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【热点题型归纳+演变】2024年高考英语专题训练 专题08 阅读理解之词义猜测题-试卷
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这是一份【热点题型归纳+演变】2024年高考英语专题训练 专题08 阅读理解之词义猜测题-试卷，文件包含专题08阅读理解之词义猜测题-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用原卷版docx、专题08阅读理解之词义猜测题-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共44页， 欢迎下载使用。
从以上表格可以看出，高考英语对于词义猜测题的考查，每年都有一到两题，它包括单词词义猜测、短语猜测和句子猜测。
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。
词义猜测题常用解题方法：定义法、对比法、因果法、常识联想法、例举法、语境线索法、构词法等。猜词题可以使用以下口决：
1.指代词：出现指代往前找，单复人物要看好；
2.半熟悉词，利用构词法：半生不熟看构词，结合语境来把持；
3.纯生词，则利用逻辑关系、同义解释、上下文语境：同义语境和逻辑，上下求索寻真义。
题型归纳
题型01 定义法
【题型诠释】
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。有时通过r, that is, that is t say, namely, in ther wrds等来释义。需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be cnsidered t be, be called, define, represent, refer t, signify (意味，表明)等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
解这类题时，学生要学会分析句子结构，把握句子的主干部分，利用好一些标识词，然后做出恰当的猜测。
【典例1】(安徽省合肥市第168中学高二上学期期末考试)
Eat yur vegetables. Wash yur hands. Always say “please” and “thank yu”. We are full f advice fr ur children, but when it cmes t mney, we ften have little t say. As a result, ur children may grw up with clean hands and gd manners, but withut any idea hw t manage their mney. Here are sme basics that will help guide them their entire lives：
Shw them the future. If yur 13-year-ld girl were t save 1,000, invest (投资) it at 81.000, invest (投资) it at 8,100 every mnth, by the time she’s 65, she wuld have $ 980,983!
Be careful f credit (信用). Credit cards can help yu buy necessary things and build a credit histry, but they must be used respnsibly, which means paying ff yur debt in time. Explain t yur children that when yu buy smething using a credit card, yu can easily end up paying tw r three times what yu wuld have paid if yu used cash.
Teach patience. Suppse yur child wants a new bicycle that csts 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him sme regular pcket mney and explain that by putting aside, say, 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him sme regular pcket mney and explain that by putting aside, say, 15 each week, he will be able t buy it fr himself in nly ten weeks.
Prvide incentive. Tell yur children the imprtance f saving. “Fr every dllar he r she agrees t save and invest rather than spend, yu agree t add anther dllar t the pt,” says Cathy Paret, expert in mney planning. Explain yur values. Values and mney are deeply intertwined (缠结在一起), says Eilleen Gall, c-authr f The Financially Intelligent Parent. When yur child demands that yu buy smething, explain why yu really dn’t want t buy it. “Yu might say, ‘I’d rather save that mney fr yur educatin,’” advises Gall. Every time yu spend r dn’t spend mney, yu have a chance t share yur values.
2. The underlined wrd “incentive” in paragraph 5 means ________.
A. hnr B. praise C. excitement D. encuragement
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测推理题。根据Tell yur children the imprtance f saving. “Fr every dllar he r she agrees t save and invest rather than spend, yu agree t add anther dllar t the pt,” says Cathy Paret...引号中的一段话及本段内容是鼓励孩子学会节约，学会节省，故该词应该是指鼓励。故D正确。
题型02 对比法
【题型诠释】
我们还可以利用前后对比来猜测词义。转折连词“but”、让步状语从句、条件从句和“unlike”, “in spite f”, “n the cntrary”, “n the ther hand”, “hwever”等介词、副词能构成前后意义上的对比关系。而as, like, just as als等词则可以帮助构成意义上相似、成份上对应的比较关系。这些都是我们解决猜词的标识词语。
看准标识词，弄清楚它们的意思，再通过上下文进行猜测。有些是表示相似的标识词，有些是表示相反的标识词。
【典例2】（2023·北京海淀·石家庄市第四十二中学统考一模）
At a museum in Vietnam, Lena Bui’s film Where Birds Dance Their Last reflected n the beauty and vulnerability f Vietnamese feather farms after Bird Flu. During a festival in Rwanda, Ellen Reid’s audi experience Sundwalk was shared in a hpeful discussin abut music, parks and mental health. These are a few f the things I have helped bring t life ver the years, wrking at the intersectin f scientific research, the arts and advcacy t supprt science in slving glbal health challenges.
Science is key t addressing these issues. But it isn’t the nly key. T achieve its ptential and fr its advances t be implemented and reach all wh culd benefit, science depends n trust and gd relatinships. Peple might nt always see science as relevant, trustwrthy r meaningful t their lives. There are reasns why sme see science as having a chequered past, frm nuclear weapns t eugenics, and are therefre uninterested in, r suspicius f, what it prpses. Others feel excluded by the incmprehensibility f hyper specialist knwledge.
In its capacity t build upn and test an evidence base, science is pwerful, but researchers and funders haven’t been as gd at ensuring this evidence base respnds t the needs and interests f diverse cmmunities, r infrms plicy makers t take actin. Science might be perceived as distancing itself frm the persnal, the petic and the plitical, yet it is precisely these qualities that can be mst influential when it cmes t public interest in atpic r hw a gvernment priritizes a decisin.
A mving stry well tld can be mre memrable than a list f facts. This is where the arts cme in. Artists can give us different perspectives with which t cnsider and reimagine the wrld tgether. They can redress the prclaimed bjectivity in science by bringing stries —subjectivities —int the picture, and these can help fster a sense f cnnectin and hpe.
In 2012, I set up artist residencies in medical research centres arund the wrld. Bui was attached t the Oxfrd University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam. The head f the research team was delighted, finding that Bui, as a Vietnamese artist, had license t be in, and t share useful insights frm, villages where infectius disease researchers weren’t welcme. Six years later, I led Wellcme’s Cntagius Cities prgram, which established artist residencies wrldwide t supprt lcally led explratins f epidemic preparedness. The recent pandemic made this wrk mre nticeable, and has infrmed ur Mindscapes prgram which is currently sharing experiences f mental health thrugh the wrk f artists.
With pandemic, climate and mental health crises upn us, rising inequality and what feels like an increasingly brken wrld, never has there been mre need t build and nurture hpeful and imaginative spaces t grw human cnnectin and shared purpse fr the cmmn gd. Science and the arts can wrk hand in glve t achieve this.
21. What des the underlined wrd “chequered” in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Recent and remte.B. Gd and bad.C. Usual and unusual.D. Peaceful and scary.
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Peple might nt always see science as relevant, trustwrthy r meaningful t their lives.(人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义)”以及画线词后文“frm nuclear weapns t eugenics, and are therefre uninterested in, r suspicius f, what it prpses”可知，人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义，所以有些人认为科学的过去有好有坏，从核武器到优生学，因此对科学提出的东西不感兴趣或怀疑是有原因的。故画线词意思是“有好有坏”。故选B。
题型03 因果法
【题型诠释】
因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系，一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的，不管生词出现在原因分句还是结果分句，我们都能从因果关系中推出其含义。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。
常见的表示因果关系的词汇：since, as, because, fr, s, thus, cnsequently, therefre, hence, due t, wing t, thanks t, n accunt f, result in, result frm, as a result, fr this reasn, accrdingly, , s that, such ... that等。
在做这类题时，根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思，既可由因推果，也可由果推因。
【典例3】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）
Everyne tries their best in life, and smetimes a few kind wrds f encuragement can help peple realize that their effrts are nt in vain (徒劳).Ⅰremember a time when I was in fifth grade, and I was a very shy girl.
There was a drawing cmpetitin at my schl that day. As everyne started t use their creative ideas t draw, I was nly trying t think f smething creative that culd express my thughts and emtins. Lst in my wn wrld, I was brught back t reality when my art teacher called my name frm behind. She came t me and encuraged me, saying, “Dn’t verthink it, just put whatever cmes t yur mind n the canvas (画布). D yur best, and yu will d well.”
Taking her wrds f wisdm t heart, I started my painting. Time flew by, and sn the bell rang, signaling the end f the time limit. We all turned in ur canvases fr inspectin (检查). The next day, the winners f the cmpetitin were annunced in frnt f the whle schl. T my surprise, I heard my name being called secnd prize. It was a blt frm the blue fr me, as I had never dared t dream f winning any prize.
Later n, I expressed my gratitude t my art teacher fr her wrds f encuragement and fr believing in me. That day, I became aware f my talent and started painting mre whenever I had free time. Smetimes, I think that if it weren’t fr her wrds f encuragement, I may have never discvered the talent I have.
Overall, this experience taught me the imprtance f encuraging thers and hw a few kind wrds can make a significant impact n smene’s life
【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第三段“T my surprise, I heard my name being called secnd prize. It was a blt frm the blue fr me, as I had never dared t dream f winning any prize. (令我惊讶的是，我听到二等奖里有自己的名字。这对我来说是blt frm the blue，因为我从来不敢梦想赢得任何奖项)”可知，作者做梦都不敢想能得到任何奖品，所以听到自己获奖的消息后感到非常惊讶，划线部分表示“震惊，惊讶”，与surprise同义。故选D。
题型04 常识联想法
【题型诠释】
在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。阅读题文段题材丰富，涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。
解此类阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。
【典例4】（2023·北京·清华附中校考三模）
A vide circulated n scial media earlier this year, shwing a turist pening the dr f a vehicle, reaching ut an arm and attempting t strke a passing liness. The liness shrugged him ff, but it culd have easily gne hrribly wrng.
Reckless behaviur arund wildlife risks the safety f bth peple and animals. Peple risk being attacked, mauled (撕咬) and pssibly killed, while animals can be harmed, remved r put dwn, irrespective f whether they were nly defending themselves. Animal attacks can als cast a destinatin in a negative light, causing temprary clsures r scaring ff visitrs. All just s smene culd bast that they had strked a lin r captured a mment n a camera phne.
“Turists are getting mre and mre reckless arund wildlife and the surce f the prblem is scial media.” says wildlife phtgrapher Anette Msshachers. “Peple risking their lives r ding stupid things with wildlife are after ‘likes’ and fllwers, smething t shw ff n scial media,” says Mssbacher. “The greater the risk, the mre ‘likes’ they get. With sme clients, it seems like a sickness r addictin.”
