳·统考一模）Listening t an audibk (有声书) befre bed affects a persn’s brain activity after they nd ff as well as the cntent f their dreams.
Better understanding this effect culd help treat certain mental health cnditins by targeting memry prcessing during sleep. When we sleep, ur brain spntaneusly (自发地) “replays”, r reactivates patterns f electrical activity that are related t learning t transfer imprtant new infrmatin t lng-term memry strage. It has been suggested that dreams may reflect this reactivatin, but exactly hw is unclear.
T investigate, Deniz Kumral at the University f Freiburg, Germany, and her clleagues asked 20 peple t listen t different audibks just befre they went t sleep. These included The Mystery f the Blue Train by Agatha Christie and Inkheart by Crnelia Funke.
Amng the participants wh remembered their dreams, the researchers culd identify which audibk each had heard frm their descriptins f the dreams. While the participants slept, the researchers als used an EEG (脑电图) cap that detects electrical activity t recrd their brain waves. This shwed that the wave patterns during the rapid eye mvement phase f sleep, when dreams ccurred, were mre similar between thse wh had heard the same audibk than thse wh had heard different nes, suggesting that the listening experience shaped the brain activity.
Further analysis f the patterns revealed that high-frequency beta waves — between 18 and 30hertz — were mst strngly assciated with the participants recalling the audibk-related cntent f their dreams. The findings suggest that daily life experiences can shape dream cntent via memry reactivatin, accrding t the researchers. But while dreaming may serve a distinct purpse in memry frmatin, it culd als be a by-prduct f memry prcessing.
“Daytime experiences are rarely replayed as experienced, but are almst always mdified r surface in different cntexts,” says Kumral. “Individuals with certain psychlgical cnditins r mental prblems might benefit frm tailred strategies that enhance memry prcessing r treat disrders f dreaming during sleep, ptentially cntributing t imprved mental and emtinal health.”
28．What did the researchers ask the participants t d?
A．Recrd their dreams every night.B．Listen t audibks during the day.
C．Listen t audibks just befre sleep.D．Wear an EEG cap during the day.
29．Why did Deniz Kumral and her clleagues d the research?
A．T knw hw peple prcess infrmatin.
B．T find ut the cntents f peple’s dreams.
C．T reveal the secret f imprving peple’s memry.
D．T investigate hw dreams replay patterns f electrical activity.
30．What des the underlined wrd “mdified” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A．Changed.B．StredC．Strengthened.D．Frgtten.
31．What is the best title f the text?
A．Listening experiences influencing brain activity
B．Listening t audibks befre bed shaping ne’s dream
C．The imprtance f dreams in memry frmatin
D．Integratin f daily experiences int dreams
【答案】28．C 29．D 30．A 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了睡前听有声书会影响人在入睡后的大脑活动以及梦的内容。
28．细节理解题。根据第三段“T investigate, Deniz Kumral at the University f Freiburg, Germany, and her clleagues asked 20 peple t listen t different audibks just befre they went t sleep.(为了进行调查，德国弗赖堡大学的丹尼斯·库姆拉尔和她的同事们让20个人在睡觉前听不同的有声读物)”可知，研究人员要求参与者在睡前听不同的有声读物。故选C。
29．推理判断题。根据第二段“When we sleep, ur brain spntaneusly (自发地) “replays”, r reactivates patterns f electrical activity that are related t learning t transfer imprtant new infrmatin t lng-term memry strage. It has been suggested that dreams may reflect this reactivatin, but exactly hw is unclear.(当我们睡觉时，我们的大脑会自发地“重放”，或者重新激活与学习有关的脑电活动模式，将重要的新信息转移到长期记忆存储中。有人认为，梦可能反映了这种重新激活，但具体是如何反应的还不清楚)”以及第三段“T investigate, Deniz Kumral at the University f Freiburg, Germany, and her clleagues asked 20 peple t listen t different audibks just befre they went t sleep.(为了进行调查，德国弗赖堡大学的丹尼斯·库姆拉尔和她的同事们让20个人在睡觉前听不同的有声读物)”可推知，该研究是为了调查梦是如何重现脑电波活动模式的。故选D。
30．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句子的前半句话“Daytime experiences are rarely replayed as experienced(白天的经历很少作为经历被重播)”以及“r surface in different cntexts(不同的环境中出现)”可知，白天的经历很少在梦境中被回放，但是总是在不同的环境中被修改或者出现。所以划线单词的意思为“修改，改变”，与changed意思接近。故选A。
31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Listening t an audibk (有声书) befre bed affects a persn’s brain activity after they nd ff as well as the cntent f their dreams.(睡前听有声书会影响人在打盹后的大脑活动以及梦的内容)”以及全文可知，本文讲述了睡前听有声书会影响人在入睡后的大脑活动以及梦的内容。由此可知，Listening t audibks befre bed shaping ne’s dream(睡前听有声读物塑造一个人的梦)适合作本文的标题。故选B。
Passage（5）
（2024·广东肇庆·统考二模）“He is a giant f the 20th-century art, but that desn’t mean he nly did big paintings, said Lynn Miller, directr f Rchester Central Gallery, in an interview last Thursday.
