高中英语语法一知识点：直接引语和间接引语

这是一份高中英语语法一知识点：直接引语和间接引语，共12页。学案主要包含了 直接引语变间接引语， 间接引语中的词语变化等内容，欢迎下载使用。
A． 陈述句的间接引语
直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。
The freigner aid t me, I like Beijing very much.那老外告诉我：我很喜欢北京。
→ The freigner tld me that he she liked Beijing very much. 那老外告诉我说他（她）很喜欢北京。
She said,We are very fnd f sprts. 她说：我们都喜欢体育运动。
→ She said that they were very fnd f sprts. 她说他（她）们都喜欢体运动。
I'll g ver the grammar lessn nce again,he said. 他说：我将把语法课再复习一遍。
→ He said he wuld g ver the grammar lessn nce again. 他说他将要把语法课再复习一遍。（that可省略）
B． 疑问句的间接引语
1．一般疑问句和反意疑问句
一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if 或 whether，其主句动词常用ask, wnder, wantt knw, didn't knw等。句末不用问号。
My teacher asked me, D yu like American cuntry music 我老师问我：你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗？
→ My teacher asked me ifwhether I liked American cuntry music. 我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。
Yu haven't been t Beijing, have yu asked he. 他问：你没去过北，是吗？
→ He asked me ifwhether I had been t Beijing. 他问我是否去过北京。
2．否定的一般疑问句和选择问句
如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whether�r 连接。
She said, Dn't yu knw my telephne number 她说：你难道不知道我的电话号码吗？
→ She asked me whether I knew her telephne number r nt. 她问我是知道她的电话号码。
D yu like this ne r that ne Tm asked. 汤姆问：你是喜欢这个还是那个？
→ Tm asked me whether I liked this ne r that ne. 汤姆问我是喜欢这个还是那个。
3．特殊疑问句
间接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask。
He asked, Hw d yu like it 他问：你觉得怎样？
→ He asked me hw I liked it. 他问我觉得它怎样。
She asked me, What's the matter with yu 她问我：你怎么啦？
→ She asked me what was the matter with me. 她问我我怎么啦。
Hw many bks d yu have she asked. 她问：你有多少本书？
→ She asked me hw many bks I had. 她问我有多少本。
4.其它
英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问，而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。这种疑问句变为间接引语时，往往采用其他的形式。
①．suggest ding
Shall we all g t the film tnight said Michael. 迈克尔说：我们今晚都去看电影，好吗？
→ Michael suggested ging t the film tnight. 迈克尔建议今晚都去看电影。
What abut having a drink he asked. 他问：喝杯怎么样？
He suggested having a drink. 他建议喝一杯。
②．advise sb t d
Why dn't yu g hiking asked James. 詹姆士问：你为什么不徒步旅行？
James advised me t g hiking. 詹姆士建议我去徒步旅行。
③. ffer t d
He said, Wuld yu like me t pst the letter 他说：你要我寄信吗？
He ffered t st the letter. 他主动提出寄信。
④．ask sb t d
Will yu please bring yur reference bk here tmrrw she said t me. 她对我说：劳驾你明天把你的参考书带来好吗？
→ She asked me t take my reference bk there the next day. 她让我第二天把我的参考书带去。
C． 祈使句的间接引语
1．直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, rder, cmmand, request等词，句中please去掉。
She said t me, Please have a rest. 她对我说：请休息一下。
→ She asked me t have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。
Dn't all answer at nce, she said t the pupils. 她对学生说：大家不要齐声回答。→ She tld the pupils nt t answer all at nce. 她叫学生不要齐声回答。
2．带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。
Let's g fr a walk, said the girl. 那姑娘说，让我们去散散步吧。
→ The girl suggested ging fr a walk. 这女孩建议去散散步。