Yet scial media is nt entirely t blame. Peple have always taken risks fr an experience. Flish behavir and a tendency t get ccky arund dangerus animals must have been arund since the dawn f humanity. A hunger fr attentin nline might drive sme f the current madness, but sme individuals might be trying t recreate a piece f the actin they have seen n televisin. Perhaps the adrenaline (肾上腺激素) rush when clse t wild animals causes an evapratin f cmmn sense.
“There’s a wrrying lack f awareness that animals several times ur size, weight, speed and strength can easily hurt us,”says wildlife phtgrapher David Llyd. “I dn’t think parks are ding enugh t raise awareness. Turists need t knw hw their presence can affect wildlife. A gd example is cheetahs (猎豹) n vehicle rftps. It may be a thrill fr the bystanders, but the cnsequences if a mther cheetah falls ff wuld be severe. She wuld n lnger be able t hunt, s her cubs culd easily starve.”
“Peple aren’t getting the educatin abut why they need t stay away frm wildlife, including aviding diseases, keeping peple secure and letting wildlife be wild,” says Philip Muruthi, vice president f species cnservatin and science fr the African Wildlife Fundatin. “We need t educate turists thrugh signs, pamphlets and frntline drivers. We shuld stick t guidelines, and there needs t be enfrcement thrugh the law.”
18. What des the underlined wrd “ccky” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Selfish.B. Frightened.C. Arrgant.D. Shcked.
【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题之常识联想法。根据第四段中“Peple have always taken risks fr an experience. Flish behavir and a tendency t get ccky arund dangerus animals must have been arund since the dawn f humanity. (人们总是为了体验而冒险。自人类诞生以来，在危险动物面前愚蠢的行为和ccky倾向一定一直存在)”可知，冒险是人类的本性，结合并列词组“Flish behavir”可知推知，“get ccky”也是一种鲁莽的、不理性的表现，结合选项，ccky与arrgant同义，意为“傲慢的”。故选C项。
题型05例举法
【题型诠释】
通过一些例子说明生词的词义, 用such as, fr example, like, fr instance等来引出。在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或范畴的词语来表达其思想，如果有一生词就在一系列同范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词的特征和语义范围来推断出生词的词义范围。
解决这类题时，学生要看准表示举例的标识词，除了前面提到的外，还可能有i.e., that is, that is t say等。
【典例5】（2023上·天津·高三天津实验中学校考阶段练习）
A wrld-champin bdy builder has n mre muscles than des a 90-pund persn wh is physically weak. S what makes him s strng? What ther qualities des he need?
Muscles are made f thusands f stringy fibers-a number that is fixed during childhd-which cntract(收缩）when ding wrk. Strength des nt depend n the number f fibers but n the functin f their thickness and hw many f them cntract at the same time.
Exercise actually damages the muscles. During the recvery stage, the muscle fibers increase in size. Exercise als trains mre muscle fibers t wrk at ne time. If a muscle is weak r untrained, fr example, nly 10 percent f its fibers will cntract, whereas up t 90 percent f the fibers in a weight lifter’s biceps (二头肌）will cntract.
Aside frm the strength, tw ther factrs g int making an athlete: fitness and endurance. Fitness is related t the cnditin f the heart. During exercises, there is an increase in the amunt f bld returning t the heart frm the muscles. A typical vlume fr a runner at rest is abut 5 quarts a minute, cmpared with 30 quarts during a vigrus trial(运动测试). This greater vlume means mre wrk fr the heart---a muscular balln that expands and cntract is t take in bld and push it ut. Like any ther muscle, the heart enlarges and gets strnger with rutine exercise.
Endurance, r the length f time muscles can wrk, depends in part n hw much fuel－in this case sugar-the muscles can stre. A muscle that is cntinually exercised until it runs ut f sugar tends t stre mre when it refuels at the next meal. And mre sugar can translate int greater endurance the next time the muscle is put t the test.
13. What des the authr mean by saying “this greater vlume means mre wrk fr the heart”?
A. The heart bears the task f making mre bld during a vigrus trial.
B. The heart needs t bear the fast heart beating during a vigrus trial.
C. The heart takes in mre bld and pushes it ut during a vigrus trial.
D. The heart enlarges and becmes strnger rutinely during a vigrus trial.
【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第四段倒第二句中的“a muscular balln that expands and cntract is t take in bld and push it ut”(一个可以扩张和收缩的肌肉气球的作用是吸收血液并将其排出)可知，作者的意思是心脏吸收更多的血液，并在运动测试中将其排出体外。故选C。
题型06语境线索法
【题型诠释】
根据综合语境，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推理判断，从而理解生词词义。阅读题文段题材丰富。涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。
这类题型包括文化语境线索、语境标记线索和词汇语境线索。语言标记中的标点符号逗号、分号、破折号、括号，甚至还包括句号，对语境线索的提示作用和句子间的关联作用很重要。
【典例6】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）
After cllege I wanted t make a difference in the wrld, s I jined the Peace Crps and became a vlunteer teacher in Namibia, my cuntry f assignment (任务). Hnestly, my first chice wasn’t Africa, but I am extremely grateful that I was sent there.
Varius tribes and racial grups live in Namibia and a number f languages are spken. When Namibia gained independence in 1990, English became the fficial language. Teachers were suppsed t teach in English, but many lacked the language skills t d s. My jb was t train the teachers.
Schls were quite bare. Sme classrms cnsisted merely f sticks stuck in the sand and a metal rf. Each student had nly ne threadbare unifrm. The students had exhausting days. They walked miles t get t schl, ften bareft. They als did many daily chres. Even with their muntains f wrk, few pssessins and little pprtunity, these children were jyful. I admired that.
This was my first time living abrad in a different culture. Simply adapting t the living cnditins was a big adjustment. I had n electricity, running water, phne r Internet. Imagine n air cnditining where the temperature was ften abve 38 degrees Celsius! Hwever, I culd end each day with a splendid African sunset. And at night, I culd have an incredible pllutin-free view f the entire Milky Way (银河).
Befre Namibia, I never thught a girl like me wuld adapt t such an envirnment. My experience awakened me t nt nly the limitatins we place n urselves, but als ur amazing ability t adapt.
Step utside f yur cmfrt zne and thrw yurself in anther culture. Yu wn’t regret it.
28. What des the underlined wrd “threadbare” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Ancient.B. Uncmfrtable.C. Ugly.D. Shabby.
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“ften bareft”以及“few pssessins”可知，孩子们的生活非常艰苦，而且由画线词前面的“nly ne”可知，他们每人仅有一件校服，所以“threadbare”应表示“破旧的”，故只有D项“shabby”符合语境，故选D。
题型07构词法
【题型诠释】
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。
中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有：
super-超;过于inter-互相;在…之间micr-极微小的
re-再, 反复sub-次于..., 在…底下c-共同
pst- (在…之)后pre- (在…之)前trans-超越；转换
under-在之…下；低于；anti-反；防(止)mis-不；非
un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无nn-不；非Sin-中国(人)的
-able可被…的-hd状态；性质；时期-ish如…的；有点儿…的
-prf防…的； 抗…的-ship身份；资格；权力；-sme引起…的;产生…的
-wards向-less不能…的；无…的
学生应该尽可能多记一些前后缀，不要混淆。还有一些常见的前缀或后缀，比如un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无，都可以表示否定，则应该重点记住高中阶段学过的一些词。
【典例7】（2016上·黑龙江牡丹江·高二统考期末）
Have yu ever had the strange feeling that yu were being watched? Yu turned arund and, sure enugh, smene was lking right at yu!
Parapsychlgists (灵学家) say that humans have a natural ability t sense when smene is lking at them. T research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Rbert Baker, a psychlgist (心理学家) at the University f Kentucky, did tw experiments.
In the first ne, Baker sat behind unknwing peple in public places and stared (盯着) at the backs f their heads fr 5 t 15 minutes. The subjects (受试者) were eating, drinking, reading, studying, watching TV, r wrking at a cmputer. Baker made sure that the peple culd nt tell that he was sitting behind them during thse perids. Later, when he questined the subjects, almst all f them said they had n sense that smene was staring at them.
Fr the secnd experiment, Baker tld the subjects that they wuld be stared at frm time t time frm behind in a labratry setting. The peple had t write dwn when they felt they were being stared at and when they weren’t. Baker fund that the subjects were n better at telling when they were stared at and when they weren’t.
Baker cncludes that peple d nt have the ability t sense when they’re being stared at. If peple dubt the utcme f his tw experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see fr themselves.”
2. The underlined wrd “utcme” in the last paragraph mst prbably means ________.
A. valueB. resultC. perfrmanceD. cnnectin
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。最后一段表明心理学家Baker得出结论，因此根据第一句话Baker cncludes that peple d nt have the ability t sense when they’re being stared at.得知“utcme”在此处为“结果”，故选B。
高考练场
题型01 对比法
(2022年6月浙江卷C篇)
Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin (适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md (情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene wh _______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词g-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
题型02 因果法
(2022年高考英语北京卷D篇)
Quantum (量子) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype (炒作) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
33. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open. B. Cl. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” (但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prne被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。)可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prne意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cl. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
题型03 常识联想法
(2021年6月新高考2卷B篇）
I have wrked as a keeper at the Natinal Z, Paris fr 11 years. Spt and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been brn here. Glbally, a third f Sumatran cubs in zs dn’t make it t adulthd, s I decided t give them rund-the-clck care at hme.
I’ve gt tw children—the yunger ne, Kynan, was extremely happy abut the tigers arriving - but all f us really lked frward t being part f their lives and watching them grw. I wasn’t wrried abut bringing them int my hme with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed abut 2.5 kg and were s small that there was abslutely n risk.
As they grew mre mbile, we let them mve freely arund the huse during the day, but when we were asleep we had t cntain them in a large rm, therwise they’d get up t mischief. We’d cme dwn in the mrning t find they’d turned the rm upside dwn, and left it lking like a z.
Things quickly gt very intense due t the huge amunt f energy required t lk after them. There were sme tugh times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there t help. We had t have a bit f a prductin line ging, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bttles, and cleaning the flrs.
When Spt and Stripe were fur mnths ld, they were learning hw t pen drs and jump fences, and we knew it really was time fr them t g. It was hard fr us t finally part with them. Fr the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappinted that the cubs weren’t there.
I’m nt sad abut it. I'm hands-n with them every day at the z, and I d lk back very fndly n the time that we had them.
5. What d the underlined wrds “get up t mischief” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Behave badly.B. Lse their way.C. Sleep sundly.D. Miss their mm.