Entitled “Picass and His Drafts”, a special exhibit marking 50 years since the death f Pabl Picass is held at the gallery this mnth. Instead f his paintings, the ntebks n which the Spanish legendary artist drew drafts are shwn t the public fr the first time.
Matchbx cvers, pstcards, restaurant napkins all served as drafting ntes fr the artist at mments f inspiratin. It is imprtant t knw that each f the 14 ntebks presented reflects what was ging n in his life.
Fr example, a tiny ntebk whse size is just 3 by 5 inches stands ut amng the exhibits. Inside the little bk was a self-prtrait f the artist finished rughly in pencil, with deep and thughtful eyes. It was dne in 1918 and Picass, then in his mid-30s, had just gt married. He prduced big-sized artwrks but he als kept this tiny ntebk arund, filling it with scenes f his wife, their friends, the beach and the twn, and drafts f upcming paintings. Actually, many f the draft drawings are early versins f famed paintings like Les Demiselles d’Avignn (1907) and Dra Maar in an Armchair (1939).
”He is a great artist f the mdern perid, and we see practice and determinatin in his ntebks, said Lynn Miller, referring t Picass’s effrts in imprving his skills thrugh cpius drawing. Bernard Ruiz-Picass, a grandsn f Picass’s, remembered him always drafting until the last piece f paper available. “My grandpa was permanently drawing smething, Ruiz-Picass said.
In a dcumentary film shwn at the gallery, Picass, shirtless and in shrts, was standing n a ladder t reach the tp f his canvas (画布). It reminds visitrs f the real size f his masterwrks.
28．What are the key features f the recent exhibit at the gallery?
A．Ntebks fr sale.B．Picass’s artwrks.
C．Priceless artistic drafts.D．Masterpieces f the 20th century.
29．What is reflected in the ntebks f Picass?
A．His life experience.B．The lve fr his cuntry.
C．The cntent f his bks.D．His educatin backgrund.
30．Which f the fllwing best describes Picass accrding t his grandsn?
A．Creative.B．Diligent.C．Optimistic.D．Humrus.
31．What can we learn frm the authr’s wrds in the last paragraph?
A．Picass used t mind his appearance.B．The gallery exhibits real masterwrks.
C．The dcumentary mvie is wrth seeing.D．Picass’s artwrks are actually f great size.
