04 阅读理解（词句猜测题）-高考英语一轮复习基础知识能力提升全囊括（通用版）

这是一份04 阅读理解（词句猜测题）-高考英语一轮复习基础知识能力提升全囊括（通用版），共13页。
1.这类题目往往要求考生能够对文章中的某个生词、熟词(熟词生义)、短语或句子进行理解并选出准确的意思，或者确定原文中某个代词的指代含义。因此，在阅读过程中，考生需要结合语境，联系上下文进行猜测。此外，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对提高阅读能力都有非常重要的意义。
2.分析近三年新高考卷及全国卷考查词义猜词的题目可以发现：(1)文本中涉及的派生词、合成词难度加大，更加突出对考生灵活运用语言的能力的考查；(2)对短语的考查与对生词的考查都有所涉及，短语已经不再限制于由课标词组成的短语了，出现了非课标词，这对考生的语言运用能力提出了更高的要求。无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是阅读篇章中需要理解的生词，我们都可运用逻辑关系、上下文、生活常识、文化背景、构词法等来猜测其含义。
[选项特征]
正确选项特征
1.本意延伸。其真实的含义与其字面意思无关，在原意的基础上进行延伸或者拓展；
2.逻辑通顺。在内容上，与词或短语所在的句子、段落有关，符合上下文逻辑；
3.接近原意。会采取另一种用法或表达方式，而且与原句意思最接近。
干扰选项特征
1.构词法干扰，指片面地从构词法的角度猜测、思考，不考虑上下文语境，望词生义；
2.如果考的是熟词、旧词，含有常规词义或本来含义的往往是错误选项；
3.句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。
考法一 单词或短语含义猜测题
词义含义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词和短语的能力，而这些词和短语往往都是超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，猜测词义能力的高低，直接影响着阅读理解得分的高低。
技法1 “逻辑关系”猜词义
阅读理解语篇是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据逻辑关系可以粗略地推断出生词词义或其大致义域。对猜测词义帮助较大的逻辑关系有并列、转折和因果等。
[技法点拨]
(1)当需要猜测的词语位于in cntrast,n the cntrary,unlike,hwever,but,despite,while等词语附近时，可以推测其意思与前后的单词或短语表示相反的意思。因此，可以通过这种转折关系，根据已知单词或短语的意思反推需要猜测的词语的意思。
(2)当需要猜测的词语位于als,,similarly,and,r,just as,likewise等词语附近时，可以推测其意思与前后的单词或短语表示相同或者相近的意思。因此，可以通过这种并列关系，根据已知单词或短语的意思推测出需要猜测的词语的意思。
(3)英语中表示因果关系的词语有because,since,fr,as,thus,therefre,cnsequently,hence,due t,wing t,thanks t,n
accunt f,result in, result frm,s,as a result,fr this reasn,accrdingly,,等，当需要猜测的词语位于这些词或短语附近时，可以根据因果关系猜测其意思。
典例1【江苏省常熟市2022-2023学年高三10月阶段性抽测（一）】
Parents, teachers and caregivers have lng suspected the magic f strytelling t calm kids. Researchers have nw quantified the bilgical and emtinal benefits f a well-tld tale.
“We knw that narrative has the pwer t transprt us t anther wrld,” says Guilherme Brckingtn frm Brazil’s Federal University. “Earlier research suggested that stries help children prcess and regulate their emtins — but this was mstly cnducted in a labratry, with subjects answering questins while lying inside functinal MRI machines. There are few studies n bilgical and psychlgical effects f strytelling in a mre cmmnplace hspital setting.”
S investigatrs wrking in several Brazilian hspitals split a ttal f 81 patients aged 4 t 11 int tw grups, matching them with strytellers wh had a decade f hspital experience. In ne grup, the stryteller led each child in playing a riddle game. In the ther, yungsters chse bks and listened as the stryteller read them alud. Befre and after these sessins, the researchers tk spit samples frm each child, then asked them t reprt their pain levels and cnducted a free-assciatin wrd quiz.