【答案】 5. A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“As they grew mre mbile, we let them mve freely arund the huse during the day, but when we were asleep we had t cntain them in a large rm, therwise they’d ”（随着它们的活动越来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则它们会）以及后文“We’d cme dwn in the mrning t find they’d turned the rm upside dwn, and left it lking like a z.”（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者不得不把老虎们在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好”。故选A。
题型04例举法
(2020全国III卷B篇)
When “Rise f the Planet f the Apes” was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used mtin-capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet “Apes” is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2, 000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including “Water fr Elephants”, “The Hangver Part Ⅱ” and “Zkeeper”, have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the States.
3. What des the underlined phrase “keeping tabs n” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Listing cmpletely. B. Directing prfessinally.
C. Prmting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment (一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇)以及下文Already, a number f films, … them haven’t been treated prperly. (许多电影，包括“大象的眼泪”, “宿醉Ⅱ”和“管理员”, 引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。) 由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是“密切关注”。故选D项。
题型05语境线索法
(2021年6月全国甲卷C篇)
When I was 9, we packed up ur hme in Ls Angeles and arrived at Heathrw, Lndn n a gray January mrning. Everyne in the family settled quickly int the city except me. Withut my belved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a lss and ut f place. Until I made a discvery.
Suthbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center f British skatebarding, where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing. I lved it. I sn made friends with the lcal skaters. We spke ur wn language. And my favrite: Safe. Safe meant cl. It meant hell. It meant dn't wrry abut it. Once, when trying a certain trick n the beam (橫杆), I fell nt the stnes, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Tby came ver, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their bards lud, shuting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a gd skater.
When I was 15, my family mved t Washingtn. I tried skatebarding there, but the lcals were far less welcming. Within a cuple f years, I'd given it up.
When I returned t Lndn in 2004, I fund myself wandering dwn t Suthbank, spending hurs there. I've traveled back several times since, mst recently this past spring. The day was cld but clear; turists and Lndners stpped t watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭) amng the kids wh rushed by n their bards, I fund my way t the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded (滑) up t the beam. He sat next t me. He seemed nt t ntice the man next t him. But sn I caught a few f his glances. “I was a lcal here 20 years ag,” I tld him. Then, slwly, he began t nd his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
2. What d the underlined wrds “Safe! Safe! Safe!” prbably mean?
A. Be careful! B. Well dne! C. N way! D. Dn’t wrry.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干关键词“Safe! Safe! Safe!”定位在原文第三段“And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a gd skater. 这就是重要的着陆技巧，成为一名优秀的滑冰运动员。表示做得好，所以应该是鼓励的话语。故选B项。
名校模拟
A
(2023上·湖南长沙·高二湖南师大附中校联考期中) Travel has becme increasingly incnvenient and smetimes impssible ver the last cuple f years. Hwever, museums arund the wrld are digitizing their cllectins, enabling peple t tur the museums frm afar.
The British Museum, Lndn
The British Museum cntains bjects frm arund the wrld, including the Rsetta Stne, with three versins f a text that helped researchers learn t read ancient Egyptian. The Great Curt’s ceiling, in the middle f the museum, is cmpsed f 3212 pieces f glass, nne f which are alike. The virtual tur f the museum ffers a 360-degree view f the rm, allwing visitrs t lk at every piece.
MASP, S ã Paul
The first mdern museum in Brazil, the Museu de Arte de Sã Paul includes art frm the 14th t the 20th centuries. The paintings, which are placed n glass panels, appear t be flating in mid-air. This setup, included in the virtual tur shws, makes the art appear almst magical.
Natinal Museum f Mdern and Cntemprary Art, Krea
This Krean museum includes fur branches in different cities and features wrks f art frm Krea and arund the wrld. The art includes a variety f media such as print, sculpture and phtgraphy. There are als nline exhibitins such as “Artists in Their Times” which traces trends in Krean art since the late 1970s.
The J. Paul Getty Museum, Ls Angeles Cunty
This museum, with lcatins in tw different places, features art ging back t The Nelithic Perid. Its virtual tur, accessible thrugh Ggle Arts & Culture, ffers views f mre recent wrks, including sme by van Ggh and Renir. Anther platfrm, Xplrlt, als features views f sme f the museum’s utdr spaces.
1. What can we learn abut The British Museum?
A. It is best knwn fr the Rsetta Stne.B. It tells the changes f ancient Egyptian.
C. It is made up f several pieces f glass.D. It huses exhibits frm different cuntries.
2. Which museum may suit visitrs interested in van Ggh’s wrks?
A. The British Museum.
B. MASP, Sã Paul.
C. Natinal Museum f Mdern and Cntemprary Art.
D. The J. Paul Getty Museum.
3. What d the listed museums have in cmmn?
A. They have several branches.B. They display their paintings in mid-air.
C. They can be visited in yur wn hme.D. They are accessible n Ggle Arts & Culture.
B
(2023上·湖南·高三雅礼中学校考期中) At Jenner Park primary Schl in Wales, pupils between the ages f seven and nine are writing letters t residents f a lcal care hme. The initiative sees children and their elderly pen pals (笔友) exchange updates abut their lives, helping t build relatinships between generatins while als giving the children an understanding f the value f writing letters by hand—an activity that’s becming less and less cmmn.
Laura Jhnsn, the teacher wh crdinates (协调) the scheme at Jenner Park, says: “All f ur writing is fr a purpse. That’s the key in getting children t value handwriting.” As sn as yu put an audience there, knwing that smene ut there is ging t be reading it—whether that’s parents r anther grup f children—there’s always the real sense f pride t g alng with it,” says Jhnsn.
The schl maintains a fcus n handwriting thrughut the years, frm dedicated handwriting classes in the prep schl t a calligraphy club ffered t the lder grups. It has created smething called the pen license. It allws yunger children t mve frm using a pencil t pen nce they’ve reached a certain standard. “There’s a lt f excitement abut reaching that pen licence stage,” says Jhnsn.
Jhnsn adds that develping students’ writing in this way matters fr their life after schl: “Fr us, it’s imprtant that we create citizens f the future wh have a set f life skills that can make them successful.” The dminance f technlgy is a challenge, she admits, but she als believes bth tls have their place. “Obviusly we’re cmpeting with technlgy cntinuusly.” she says. “And I knw there are peple there saying yu dn’t need t bther abut handwriting because tech is ut there. But we dn’t see it as cmpeting. We’re trying t get pupils t realize that there’s a place fr handwriting and t knw when it’s imprtant t use each.”
4. Why des the schl launch the initiative?
A. T help children t find the meaning f handwriting.
B. T encurage children t shw pity fr the aged.
C. T persuade children t chse prper curses.
D. T urge children t acknwledge the audience.
5. What des Paragraph 3 mainly tell us abut the schl?
A. Its after-class activities.B. Its practice in handwriting.
C. Its academic achievements.D. Its innvatin in technlgy.
6. What can we infer frm the last paragraph abut handwriting?
A. It will win against technlgy.B. It will give way t technlgy.
C. It will c-exist with technlgy.D. It will cause cnfusin t peple.
7. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Handwriting prmtes the pen pal scheme
B. Slw cmmunicatin reduces misunderstanding
C. Creative ideas fr dealing with challenges gain ppularity
D. Putting pen t paper cntributes t a lve f the written wrd
C
(2023上·湖南·高三长郡中学校考阶段练习) Parents have been urged t stp pretending Father Christmas is real in case the “lie” damages relatins with their children. Making up stries abut Santa risks destrying a child’s trust and is mrally unbelievable, accrding t tw experts.
Psychlgist Prfessr Christpher Byle and scial scientist Dr. Kathy McKay als criticize the idea emplyed by parents—Santa Claus judges children t be nice r naughty. Writing in a well-knwn jurnal, they argue, “If they are capable f lying abut smething s special and magical, can they be relied upn t cntinue as the guardians f wisdm and truth?”
Defending the claims, Prf Byle said, “The mrality f making children believe in such myths has t be questined. All children will eventually find ut they’ve been cnsistently lied t fr years, and this might make them wnder what ther lies they’ve been tld. Whether it’s right t make children believe in Father Christmas is an interesting questin, and it’s als interesting t ask whether lying in this way will affect children in ways that have nt been cnsidered.”
Dr. McKay, frm the University f New England in Australia, said there was clear evidence frm the wrld f make-believe in mvies and TV that adults lked fr a chance t be children again. “The persistence f fandm (影迷) in stries like Harry Ptter and Star Wars indicates their desire t briefly re-enter childhd,” she said. “Hwever,” she added, “if adults have been lying abut Santa, even thugh it has usually been well intentined, what else is a lie? If Santa isn’t real, are fairies real? Is magic? Is Gd?”
They cnclude, “Many peple may lng fr a time when imaginatin was accepted and encuraged, which may nt be the case in adult life. Might it be the case that the harshness f real life requires the creatin f smething better, smething t believe in, smething t hpe fr in the future r t return t a lng-lst childhd a lng time ag in a galaxy far far away?”
8. What did parents d that drew criticism frm Dr. Kathy McKay?
A. They were fnd f Harry Ptter and Star Wars.
B. They acted as the guardians f wisdm and truth.
C. They said Santa Claus culd judge a kid t be gd r bad.
D. They have tld many lies t their children besides Santa Claus.
9. What can be implied in the passage?
A. Parents are capable f making up stries abut Santa Claus.
B. Lies abut Santa Claus can have a negative impact upn children.
C. Stries abut Santa Claus develp children’s trust in their parents.
D. Experts think it right t make children believe in Father Christmas.
10. Why are adults fnd f watching fictinal mvies?
A. They desire t return t the lng-lst childhd.
B. Everything will becme better in mvies than in real life.
C. They want t get away frm pressure frm life and wrk.
D. They didn’t watch such exciting mvies when they were yung.
11. What is the authr’s attitude tward parents’ lying abut Santa Claus?
A. Psitive.B. Indifferent.C. Disappinted.D. Cncerned.
D
(2023上·湖南·高三湖南师大附中校考阶段练习) The streets, sidewalks and rfs f cities all absrb heat during the day, making sme urban areas acrss the United States up t 6 degrees Fahrenheit htter than rural nes during the day—and 22 degrees F htter at night. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as the city heat spreads dwnward, beneath the surface. And basements, subway tunnels and ther undergrund infrastructure als cnstantly bleed heat int the surrunding earth, creating htspts. Nw the undergrund heat is building up as the planet warms.