【答案】28．C 29．A 30．B 31．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了画廊举行了纪念毕加索逝世50周年的特别展览“毕加索和他的草稿”。这次向公众展示的不是他的画作，而是这位西班牙传奇艺术家绘制草稿的笔记本。文章介绍了这些笔记本的特点以及毕加索个人的一些品质。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段“Entitled “Picass and His Drafts”, a special exhibit marking 50 years since the death f Pabl Picass is held at the gallery this mnth. Instead f his paintings, the ntebks n which the Spanish legendary artist drew drafts are shwn t the public fr the first time.(本月，画廊举行了纪念毕加索逝世50周年的特别展览“毕加索和他的草稿”。这次向公众展示的不是他的画作，而是这位西班牙传奇艺术家绘制草稿的笔记本)”可知，画廊最近展览的主要特点是无价的艺术草稿。故选C。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段“It is imprtant t knw that each f the 14 ntebks presented reflects what was ging n in his life. (重要的是，要知道，14本笔记本中的每一本都反映了他生活中发生的事情)”可知，毕加索的笔记反映了他的人生经历。故选A。
30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Bernard Ruiz-Picass, a grandsn f Picass’s, remembered him always drafting until the last piece f paper available. “My grandpa was permanently drawing smething, Ruiz-Picass said.(毕加索的孙子伯纳德·鲁伊斯-毕加索回忆说，毕加索总是画到最后一张纸为止。“我爷爷一直在画画，”鲁伊斯-毕加索说)”可推知，根据毕加索孙子的说法，毕加索很勤奋。故选B。
31．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In a dcumentary film shwn at the gallery, Picass, shirtless and in shrts, was standing n a ladder t reach the tp f his canvas (画布). It reminds visitrs f the real size f his masterwrks.(在画廊放映的一部纪录片中，毕加索光着膀子，穿着短裤，站在梯子上，试图到达画布的顶部。它提醒游客他的杰作的真实尺寸)”可知，毕加索的艺术品实际上尺寸很大。故选D。
Passage（6）
（2024·广东茂名·统考一模）Researchers have identified a grwing threat t astrnmy frm the sunlight reflecting ff cmmunicatin devices in space. One such device, a cmmunicatin satellite called BlueWalker 3, is currently ne f the brightest bjects visible frm Earth, matching the brightness f Prcyn and Achemar, tw f the brightest stars in the night sky.
“BlueWalker 3 is visible in bth dark sky and urban skies, thugh in urban settings this will be limited t when BlueWalker 3 passes verhead,” said Dr. Jeremy Treglan-Reed, a c-authr f the study at the University f Atacama in Chile. “Large cnstellatins (星座) f bright artificial satellites in lw Earth rbit pse significant challenges t grund-based astrnmy,” the study’s authrs wrte.
Treglan-Reed said a large reflective brightness means that when a satellite crsses the detectr f a telescpe, it leaves a mark that can be difficult, if nt impssible, t remve. This culd lead t lss f data frm the affected pixels (像素). But he said space-based astrnmy als faced challenges frm such satellites, nting that bservatins by the Hubble telescpe had increasingly been affected by marks frm Starlink satellites. Besides, the team ntes the radi frequencies used by BlueWalker 3 are clse t thse used fr radi astrnmy, raising the pssibility that such satellites culd cause interference.
While BlueWalker 3 was flded when it was launched last year, nce in space it pened up t reveal a huge surface area that reflected sunlight. Treglan-Reed added that even if all the reflective brightness f all satellites was reduced t belw the level visible by the naked eye, “the sky backgrund glw will increase due t the accumulative effect f having hundreds f thusands f satellites frm varius peratrs frm many cuntries in lw Earth rbit. It is disastrus!”
BlueWalker 3, built by AST Space Mbile, is just the first ne t be launched. The cmpany is planning a cnstellatin f satellites nicknamed BlueBirds, cnsisting f ver 100 similar satellites and aimed t prvide satellite netwrk service fr the whle wrld. Yu can imagine hw bright the night sky will be at that time!
28．What can we knw abut BlueWalker 3?
A．It threatens the sunlight.B．It was invented by Dr. Jeremy.
C．It is brighter than Prcyn and Achernar.D．It is visible in urban skies when passing verhead.
29．The brightness f BlueWalker 3 is mst likely t affect ________.
A．earth rbitB．space bservatin
C．radi frequencyD．satellite cmmunicatin
30．Cncerning the plan f BlueBirds, what might the authr agree with?
A．It has ptential drawbacks.B．It is bund t be accmplished.
C．It is irreplaceable fr astrnmy.D．It prvides netwrk service fr the wrld.
31．What’s the best title f the passage?
