01 阅读理解（细节理解题 ）-高考英语一轮复习基础知识能力提升全囊括（通用版）

这是一份01 阅读理解（细节理解题 ）-高考英语一轮复习基础知识能力提升全囊括（通用版），共8页。
正确选项特征
1.同义替换：指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换；有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换；
2.信息归纳：用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案；
3.正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项；
4.原文原词：利用原文原词作为正确选项。
干扰选项特征
1.张冠李戴：是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；
2.无中生有：符合常识，但不是文章的内容；
3.曲解文意：与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动；
4.颠倒是非：在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；
5.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。
考法一 直接细节题
典例1【江苏省百校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次考试】
Even tree-planting can increase health risks t lcal human ppulatins if it fcuses t narrwly n a small number f species, as is ften the case in cmmercial frests. Outbreaks f infectius diseases are mre likely in areas f mnculture plantatins, accrding t a new study.
The researchers f the study said this was because diseases are filtered (过滤) and blcked by a range f predatrs (食肉动物) and habitats in a healthy, bidiverse frest. When this is replaced by a palm il plantatin r sy fields, the specialist species die ff, leaving generalists such as rats and msquites t thrive (繁殖) and spread pathgens acrss human and nn-human habitats. The net result is a lss f natural disease regulatin.
The researchers examined the crrelatin between trends fr frest cver, plantatins, ppulatin and disease arund the glbe using statistics frm internatinal institutins such as the Wrld Health Organizatin and the Fd and Agricultural Organizatin. Over the perid f study frm 1990 t 2016, this cvered 3,884 utbreaks f 116 diseases that crssed the species barrier and 1,996 utbreaks f 69 vectr-brne infectius diseases, mstly carried by msquites, ticks r flies.
The new study adds t a grwing bdy f evidence that viruses are mre likely t transfer t humans r animals if they live in r near human-disturbed ecsystems. This is shaped by trade patterns and cnsumer behaviur. A quarter f glbal frest lss is driven by the prductin f cmmdities such as beef, sy, palm il and wd fibre.
Mrand, lead-authr f the study, said his study shwed that disease risks need t be added t risk-benefit analysis f new prjects. “We shuld take the csts f public health int accunt when cnsidering new plantatins. The risks are first t lcal peple, but then wrldwide because we have seen with Cvid hw quickly diseases can spread.”
Mrand is nw wrking n a mre detailed study that will use satellite analysis f frest cver t examine links with disease. With mre infrmatin, he believes it may be pssible t predict future utbreaks and t wrk with lcal cmmunities t build eclgically diverse and ecnmically prductive landscapes that reduce the risks.
12．Why are utbreaks f infectius diseases mre likely in areas f mnculture plantatins?
A．The specialist species are wiped ut by their predatrs.
B．Bidiversity decline destrys natural disease regulatin.
C．Lcal human ppulatins have n knwledge f health risks.
D．Cmmercial frests prvide fd fr disease-carrying insects.
13．Hw did the researchers get their findings?
A．By cnducting data analysis.B．By referring t anther study.
C．By making field investigatin.D．By cnsulting authritative agencies.
【答案】12．B 13．A
12．细节理解题。根据第二段“When this is replaced by a palm il plantatin r sy fields, the specialist species die ff, leaving generalists such as rats and msquites t thrive (繁殖) and spread pathgens acrss human and nn-human habitats. The net result is a lss f natural disease regulatin.(当这些地方被棕榈油种植园或大豆田取代时，专门的物种就会灭绝，只留下老鼠和蚊子等多面手，并在人类和非人类的栖息地传播病原体。最终的结果是自然疾病调控的丧失。)”可知，物种多样化的下降会破坏大自然对疾病的调节控制。故选B。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段“Over the perid f study frm 1990 t 2016, this cvered 3,884 utbreaks f 116 diseases that crssed the species barrier and 1,996 utbreaks f 69 vectr-brne infectius diseases, mstly carried by msquites, ticks r flies.(在1990年至2016年的研究期间，涉及跨越物种障碍的116种疾病的3,884次爆发，以及69种病媒传染病的1,996次爆发，主要由蚊子、蜱虫或苍蝇传播。)”可知，研究人员是通过分析数据的方式得出研究结论的。故选A。
考法二 综合细节题
典例2【南京市第一中学2022-2023学年高三上学期入学考试】
There is an “envirnmental silver lining” as a result f the crna virus (冠状病毒) —carbn emissins have been reduced by mre than 4%, many wildlife markets arund the wrld have been clsed and air quality in sme places has slightly imprved, Dave Frd, funder f the envirnmental literacy rganizatin Sul Buffal, says.