Accrding t a new study f dwntwn Chicag, undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that emit the heat in the first place. Such temperature changes make the grund arund them expand and cntract (收缩) enugh t cause ptential damage. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says the study’s authr Alessandr F. Rtta Lria, a civil and envirnmental engineer at Nrthwestern University.
The findings, published in Cmmunicatins Engineering, expse a “silent hazard (危险)” t civil infrastructure in cities with sft er grund — especially thse near water — Rtta Lria says. “There might have been structural issues caused by this undergrund climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize,” he adds. While nt an immediate r direct danger t human lives, this previusly unknwn effect highlights the impacts f a lesser-knwn cmpnent f climate change.
Similar t climate change abve the surface, these undergrund changes ccur ver lng perids f time. “These effects tk decades, a century, t develp,” Rtta Lria says, adding that elevated undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate (逐渐消失) n their wn.
But ther researchers interviewed fr this stry all say this wasted energy culd als be recycled, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Subway tunnels and basements culd be updated with technlgies t recapture the heat. Fr example, water pipes culd be installed t run thrugh undergrund htspts and pick up sme f the heat energy.
12. What can we learn abut the “urban heat islands”?
A. They can develp undergrund structures.B. They are impacted by glbal warming.
C. They can destry the grund arund.D. They nly exist in the United States.
13. Why des Alessandr F. Rtta Lria mentin “silent hazard” in paragraph 3?
A. T discuss structural issues.B. T categrize climate change.
C. T explain undergrund heat.D. T emphasize the neglected reality.
14. What will the authr prbably write abut in the paragraph that fllws?
A. The future f tunnels and basements.B. The reusing appraches f heat energy.
C. The cst f maintaining structures.D. The evlutin f undergrund envirnment.
15. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Warming Undergrund, Weakening SurfaceB. A Silver Lining f Glbal Warming
C. Urban Silent Islands in the MakingD. A Silent Crisis in Dwntwn Chicag
参考答案与解析
A篇
1. D 2. D 3. C
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个博物馆以及各自的特色。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The British Museum cntains bjects frm arund the wrld, including the Rsetta Stne, with three versins f a text that helped researchers learn t read ancient Egyptian.(大英博物馆收藏了来自世界各地的物品，包括罗塞塔石碑，其中有三种文本版本，帮助研究人员学习阅读古埃及语)”可知，大英博物馆容纳了来自不同国家的展品。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Its virtual tur, accessible thrugh Ggle Arts & Culture, ffers views f mre recent wrks, including sme by van Ggh and Renir.(通过谷歌艺术与文化网站的虚拟之旅，可以看到更多的近期作品，包括梵高和雷诺阿的一些作品)”可知，保罗盖蒂博物馆适合对梵高作品感兴趣的游客。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The virtual tur f the museum ffers a 360-degree view f the rm, allwing visitrs t lk at every piece. (虚拟的博物馆之旅提供了360度的房间视野，让游客可以看到每一件作品)”；第三段中“This setup, included in the virtual tur shws, makes the art appear almst magical. (这种设置，包括在虚拟巡回展览中，使艺术看起来几乎是神奇的)”；第四段中“There are als nline exhibitins such as “Artists in Their Times” which traces trends in Krean art since the late 1970s. (在网上也有追溯70年代末以后韩国美术动向的“时代艺术家”等展览)”以及最后一段中“Its virtual tur, accessible thrugh Ggle Arts & Culture, ffers views f mre recent wrks, including sme by van Ggh and Renir.(通过谷歌艺术与文化网站的虚拟之旅，可以看到更多的近期作品，包括梵高和雷诺阿的一些作品)”可知，列出的博物馆的共同之处是可以在你自己家里参观它们。故选C。
B篇
4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过倡议孩子手写书信形式，强调了手写的重要性，随着科技的发展，手写同样是不会过时，而是与时俱进，与科技共存。
4. 推理判断题。根据第一段“The initiative sees children and their elderly pen pals (笔友) exchange updates abut their lives,helping t build relatinships between generatins while als giving the children an understanding f the value f writing letters by hand—an activity that's becming less and less cmmn.”(这项倡议看到了孩子们和他们的老笔友交流关于他们生活的最新信息，帮助建立代际关系，同时也让孩子们了解手写信件的价值——这种活动越来越不常见了。)以及第二段“All f ur writing is fr a purpse. That's the key in getting children t value handwriting.”（我们所有的写作都是有目的的。这是让孩子们重视书法的关键。）可知学校发起这项倡议是为了帮助孩子们发现手写的含义。故选A项。
5. 段落大意题。根据第三段“The schl maintains a fcus n handwriting thrughut the years,frm dedicated handwriting classes in the prep schl t a calligraphy club ffered t the lder grups. It has created smething called the pen license. It allws yunger children t mve frm using a pencil t pen nce they've reached a certain standard.”（学校多年来一直专注于书法，从预备学校专门的书法课程到为老年群体提供的书法俱乐部。它创造了一种叫做钢笔许可的东西。 它允许年幼的孩子在达到一定标准后，从使用铅笔转向使用钢笔。）可知，第三段主要说明了这所学校在书法上的实践。故选B项。
6. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The dminance f technlgy is a challenge, she admits, but she als believes bth tls have their place." Obviusly we're cmpeting with technlgy cntinuusly. (她承认，技术的主导地位是一个挑战，但她也认为这两种工具都有自己的位置。“显然，我们在不断与技术竞争)”可推知，手写将与技术共存。故选C项。
7. 标题判断题。根据文章大意，可知文章开篇引出了让孩子们手写信件的话题，然后讲述了手写的意义和重要性，最后论述了它会和科技竞争共存。可以推断，Putting pen t paper cntributes t a lve f the written wrd（在纸上书写有助于对文字的热爱）符合题意。故选D项。
C篇
8. C 9. B 10. A 11. D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。介绍了专家对于家长对孩子依然谎称圣诞老人存在的批评态度。专家认为，父母谎称圣诞老人存在的做法对于孩子今后对于大人的信任有消极影响。
8. 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Psychlgist Prfessr Christpher Byle and scial scientist Dr. Kathy McKay als criticize the idea emplyed by parents—Santa Claus judges children t be nice r naughty. (心理学家Christpher Byle教授和社会科学家Kathy McKay博士也批评了父母的想法——圣诞老人会评判孩子是好是坏)”可知，圣诞老人评判孩子好坏的说法遭到了Kathy McKay博士的批评。故选C项。
9. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Whether it’s right t make children believe in Father Christmas is an interesting questin, and it’s als interesting t ask whether lying in this way will affect children in ways that have nt been cnsidered.(让孩子们相信圣诞老人是否正确是一个有趣的问题，同样有趣的是，以这种方式撒谎是否会以未被考虑的方式影响孩子。)”和文章第一段的主题句“Making up stries abut Santa risks destrying a child’s trust and is mrally unbelievable, accrding t tw experts.(两位专家表示，编造圣诞老人的故事可能会破坏孩子的信任，在道德上是令人难以置信的。)”推知，作者通过文章想表达关于圣诞老人的谎言对孩子们是有消极影响的。故选B项。
10. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The persistence f fandm(影迷) in stries like Harry Ptter and Star Wars indicates their desire t briefly re-enter childhd,(《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》等故事中粉丝的持续存在表明他们渴望短暂地重新进入童年)”可知，对于《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》的持久迷恋表明成年人想再次体验童年乐趣。故选A项。
11. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Making up stries abut Santa risks destrying a child’s trust and is mrally unbelievable, accrding t tw experts.(两位专家表示，编造圣诞老人的故事可能会破坏孩子的信任，在道德上是令人难以置信的。)”与第三段中“All children will eventually find ut they’ve been cnsistently lied t fr years, and this might make them wnder what ther lies they’ve been tld. (所有的孩子最终都会发现自己多年来一直被欺骗，这可能会让他们想知道自己还被说了什么谎言。)”可知，作者对于父母们对孩子们撒谎说圣诞老人确实存在的做法很担忧。故选D项。
D篇
12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地下气候变暖对城市地面建筑的负面影响的隐蔽性与长期性，以及介绍潜在的解决方案.
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话“Nw the undergrund heat is building up as the planet warms. (现在随着地球变暖，地下热量正在积聚)”可知，“城市热岛”是受到全球气候变暖的影响。故选B。
13. 推理判断题。根据第三段中 Alessandr F. Rtta Lria所说的““There might have been structural issues caused by this undergrund climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize(发生的这种地下气候变化可能已经造成了建筑结构上的问题，我们甚至没有意识到)”以及最后一句话“While nt an immediate r direct danger t human lives, this previusly unknwn effect highlights the impacts f a lesser-knwn cmpnent f climate change.(虽然这不是对人类生命的直接或直接威胁，但这种以前未知的影响突显了气候变化中一个鲜为人知的组成部分的影响)”可推知，提出“无声的危险”是想强调地下气候变暖这一被人忽略的事实。故选D。
14. 推理判断题。根据第五段“But ther researchers interviewed fr this stry all say this wasted energy culd als be recycled, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Subway tunnels and basements culd be updated with technlgies t recapture the heat. Fr example, water pipes culd be installed t run thrugh undergrund htspts and pick up sme f the heat energy.(但接受采访的其他研究人员都表示，这些浪费的能源也可以回收利用，这为冷却地下和节省能源成本提供了机会。地铁隧道和地下室可以更新技术以重新获取热量。例如，可以安装水管穿过地下热点并吸收一些热能)”可知，该段是介绍针对地下气候变暖提出了潜在的解决方案，即可以通过更新地铁隧道和地下室的相关技术来回收利用热能，并举例了可通过安装水管这种方法来获取热能。由此推知，接下来应该是介绍对这种热能的再使用方法。故选B。
15. 主旨大意题。通过归纳各段大意可知，本文是介绍地下气候变暖对城市地面建筑的负面影响的隐蔽性与长期性，以及介绍潜在的解决方案。由此可知，“地下变暖，地表变弱”适合作本文的标题。故选A。
项目
年份 卷别
语篇类型
题型
应用文
记叙文
说明文
议论文
细节理解
推理判断
主旨要义
词义猜测
2023
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
7
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
8
3
3
1
全国甲卷
A
B
C/D
9
5
1
全国乙卷
B
A/C
D
5
8
1
1
2022
新高考I卷
A
C
D
B
10
3
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
7
5
1
2
全国甲卷
A
C/D
B
8
3
3
1
全国乙卷
A
C/D
B
11
2
1
1
2021
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
6
2
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
9
4
1
1
全国甲卷
A
C
B
D
6
7
1
1
全国乙卷
A/B/C/D
4
8
2
1
2020
新高考I卷
A
B/C
D
7
5
1
2
全国I卷
A
C/D
B
4
8
2
1
全国Ⅱ卷
A
D
B/C
8
2
3
2
从以上表格可以看出，高考英语对于词义猜测题的考查，每年都有一到两题，它包括单词词义猜测、短语猜测和句子猜测。
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。
词义猜测题常用解题方法：定义法、对比法、因果法、常识联想法、例举法、语境线索法、构词法等。猜词题可以使用以下口决：
1.指代词：出现指代往前找，单复人物要看好；
2.半熟悉词，利用构词法：半生不熟看构词，结合语境来把持；
3.纯生词，则利用逻辑关系、同义解释、上下文语境：同义语境和逻辑，上下求索寻真义。
题型归纳
题型01 定义法
【题型诠释】
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。有时通过r, that is, that is t say, namely, in ther wrds等来释义。需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be cnsidered t be, be called, define, represent, refer t, signify (意味，表明)等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
解这类题时，学生要学会分析句子结构，把握句子的主干部分，利用好一些标识词，然后做出恰当的猜测。
【典例1】(安徽省合肥市第168中学高二上学期期末考试)
Eat yur vegetables. Wash yur hands. Always say “please” and “thank yu”. We are full f advice fr ur children, but when it cmes t mney, we ften have little t say. As a result, ur children may grw up with clean hands and gd manners, but withut any idea hw t manage their mney. Here are sme basics that will help guide them their entire lives：
Shw them the future. If yur 13-year-ld girl were t save 1,000, invest (投资) it at 81.000, invest (投资) it at 8,100 every mnth, by the time she’s 65, she wuld have $ 980,983!