A．BlueWalker 3—A Bright and Dark “Star”B．BlueWalker 3—The Mst Valuable Satellite
C．The Night Sky—Glwing with BlueWalker 3D．The Night Sky—Heavily Plluted by BlueWalker 3
【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了BlueWalker 3成为从地球可见的最亮的通信卫星和它带来的一些不利影响。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句““BlueWalker 3 is visible in bth dark sky and urban skies, thugh in urban settings this will be limited t when BlueWalker 3 passes verhead,” said Dr. Jeremy Treglan-Reed, a c-authr f the study at the University f Atacama in Chile.(智利阿塔卡马大学这项研究的合著者杰里米·特雷格洛安·里德博士说：“在黑暗的天空和城市的天空都能看到BlueWalker 3，尽管在城市环境中，这将仅限于BlueWalker 3从头顶经过的时候。”)”可知，BlueWalker 3从城市上空经过时可以被看到。故选D。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段“Treglan-Reed said a large reflective brightness means that when a satellite crsses the detectr f a telescpe, it leaves a mark that can be difficult, if nt impssible, t remve.( Treglan-Reed说，大的反射亮度意味着，当卫星穿过望远镜的探测器时，它会留下一个标记，即使可能，也很难去除)”以及“But he said space-based astrnmy als faced challenges frm such satellites, nting that bservatins by the Hubble telescpe had increasingly been affected by marks frm Starlink satellites.(但他说，天基天文学也面临着来自这类卫星的挑战，他指出，哈勃望远镜的观测越来越多地受到星链卫星标记的影响)”可知，BlueWalker 3的亮度最有可能影响空间观测。故选B。
30．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“It is disastrus!(这是灾难性的！)”以及最后一段“The cmpany is planning a cnstellatin f satellites nicknamed BlueBirds, cnsisting f ver 100 similar satellites and aimed t prvide satellite netwrk service fr the whle wrld. Yu can imagine hw bright the night sky will be at that time!( 该公司正在计划一个名为BlueBirds的卫星星座，由100多颗类似的卫星组成，旨在为全球提供卫星网络服务。你可以想象到那时的夜空将会多亮！)”可知， BlueWalker 3只是BlueBirds卫星群100多颗卫星中的一个，可想而知，当所有卫星都上天后，夜空将会变得多亮! 故可推知，作者认为BlueBirds有潜在的缺点。故选A。
31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchers have identified a grwing threat t astrnmy frm the sunlight reflecting ff cmmunicatin devices in space. One such device, a cmmunicatin satellite called BlueWalker 3, is currently ne f the brightest bjects visible frm Earth, matching the brightness f Prcyn and Achemar, tw f the brightest stars in the night sky.(研究人员发现，太空通信设备反射的太阳光对天文学的威胁越来越大。其中一个这样的设备是一颗名为BlueWalker 3的通信卫星，它是目前从地球上可见的最亮的物体之一，其亮度与夜空中最亮的两颗恒星——Prcyn和Achemar相当)”以及第二段““Large cnstellatins (星座) f bright artificial satellites in lw Earth rbit pse significant challenges t grund-based astrnmy,” the study’s authrs wrte.(该研究的作者写道:“近地轨道上大量明亮的人造卫星对地面天文学构成了重大挑战。”)”结合文章主要介绍了BlueWalker 3成为从地球可见的最亮的通信卫星和它带来的一些不利影响。故A选项“BlueWalker 3——一个既明亮又黑暗的‘星星’”最符合文章标题。故选A。
Passage（7）
（2024·湖南长沙·统考一模）Fr the rapidly decreasing number f Americans wh’ve never heard f pickleball, the little-knwn paddleball game is ne f America’s fastest-grwing sprts.
Invented in 1965 by three middle-aged fathers in Washingtn state, pickleball is an dd crss amng tennis, ping-png and badmintn, played with a paddle and a perfrated (穿孔的) plastic ball. The funders are said t have named the game after a family dg called Pickles.
Mst f pickleball’s cre players — thse wh play mre than eight times per year — are ver age 65, but the game is getting yunger, with the strngest grwth amng players under 55, accrding t USA Pickleball. But with s many new players, the US is struggling t keep up with the demand fr curts. The cuntry has nly abut 10,000 places t play, by USA Pickleball’s cunt, but that cntinues t grw by several dzen every mnth.