Children in bth grups benefited measurably frm the interactins; they shwed lwer levels f crtisl — the stress-related hrmne and higher levels f xytcin, which is ften described as a feel-gd hrmne. Yet kids in the strytelling grup benefited significantly mre: their crtisl levels were a quarter f thse in the riddle grup, and their xytcin levels were nearly twice as high. Thse wh heard stries als reprted pain levels drpping almst twice as much as thse in the riddle grup, and they used mre psitive wrds t describe their hspital stay.
The study demnstrates that playing games r simply interacting with smene can relax kids and imprve their utlk but that hearing stries has an especially dramatic effect. The researchers “really tried t cntrl the scial interactin cmpnent f the stryteller, which I think was the key,” says Raymnd Mar, a psychlgist at Yrk University wh was nt invlved in the new research.
Next, the investigatrs plan t study hw lng these effects last, alng with strytelling’s ptential benefits t kids with particular illnesses such as cancer. Fr nw Brckingtn says the results indicate strytelling is a lw-cst and extremely efficient way t help imprve health utcmes in a variety f settings. Mar agrees. “It’s very prmising and scalable,” he says, “and pssibly generalizable.”
33．The underlined wrd “scalable” in the last paragraph is clsest in meaning t _________.
A．accessibleB．cmparableC．adjustableD．readable
【答案】33．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究人员现在已经量化了一个讲得好的故事在生理和情感上的好处。
33．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“the results indicate strytelling is a lw-cst and extremely efficient way t help imprve health utcmes in a variety f settings(研究结果表明，讲故事是一种低成本且极其有效的方法，可以帮助改善各种环境下的健康状况)”可知，这种方法是可行的，可使用的，scalable和accessible(可使用的)意思相近，故选A。
典例2【江苏省金陵中学、海安中学2022-2023学年高三10月联考】
Jhn Dminis was ne f the staff phtgraphers f LIFE Magazine. He jined LIFE in 1950 and sht ne f the mst classic pictures f the 20th century; Tmmie Smith and Jhn Carls giving the black pwer salute at the Olympics in Mexic.
Here, LIFE lks back at ne f his lesser-knwn shts—the African antelpe, which was a cver stry that earned him Magazine Phtgrapher f the year in 1966 and later became a bk. In the Editr’s Nte that accmpanies the stry, Dminis described hw he was able t get the dramatic pht withut a telepht lens.
“I wanted t get lw-angle shts that gave a dramatic sense f their speed. I built bxes and munted cameras inside f them.” Dminis explained. “Jhn and I wrked fr three weeks with them. We’d g a mile ahead f a herd and put dwn the bxes and hid them. Then we’d hide a quarter f a mile away and wait maybe fr several hurs. Meanwhile the light might change and there was n way I culd change the expsure n the cameras. If the animal reached the bxes, I pushed the buttn that set ff the cameras by a radi signal and ran ff a whle rll f film. I must have expsed 40 rlls, but ended up with nly ne really gd pht.”
The Brisce Center recently acquired Jhn Dminis’s wrks. “These pictures and cllectins have smething t say abut hw Americans perceive the utside wrld,” said Ben Wright f the Brisce Center. “They are nt nly beautiful and interesting; they’re histrical evidence that help histrians t understand the past with accuracy and integrity.”
25．What des the underlined wrd “munted” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Fixed.B．Added.
C．Adjusted.D．Fcused.
【答案】25．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了摄影师Jhn Dminis是如何拍摄他的非洲羚羊照片的经过的，以及人们对他作品的评价。
25．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“I wanted t get lw-angle shts that gave a dramatic sense f their speed. I built bxesand(我想拍低角度的照片，给人一种戏剧性的速度感。我制作了盒子)”以及后文“cameras inside f them”可知，Dminis想要拍摄低角度的照片，给人一种速度的戏剧性感觉，所以做了一些盒子，在里面安装了摄像机。故画线词意思是“安装”。A.Fixed.安装；B.Added.增加；C.Adjusted.调整；D.Fcused.集中。故选A。
技法2 “语法关系”猜词义
利用语法关系猜测词义时指利用语言表达中的下定义、举例子、标点符号等进行词义猜测的方法。
[技法点拨]
(1)作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有：i.e.,is,are,is/are called,mean,refer t,knwn as等。
(2)有时，画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助考生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有：such as,,fr example,fr instance,like,including,especially等.