Be careful f credit (信用). Credit cards can help yu buy necessary things and build a credit histry, but they must be used respnsibly, which means paying ff yur debt in time. Explain t yur children that when yu buy smething using a credit card, yu can easily end up paying tw r three times what yu wuld have paid if yu used cash.
Teach patience. Suppse yur child wants a new bicycle that csts 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him sme regular pcket mney and explain that by putting aside, say, 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him sme regular pcket mney and explain that by putting aside, say, 15 each week, he will be able t buy it fr himself in nly ten weeks.
Prvide incentive. Tell yur children the imprtance f saving. “Fr every dllar he r she agrees t save and invest rather than spend, yu agree t add anther dllar t the pt,” says Cathy Paret, expert in mney planning. Explain yur values. Values and mney are deeply intertwined (缠结在一起), says Eilleen Gall, c-authr f The Financially Intelligent Parent. When yur child demands that yu buy smething, explain why yu really dn’t want t buy it. “Yu might say, ‘I’d rather save that mney fr yur educatin,’” advises Gall. Every time yu spend r dn’t spend mney, yu have a chance t share yur values.
2. The underlined wrd “incentive” in paragraph 5 means ________.
A. hnr B. praise C. excitement D. encuragement
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测推理题。根据Tell yur children the imprtance f saving. “Fr every dllar he r she agrees t save and invest rather than spend, yu agree t add anther dllar t the pt,” says Cathy Paret...引号中的一段话及本段内容是鼓励孩子学会节约，学会节省，故该词应该是指鼓励。故D正确。
题型02 对比法
【题型诠释】
我们还可以利用前后对比来猜测词义。转折连词“but”、让步状语从句、条件从句和“unlike”, “in spite f”, “n the cntrary”, “n the ther hand”, “hwever”等介词、副词能构成前后意义上的对比关系。而as, like, just as als等词则可以帮助构成意义上相似、成份上对应的比较关系。这些都是我们解决猜词的标识词语。
看准标识词，弄清楚它们的意思，再通过上下文进行猜测。有些是表示相似的标识词，有些是表示相反的标识词。
【典例2】（2023·北京海淀·石家庄市第四十二中学统考一模）
At a museum in Vietnam, Lena Bui’s film Where Birds Dance Their Last reflected n the beauty and vulnerability f Vietnamese feather farms after Bird Flu. During a festival in Rwanda, Ellen Reid’s audi experience Sundwalk was shared in a hpeful discussin abut music, parks and mental health. These are a few f the things I have helped bring t life ver the years, wrking at the intersectin f scientific research, the arts and advcacy t supprt science in slving glbal health challenges.
Science is key t addressing these issues. But it isn’t the nly key. T achieve its ptential and fr its advances t be implemented and reach all wh culd benefit, science depends n trust and gd relatinships. Peple might nt always see science as relevant, trustwrthy r meaningful t their lives. There are reasns why sme see science as having a chequered past, frm nuclear weapns t eugenics, and are therefre uninterested in, r suspicius f, what it prpses. Others feel excluded by the incmprehensibility f hyper specialist knwledge.
In its capacity t build upn and test an evidence base, science is pwerful, but researchers and funders haven’t been as gd at ensuring this evidence base respnds t the needs and interests f diverse cmmunities, r infrms plicy makers t take actin. Science might be perceived as distancing itself frm the persnal, the petic and the plitical, yet it is precisely these qualities that can be mst influential when it cmes t public interest in atpic r hw a gvernment priritizes a decisin.
A mving stry well tld can be mre memrable than a list f facts. This is where the arts cme in. Artists can give us different perspectives with which t cnsider and reimagine the wrld tgether. They can redress the prclaimed bjectivity in science by bringing stries —subjectivities —int the picture, and these can help fster a sense f cnnectin and hpe.
In 2012, I set up artist residencies in medical research centres arund the wrld. Bui was attached t the Oxfrd University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam. The head f the research team was delighted, finding that Bui, as a Vietnamese artist, had license t be in, and t share useful insights frm, villages where infectius disease researchers weren’t welcme. Six years later, I led Wellcme’s Cntagius Cities prgram, which established artist residencies wrldwide t supprt lcally led explratins f epidemic preparedness. The recent pandemic made this wrk mre nticeable, and has infrmed ur Mindscapes prgram which is currently sharing experiences f mental health thrugh the wrk f artists.
With pandemic, climate and mental health crises upn us, rising inequality and what feels like an increasingly brken wrld, never has there been mre need t build and nurture hpeful and imaginative spaces t grw human cnnectin and shared purpse fr the cmmn gd. Science and the arts can wrk hand in glve t achieve this.
21. What des the underlined wrd “chequered” in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Recent and remte.B. Gd and bad.C. Usual and unusual.D. Peaceful and scary.
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Peple might nt always see science as relevant, trustwrthy r meaningful t their lives.(人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义)”以及画线词后文“frm nuclear weapns t eugenics, and are therefre uninterested in, r suspicius f, what it prpses”可知，人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义，所以有些人认为科学的过去有好有坏，从核武器到优生学，因此对科学提出的东西不感兴趣或怀疑是有原因的。故画线词意思是“有好有坏”。故选B。
题型03 因果法
【题型诠释】
因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系，一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的，不管生词出现在原因分句还是结果分句，我们都能从因果关系中推出其含义。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。
常见的表示因果关系的词汇：since, as, because, fr, s, thus, cnsequently, therefre, hence, due t, wing t, thanks t, n accunt f, result in, result frm, as a result, fr this reasn, accrdingly, , s that, such ... that等。
在做这类题时，根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思，既可由因推果，也可由果推因。
【典例3】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）
Everyne tries their best in life, and smetimes a few kind wrds f encuragement can help peple realize that their effrts are nt in vain (徒劳).Ⅰremember a time when I was in fifth grade, and I was a very shy girl.
There was a drawing cmpetitin at my schl that day. As everyne started t use their creative ideas t draw, I was nly trying t think f smething creative that culd express my thughts and emtins. Lst in my wn wrld, I was brught back t reality when my art teacher called my name frm behind. She came t me and encuraged me, saying, “Dn’t verthink it, just put whatever cmes t yur mind n the canvas (画布). D yur best, and yu will d well.”
Taking her wrds f wisdm t heart, I started my painting. Time flew by, and sn the bell rang, signaling the end f the time limit. We all turned in ur canvases fr inspectin (检查). The next day, the winners f the cmpetitin were annunced in frnt f the whle schl. T my surprise, I heard my name being called secnd prize. It was a blt frm the blue fr me, as I had never dared t dream f winning any prize.
Later n, I expressed my gratitude t my art teacher fr her wrds f encuragement and fr believing in me. That day, I became aware f my talent and started painting mre whenever I had free time. Smetimes, I think that if it weren’t fr her wrds f encuragement, I may have never discvered the talent I have.
Overall, this experience taught me the imprtance f encuraging thers and hw a few kind wrds can make a significant impact n smene’s life
【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第三段“T my surprise, I heard my name being called secnd prize. It was a blt frm the blue fr me, as I had never dared t dream f winning any prize. (令我惊讶的是，我听到二等奖里有自己的名字。这对我来说是blt frm the blue，因为我从来不敢梦想赢得任何奖项)”可知，作者做梦都不敢想能得到任何奖品，所以听到自己获奖的消息后感到非常惊讶，划线部分表示“震惊，惊讶”，与surprise同义。故选D。
题型04 常识联想法
【题型诠释】
在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。阅读题文段题材丰富，涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。
解此类阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。
【典例4】（2023·北京·清华附中校考三模）
A vide circulated n scial media earlier this year, shwing a turist pening the dr f a vehicle, reaching ut an arm and attempting t strke a passing liness. The liness shrugged him ff, but it culd have easily gne hrribly wrng.
Reckless behaviur arund wildlife risks the safety f bth peple and animals. Peple risk being attacked, mauled (撕咬) and pssibly killed, while animals can be harmed, remved r put dwn, irrespective f whether they were nly defending themselves. Animal attacks can als cast a destinatin in a negative light, causing temprary clsures r scaring ff visitrs. All just s smene culd bast that they had strked a lin r captured a mment n a camera phne.
“Turists are getting mre and mre reckless arund wildlife and the surce f the prblem is scial media.” says wildlife phtgrapher Anette Msshachers. “Peple risking their lives r ding stupid things with wildlife are after ‘likes’ and fllwers, smething t shw ff n scial media,” says Mssbacher. “The greater the risk, the mre ‘likes’ they get. With sme clients, it seems like a sickness r addictin.”
Yet scial media is nt entirely t blame. Peple have always taken risks fr an experience. Flish behavir and a tendency t get ccky arund dangerus animals must have been arund since the dawn f humanity. A hunger fr attentin nline might drive sme f the current madness, but sme individuals might be trying t recreate a piece f the actin they have seen n televisin. Perhaps the adrenaline (肾上腺激素) rush when clse t wild animals causes an evapratin f cmmn sense.