Pickleball is als fast becming a spectatr sprt (观赏性运动). Its first prfessinal turnament, the Prfessinal Pickleball Assciatin (PPA) Tur, was frmed in 2018 and the prfessinal players are being able t really becme celebrities and sptlights. Traditinal bradcasters’ interest in the sprt is grwing. S far, pickleball fans can watch amateur and prfessinal matches n sprts r scial channels, mstly nline.
“The ability fr a sprt t find an audience quickly via scial media is unprecedented (前所未有的),” says Ben Shields, wh lectures at MIT’s Slan Schl f Management and studies the sprts industry. Shields adds that pickleball still needs a famus star t draw in wider audiences, as has been the key t success fr ther sprts leagues — that als started with grassrts and unusual names. “I think if pickleball, in its wn humble way, can cntinue t grw its participatin and find ways t make the sprt an appealing fan prduct, wh knws, 10, r 20 years, it culd be a big cmpetitr in the glbal sprts industry.”
28．What d we knw abut the pickleball game frm the text?
A．It was named after a dg.
B．It was ppular amng yung kids.
C．It’s a crss between tennis and vlleyball.
D．It was invented by three rdinary wmen.
29．What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A．The playing time.B．The frm f matches.
C．The number f curts.D．The participatin rate.
30．Which best describes “a famus star” t pickleball accrding t Ben Shields?
A．Humble.B．Inflexible.C．Harmful.D．Influential.
31．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．The Histry f PickleballB．The Grwing Ppularity f Pickleball
C．The Rise and Fall f PickleballD．The Rules f Playing Pickleball
【答案】28．A 29．C 30．D 31．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。匹克球这项新兴运动在美国迅速兴起，文章对其进行了介绍。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“The funders are said t have named the game after a family dg called Pickles.(据说该游戏的创始人是以家里一只名叫Pickles的狗的名字命名的。)”可知，匹克球比赛是以一只狗的名字命名的。故选A。
29．词句猜测题。根据第三段最后一句中的“The cuntry has nly abut 10,000 places t play(这个国家只有大约一万个比赛场地)”可知，此处是指比赛场地的数量会继续增长，所以that是指比赛场地的数量。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据第五段第二句“Shields adds that pickleball still needs a famus star t draw in wider audiences, as has been the key t success fr ther sprts leagues — that als started with grassrts and unusual names.(希尔兹补充说，匹克球仍然需要一个著名的明星来吸引更多的观众，这是其他体育联盟成功的关键——这些联盟也是从草根和不寻常的名字开始的。)”可知，根据本·希尔兹的说法，“著名明星”对匹克球是很有影响力的。故选D。
31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Fr the rapidly decreasing number f Americans wh’ve never heard f pickleball, the little-knwn paddleball game is ne f America’s fastest-grwing sprts.(对于那些从未听说过匹克球的美国人来说，这种鲜为人知的桨球运动是美国发展最快的运动之一。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项在美国快速兴起的运动——匹克球。故选B。
Passage（8）
（2024·湖南长沙·统考一模）ByteDance’s Duyin has been trialing a fd delivery service since December as it lks t expand its business beynd advertising. It ptentially cmpetes itself against majr e-cmmerce cmpanies like Alibaba and Meituan. And the cmpany is nw cnsidering extending the service beynd the trial.
A Duyin spkespersn says that the cmpany has been “testing a feature in Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu that enables merchants (商人) t prmte and sell ‘grup-buying’ packages t Duyin users in these select cities and have them delivered”. Restaurant wners ften livestream n Duyin t market their business. While ding this, they can ffer discunts and cupns (优惠券) fr their fd t users watching the vides. Multiple users can then purchase that ffer mainly and chse a time within tw days fr the fd t arrive. The mdel is very different frm Meituan and Alibaba’s Ele.me which are bth n-demand fd delivery services.
The digital giant has apprached restaurant wners and fd enterprises in the three cities t prmte their dishes n the app. Duyin states that the success f the trial run will determine whether the in-app meal delivery service will be expanded t ther cities. “We wuld cnsider expanding the feature t mre cities in the future depending n the testing results. There is n detailed timeline yet,” a Duyin spkespersn says.
