专题06 从句（定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句）

这是一份专题06 从句（定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句），共18页。

Part01 定语从句
1：考点梳理
引导定语从句的关系词；
限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；
“介词＋关系代词”的结构；
关系词之间的异同及选用。
考点1 定语从句的种类
(1)限制性定语从句
从句在句中是不可缺少的部分，去掉后主句意思往往不明确，与主句之间不用逗号隔开。
This is the huse which we bught last mnth.
(2)非限制性定语从句
从句是对主句或先行词的补充和说明，去掉后不影响主句的意思，与主句之间往往用逗号隔开。
The huse, which we bught last mnth, is very nice.
当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词/指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
Charles Smith, wh was my frmer teacher, retired last year.
My huse, which I bught last year, has gt a lvely garden.
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
He seems nt t have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
考点2 关系代词与关系副词
考点3 关系代词that和which的特殊用法
1. 限制性定语从句中，只用关系代词that的情况：
(1)先行词是all, everything, anything, nthing, little, much, few等不定代词。
I will tell yu everything that I knw.
(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰。
What is the first freign city that yu have ever been t?
(3)先行词被the nly, the very (正好), the last, all, any, every, n, little, much, sme等限定词修饰。
Chatting is the nly thing that interests her.
(4)先行词中既有人也有物。
The things and persns that they mentined are strange t me.
(5)在which或wh的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。
Wh is the by that is lying under the tree?
2. 先行词指物时，只用关系代词which的情况：
(1)“介词＋关系代词”结构中。
The huse in which we live is very large.
(2)非限制性定语从句中。
He changed his mind, which made me angry.
(3)先行词本身是that。
What is that which yu have put int yur schlbag just nw?
考点4 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
考点5 关系代词as和which的区别
1. 位置不同。
as引导的定语从句可位于句首、句中、句末；which引导的定语从句不能位于句首。
As we all knw, life is nt a bed f rses.
Life is nt a bed f rses, which we all knw.
2. 意义不同。
as意为“正如，就像”，引导的从句表达人的观点、事物的习惯性等意义，主要起承上启下的作用；which意为“这一点”，引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，补充说明主句的状态或结果。
As ften happened, they wn the ftball game again.
It rained heavily, which prevented us frm ging ut.
3. 当先行词被such, s, as等词修饰时，一般用as引导定语从句。
Such bks as yu want are sld ut.
Part02 名词性从句
1：考点梳理
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句的基本用法；
易混引导词的辨析；
名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的区分。
考点1 基本用法
考点2 主语从句
1. 引导词
在复合句中充当主句主语的从句叫作主语从句。主语从句的常见引导词有：
(1)从属连词： that, whether, if
(2)连接代词：what, which, wh, whse, whm, whatever, whichever, whever, whmever
(3)连接副词：hw, when, where, why, hwever, whenever, wherever
2. it作形式主语
在通常情况下，that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，而将that从句置于句尾。用it作形式主语通常有以下四种句型：
(1)It＋be＋形容词＋从句：
It is necessary that... 有必要……
It is imprtant that... 重要的是……
It is bvius that... 很明显……
(2)It＋be＋过去分词＋从句：
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is knwn t all that... 众所周知……
It has been decided that... 已决定……
(3)It＋be＋名词(短语)＋从句：
It is cmmn knwledge that... ……是常识
It is a surprise that... 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that... 事实是……
(4)It＋不及物动词/动词短语＋从句：
It appears that... 似乎……
It happens that... 碰巧……
It ccurs t sb. that... 某人突然想起……
It desn’t matter whether... ……没有关系
考点3 宾语从句
考点4 表语从句
1. 引导词
在复合句中充当表语的从句叫作表语从句，可接表语从句的连系动词有be, seem, lk, sund, taste, feel, remain, appear等。表语从句的常见引导词有：
(1)从属连词： that, whether
(2)连接代词： what, which, wh, whse, whm, whatever, whichever, whever, whmever
(3)连接副词： hw, when, where, why
2. 几种特殊的表语从句
(1) as if/thugh 引导的表语从句
此类表语从句常出现在seem, lk, sund, taste, feel, appear等连系动词后，从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。
It sunds as if yu are frm Canada.