“There’s a wrrying lack f awareness that animals several times ur size, weight, speed and strength can easily hurt us,”says wildlife phtgrapher David Llyd. “I dn’t think parks are ding enugh t raise awareness. Turists need t knw hw their presence can affect wildlife. A gd example is cheetahs (猎豹) n vehicle rftps. It may be a thrill fr the bystanders, but the cnsequences if a mther cheetah falls ff wuld be severe. She wuld n lnger be able t hunt, s her cubs culd easily starve.”
“Peple aren’t getting the educatin abut why they need t stay away frm wildlife, including aviding diseases, keeping peple secure and letting wildlife be wild,” says Philip Muruthi, vice president f species cnservatin and science fr the African Wildlife Fundatin. “We need t educate turists thrugh signs, pamphlets and frntline drivers. We shuld stick t guidelines, and there needs t be enfrcement thrugh the law.”
18. What des the underlined wrd “ccky” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Selfish.B. Frightened.C. Arrgant.D. Shcked.
【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题之常识联想法。根据第四段中“Peple have always taken risks fr an experience. Flish behavir and a tendency t get ccky arund dangerus animals must have been arund since the dawn f humanity. (人们总是为了体验而冒险。自人类诞生以来，在危险动物面前愚蠢的行为和ccky倾向一定一直存在)”可知，冒险是人类的本性，结合并列词组“Flish behavir”可知推知，“get ccky”也是一种鲁莽的、不理性的表现，结合选项，ccky与arrgant同义，意为“傲慢的”。故选C项。
题型05例举法
【题型诠释】
通过一些例子说明生词的词义, 用such as, fr example, like, fr instance等来引出。在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或范畴的词语来表达其思想，如果有一生词就在一系列同范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词的特征和语义范围来推断出生词的词义范围。
解决这类题时，学生要看准表示举例的标识词，除了前面提到的外，还可能有i.e., that is, that is t say等。
【典例5】（2023上·天津·高三天津实验中学校考阶段练习）
A wrld-champin bdy builder has n mre muscles than des a 90-pund persn wh is physically weak. S what makes him s strng? What ther qualities des he need?
Muscles are made f thusands f stringy fibers-a number that is fixed during childhd-which cntract(收缩）when ding wrk. Strength des nt depend n the number f fibers but n the functin f their thickness and hw many f them cntract at the same time.
Exercise actually damages the muscles. During the recvery stage, the muscle fibers increase in size. Exercise als trains mre muscle fibers t wrk at ne time. If a muscle is weak r untrained, fr example, nly 10 percent f its fibers will cntract, whereas up t 90 percent f the fibers in a weight lifter’s biceps (二头肌）will cntract.
Aside frm the strength, tw ther factrs g int making an athlete: fitness and endurance. Fitness is related t the cnditin f the heart. During exercises, there is an increase in the amunt f bld returning t the heart frm the muscles. A typical vlume fr a runner at rest is abut 5 quarts a minute, cmpared with 30 quarts during a vigrus trial(运动测试). This greater vlume means mre wrk fr the heart---a muscular balln that expands and cntract is t take in bld and push it ut. Like any ther muscle, the heart enlarges and gets strnger with rutine exercise.
Endurance, r the length f time muscles can wrk, depends in part n hw much fuel－in this case sugar-the muscles can stre. A muscle that is cntinually exercised until it runs ut f sugar tends t stre mre when it refuels at the next meal. And mre sugar can translate int greater endurance the next time the muscle is put t the test.
13. What des the authr mean by saying “this greater vlume means mre wrk fr the heart”?
A. The heart bears the task f making mre bld during a vigrus trial.
B. The heart needs t bear the fast heart beating during a vigrus trial.
C. The heart takes in mre bld and pushes it ut during a vigrus trial.
D. The heart enlarges and becmes strnger rutinely during a vigrus trial.
【答案】C
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第四段倒第二句中的“a muscular balln that expands and cntract is t take in bld and push it ut”(一个可以扩张和收缩的肌肉气球的作用是吸收血液并将其排出)可知，作者的意思是心脏吸收更多的血液，并在运动测试中将其排出体外。故选C。
题型06语境线索法
【题型诠释】
根据综合语境，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推理判断，从而理解生词词义。阅读题文段题材丰富。涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。
这类题型包括文化语境线索、语境标记线索和词汇语境线索。语言标记中的标点符号逗号、分号、破折号、括号，甚至还包括句号，对语境线索的提示作用和句子间的关联作用很重要。
【典例6】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）
After cllege I wanted t make a difference in the wrld, s I jined the Peace Crps and became a vlunteer teacher in Namibia, my cuntry f assignment (任务). Hnestly, my first chice wasn’t Africa, but I am extremely grateful that I was sent there.
Varius tribes and racial grups live in Namibia and a number f languages are spken. When Namibia gained independence in 1990, English became the fficial language. Teachers were suppsed t teach in English, but many lacked the language skills t d s. My jb was t train the teachers.
Schls were quite bare. Sme classrms cnsisted merely f sticks stuck in the sand and a metal rf. Each student had nly ne threadbare unifrm. The students had exhausting days. They walked miles t get t schl, ften bareft. They als did many daily chres. Even with their muntains f wrk, few pssessins and little pprtunity, these children were jyful. I admired that.
This was my first time living abrad in a different culture. Simply adapting t the living cnditins was a big adjustment. I had n electricity, running water, phne r Internet. Imagine n air cnditining where the temperature was ften abve 38 degrees Celsius! Hwever, I culd end each day with a splendid African sunset. And at night, I culd have an incredible pllutin-free view f the entire Milky Way (银河).
Befre Namibia, I never thught a girl like me wuld adapt t such an envirnment. My experience awakened me t nt nly the limitatins we place n urselves, but als ur amazing ability t adapt.
Step utside f yur cmfrt zne and thrw yurself in anther culture. Yu wn’t regret it.
28. What des the underlined wrd “threadbare” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Ancient.B. Uncmfrtable.C. Ugly.D. Shabby.
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“ften bareft”以及“few pssessins”可知，孩子们的生活非常艰苦，而且由画线词前面的“nly ne”可知，他们每人仅有一件校服，所以“threadbare”应表示“破旧的”，故只有D项“shabby”符合语境，故选D。
题型07构词法
【题型诠释】
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。
中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有：
super-超;过于inter-互相;在…之间micr-极微小的
re-再, 反复sub-次于..., 在…底下c-共同
pst- (在…之)后pre- (在…之)前trans-超越；转换
under-在之…下；低于；anti-反；防(止)mis-不；非
un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无nn-不；非Sin-中国(人)的
-able可被…的-hd状态；性质；时期-ish如…的；有点儿…的
-prf防…的； 抗…的-ship身份；资格；权力；-sme引起…的;产生…的
-wards向-less不能…的；无…的
学生应该尽可能多记一些前后缀，不要混淆。还有一些常见的前缀或后缀，比如un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无，都可以表示否定，则应该重点记住高中阶段学过的一些词。
【典例7】（2016上·黑龙江牡丹江·高二统考期末）
Have yu ever had the strange feeling that yu were being watched? Yu turned arund and, sure enugh, smene was lking right at yu!
Parapsychlgists (灵学家) say that humans have a natural ability t sense when smene is lking at them. T research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Rbert Baker, a psychlgist (心理学家) at the University f Kentucky, did tw experiments.
In the first ne, Baker sat behind unknwing peple in public places and stared (盯着) at the backs f their heads fr 5 t 15 minutes. The subjects (受试者) were eating, drinking, reading, studying, watching TV, r wrking at a cmputer. Baker made sure that the peple culd nt tell that he was sitting behind them during thse perids. Later, when he questined the subjects, almst all f them said they had n sense that smene was staring at them.
Fr the secnd experiment, Baker tld the subjects that they wuld be stared at frm time t time frm behind in a labratry setting. The peple had t write dwn when they felt they were being stared at and when they weren’t. Baker fund that the subjects were n better at telling when they were stared at and when they weren’t.
Baker cncludes that peple d nt have the ability t sense when they’re being stared at. If peple dubt the utcme f his tw experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see fr themselves.”
2. The underlined wrd “utcme” in the last paragraph mst prbably means ________.
A. valueB. resultC. perfrmanceD. cnnectin
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。最后一段表明心理学家Baker得出结论，因此根据第一句话Baker cncludes that peple d nt have the ability t sense when they’re being stared at.得知“utcme”在此处为“结果”，故选B。
高考练场
题型01 对比法
(2022年6月浙江卷C篇)
Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin (适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md (情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene wh _______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词g-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
题型02 因果法
(2022年高考英语北京卷D篇)
Quantum (量子) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype (炒作) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
33. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open. B. Cl. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” (但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prne被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。)可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prne意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cl. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
题型03 常识联想法
(2021年6月新高考2卷B篇）
I have wrked as a keeper at the Natinal Z, Paris fr 11 years. Spt and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been brn here. Glbally, a third f Sumatran cubs in zs dn’t make it t adulthd, s I decided t give them rund-the-clck care at hme.
I’ve gt tw children—the yunger ne, Kynan, was extremely happy abut the tigers arriving - but all f us really lked frward t being part f their lives and watching them grw. I wasn’t wrried abut bringing them int my hme with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed abut 2.5 kg and were s small that there was abslutely n risk.
As they grew mre mbile, we let them mve freely arund the huse during the day, but when we were asleep we had t cntain them in a large rm, therwise they’d get up t mischief. We’d cme dwn in the mrning t find they’d turned the rm upside dwn, and left it lking like a z.
Things quickly gt very intense due t the huge amunt f energy required t lk after them. There were sme tugh times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there t help. We had t have a bit f a prductin line ging, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bttles, and cleaning the flrs.
When Spt and Stripe were fur mnths ld, they were learning hw t pen drs and jump fences, and we knew it really was time fr them t g. It was hard fr us t finally part with them. Fr the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappinted that the cubs weren’t there.
I’m nt sad abut it. I'm hands-n with them every day at the z, and I d lk back very fndly n the time that we had them.
5. What d the underlined wrds “get up t mischief” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Behave badly.B. Lse their way.C. Sleep sundly.D. Miss their mm.