Hwever, because f an increase in pandemic-related, nn-recyclable materials such as take-ut plastic cntainers and masks, 30% mre waste has entered ur ceans, he ntes. “There's 129 billin facemasks being made every mnth—enugh that yu culd cver the entire cuntry f Switzerland with facemasks at the end f this year if trends cntinue,” he says. “And a lt f these masks are ending up in the water.” The masks lk like jellyfish—in ther wrds, fd—t turtles and ther wildlife creatures, thus, attractive t thse animals and then endangering them, he says.
Very little f the plastic we use is actually recyclable. Sharn Lerner f The Intercept tld Here & Nw last year that "the vast majrity f plastic that has ever been prduced—79%—has actually ended up in landfills r burned, but nt remade int new prducts." Even if the plastics we have can be reused, Frd says recycling prgrams acrss the glbe are facing severe budget cuts.
“We're starting t see recycling prgrams stpped, waste picking cmmunities perating at 50% r actually shutting dwn. They are the last line f defense between plastic and the envirnment,” he says.
Last year, Unilever planned t cut its use f nn-recycled plastics in half by 2025. In an interview with Here & Nw, Richard Slater, Unilever's chief research and develpment fficer, drew n the industry argument that plastic packaging is lighter, which means less shipping and therefre fewer dangerus emissins that cause climate change.
Yes, plastics are lightweight and can cut dwn n fuel spending. But n the ther hand, plastic waste is being fund in every aspect f life—even in the deepest cean.
29．Why are facemasks attractive t sme sea creatures?
A．There is a cntinuus shrtage f fd in the cean.
B．They cntain certain unique chemicals.
C．Many sea creatures like t chase plastic by nature.
D．They lk like the sea creatures' fd.
30．What can we learn abut the plastic waste?
A．The majrity f it is buried r burned.
B．Mst f it is recycled int new prducts.
C．129 billin facemasks end up in the cean.
D．There is enugh budget fr plastic recycling.
【答案】 29．D 30．A
29．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The masks lk like jellyfish—in ther wrds, fd—t turtles and ther wildlife creatures, thus, attractive t thse animals and then endangering them, he says. (很多这样的口罩最后都掉进水里了。”他说, 这种口罩看起来像水母——换句话说, 是乌龟和其他野生动物的食物——因此, 吸引了这些动物, 然后又危及了它们。)”可知, 有些海洋生物喜欢口罩, 是因为它们很像海洋生物的食物。故选D。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Sharn Lerner f The Intercept tld Here & Nw last year that "the vast majrity f plastic that has ever been prduced—79%—has actually ended up in landfills r burned, but nt refashined int new prducts." (去年, Intercept网站的Sharn Lerner在接受《Here & Nw》采访时表示：“绝大多数已经生产出来的塑料——79%——最终都被扔进了垃圾填埋场或被焚烧, 但没有被改造成新产品。”)”可知, 大部分塑料废品都被埋了或者烧掉了。故选A。
巩固提高
A
【江苏省百校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次考试】
Frm a tree huse camp in France t an rganic farm in Prtugal, The Green Traveller picks fur resrts (景点) t stay during the cming summer vacatin.
Il Paluff, Italy
It’s a cllectin f luxurius small villas (别墅) within a restred 15th-century building, pwered by renewable energy, amid the rlling Chianti Hills. Frm the natural pl yu can be bathed in the sunshine while admiring views. The main villa has fur elegant duble rms, while fur apartments each sleep fur t six peple and cme with their wn private gardens.
Le Camp, France
It is a safari-tent camp, verlking the green valley f the Aveyrn in suth-west France. Large handmade beds, sft slar lighting, and an utdr wdland spa are arranged in a back-t-nature setting. The wners can help plan yur jurney by train and ffer a free transfer (接送) t and frm lcal railway statins.