China’s fd delivery industry is dminated by Meituan and Ele.me. Duyin has fewer fd buying ptins than Meituan and Ele.me. But ByteDance’s tentative (暂定的) steps int the market suggest it wants a slice f the market. Majr e-cmmerce platfrms are getting int the fd delivery business.
One Weib pst reads, “Mre platfrms culd be advantageus fr bth fd business wners and regular cnsumers.” Users think the cmpetitin will help registered vendrs (销售商) and users because custmers will have mre ptins and fd business wners can use the platfrm that charges the lwest service fee.
28．What des Duyin want t d?
A．Expand its market in tested cities.B．Get int the fd delivery industry.
C．Gain cntrl ver Meituan and Ele.me.D．Livestream t sell grup-buying packages.
29．What may mst attract users t buy fd frm Duyin accrding t the text?
A．Fast and n-demand delivery time.B．Excellent after-sales service
C．Wnderful and effective live stream.D．Shp wners’ discunts and cupns.
30．What can we learn frm the text?
A．Ele.me has less fd chices than Duyin.
B．Duyin is expecting t ccupy its share in the market.
C．Detailed timeline has been made by the digital cmpany.
D．Ordered fd can be delivered by Meituan within a week.
31．What’s peple’s attitude twards Duyin in the last paragraph?
A．Supprtive.B．Demanding.C．Intlerant.D．Cncerned.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．B 31．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了字节跳动旗下的抖音想要进入外卖行业，文章分析了其优势和特点以及人们对此的看法。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段“ByteDance’s Duyin has been trialing a fd delivery service since December as it lks t expand its business beynd advertising. It ptentially cmpetes itself against majr e-cmmerce cmpanies like Alibaba and Meituan.(字节跳动旗下的抖音自去年12月以来一直在试用一项送餐服务，希望将业务扩展到广告之外。它可能会与阿里巴巴和美团等大型电子商务公司竞争)”可知，抖音想进入外卖行业。故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段“While ding this, they can ffer discunts and cupns (优惠券) fr their fd t users watching the vides. (与此同时，他们可以向观看视频的用户提供食品折扣和优惠券)”可知，店主的折扣和优惠券最能吸引用户从抖音购买食品。故选D。
30．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“But ByteDance’s tentative (暂定的) steps int the market suggest it wants a slice f the market.(但字节跳动进入该市场的试探性举措表明，该公司希望在该市场分一杯羹)”可知，抖音希望占据市场份额。故选B。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“One Weib pst reads, “Mre platfrms culd be advantageus fr bth fd business wners and regular cnsumers.” Users think the cmpetitin will help registered vendrs (销售商) and users because custmers will have mre ptins and fd business wners can use the platfrm that charges the lwest service fee.(一条微博写道：“更多的平台可能对食品企业主和普通消费者都有利。”用户认为，竞争将有助于注册供应商和用户，因为客户将有更多的选择，食品企业主可以使用收费最低的平台)”可推知，人们对抖音的态度是支持。故选A。
刷真题
Passage（1）
（2023年新高考I卷C ）The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spent n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.
28．What is the bk aimed at?
A．Teaching critical thinking skills.B．Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Slving philsphical prblems.D．Prmting the use f a digital device.
29．What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Clear-up.B．Add-n.C．Check-in.D．Take-ver.
30．What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A．Theretical mdels.B．Statistical methds.
C．Practical examples.D．Histrical analyses.
31．What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A．Use them as needed.B．Recmmend them t friends.
C．Evaluate their effects.D．Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】28．B 29．A 30．C 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
29．词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
30．推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
31．推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
Passage（2）
（2023年新高考II卷C ）Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
28．Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A．An intrductin t a bk.B．An essay n the art f writing.
C．A guidebk t a museum.D．A review f mdern paintings.
29．What are the selected artwrks abut?
A．Wealth and intellect.B．Hme and schl.
C．Bks and reading.D．Wrk and leisure.
30．What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Understand.B．Paint.
C．Seize.D．Transfrm.