It seemed as if she had heard the news.
(2) because和why引导的表语从句
此类表语从句常用于以下句型：
this/that is why... 这/那是……的原因
this/that is because... 这/那是因为……
注意：主句主语是reasn时，表语从句一般由that引导，而不用because或why。
The accident that happened yesterday was because the driver had been drunk.
The reasn fr yesterday’s accident is that the driver was drunk.
考点5 同位语从句
考点6 连词whether和if在名词性从句中的使用
1. 用whether或if均可的情况
(1) whether可引导各种名词性从句。引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可。
(2) it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。
It hasn’t been decided whether/if we shall study abrad.
2. 用whether而不用if的情况
(1)主语从句和宾语从句置于句首
Whether we will g camping depends n the weather.
Whether he will succeed, I can’t say.
(2)引导表语从句和同位语从句
The questin is whether we can get in tuch with him.
He must answer the questin whether he will attend the meeting.
(3)引导介词的宾语从句
Everything depends n whether we have free time.
(4)引导词与r nt连用
He desn’t knw whether r nt he is ging t stay.
(5)引导词后接t d
They needed mre time t cnsider whether t hld a meeting.
(6)有些动词如discuss, decide等后的宾语从句
We discussed whether we shuld hld a meeting.
(7)避免用if引导产生歧义
Let me knw whether yu are cming t ur party.
Part03 状语从句
1：考点梳理
and和but的用法区别；
while表对比的用法。
时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、让步、条件、方式和比较状语从句等；
常用的引导状语从句的连词。
考点1 基本用法
1. 并列句的用法及常见连词
2. 状语从句的类型及常见连接词
考点2 时间状语从句
考点3 结果状语从句
考点4 让步状语从句
考点5 条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的常用连接词有if, nce, unless, in case, as/s lng as, n cnditin that, suppsing (that), given (that), prviding/prvided (that) 等。
1. if
(1)若主句为将来时，if从句多用一般现在时表将来。
If it snws tmrrw, we will g skiing.
(2) if pssible/necessary意为“如有可能，如有必要”。
If (it is) necessary, please bring yur cmputer here.
(3) nly if和 if nly
nly if意为“只有”， 置于句首时主句的主谓要用部分倒装。if nly 意为“但愿，要是……就好了”，引导的从句要用虚拟语气。
Only if yu wrk harder can yu catch up with thers.
If nly it culd be sunny tmrrw.
2. unless
unless引导条件状语从句，表示“除非，否则”，可替换成if... nt...。
Please dn’t speak, unless yu are invited.
＝Please dn’t speak, if yu are nt invited.
考点6 比较状语从句
比较状语从句一般位于句尾，常用than, as... as...， nt as/s... as...等引导。
1. than前的形容词和副词用比较级形式。
It’s easier than I thught.
I sing better than he des. ＝ He desn’t sing as well as I d.
2. as... as...表示“前者与后者一样……”，nt as/s... as...表示“前者不如后者……”，形容词和副词均用原级。常用于以下句型：
as＋adj. /adv. ＋as
as＋adj. ＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋as
as＋many/few＋可数名词复数＋as
as＋much/little＋不可数名词＋as
I have as gd a sister as yu have.
I’m nt as cnsiderate as s many peple seem t think.
They are having almst as much unemplyment as we are.
考点7 状语从句中的省略
1. 在时间、地点、条件、方式、让步或比较状语从句中，当从句和主句主语一致，且从句中又有be动词时，可将从句主语及be动词省略。
He pened the desk drawer, as if (he was) in search f smething imprtant.
2. 当从句主语为代词it，从句中又有be动词时，从句主语及be动词可省略。
Cme alng with yur teacher if (it is) pssible.