Le Mas de Saribu, France
Swing in the hammck (吊床) by the splendid natural pl with views f muntain peaks at this fur-rm ec villa in suth-eastern France. The kids will lve explring the gardens where yu search fr vegetables, fruit, and flwers fr yur dinner. Slar panels supply the electricity and a grass rf and thick walls keep yu cl inside frm the summer heat.
Muxima, Prtugal
It’s an African-inspired retreat. The slar-pwered seven guest rms here are clse t sme spectacular sandy and surf-friendly beaches alng the Vicentina cast. Yu can jin an early mrning yga class by the natural pl and then take a seat t enjy a vegetarian breakfast, made up f mstly rganic, hmegrwn and lcal prduce.
1．What can a visitr d in Il Paluff and Le Mas de Saribu?
A．Restre ld buildings.B．D gardening wrk.
C．Swing in the hammck.D．Enjy muntain views.
2．Which f the fllwing ffers persnalized services?
A．Il Paluff.B．Le Camp.
C．Le Mas de Saribu.D．Muxima.
3．What d the fur resrts have in cmmn?
A．They ffer rganic breakfast.
B．They spnsr swimming races.
C．They are pwered by green energy.
D．They are surrunded by muntains.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C
【导语】本篇是应用文。介绍了四个夏季休闲度假的好去处。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“amid the rlling Chianti Hills. Frm the natural pl yu can be bathed in the sunshine while admiring views(在起伏的基安蒂山中。从天然泳池，您可以沐浴在阳光下，欣赏美景)”和第四段的“Swing in the hammck (吊床) by the splendid natural pl with views f muntain peaks at this fur-rm ec villa in suth-eastern France(在这座位于法国东南部的四房生态别墅中，在壮丽的天然泳池旁的吊床上荡秋千，可以看到山峰)”可知，游客在Il Paluff和Le Mas de Saribu都可以欣赏山景。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The wners can help plan yur jurney by train and ffer a free transfer (接送) t and frm lcal railway statins(车主可以帮助您计划火车旅行，并提供往返当地火车站的免费接送服务)”可知，在Le Camp游客可以享受到定制服务。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第二段的“pwered by renewable energy(由可再生能源提供动力)”，第三段的“sft slar lighting(软太阳能照明)”，第四段的“Slar panels supply the electricity(太阳能电池板提供电力)”和最后一段的“The slar-pwered seven guest rms(太阳能发电的七间客房)”可知，这四个度假村的共同之处是它们由绿色能源提供动力。故选C。
B
【江苏省百校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次考试】
Allwing wmen t give birth in hspital with their pet dg by their side culd make them less anxius, ne f the first wmen t use a “birth dg” has said.
Charltte Beard, 24, wh suffers frm nn-epileptic seizures, was supprted thrugh her 50-hur labur by her aid pet Flump, wh is trained t detect seizures befre they happen.
Flump was prepared fr the birth by being played audi tracks f babies crying at hme and being intrduced t staff at the maternity ward (产房) in Ple hspital. Beard jked. “He was visiting the maternity hspital n a very regular basis, getting t knw staff, getting t knw the different rms and the setups.”
It is a legal requirement that assistance dgs are allwed int hspitals, but Beard said a lt f hspitals were nt aware f this.
“It wuld have caused high levels f anxiety if Flump was nt there,” she said. “I wuld have certainly been mre cncerned abut my safety.”
“I am nt suggesting that if I were t have a seizure, staff wuld nt have been able t lk after me. But n staff member can detect befrehand whether yu are ging t have a seizure r nt. That is smething that Flump can d that nbdy else can, and it gives them such valuable time t make sure that I am safe and have the right supprt in place befre it happens. Preventin is always much better than treatment.”
Beard gt Flump at 10 weeks and has trained him since then. “Frm a human standpint I cannt help but think hw lvely it is that Flump was there. He was ne f the first t see Alfie,” Beard said. “Being present there frm the birth and meeting Alfie within mments f him being brn, whether it has increased the bnd r nt, it was such a lvely experience fr everyne. Flump was abslutely bestted (痴恋) with Alfie frm the mment he first saw him.”