The teacher sai, Let Lily tidy the classrm. 老师说：让莉莉整理教室。
→ The teacher suggested that Lily shuld tidy the classrm. 老师建议让莉莉整理教室。
D． 感叹句的间接引语
1．直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时，多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或hw引导，也可用that引导。
What a clever by yu are!my teacher said t him. 老师对他说，你是个聪明的孩子啊！
→ My teacher tld him what a clever by he was. 老师对他说他是一个多聪明的孩子啊。
→ My teacher tld him that he was a very clever by. 老师说他是一个非常聪明的孩子。
He said, Hw well yu lk! 他说：你看起来气色多好啊！
→ He said hw well I lked. 他说我看起来是气色多好啊。
→ He said that I ked very well. 他说我看起来气色很好。
2．有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。
Help! he cried. 他喊到：救命啊！
→ He called fr help. 他大声呼救。
What terrible weather it is!he said. 他说：多么糟糕的天气！
→ He cmplained abut the terrible weather. 他抱怨这糟糕的天气。
Happy Chrismas! he said. 他说：圣诞快乐！
He wished me a happy Christmas. 他祝我圣诞快乐。
二、 间接引语中的词语变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
A． 时态的变化
1．时态的变化
①现在时间推移到过去时间
直接引语中的时态
一般现在时
现在完成时
现在进行时
现在完成进行时
间接引语中的时态
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
过去完成进行时
The ld man said, I have lived in this street since 1960.
→The ld man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. 那老人说他自从196年起就住在那条街上了。
He said, Is it raining
→ He asked if it was raining. 他问是不是正在下雨。
②过去时间推移到过去的过去
直接引语中的时态
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
间接引语中的时态
过去完成时
过去完成时（不变）
过去完成进行时或不变
She said t me, I wrte a letter t my parents three days ag.
→She tld me that she had written a letter t her parents three days befre.她告诉我她三天前已给她母亲写了一封信。
What were yu ding at seven p.m. yesterday he asked
→ He asked me what I was ding at seven p.m. the day befre. 他问我前一天晚上七点在干什么。
③将来时间推移到过去将来时间
直接引语中的时态
一般将来时
isamare ging t d
isamare t d
间接引语中的时态
过去将来时
waswere ging t d
waswere t d
He said, We shall get ready by eight 'clck.
→He said that they uld get ready by eight 'clck. 他说他们将在8点前准备好。
We are t meet at the schl gate, she said t me.
→ Sh tld me that they were t meet at the schl gate. 她告诉我他们约定在校门口见面。
④间接引语中保持原来时态不变
在下列情况下，间接引语中的谓语动词时态可以保持不变。
a. 主句为现在时或将来时，间接引语的时态保持不变。
He thinks, She will be back in a mnth.
→ He thinks she will be back in a mnth. 他想她将在一个月后回来。
He says, I have accepted her invitatin.
He says he has accepted her invitatin. 他说他已接受了她的邀请。
比较：
间接引语中的谓语动词时态对比。
Sarah said t me,I have tw brthers. 莎莎对我说：“我有两个弟弟。”
Sarah tld me that she has tw brthers. 莎莎告诉我说她有两个弟弟。（说话才认为这情况是真实的）
Sarah tld me that she had tw brthers. 莎拉告诉我说她有两个弟弟。（说话者对此没有什么把握）
b. 间接引语表示的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、客观事实、格言等。
The gegraphy teacher said t the students, The earth mves rund the sun.
→ Th gegraphy teacher tld the students that the earth mves rund the sun. 老师告诉学生地球围绕太阳转。
He said, Every dg has his day.
→ He said that every dg has his day. 他说是人皆有出头日。
c. 间接引语中动词表示的动作说话时仍在进行或状态仍然存在，时态可保持不变。
He said,The windw is brkn.
→ He said that the windw is brken.他说玻璃窗碎了。
Just nw Brwn said, My sn is ill tday.