3. 当从句是there be结构时，there be可省略。
Yu can ask me questins if (there are) any.
4. 在as, than引导的状语从句中，可省略与主句中重复的任何成分及be动词。
She speaks English better than he (speaks English).
Yu shuld d it as (yu were) tld t (d it).
考点8 状语从句中的倒装
1. n sner... than...和hardly/scarcely... when...引导时间状语从句，n sner和hardly/scarcely位于句首时，需将n sner和hardly/scarcely所在的句子部分倒装，且常用过去完成时，其后的than和when连接的句子不倒装，常用一般过去时。
Hardly had he begun t speak when his wife stpped him.
2. nt until...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装，nt until从句不倒装。
Nt until he came back yesterday evening did we finish the wrk.
3. if虚拟条件状语从句谓语含were, shuld, had时可将if省略，把were, shuld, had移至主语前。
Shuld he be here (＝ If he shuld be here) next week, he wuld help us.
4. s... that...和such... that...引导的结果状语从句中，若将“s ＋adj./adv.”或“such ＋n.”置于句首，主句要部分倒装。
S mved was she that she culd nt say a wrd.
5. as/thugh引导让步状语从句的倒装结构为：名词/形容词/副词/分词＋as/thugh＋主语＋谓语，动词＋as/thugh＋主语＋助动词。若是可数名词单数，前置时要省略冠词a/an。
Child as/thugh he is, he can take care f himself.
Try as/thugh he might, he culd nt find a jb.
Much as/thugh I like it, I wn’t buy it.
6. hwever, whatever引导的让步状语从句。
Hwever/N matter hw hard he wrked, he culdn’t slve the prblem.
Whatever/N matter what reasns yu have, yu shuld carry ut yur prmise.
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关
系
代
词
wh
人
主语
D yu knw the man wh is talking with yur mther?
whm,which和that在从句中作宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whm
人
宾语
Mr Smith is the persn with whm I am wrking.
The by (whm) she lved died in the war.
whse
人、物
定语
I like thse bks whse tpics are abut histry.
The by whse father wrks abrad is my deskmate.
that
人、物
主语、宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pp star (that) I want t see very much.
which
物
主语、宾语
The bk (which) I gave yu was wrth $10.
The picture which was abut the accident was terrible.
as
人、物
主语、宾语
He is such a persn as is respected by all f us.
This is the same pen as I lst yesterday.
as作宾语一般不省略
关
系
副
词
when
时间
时间状语
I will never frget the day when we met there.
可用n which替换
where
地点
地点状语
This is the huse where I was brn.
可用in which替换
why
原因
原因状语
I can’t imagine the reasn why he turned dwn my ffer.
可用fr which替换
类别
语法意义及特征
例句
限制性定语从句
对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开
The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定语从句
对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不是十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词作宾语时也不能省略
His mther,whm he lved deeply,died ten years ag.
引导词类别
常见引导词
作用
连接代词
what, which, wh, whse, whm, whatever, whichever, whever, whmever
有词义，在从句中担任主语、表语、宾语、或定语等成分
连接副词
hw, when, where, why, hwever, whenever, wherever
有词义，在从句中担任状语成分
从属连词
that, whether, if
除that外均有词义，在从句中不担任成分，只起连接作用
动词+宾语从句
I want t knw what he has tld yu.
介词+wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句
His father is wrried abut whether he wuld lse his wrk.
besides/beynd/but/except/that (除了)
Have yu heard anything beynd that he is ill?
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary but that it helps us crrect ur mistakes.
find,feel,think,cnsider,make,believe等+it+宾语补足语+that引导的宾语从句
I think it necessary that we take plenty f biled water every day.
hate,enjy,like,lve,dislike,see t等+it+宾语从句
I hate it when they talk with their muths full f fd.
形容词+宾语从句
I’m sure that they can make it.