8．Why did Beard have an assistance pet present during birth?
A．T cure her disease.B．T mnitr the dctrs.
C．T ease her anxiety.D．T keep the dr.
9．What was the assistance dg trained t d befre ding the jb?
A．Understand human vices.B．Get familiarized with the hspital.
C．Play music fr babies.D．Learn abut medical devices.
10．What des the underlined wrd “it” in paragraph 6 refer t?
A．Detecting the disease.B．Medical treatment.
C．Lking after the patient.D．A seizure.
11．What des Beard think f future bnd between the dg and her sn?
A．It will be clse.B．It will be tense.
C．It needs imprving.D．It is hard t say.
【答案】8．C 9．B 10．D 11．A
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，介绍了英国一位妇女让宠物狗陪她在医院产子的事情，以此说明在医院里带着宠物狗分娩可以减轻产妇的焦虑。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Allwing wmen t give birth in hspital with their pet dg by their side culd make them less anxius, ne f the first wmen t use a “birth dg” has said.(首批使用“分娩犬”的女性之一表示，让女性在医院分娩时身边有宠物狗陪伴，可以减轻她们的焦虑。)”可知，Charltte Beard让狗陪她产子是想消除自己的焦虑。故选C。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段的““He was visiting the maternity hspital n a very regular basis, getting t knw staff, getting t knw the different rms and the setups.”(“他经常去妇产医院，了解那里的工作人员，了解不同的病房和设施。”)”可知，在工作之前，辅助犬被训练熟悉一下医院，故选B。
10．词句猜测题。根据第六段的“But n staff member can detect befrehand whether yu are ging t have a seizure r nt. That is smething that Flump can d that nbdy else can, and it gives them such valuable time t make sure that I am safe and have the right supprt in place befre it happens.(但是没有工作人员可以事先检测到你是否会癫痫发作。这是Flump能做到的，其他人做不到的，这给了他们宝贵的时间来确保我的安全，并在事情发生之前得到正确的支持。)”可知，it指代的是a seizure（癫痫发作）。故选D。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Being present there frm the birth and meeting Alfie within mments f him being brn, whether it has increased the bnd r nt, it was such a lvely experience fr everyne. Flump was abslutely bestted (痴恋) with Alfie frm the mment he first saw him.(阿尔菲出生时我就在现场，在他出生的那一刻见到了他，不管这是否增加了我们之间的联系，对每个人来说都是如此美好的经历。弗朗普第一次见到阿尔菲时就完全迷上了他。)”可知，比尔德认为狗和她儿子未来会很亲密，故选A。
[设题特点]
直接细节题的特点是在原文中可以找到和选项信息几乎一样的短语或句子。只需要弄清题干问的是什么,找到题干中的关键信息，然后根据信息在文中寻找相关内容(有时需跨段落寻找细节信息)。正确选项和原文在表述上没有太大的变化。 常涉及考查直接细节题的一般为应用文，涉及人与社会这一主题的：①旅游广告；②活动介绍/通知/启事；③演出信息；④飞机/火车等交通工具出行问题。
[设问方式] 特殊疑问句形式：以 when,where,what,which,wh等疑问词开头引出问题。
[技法点拨]
[设题特点]
1.综合细节题相比直接细节题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常考类型：①同义转述类：为了增加迷惑性，出题人有时会利用同义词、近义词甚至反义词等对题干或正确答案进行“包装”,这就要求考生能够仔细分析辨别出关键信息再作答。②数字计算类：此类题要求考生对表示时间、数量等的数字信息进行加工，考查考生对具体细节信息的处理能力，故试题涉及的计算相对简单。③综合细节类：此类试题涉及一段内的多个信息点或多段内容且各个细节信息都能在文章中找到。考生要具备一定的概括或归纳能力才能正确作答。
2.考查综合细节题的体裁常为记叙文、说明文或议论文，会涉及人与社会、人与自我和人与自然三大主题语境。
[设问方式]
①特殊疑问句形式：以when,where,what,which,wh等疑问词开头引出问题。②Which f the fllwing best
③Hw des the writer readers?
[技法点拨]