→ Brwn tld me just nw that his sn is ill tday. 布朗刚才告诉我说，他儿子今天病了。
d. 间接引语中有明确的过去时间状语，仍可用一般过去时，不必改为过去完成时。
The girl said, Iwas brn in 1978.
→ The girl said that she was brn in 1978.那女孩说她生于1978年。
She said, My teacher was busy yesterday.
→ She said that her teacher was busy yesterday. 她说她老师昨天很忙。
2．情态动词的变化
情态动词在间接引语中都可以改为过去式，must表示必、推测、禁止等意思时，可不变；表示必须时可不变，也可用had t 或wuld have t。
The senir said, All men must die.
→ The senir said that all men must die. 那老者说人总是要死的。
She said, I must g t see the dctr tmrrw afternn.
→ She saidshe mustwuld have t g t see the dctr the next afternn. 她说第二天下午她一定得去看医生。
He said t me, We used t g there every year.
→ He tldme that they used t cme here every year. 他对我说他们过去每年都来这里。（used t在间接引语中不变）
B． 代词的变化
1．人称代词的变化
①当主句的主语是第一人称时，引语中的人称代词不变。
I said, Yu did quite well in the exam yesterday.
→ I said that yu had dne quite well in the exam the day befre.我说你那天考得不错。
②直接引语中主语是第一人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称与主句中的主语的人称一致。
He said t Tm, I'll d my best t catch up with thers.
→ He tld Tm that he wuld d his best t catch up with thers. 他告诉汤姆他将尽他所能赶上其他人。
③直接引语中主语是第二人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称和主句的宾语相一致。
He said t her, Where did yu put the glasses
→ He asked her where she had put the glasses. 他问她，她把杯子放哪儿了。
提示：
如果主句中无宾语，应根据语境或想象，自添适当的宾语；如果直接引语中有呼语，则将其改为间接引语的宾语。
Mther asked, Where have yu been
→ Mher asked me where I had been. 母亲问我去哪儿了。
Why are yu late again, Jhn the teacher asked.
→ The teacher asked Jhn why he was late again. 老师问约翰为什么他又迟到。
④直接引语中主语是第三人称时，在改为间接引语时不发生变化。
He said t Tm, She can help them.
→ He tld Tm that she culd help them. 他告诉汤姆她能够帮助他们。
2．物主代词的变化
Yu shuld nt verlk yur fault, Mum said t me.
→ Mum tld me that I shuld nt verlk my fault. 妈妈对我说我不应该忽略我的缺点。
The tw bys said, We have lst ur dg.
→ The tw bys said they had lst their dg. 这两个男孩说他们的狗丢了。
3．指示代词的变化
直接引语中的指示代词
this
these
间接引语中的指示代词
that
thse
She said, This is the huse in which Lu Xun nce lived.
→ She said that that wa the huse in which Lu Xun had nce lived. 她说那是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
I bught these flwers fr yu, Jane said.
Jane said that she had bught thse flwers fr me. 简说那些花是她为我买的。
I grw these tmates myself, he said.
→ He aid that he grew thse tmates himself. 他说那些胡萝卜是他自己种的。
C． 时间和地点状语的变化
1．时间状语的变化
He said, I spke t them yesterday.
→ He said that h had spken t them the day befre. 他说他前一天跟他们讲过话了。
The student said,We have learned abut 3,000 English wrds s far.
→ The student said that they had learned abut 3,000 English wrds by then. 那学生说到那时为止他们已学会了3,000个英语单词。
2．地点状语的变化
当直接引语变间引语时，地点状语here通常变为there。但如果说话人所在地点就是引述人所地点，那么仍然使用here.
Cme here, please, he said.
→ He asked me t cme here. 他叫我到这里来。（引述人地点不变）
→ He asked me t g there. 他叫我到那里去。（引述人地点发生变化）
Here she burst ut int a fld f tears, he said t me.
→ He tld me that she had burst ut int a fld f tears there. 他告诉我说，谈到那个地方她就放声大哭了起来。