(3)作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词汇有：r,namely,that is,in ther wrds,that is t say,t be mre exact,t put in anther way等。
典例4【江苏省金陵中学、海安中学2022-2023学年高三10月联考】
As the new year appraches, crwds arund the wrld may be expecting whizzes and bangs t light up the sky. The appeal f firewrks culd fizzle ut with the grwing use f drnes (无人机) fr light shws, thugh.
Ollie Hwitt, a leader f SkyMagic, which used a team f 300 drnes t create a display fr Lndn’s new year celebratin last year, said demand had increased substantially. “We d think it’s ging t be smething that’s ever catching n, as ppsed t it being a shrt-lived srt f fashin peple have suddenly gt interested in. Drnes are reusable and there’s n fallut. In that sense they’re a very gd, sustainable ptin,” she said.
28．What des the underlined phrase “fizzle ut” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Catch n.B．Wind up.
C．Spring up.D．Cancel ut.
【答案】28．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了无人机用于灯光表演有许多优点，但是它可能给环境带来的影响。人们对无人机灯光表演有不同态度。
28．词句猜测题。结合常识和第一段“The appeal f firewrks culd fizzle ut with the grwing use f drnes (无人机) fr light shws，thugh.(不过，随着无人机越来越多地用于灯光表演，烟花的吸引力可能会fizzle ut)”中“firewrks”和“the grwing use f drnes”可知，烟花表演与无人机的表演是有共性的，都属于夜空中的灯光秀，因此，当无人机越来越多地用于灯光表演，烟花表演就减少或被替代，由此推知，划线短语与Wind up意思相近，意为“结束”。故选B项。
典例5【江苏省涟水县第一中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次阶段检测】
Chinese cuisine is widely knwn and enjyed all arund the wrld, Wh desn’t lng fr a favrite Chinese dish? But there is ne interesting cncept cncerning Chinese fd which is almst unheard in the West, and which is becming increasingly ignred by the yuth f the East—the ancient custm f tnic fd.
Tnic fd is fd which is cnsumed t imprve ne’s well-being r avid sickness. Fr instance, it was nce the custm fr new mthers t eat a sesame il htpt every day fr the first mnth after giving birth. It was believed that this dish wuld benefit the muscles, reduce pain, imprve circulatin, stimulate sweating, and warm the bdy. Sme fds, such as gat meat and spinach(菠菜), are seen as “ht”, while thers, such as Chinese cabbage and radishes(小萝卜), are seen as “cld”. One shuld be careful nt t eat t much f either “ht” r “cld” fd, Hwever, hw much “ht” r “cld” fd ne shuld eat depends n the time f the year, hw the fd is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health.
The custm f emplying tnic fd fr a healthier life als influences the catering industry. Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wlfberry, can be fund n many a restaurant menu, either added t fruit tea r as a beneficial additin t a dish. These herbs attract custmers, such as verwrked ffice staff, in need f a mdest pick-me-up.
S, whether yu need t bst yur strength with a large helping f chicken sup, r increase yur mental pwers with a serving f pig brain sup, yu may find that this ancient Chinese custm culd be just the tnic yu were lking fr.
10．Which f the fllwing best explains “catering” underlined in paragraph 3?
A．Medicine.B．Restaurant.C．Educatin.D．Fashin.