【答案】 5. A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“As they grew mre mbile, we let them mve freely arund the huse during the day, but when we were asleep we had t cntain them in a large rm, therwise they’d ”（随着它们的活动越来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则它们会）以及后文“We’d cme dwn in the mrning t find they’d turned the rm upside dwn, and left it lking like a z.”（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者不得不把老虎们在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好”。故选A。
题型04例举法
(2020全国III卷B篇)
When “Rise f the Planet f the Apes” was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used mtin-capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet “Apes” is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2, 000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including “Water fr Elephants”, “The Hangver Part Ⅱ” and “Zkeeper”, have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the States.
3. What des the underlined phrase “keeping tabs n” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Listing cmpletely. B. Directing prfessinally.
C. Prmting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment (一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇)以及下文Already, a number f films, … them haven’t been treated prperly. (许多电影，包括“大象的眼泪”, “宿醉Ⅱ”和“管理员”, 引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。) 由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是“密切关注”。故选D项。
题型05语境线索法
(2021年6月全国甲卷C篇)
When I was 9, we packed up ur hme in Ls Angeles and arrived at Heathrw, Lndn n a gray January mrning. Everyne in the family settled quickly int the city except me. Withut my belved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a lss and ut f place. Until I made a discvery.
Suthbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center f British skatebarding, where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing. I lved it. I sn made friends with the lcal skaters. We spke ur wn language. And my favrite: Safe. Safe meant cl. It meant hell. It meant dn't wrry abut it. Once, when trying a certain trick n the beam (橫杆), I fell nt the stnes, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Tby came ver, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their bards lud, shuting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a gd skater.
When I was 15, my family mved t Washingtn. I tried skatebarding there, but the lcals were far less welcming. Within a cuple f years, I'd given it up.
When I returned t Lndn in 2004, I fund myself wandering dwn t Suthbank, spending hurs there. I've traveled back several times since, mst recently this past spring. The day was cld but clear; turists and Lndners stpped t watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭) amng the kids wh rushed by n their bards, I fund my way t the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded (滑) up t the beam. He sat next t me. He seemed nt t ntice the man next t him. But sn I caught a few f his glances. “I was a lcal here 20 years ag,” I tld him. Then, slwly, he began t nd his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
2. What d the underlined wrds “Safe! Safe! Safe!” prbably mean?
A. Be careful! B. Well dne! C. N way! D. Dn’t wrry.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干关键词“Safe! Safe! Safe!”定位在原文第三段“And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a gd skater. 这就是重要的着陆技巧，成为一名优秀的滑冰运动员。表示做得好，所以应该是鼓励的话语。故选B项。
名校模拟
A
(2023上·湖南长沙·高二湖南师大附中校联考期中) Travel has becme increasingly incnvenient and smetimes impssible ver the last cuple f years. Hwever, museums arund the wrld are digitizing their cllectins, enabling peple t tur the museums frm afar.
The British Museum, Lndn
The British Museum cntains bjects frm arund the wrld, including the Rsetta Stne, with three versins f a text that helped researchers learn t read ancient Egyptian. The Great Curt’s ceiling, in the middle f the museum, is cmpsed f 3212 pieces f glass, nne f which are alike. The virtual tur f the museum ffers a 360-degree view f the rm, allwing visitrs t lk at every piece.
MASP, S ã Paul
The first mdern museum in Brazil, the Museu de Arte de Sã Paul includes art frm the 14th t the 20th centuries. The paintings, which are placed n glass panels, appear t be flating in mid-air. This setup, included in the virtual tur shws, makes the art appear almst magical.
Natinal Museum f Mdern and Cntemprary Art, Krea
This Krean museum includes fur branches in different cities and features wrks f art frm Krea and arund the wrld. The art includes a variety f media such as print, sculpture and phtgraphy. There are als nline exhibitins such as “Artists in Their Times” which traces trends in Krean art since the late 1970s.
The J. Paul Getty Museum, Ls Angeles Cunty
This museum, with lcatins in tw different places, features art ging back t The Nelithic Perid. Its virtual tur, accessible thrugh Ggle Arts & Culture, ffers views f mre recent wrks, including sme by van Ggh and Renir. Anther platfrm, Xplrlt, als features views f sme f the museum’s utdr spaces.
1. What can we learn abut The British Museum?
A. It is best knwn fr the Rsetta Stne.B. It tells the changes f ancient Egyptian.
C. It is made up f several pieces f glass.D. It huses exhibits frm different cuntries.
2. Which museum may suit visitrs interested in van Ggh’s wrks?
A. The British Museum.
B. MASP, Sã Paul.
C. Natinal Museum f Mdern and Cntemprary Art.
D. The J. Paul Getty Museum.
3. What d the listed museums have in cmmn?
A. They have several branches.B. They display their paintings in mid-air.
C. They can be visited in yur wn hme.D. They are accessible n Ggle Arts & Culture.
B
(2023上·湖南·高三雅礼中学校考期中) At Jenner Park primary Schl in Wales, pupils between the ages f seven and nine are writing letters t residents f a lcal care hme. The initiative sees children and their elderly pen pals (笔友) exchange updates abut their lives, helping t build relatinships between generatins while als giving the children an understanding f the value f writing letters by hand—an activity that’s becming less and less cmmn.
Laura Jhnsn, the teacher wh crdinates (协调) the scheme at Jenner Park, says: “All f ur writing is fr a purpse. That’s the key in getting children t value handwriting.” As sn as yu put an audience there, knwing that smene ut there is ging t be reading it—whether that’s parents r anther grup f children—there’s always the real sense f pride t g alng with it,” says Jhnsn.
The schl maintains a fcus n handwriting thrughut the years, frm dedicated handwriting classes in the prep schl t a calligraphy club ffered t the lder grups. It has created smething called the pen license. It allws yunger children t mve frm using a pencil t pen nce they’ve reached a certain standard. “There’s a lt f excitement abut reaching that pen licence stage,” says Jhnsn.
Jhnsn adds that develping students’ writing in this way matters fr their life after schl: “Fr us, it’s imprtant that we create citizens f the future wh have a set f life skills that can make them successful.” The dminance f technlgy is a challenge, she admits, but she als believes bth tls have their place. “Obviusly we’re cmpeting with technlgy cntinuusly.” she says. “And I knw there are peple there saying yu dn’t need t bther abut handwriting because tech is ut there. But we dn’t see it as cmpeting. We’re trying t get pupils t realize that there’s a place fr handwriting and t knw when it’s imprtant t use each.”
4. Why des the schl launch the initiative?
A. T help children t find the meaning f handwriting.
B. T encurage children t shw pity fr the aged.
C. T persuade children t chse prper curses.
D. T urge children t acknwledge the audience.
5. What des Paragraph 3 mainly tell us abut the schl?
A. Its after-class activities.B. Its practice in handwriting.
C. Its academic achievements.D. Its innvatin in technlgy.
6. What can we infer frm the last paragraph abut handwriting?
A. It will win against technlgy.B. It will give way t technlgy.
C. It will c-exist with technlgy.D. It will cause cnfusin t peple.
7. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Handwriting prmtes the pen pal scheme
B. Slw cmmunicatin reduces misunderstanding
C. Creative ideas fr dealing with challenges gain ppularity
D. Putting pen t paper cntributes t a lve f the written wrd
C
(2023上·湖南·高三长郡中学校考阶段练习) Parents have been urged t stp pretending Father Christmas is real in case the “lie” damages relatins with their children. Making up stries abut Santa risks destrying a child’s trust and is mrally unbelievable, accrding t tw experts.
Psychlgist Prfessr Christpher Byle and scial scientist Dr. Kathy McKay als criticize the idea emplyed by parents—Santa Claus judges children t be nice r naughty. Writing in a well-knwn jurnal, they argue, “If they are capable f lying abut smething s special and magical, can they be relied upn t cntinue as the guardians f wisdm and truth?”
Defending the claims, Prf Byle said, “The mrality f making children believe in such myths has t be questined. All children will eventually find ut they’ve been cnsistently lied t fr years, and this might make them wnder what ther lies they’ve been tld. Whether it’s right t make children believe in Father Christmas is an interesting questin, and it’s als interesting t ask whether lying in this way will affect children in ways that have nt been cnsidered.”
Dr. McKay, frm the University f New England in Australia, said there was clear evidence frm the wrld f make-believe in mvies and TV that adults lked fr a chance t be children again. “The persistence f fandm (影迷) in stries like Harry Ptter and Star Wars indicates their desire t briefly re-enter childhd,” she said. “Hwever,” she added, “if adults have been lying abut Santa, even thugh it has usually been well intentined, what else is a lie? If Santa isn’t real, are fairies real? Is magic? Is Gd?”
They cnclude, “Many peple may lng fr a time when imaginatin was accepted and encuraged, which may nt be the case in adult life. Might it be the case that the harshness f real life requires the creatin f smething better, smething t believe in, smething t hpe fr in the future r t return t a lng-lst childhd a lng time ag in a galaxy far far away?”
8. What did parents d that drew criticism frm Dr. Kathy McKay?
A. They were fnd f Harry Ptter and Star Wars.
B. They acted as the guardians f wisdm and truth.
C. They said Santa Claus culd judge a kid t be gd r bad.
D. They have tld many lies t their children besides Santa Claus.
9. What can be implied in the passage?
A. Parents are capable f making up stries abut Santa Claus.
B. Lies abut Santa Claus can have a negative impact upn children.
C. Stries abut Santa Claus develp children’s trust in their parents.
D. Experts think it right t make children believe in Father Christmas.
10. Why are adults fnd f watching fictinal mvies?
A. They desire t return t the lng-lst childhd.
B. Everything will becme better in mvies than in real life.
C. They want t get away frm pressure frm life and wrk.
D. They didn’t watch such exciting mvies when they were yung.
11. What is the authr’s attitude tward parents’ lying abut Santa Claus?
A. Psitive.B. Indifferent.C. Disappinted.D. Cncerned.
D
(2023上·湖南·高三湖南师大附中校考阶段练习) The streets, sidewalks and rfs f cities all absrb heat during the day, making sme urban areas acrss the United States up t 6 degrees Fahrenheit htter than rural nes during the day—and 22 degrees F htter at night. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as the city heat spreads dwnward, beneath the surface. And basements, subway tunnels and ther undergrund infrastructure als cnstantly bleed heat int the surrunding earth, creating htspts. Nw the undergrund heat is building up as the planet warms.
Accrding t a new study f dwntwn Chicag, undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that emit the heat in the first place. Such temperature changes make the grund arund them expand and cntract (收缩) enugh t cause ptential damage. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says the study’s authr Alessandr F. Rtta Lria, a civil and envirnmental engineer at Nrthwestern University.
