专题11 阅读理解说明文- 2023年高考英语真题及模拟题英语分类汇编（全国通用）

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2023年高考真题
Passage 1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
8. What is the bk aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Slving philsphical prblems.D. Prmting the use f a digital device.
9. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
10. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.
C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
11. What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A. Use them as needed.B. Recmmend them t friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.
Passage 2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
12. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
14. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
Passage 3
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
8. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
9. What are the selected artwrks abut?
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
10. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
11. What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
Passage 4
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
12. What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular.B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated.D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
13. Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?
A. T cmpare different types f park-gers.B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park.D. T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
14. What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
15. What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A. Language study.B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin.D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
Passage 5
【2023年全国乙卷】What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
8. What d peple usually think f British fd?
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
9. Which best describes ckery prgramme n British TV?
A. Authritative.B. Creative.C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
11. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
Passage 6
【2023年全国甲卷】I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy (哲学).
That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege. Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard, r Cnfucius better than yu — and then try t explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy. It is nt an explanatin, but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext (背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut understanding philsphy, is a bk abur learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr. Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry, and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding (解读) their messages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk. I encurage yu t take his ffer. It’s wrth yur time, even if time is smething we dn’t have a lt f.
28. Wh pened the dr t philsphy fr the authr?
A. Fucault.B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jstein Gaarder.D. A cllege teacher.
29. Why des the authr list great philsphers in paragraph 4?
A. T cmpare Weiner with them.
B. T give examples f great wrks.
C. T praise their writing skills.
D. T help readers understand Weiner’s bk.
30. What des the authr like abut The Scrates Express?
A. Its views n histry are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied t daily life.
C. It includes cmments frm readers.
D. It leaves an pen ending.
31. What des the authr think f Weiner’s bk?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitius.
C. Serius and hard t fllw.
D. Humrus and straightfrward.
D. Humrus and straightfrward.
Passage 7
【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the turists frm arund the wrld that fld int Yellwstne Natinal Park what they mst hpe t see, and their answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range,” says bear bilgist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range int places where they haven’t been seen in a century r mre, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half f the U.S. was full f grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rugh number f 50,000 r mre living alngside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries f cruel and cntinuus hunting by settlers, 600 t 800 grizzlies remained n a mere 2 percent f their frmer range in the Nrthern Rckies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t de-list grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviusly, if precautins (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,” says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
32. Hw d Americans lk at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in peple.
B. They shuld be kept in natinal parks.
C. They are f high scientific value.
D. They are a symbl f American culture.
33. What has helped the increase f the grizzly ppulatin?
A The Eurpean settlers’ behavir.
B. The expansin f bears’ range.
C. The prtectin by law since 1975.
D. The supprt f Native Americans.
34. What has stpped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service frm de-listing grizzlies?
A. The ppsitin f cnservatin grups.
B. The successful cmeback f grizzlies.
C. The vice f the bilgists.
D. The lcal farmers’ advcates.
35. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.
B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C. A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.
D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
2023年名校模拟题
Passage 1
（2023·陕西·统考三模）In a majr step frward fr mnitring the bidiversity f marine(海洋的)systems, a new study published in the jurnal Envirnmental DNA details hw Mnterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute(MBARI) researchers are using autnmus underwater rbts t sample envirnmental DNA(eDNA), which allws scientists t detect the presence f aquatic species frm the tiny bits f genetic(遗传学的) material they leave behind. This “DNA sup” ffers clues abut bidiversity changes in sensitive areas and the presence f rare r endangered species-all critical t understanding and preserving a healthy cean.
Researchers cmbined tw nvel autnmus platfrms develped by MBARI fr this study-the Lng-Range Autnmus Underwater Vehicle(LRAUV) and the Envirnmental Sample Prcessr(ESP). The LRAUV can travel fr weeks at a time and fr hundreds f kilmeters. It can enable mre frequent sampling in remte sites than traditinal research ships. The ESP is a rbtic “labratry-in-a-can” that filters(过滤) seawater and preserves eDNA fr future study. By equipping an LRAUV with ESP technlgy, researchers can mnitr the cean better.