【答案】10．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国传统滋补品的现状、功效以及滋补品对现代餐饮业的影响。
10．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wlfberry, can be fund n many a restaurant menu, either added t fruit tea r as a beneficial additin t a dish.”可知，中草药，如枸杞，可以在许多餐馆的菜单上找到，可以添加到水果茶中，也可以作为一道菜的有益补充。由此可知，文中catering industry与下文的餐馆有关，故可知意思是“餐馆”。A. Medicine.药物；B. Restaurant.餐厅；C. Educatin.教育；D. Fashin.时尚。故选B。
技法3 利用构词法猜词义
[技法点拨]
构词法是猜测生词含义的重要依据，根据构词法猜测出的词义一般比较接近单词的真实意思，准确度较高。虽然利用构词法猜测词义近三年高考没有直接考查，但是在阅读文本中出现了派生词、合成词，且没有给出注解，考生需要利用构词法理解其含义，因此，利用构词法猜词的方法考生仍需要掌握。
典例6(2020·新高考Ⅱ卷·B)
The end f the schl year was insight and spirits were high.I was back teaching after an absence f 15 years,dealing with the varius kinds f“frbidden fruit”that cme ut f bk bags.Nw was the spring f the water pistl(手枪).
I decided t think up a methd f dealing with frbidden fruit.
My imaginary Grandma's Bx wrked like magic that spring,and later.Smetimes students wuld ask me t describe all the things I had in it.Then I wuld try t remember the different pssessins I suppsedly had taken away—since I seldm actually kept them.Usually the ffender wuld appear at the end f the day,and I wuld return the belnging.
5.What d the underlined wrds“the ffender”in paragraph 8refer t?
A.The student's parent.B.The maker f the Grandma's Bx.
C.The authr's grandchild.D.The wner f the frbidden fruit.
5.D根据构词法，“er”为后缀，当其与动词缀合时，表示做某事的人或物；ffend为动词，意为“违反、冒犯”。故ffender有“犯规者、违反者”的含义。结合上文中出现的frbidden fruit以及下文提到的return the belnging可推断，犯规者指拥有下述frbidden fruit的人。
考法二 代词猜测题
典例8【江苏省南京市六校联合体2022-2023学年高三上学期10月联合调研】
Fr mst peple, mney still means physical cash printed by a sle(唯一的、专有的), public authrity. Yet it may be shrt-lived, as cash gives way t the digitalizatin f finance and new means f payment may take ver. The big change will have huge impacts n states, peple and cmpanies.
Des it d mre gd than harm? Eswar Prasad, a senir prfessr f Trade Plicy at Crnell University, says in his bk Kill bills, the Future f Mney, it depends n central banks — whether they can embrace change withut lsing cntrl. He insists the end f cash — likely within a decade r tw — is revlutinary.
As fr the trend that cash is declining, Mr Prasad explains that it is due t the fact that many peple bank frm laptps and make payments n their phnes. Bitcin and many ther digital mnies it has inspired bring abut a mre fundamental shift, which makes payments pssible withut the need fr a trusted, central authrity. Hwever, banks remain dminant. Fearing this culd d them ut f a jb, many central banks are beginning t catch up with the pace by develping their wn digital currencies — CBDCs, which will upgrade the financial system.
Mr Prasad says they are mre efficient than cash fr settling transactins(交易结算). They culd als prvide supprt t digital-payment systems managed by private firms. They culd ffer “unbanked” cmmunities access t digital payments and ther financial prducts. And they may make it easier t track illegal transactins.
Hwever, Mr Prasad fears CBDCs may be vulnerable(脆弱的) t hacking and bugs; they culd kill private innvatin and cause the instability they are meant t prhibit. The privacy f transactins will be lst.
He als manages t make the financial system understandable and interesting. His patient descriptin f hw it wrks includes numbers f well-researched examples and persnal anecdtes.
9．What des the underlined wrd “they” in Paragraph 4 refer t?
A．Central banks.B．Bills.C．Cmpanies.D．CBDCs.