31．What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A．The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B．Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C．Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D．Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
【答案】28．A 29．C 30．A 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章是对一本书的介绍，主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
28．推理判断题。In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. (在这本“书之书”中，艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系)”以及第三段“Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect, wealth r faith f the subject. (书籍本身可以在绘画中象征性地用来展示智慧，主体的财富或信仰)”和最后一段“Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. (从21世纪的角度来看，这本印刷书无疑是古老的，但它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍。故选A。
29．细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
30．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate t”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
31．推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
Passage（3）
（2023年新高考II卷D ）As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
28．What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A．Pcket parks are nw ppular.B．Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C．Many cities are verppulated.D．Peple enjy living clse t nature.
29．Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?
A．T cmpare different types f park-gers.B．T explain why the park attracts turists.
C．T analyze the main features f the park.D．T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
30．What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A．Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B．Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C．The same nature experience takes different frms.
D．The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
31．What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A．Language study.B．Envirnmental cnservatin.
C．Public educatin.D．Intercultural cmmunicatin.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．C 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
29．推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的。故选D。
30．推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
Passage（4）
（2022年新高考I卷C ）The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing. It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
28．What is the purpse f the prject?
A．T ensure harmny in care hmes.B．T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C．T raise mney fr medical research.D．T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
29．Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A．She has learned new life skills.B．She has gained a sense f achievement.
C．She has recvered her memry.D．She has develped a strng persnality.
30．What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A．Imprve.B．Oppse.C．Begin.D．Evaluate.
31．What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．It is well received.B．It needs t be mre creative.
C．It is highly prfitable.D．It takes ages t see the results.
【答案】28．D 29．B 30．C 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段“The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况。)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了减少孤独和提高老年人的幸福感。故选D项。
29．推理判断题。根据第五段““It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好。)”可知，Ruth Xavier很享受做这些事，她觉得自己在做有用的事，这能够给她来良好的感觉，因此可知通过该项目她获得了一种成就感。故选B项。
30．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.” (彭福街60号的额外护理经理Wendy Wilsn是第一批参与该项目的人之一，她说：“居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。”)”可知，Wendy Wilsn是着手这项工程的人之一，也是做这个项目的创始人之一，因此可知，画线处embark n意为“开始着手做某事”，与C项“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C项。
31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说：“我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来。”)”可知，该项目得到了居民们的认可，大家很欢迎这个项目，而且这个项目将会带来一些好处，因此可知这个项目的反响很好，很受欢迎。故选A项。
Passage（5）
（2022年新高考I卷D ）Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. “The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
28．Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A．Its variety.B．Its distributin.C．Its quantity.D．Its develpment.
29．Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B．They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D．Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
30．What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B．Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C．A further explanatin f the research methds.
D．A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
31．What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A．It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B．It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C．It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D．It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】28．D 29．C 30．A 31．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.(30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因)”可知，Damian Blasi的研究关注的是这一趋势是如何产生的以及产生的原因，可知他的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.(他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音)”可知，因为古代成年人因为上下门牙是对齐的，他们的下颚结构跟现在的我们不一样，这就导致他们发不出这个唇齿音，也就是说他们的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
30．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
31．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.(研究小组成员Steven Mran说：“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”)”可知，人类的语意一直在发展变化中，并不会一成不变，而且会因生物变化和文化变化等进行复杂的相互作用而改变，因此可知Steven Mran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，这就需要考生有方法有技巧地去阅读。一般我们采用的方法有三个：细读、略读和跳读。
（1）细读重点。重点，就原文而言，就是文章的基本结构、内容和态度；就答题而言，就
是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多。
宏观方面：文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
微观方面：有转折处；重要标点；句子主干。
（2）有选择地略读或跳读。在快速浏览了题干，初步把握了文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆进行略读或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易总体把握全文。在阅读中可略读或跳读的内容包括：
① 繁琐的例证。为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，虽能说明问题，但需要读者花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过略读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。
② 并列多项列举。有时许多功能相同的项目并列列举，那么只读其中一两项即可，无需
全读。
③ 无关大局的生僻词汇。阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。
④ 较长的人名、地名。有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其储存在大脑里，以免回头再查看费时费力。