常见的能接同位语从句的名词
belief,fact,hpe,idea,dubt,news,cnclusin,suggestin,prblem,rder,answer,decisin,explanatin,infrmatin,thught,wrd
引导词
同位语从句一般用that引导,但根据语境的不同,也可以用其他的连接代词和连接副词。引导同位语从句的that不能省略
例句
The news that ur wmen vlleyball team had wn the champinship encuraged us all greatly.
The questin where we shall have a meeting hasn’t been decided.
用法
连词
表并列、递进或顺承关系
and，bth... and...，neither... nr...，nt nly... but als... ，as well as
表转折关系
but(不可与althugh/thugh连用), yet
表选择关系
either... r... ，nt... but...，r，r else，rather than
表因果关系
fr(表“由于”，一般不放在句首)，s
and与r用
于并列句
祈使句＋and＋陈述句，and表顺承
祈使句＋r＋陈述句，r表转折
while表对比
强调对比关系，意为“然而；而”
状语从句类型
常见连接词
时间状语从句
when, while, as, befre, after, since, till, until, immediately, as sn as, every time
地点状语从句
where, wherever
让步状语从句
thugh/althugh, even if/even thugh, while, “疑问词-ever”， “n matter＋疑问词”
条件状语从句
if, nce, unless, in case, as/s lng as, n cnditin that
原因状语从句
because, as, since, nw that, seeing that, in that, cnsidering that, fr the reasn that
结果状语从句
s that, s/such... that
目的状语从句
s that, in rder that, fr fear (that), in case
比较状语从句
than, as... as, nt s... as
方式状语从句
as, as if/as thugh
关联词或短语
意义
例句
when,while,as
当……的时候
He jumped up when the phne rang.
We listened while the teacher read.
The phne rang just as I was leaving.
(as强调主、从句动作同时或几乎同时发生;while从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,不能是非延续性动词)
till,until
直到
Jane cmpleted her last nvel Persuasin in 1816,but it was nt published until after her death.(until要与延续性动词连用; 要与非延续性动词连用)
since
自从
It is tw years since he jined the army.他参军两年了。
It is tw years since he smked.他戒烟两年了。
(其后所用动词不同,该动词所表示动作持续时间的计算方法也不同)
the mment,the minute,the instant,the secnd;n ;;as sn as;directly,
immediately,nce
一……
就……
Tell him the news as sn as yu see him.
I recgnized her the mment (that) I saw her.
I want t see him the minute (that) he arrives.
I went hme directly I had finished wrk.
Once he arrives,we can start.
关联短语或结构
意义
例句
s that
结果
He didn’t plan his time well,s that he didn’t finish his wrk in time.
s+形容词/副词+that从句
如此……
以至于
……
Xia Ming is s clever that all his teachers like him.
s+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+that从句
It is s beautiful a scenery that many peple lk lst in it.
s+ many/much/little/few+名词+that从句
There was s little water in the jar that it was nt enugh fr all f us.
such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句
We left in such a hurry that we frgt t lck the dr.
such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+that从句
They are such interesting bks that I want t read them nce mre.
关联词或短语
意义
例句
thugh,althugh
虽然
Althugh/Thugh small,the cmpany has abut 1,000 buyers in ver 30 cuntries.(althugh和thugh用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用)
as
虽然
Hard as/thugh he wrks,he makes little prgress.=Thugh he wrks hard,he makes little prgress.
(在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式,可被thugh替换)
even if,even thugh
即使
Even thugh/if yu say s,I d nt believe it.
n matter what,whatever,n matter wh,whever,n matter which,whichever,n matter hw,hwever,n matter when,whenever
无论……
Whever breaks laws will be punished.=N matter wh breaks laws,he/she will be punished.
(“疑问词+ever”=“n matter +疑问词”,“疑问词+ever”也可以引导名词性从句)
while
尽管,虽然
While he lves his students,he is very strict with them.
(一般位于句首,用于句中时,译为“然而”,表对照对比关系)
nt
无论(是否)
Whether yu believe it r nt,it is true.