【答案】 9．D
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要以《消灭纸币，货币的未来》这本书为核心话题，介绍了其主要内容——当前货币今后的发展的情况。
词句猜测题。根据第三段“Fearing this culd d them ut f a jb, many central banks are beginning t catch up with the pace by develping their wn digital currencies — CBDCs, which will upgrade the financial system.(由于担心这可能会让它们失去工作，许多央行开始通过开发自己的数字货币来赶上这一步伐，这将升级金融体系。)”以及划线单词下文“They culd als prvide supprt t digital-payment systems managed by private firms. They culd ffer “unbanked” cmmunities access t digital payments and ther financial prducts. And they may make it easier t track illegal transactins.(他们还可以为私人公司管理的数字支付系统提供支持。它们可以为“没有银行账户”的社区提供使用数字支付和其他金融产品的渠道。而且它们可能会使追踪非法交易变得更容易。)”可知，they指的是上文提到的数字货币。故选D。
【江苏省南通市海安市实验中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月考】
Have yu ever spent an afternn in the backyard，maybe grilling r enjying a basketball game, when suddenly yu ntice that everything ges quiet? There is an ld phrase “calm befre the strm",ften used in a situatin—a quiet perid just befre a great activity r. excitement. Accrding t ur wn experience, we knw there is actually calm befre the strm. But what causes this calm? And is it always calm befre the strm? Let's hear what scientists have t say..
A perid f calm happens in a particular kind f strm, the simplest kind f strm—a single-cell thunderstrm. In this type f thunderstrm, there is usually nly ne main updraft, which is warm, damp air and drawn frm places near the grund. Strms need warm and damp air as fuel, s they typically draw that air in frm surrunding envirnment. Strms can draw in the air that fit their need frm all directins—even frm the directin in which the strm is traveling.
As the warm, damp air is pulled int a strm system, it leaves a lw-pressure vacuum（真 空）cming after. The rising air meets the cld dry air that has already existed in the strm cluds, thus the temperature f the warm, damp air drps, and the water vapur（水蒸气）in it changes int tiny drps that are a precnditin f rain. These drps accumulate and build n larger particles like dust, until they grw large enugh t frm raindrps.
This warm, damp air keeps mving upwards, but it becmes cler and drier during its trip thrugh clud. When it reaches the tp f the clud, the air gets spit ut（被挤出）at the tp. This air is sent rlling ut ver the big thundercluds. Frm there, the air ges dwn. Warm and dry air is relatively stable, and nce it cvers a regin, that air, in turn, causes the calm befre a strm.
Mst thunderstrms, thugh, dn't start with calm. That's because mst are actually grups f strms with cmplex wind patterns. There's s much air mving up and dwn strm grups that the calm befre the strm never happens. Instead, befre the strm,让 might be really windy!
13．What des the underlined wrd “it” in Paragraph 3 refer t?
A．Cld and dry air.B．Warm and dry air.
C．Cld and damp air.D．Warm and damp air.
【答案】13．D
【分析】本文为自然现象类说明文。文章揭秘暴风雨来临前的宁静这一神秘自然现象。
13．代词指代题。第三段中The rising air meets the cld dry air that has already existed in the strm cluds, thus the temperature f the warm, damp air drps, and the water vapur(水蒸汽) in it changes int tiny drps that are a precnditin f rain.提到由于暖湿空气被吸进雷暴中，雷暴经过之处就形成了低气压真空带。正在上升的暖湿气流遇到雷暴云层中原本就存在的干燥冷空气，此时暖湿空气的温度下降，暖湿空气中的水分凝结成小的水滴，这就是雨水形成的前提。所以可知，代词it代指“暖湿空气”。故选D。
考法三 句意猜测题
【江苏省如东中学2022~2023学年高三上学期期初学情检测】
Can snacking be a key element f a healthy lifestyle? If yur first respnse is “N!”, here’s a chance t update yur pinins. Sme f us were raised with the advice f “Never eat between meals”, which can prtect ur teeth frm sweets. Yet there can be significant advantages f snacking n healthy fds. Researchers have fund that eating frequent mini-meals ffers health benefits. Dr. David Jenkins and clleagues at the University f Trnt have reprted sme remarkable advantages.
In ne study, participants were randmly divided int tw grups and bth grups were given the same type and amunt f fd ver a tw-week perid. One grup cnsumed three meals a day. Fr thse having a “Nibbling Diet”, fd was divided int 17 mini-meals a day. After tw weeks, the nibblers had reduced their bld chlesterl (胆固醇) levels by mre than 15 percent. Crtisl (皮质醇), a stress indicatr, was reduced by 17 percent. Average serum insulin (血清胰岛素) levels f nibblers were reduced by 28 percent. With less insulin, the bdy is less likely t cnvert lads f calries int bdy fat.