The findings, published in Cmmunicatins Engineering, expse a “silent hazard (危险)” t civil infrastructure in cities with sft er grund — especially thse near water — Rtta Lria says. “There might have been structural issues caused by this undergrund climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize,” he adds. While nt an immediate r direct danger t human lives, this previusly unknwn effect highlights the impacts f a lesser-knwn cmpnent f climate change.
Similar t climate change abve the surface, these undergrund changes ccur ver lng perids f time. “These effects tk decades, a century, t develp,” Rtta Lria says, adding that elevated undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate (逐渐消失) n their wn.
But ther researchers interviewed fr this stry all say this wasted energy culd als be recycled, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Subway tunnels and basements culd be updated with technlgies t recapture the heat. Fr example, water pipes culd be installed t run thrugh undergrund htspts and pick up sme f the heat energy.
12. What can we learn abut the “urban heat islands”?
A. They can develp undergrund structures.B. They are impacted by glbal warming.
C. They can destry the grund arund.D. They nly exist in the United States.
13. Why des Alessandr F. Rtta Lria mentin “silent hazard” in paragraph 3?
A. T discuss structural issues.B. T categrize climate change.
C. T explain undergrund heat.D. T emphasize the neglected reality.
14. What will the authr prbably write abut in the paragraph that fllws?
A. The future f tunnels and basements.B. The reusing appraches f heat energy.
C. The cst f maintaining structures.D. The evlutin f undergrund envirnment.
15. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Warming Undergrund, Weakening SurfaceB. A Silver Lining f Glbal Warming
C. Urban Silent Islands in the MakingD. A Silent Crisis in Dwntwn Chicag
参考答案与解析
A篇
1. D 2. D 3. C
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个博物馆以及各自的特色。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The British Museum cntains bjects frm arund the wrld, including the Rsetta Stne, with three versins f a text that helped researchers learn t read ancient Egyptian.(大英博物馆收藏了来自世界各地的物品，包括罗塞塔石碑，其中有三种文本版本，帮助研究人员学习阅读古埃及语)”可知，大英博物馆容纳了来自不同国家的展品。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Its virtual tur, accessible thrugh Ggle Arts & Culture, ffers views f mre recent wrks, including sme by van Ggh and Renir.(通过谷歌艺术与文化网站的虚拟之旅，可以看到更多的近期作品，包括梵高和雷诺阿的一些作品)”可知，保罗盖蒂博物馆适合对梵高作品感兴趣的游客。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The virtual tur f the museum ffers a 360-degree view f the rm, allwing visitrs t lk at every piece. (虚拟的博物馆之旅提供了360度的房间视野，让游客可以看到每一件作品)”；第三段中“This setup, included in the virtual tur shws, makes the art appear almst magical. (这种设置，包括在虚拟巡回展览中，使艺术看起来几乎是神奇的)”；第四段中“There are als nline exhibitins such as “Artists in Their Times” which traces trends in Krean art since the late 1970s. (在网上也有追溯70年代末以后韩国美术动向的“时代艺术家”等展览)”以及最后一段中“Its virtual tur, accessible thrugh Ggle Arts & Culture, ffers views f mre recent wrks, including sme by van Ggh and Renir.(通过谷歌艺术与文化网站的虚拟之旅，可以看到更多的近期作品，包括梵高和雷诺阿的一些作品)”可知，列出的博物馆的共同之处是可以在你自己家里参观它们。故选C。
B篇
4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过倡议孩子手写书信形式，强调了手写的重要性，随着科技的发展，手写同样是不会过时，而是与时俱进，与科技共存。
4. 推理判断题。根据第一段“The initiative sees children and their elderly pen pals (笔友) exchange updates abut their lives,helping t build relatinships between generatins while als giving the children an understanding f the value f writing letters by hand—an activity that's becming less and less cmmn.”(这项倡议看到了孩子们和他们的老笔友交流关于他们生活的最新信息，帮助建立代际关系，同时也让孩子们了解手写信件的价值——这种活动越来越不常见了。)以及第二段“All f ur writing is fr a purpse. That's the key in getting children t value handwriting.”（我们所有的写作都是有目的的。这是让孩子们重视书法的关键。）可知学校发起这项倡议是为了帮助孩子们发现手写的含义。故选A项。
5. 段落大意题。根据第三段“The schl maintains a fcus n handwriting thrughut the years,frm dedicated handwriting classes in the prep schl t a calligraphy club ffered t the lder grups. It has created smething called the pen license. It allws yunger children t mve frm using a pencil t pen nce they've reached a certain standard.”（学校多年来一直专注于书法，从预备学校专门的书法课程到为老年群体提供的书法俱乐部。它创造了一种叫做钢笔许可的东西。 它允许年幼的孩子在达到一定标准后，从使用铅笔转向使用钢笔。）可知，第三段主要说明了这所学校在书法上的实践。故选B项。
6. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The dminance f technlgy is a challenge, she admits, but she als believes bth tls have their place." Obviusly we're cmpeting with technlgy cntinuusly. (她承认，技术的主导地位是一个挑战，但她也认为这两种工具都有自己的位置。“显然，我们在不断与技术竞争)”可推知，手写将与技术共存。故选C项。
7. 标题判断题。根据文章大意，可知文章开篇引出了让孩子们手写信件的话题，然后讲述了手写的意义和重要性，最后论述了它会和科技竞争共存。可以推断，Putting pen t paper cntributes t a lve f the written wrd（在纸上书写有助于对文字的热爱）符合题意。故选D项。
C篇
8. C 9. B 10. A 11. D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。介绍了专家对于家长对孩子依然谎称圣诞老人存在的批评态度。专家认为，父母谎称圣诞老人存在的做法对于孩子今后对于大人的信任有消极影响。
8. 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Psychlgist Prfessr Christpher Byle and scial scientist Dr. Kathy McKay als criticize the idea emplyed by parents—Santa Claus judges children t be nice r naughty. (心理学家Christpher Byle教授和社会科学家Kathy McKay博士也批评了父母的想法——圣诞老人会评判孩子是好是坏)”可知，圣诞老人评判孩子好坏的说法遭到了Kathy McKay博士的批评。故选C项。
9. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Whether it’s right t make children believe in Father Christmas is an interesting questin, and it’s als interesting t ask whether lying in this way will affect children in ways that have nt been cnsidered.(让孩子们相信圣诞老人是否正确是一个有趣的问题，同样有趣的是，以这种方式撒谎是否会以未被考虑的方式影响孩子。)”和文章第一段的主题句“Making up stries abut Santa risks destrying a child’s trust and is mrally unbelievable, accrding t tw experts.(两位专家表示，编造圣诞老人的故事可能会破坏孩子的信任，在道德上是令人难以置信的。)”推知，作者通过文章想表达关于圣诞老人的谎言对孩子们是有消极影响的。故选B项。
10. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The persistence f fandm(影迷) in stries like Harry Ptter and Star Wars indicates their desire t briefly re-enter childhd,(《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》等故事中粉丝的持续存在表明他们渴望短暂地重新进入童年)”可知，对于《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》的持久迷恋表明成年人想再次体验童年乐趣。故选A项。
11. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Making up stries abut Santa risks destrying a child’s trust and is mrally unbelievable, accrding t tw experts.(两位专家表示，编造圣诞老人的故事可能会破坏孩子的信任，在道德上是令人难以置信的。)”与第三段中“All children will eventually find ut they’ve been cnsistently lied t fr years, and this might make them wnder what ther lies they’ve been tld. (所有的孩子最终都会发现自己多年来一直被欺骗，这可能会让他们想知道自己还被说了什么谎言。)”可知，作者对于父母们对孩子们撒谎说圣诞老人确实存在的做法很担忧。故选D项。
D篇
12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地下气候变暖对城市地面建筑的负面影响的隐蔽性与长期性，以及介绍潜在的解决方案.
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话“Nw the undergrund heat is building up as the planet warms. (现在随着地球变暖，地下热量正在积聚)”可知，“城市热岛”是受到全球气候变暖的影响。故选B。
13. 推理判断题。根据第三段中 Alessandr F. Rtta Lria所说的““There might have been structural issues caused by this undergrund climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize(发生的这种地下气候变化可能已经造成了建筑结构上的问题，我们甚至没有意识到)”以及最后一句话“While nt an immediate r direct danger t human lives, this previusly unknwn effect highlights the impacts f a lesser-knwn cmpnent f climate change.(虽然这不是对人类生命的直接或直接威胁，但这种以前未知的影响突显了气候变化中一个鲜为人知的组成部分的影响)”可推知，提出“无声的危险”是想强调地下气候变暖这一被人忽略的事实。故选D。
14. 推理判断题。根据第五段“But ther researchers interviewed fr this stry all say this wasted energy culd als be recycled, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Subway tunnels and basements culd be updated with technlgies t recapture the heat. Fr example, water pipes culd be installed t run thrugh undergrund htspts and pick up sme f the heat energy.(但接受采访的其他研究人员都表示，这些浪费的能源也可以回收利用，这为冷却地下和节省能源成本提供了机会。地铁隧道和地下室可以更新技术以重新获取热量。例如，可以安装水管穿过地下热点并吸收一些热能)”可知，该段是介绍针对地下气候变暖提出了潜在的解决方案，即可以通过更新地铁隧道和地下室的相关技术来回收利用热能，并举例了可通过安装水管这种方法来获取热能。由此推知，接下来应该是介绍对这种热能的再使用方法。故选B。
15. 主旨大意题。通过归纳各段大意可知，本文是介绍地下气候变暖对城市地面建筑的负面影响的隐蔽性与长期性，以及介绍潜在的解决方案。由此可知，“地下变暖，地表变弱”适合作本文的标题。故选A。
项目
年份 卷别
语篇类型
题型
应用文
记叙文
说明文
议论文
细节理解
推理判断
主旨要义
词义猜测
2023
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
7
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
8
3
3
1
全国甲卷
A
B
C/D
9
5
1
全国乙卷
B
A/C
D
5
8
1
1
2022
新高考I卷
A
C
D
B
10
3
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
7
5
1
2
全国甲卷
A
C/D
B
8
3
3
1
全国乙卷
A
C/D
B
11
2
1
1
2021
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
6
2
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
9
4
1
1
全国甲卷
A
C
B
D
6
7
1
1
全国乙卷
A/B/C/D
4
8
2
1
2020
新高考I卷
A
B/C
D
7
5
1
2
全国I卷
A
C/D
B
4
8
2
1
全国Ⅱ卷
A
D
B/C
8
2
3
2
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