“We knw that eDNA is an incredibly pwerful tl fr studying cean cmmunities, but we’ve been limited by what we can accmplish using expensive crewed research ships. Nw, autnmus technlgy is helping us make better use f ur time and resurces t study previusly unsurveyed regins f the cean,” said Kbun Truelve, a bilgical ceangrapher at MBARI and the lead authr f the paper.
Marine bidiversity is a measure f the abundance f individuals and species in the cean. This intercnnected mixture f rganisms supprts fd webs, prduces the air we breathe, and regulates ur climate. Autnmus tls like the LRAUV and ESP enable MBARI researchers t mnitr changes in sensitive ecsystems in ways that were nt pssible previusly.
“Ship-based research will cntinue t play an imprtant rle in ceangraphic studies, but adding new autnmus technlgy t the tlkit will expand capacity fr research, mnitring, and resurce management,” said Truelve.
1．What d the underlined wrds “aquatic species” in paragraph 1 refer t?
A．Thse living in water.B．Thse grwing near water.
C．Thse becming endangered.D．Thse cnsuming eDNA．
2．What can the LRAUV d?
A．Filter seawater effectively.
B．Preserve eDNA fr future study.
C．Travel fr mnths at a time in the cean.
D．Reach remte areas f the cean frequently.
3．What can we infer frm Truelve’s wrds?
A．Autnmus technlgy is mre ecnmical and efficient.
B．Ship-based research is mre time-saving and energy-saving.
C．Autnmus rbts have entirely replaced traditinal research ships.
D．Crewed research ships help researchers study new parts f the cean.
4．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．Researchers Discver a “DNA Sup”
B．Autnmus Technlgy Needs Imprving
C．Rbts Sample eDNA t Mnitr Ocean Health
D．The Bidiversity f the Ocean Needs Prtectin
Passage 2
（2023·湖北·校联考模拟预测）“Twards thee I rll, thu all-destrying but uncnquering whale; t the last I grapple with thee; frm hell’s heart I stab at thee; fr hate’s sake I spit my last breath at thee.” Captain Ahab’s dying declaratin f defiance (抗争) is amng the mst famus passages in Herman Melville’s nvel.
In reality, such victries f the hunted ver the hunter were a fantasy in the cruel wrld f industrial whaling. The biggest cetacean f them all, the blue whale, had all but disappeared frm the Suthern Ocean by the time a ban n hunting it was intrduced in 1967.
Sightings f the largest mammal ever t live n the earth had been rare in the regin since then. Nt any mre. A survey f castal waters arund the island f Suth Gergia in the sub-Antarctic has had remarkable results.
In just ver three weeks, in the krill-rich waters f what was nce their main feeding grund, the mvements f 55 Antarctic blues were recrded by the British Antarctic Survey. The finding was described as “truly, truly amazing” by ne cetacean specialist. It suggests that when a cmprehensive audit (审计), due in 2021, is carried ut, there is a gd chance that the species will prve t be in full recvery mde, as are humpbacks and ther whales in the suthern hemisphere.
Three years ag, the Natural Histry Museum established a 25m skeletn (骨架) f a blue whale and named it Hpe, intending t inspire new generatins t build a sustainable future.
The return f the wrld’s mst splendid cean travellers t suthern waters shuld serve as an example fr wider pssibilities f cnservatin. Eclgical wrngs can be righted, r at least mitigated, with sufficient will and rganisatins.
The mre general cmeback f the whale - fr which envirnmental campaigners shuld take a great deal f credit — can be an inspiratin fr victries yet t be wn. It culd als act as an added mtivatin t actin n the climate emergency.
5．What’s the authr’s purpse f mentining the famus passage in Herman Melville’s nvel?
A．T describe a hunter’s bravery.B．T intrduce the tpic f the text.
C．T stress the ppularity f the nvel.D．T ffer infrmatin abut whale hunting.