Als, yu may think eating cncentrated surces f fat r sugar (r bth) will pack the weight int yur bdy. Hwever, see belw fr sme examples f healthy snacks:
Nuts are high in fat s keep prtins mderate.
Hwever, the fat cmes with a wealth f minerals and prtective substances. Fr grwing yungsters, high-energy adults, athletes and thse wh have difficulty maintaining their weight, nuts are a great slutin.
Dried fruits (raisins, currants, apricts) help yu stck up n irn. If yu tend t feel cld in winter, keep raisins handy. When yur bld sugar drps, yu’ll have an instant remedy. Fresh fruit is als a great chice.
9．What d the underlined wrds “Nibbling Diet” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Nt eating t much fd at a time.
B．Eating many snacks at a time.
C．Eating fd gently each time.
D．Eating fd quickly each time.
【答案】 9．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，经常吃迷你餐对健康有益，并介绍了一些健康零食。
9．词义猜测题。根据画线短语下文“fd was divided int 17 mini-meals a day”（食物被分为每天17顿迷你餐）可知，参与研究的另一组人每天吃17顿迷你餐，由此可知，这些人一次不会吃太多的食物，“Nt eating t much fd at a time”意为“一次不吃太多的食物”，能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选A项。
巩固提高
A
【江苏省如皋市2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考】
Thanks t great prgress in fundamental research, bilgy is becming mre prgrammable. Tw recent scientific advances shw hw pwerful the pssibilities culd be. The genetic mdificatin f plants is allwing the mechanism f phtsynthesis t be tinkered with (调整). This culd lead t dramatic imprvements in the prductivity f plants. Tweaking the genes f peple wh suffer frm fatal incurable diseases, meanwhile, has als had remarkable results. A series f genetic therapies has arrived, r is arriving, t treat sme fatal diseases. The task nw is t spread these gains far and wide.
This attractive prmise has been made pssible by an enrmus investment in fundamental research ver the years. Basic knwledge f genetics and the functins and structures f prteins has prved t be a mtr fr discvery acrss medicine and agriculture. The private sectr, t be sure plays an essential rle in the cycle f innvatin. But these advances are a reminder that investment by gvernments and charities is crucial in areas that ffer little cmmercial benefit in the shrt term, but which in the lng term prmise t greatly advance well-being.
Unfrtunately, there is n guarantee that these gains will be realized. Gene therapies are a remarkable technical accmplishment. But their current enrmus cst makes them hard fr health-care systems t affrd.
In the past, nvel medicines that started ut extremely cstly have becme much cheaper. If gene therapy is t live up t its prmise, it will need t d even better than this. Mre efficient phtsynthesis, t, will need further investment if it is t be cmmercialized.
The lng—term manufacturing csts f a new green revlutin will, thankfully, be lw; plants make mre plants in a way that treatments never can. Gene therapies, hwever, need innvatin t reduce the cst f making them. Here gvernments, charities and the private sectr culd usefully wrk tgether.
Last, regulatrs als need t be quicker and mre understanding f the gains t sciety frm helping these technlgies reach their ptential. Innvatins can languish withut apprpriate r timely rule-making. Science has made a genetic revlutin pssible. Nw that revlutin must flurish.
8．Hw d peple benefit frm these tw advances?
A．Fatal diseases will be cured.
B．Peple can suffer frm deadly diseases.
C．The mechanism f phtsynthesis can be changed.
D．Mre fd will be prduced t feed a hungry planet.
9．Which f the fllwing desn’t cntribute t the revlutin?
A．Investment by gvernments.
B．Knwledge f genetics and prteins.
C．Investment by the private sectr.
D．Knwledge f medicine and agriculture.
10．What shuld be dne t generalize the achievements accrding t the authr?
A．Regulating the revlutin t understand the gains.
B．Innvating gene therapies t reduce the cst.
C．Cmmercializing phtsynthesis t meet the needs
D．Wrking tgether t develp new drugs.
11．What des the underlined wrd “languish” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Manage t thrive.B．Reach their ptential.
C．Fail t advance.D．Make prper rules.
【答案】8．D 9．D 10．B 11．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了通过调整有机体的光合作用来帮助人类发展农业以及制药业，同时也延伸出监管者们该做和不该做的事情。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The genetic mdificatin f plants is allwing the mechanism f phtsynthesis t be tinkered with (调整). This culd lead t dramatic imprvements in the prductivity f plants.(植物的基因改造使光合作用的机制得以修补。这将大大提高植物的生产力。)”可知，人们从这两项进步中获益，将生产更多的粮食来养活饥饿的地球。故选D。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Basic knwledge f genetics and the functins and structures f prteins has prved t be a mtr fr discvery acrss medicine and agriculture. The private sectr, t be sure plays an essential rle in the cycle f innvatin. But these advances are a reminder that investment by gvernments and charities is crucial in areas that ffer little cmmercial benefit in the shrt term, but which in the lng term prmise t greatly advance well-being.(遗传学的基础知识和蛋白质的功能和结构已被证明是医学和农业领域发现的动力。毫无疑问，私营部门在创新周期中扮演着至关重要的角色。但这些进展提醒我们，政府和慈善机构的投资在短期内几乎没有商业效益，但从长期来看有望大大提高福祉的领域至关重要。)”可知，政府投资、遗传学和蛋白质知识以及私营部门投资都有助于这场革命，D选项没有提到，故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段的“In the past, nvel medicines that started ut extremely cstly have becme much cheaper. If gene therapy is t live up t its prmise, it will need t d even better than this.(在过去，一开始非常昂贵的新药物已经变得非常便宜。如果基因疗法要实现它的承诺，它需要做得比这更好。)”可知，为了推广这些成果，我们应该降低创新基因疗法的成本，故选B。
11．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“Last, regulatrs als need t be quicker and mre understanding f the gains t sciety frm helping these technlgies reach their ptential.(最后，监管机构还需要更快、更了解帮助这些技术发挥潜力给社会带来的好处。)”可知，划线词所在的句子表示“如果没有适当或及时的规则制定，创新就会停滞不前”，划线词languish的意思是“不能前进”，和fail t advance意思相近，故选C。
B
Fr centuries, tw f the mst interesting questins abut Lenard da Vinci’s “Mna Lisa” were “Wh?” and “When?” A discvery made at Heidelberg University in 2005 answered bth. A nte cnfirmed the accunt f da Vinci’s first bigrapher, Girgi Vasari: that the sitter was a merchant’s wife, Lisa Gherardini. The nte als helped date the masterpicce t between 1503 and 1506.
A third cnundrum— “Where?”— is still in dispute. But n June 3rd a French engineer, Pascal Ctte, declared that he and a cllabratr had identified the landscape in the backgrund f the painting. During a presentatin, Mr Ctte cntended that the artist was mre plausibly depicting a part f his native Tuscany. Da Vinci represented the area nt as it was, but as, in an unrealized scheme, he intended it t be.
Mr Ctte, wh was asked by the Luvre t create a digital image f the painting, is the inventr f the multispectral camera: a device that can detect nt nly the drawing belw the surface f an il painting but als intermediate layers f wrk. It was amng these, under what appears t be a pinted rck, that he fund a preparatry sketch (草图) shwing that da Vinci intended it t represent a castellated twer.
The landscape f the “Mna Lisa” als includes a huge verhanging precipice (悬崖). That is similar t ne that da Vinci included in a sketch f a frtress cntested (争夺) by Pisa and Flrence in a war. The frtress with the nearby precipice—and a twer—all verlk the river Arn as it snakes frm Flrence t Pisa. All three als feature in drawings made by da Vinci t illustrate a plan abut which, says Mr Ctte, he became “bsessive”.
This invlved diverting (改道) the Arn t cut ff Pisa’s water supply and give Flrence an utlet t the Mediterranean. In the early 1500s, with the tw city-states at war, the idea was under active cnsideratin. Mr Ctte argues that a channel at the right f the “Mna Lisa” is t wide t be a rad, and is instead the dried-up bed f the Am as da Vinci imagined it nce his plan had been adpted.
It never was. But if Mr Ctte’s thery is right, it might just explain why Gherardini, a Flrentine, wears such a cntented, if inscrutable, smile.
12．What was painted in the “Mna Lisa” accrding t Mr Ctte?
A．A part f da Vinci’s hmetwn as it was.
B．An verhanging precipice and a frtress.
C．A pinted rck and a castellated twer.
D．The dried-up bed f a river.
13．Wh des “he” refer t in paragraph 4?
A．Pascal CtteB．Lenard da Vinci
C．Girgi VasariD．Lisa Gherardini
14．Why did Mna Lisa smile based n Ctte’s thery?
A．Because da Vinci’s idea was taken seriusly.
B．Because da Vinci’s plan was adpted.
C．Because Pisa’s water supply was cut ff.
D．Because Flrence had a gd chance t win the war.
15．What’s the best title f the text?
A．Where did Mna Lisa smile?
B．When was the “Mna Lisa” painted?
C．Wh was the sitter f the “Mna Lisa”?
D．Why did Mna Lisa put n a smile?
【答案】12．D 13．B 14．D 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了达芬奇的名画《蒙娜丽莎》背后的秘密。
12．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Mr Ctte argues that a channel at the right f the “Mna Lisa” is t wide t be a rad, and is instead the dried-up bed f the Am as da Vinci imagined it nce his plan had been adpted(柯特先生认为，《蒙娜丽莎》右边的通道太宽了，不可能是路，而是达芬奇在他的计划被采纳后想象的阿莫干枯的河床)”可知柯特先生说，干涸的河床在《蒙娜丽莎》的画中。故选D。
13．词义猜测题。根据上句“All three als feature in drawings made by da Vinci t illustrate a plan (这三样东西也出现在达·芬奇用来说明计划的图纸中)”可知“he”指代的是上句中的da Vinci(达·芬奇)。故选B。
14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“This invlved diverting (改道) the Arn t cut ff Pisa’s water supply and give Flrence an utlet t the Mediterranean. In the early 1500s, with the tw city-states at war, the idea was under active cnsideratin.(这包括将亚诺河改道，切断比萨的供水，给佛罗伦萨一个通往地中海的出口。在16世纪早期，由于两个城邦处于战争状态，这个想法受到了积极的考虑)”可知，文章的Cte先生推测的是Flrence会赢得这场战争，从而实现计划。故选D。
15．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Fr centuries, tw f the mst interesting questins abut Lenard da Vinci’s “Mna Lisa” were “Wh?” and “When?” A discvery made at Heidelberg University in 2005 answered bth. (几个世纪以来，关于列奥纳多·达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》最有趣的两个问题是：“谁?”和“什么时候?”2005年海德堡大学的一项发现回答了这两个问题)”以及第二段“A third cnundrum— “Where?”— is still in dispute(第三个难题——“在哪里?”——仍在争论中)”可知，wh和when的问题都被解决，而唯独where的问题没有被解决。故选A。
猜测代词指代义就是找出人称代词、指示代词甚至关系代词等所指代的内容，高考中常考的是人称代词以及指示代词的指代对象，纵观近三年的高考题，一般来讲，代词指代题不会单纯从语法角度考查指代对象，都需要借助上下文语境以及逻辑关系来进行猜测。代词猜测题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中。
【技法点拨】
句意猜测题要求考生用合适的语句解释一个具有概括性的句子或格言谚语。一般来讲，画线句中生词不占主导地位，但无法单独通过字面意思理解句子的隐含意义，遇到此类题，必须回归原文，将画线句的前后句，甚至前后段进行归纳总结，再将自己理解的意思与选项的意思逐个比较，选出最为接近的选项作为答案。
【技法点拨】