6．Why was a 25m skeletn f a blue whale named Hpe?
A．T attract turists t visit the museum.
B．T shw the unkindness f whale hunters.
C．T mtivate humans t live harmniusly with nature.
D．T call n peple t pay attentin t the blue whales’ habitat.
7．What des the underlined wrd “mitigated” in paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Develped.B．Prmted.C．Reduced.D．Slved.
8．What’s the best title f the text?
A．The blue whales’ cmebackB．The cruelty f industrial whaling
C．The imprtance f prtecting whalesD．The sustainable develpment f the Antarctic area
Passage 3
（2023·山东济南·统考三模）Fr mtrcycle enthusiasts, nthing beats the excitement f riding yur mtrcycle n the pen highway with the wind n yur back. With gas prices rising, riding mtrcycles is ecnmical and a much greener way t travel. Alng with the benefits cmes the risk f persnal injury if an accident ccurs. After all, yu’re nt prtected by steel like yu are while driving yur car. Besides a helmet (头盔), the latest safety innvatins, new airbag jeans, are persnal airbags that yu can wear t better prtect yur life.
Airbags have been prtecting peple in car accidents fr decades. Nw, a Swedish cmpany, M’cycle, teamed up with an airbag technlgy cmpany which previusly prduced upper bdy prtectin fr mtrcycle riders, t design and prduce the airbags jeans. This kind f airbag can ffer prtectin fr the mtrcycle rider’s lwer bdy, especially the tailbne, in case f an accident. Accrding t the cmpany, “It refrmed the airbag technlgy t prtect the first bne f the spinal clumn (脊柱), because spinal clumn injury is the leading cause f disability amng mtrcycle riders.”
The airbag jeans lk like cnventinal trusers. Its cmpnent is remvable and the jeans can be washed, dried, and wrn again. The jeans are made f a fabric called Armalith which is strnger and weighs less than steel. Armalith helps t prevent riders frm injuries caused by frce f frictin after a fall. The airbags fixed int the fabric help prtect the rider if he r she falls ff the mtrcycle. If the rider is separated frm the vehicle, the airbags are tuched ff in secnds. That’s because the mechanism is actually a chain that cnnects the jeans t the mtrcycle.
M’cycle’s airbag jeans are available n the cmpany’s crwdfunding campaign alng with an airbag shirt and a cmplete prtectin package. Obviusly, they can prvide prtectin fr mre mtrcycle riders. Making the rads safer fr them is certainly a wrthy effrt.
9．What is the purpse f Paragraph 1?
A．T shw the ppularity f mtrcycles.B．T stress the necessity f airbags jeans.
C．T state the imprtance f wearing helmets.D．T display the excitement f highway riding.
10．What can be inferred frm Paragraph 2?
A．The tailbne injuries are hard t identify.
B．Airbags ffer verall prtectin fr riders.
C．M cycle is famus fr airbag design and prductin.
D．The airbag jeans are based n the existing technlgy.
11．What is a feature f airbag jeans?
A．They lead a new fashin trend.B．They are cmfrtable t wear.
C．They are quick in respnse.D．They need fixing regularly.,
12．Hw des the authr feel abut the future f the airbag jeans?
A．Indifferent.B．Uncertain.C．Prmising.D．Curius.
Passage 4
（2023·广东东莞·校联考模拟预测）As the csts f fuel, grceries and husing increase suddenly arund the wrld, scientists are fighting inflatin (通货膨胀) at the bench. Almst all items needed t cnduct science are mre expensive than they were just a year ag. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure. “Nbdy is immune t this ecnmy,” says Tla Olrunnisla, wh leads innvatin in the lab at Avantr, an internatinal science-management cmpany in Pennsylvania. Olrunnisla visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland t help researchers find ways t enlarge their budgets. “Scientists are becming mre cnscius f csts,” she says.
The increase in lab csts has frced scientists t make sme difficult chices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay duble fr smething, it means they’re nt buying smething else. Scientists can keep their research prjects mving frward, but t avid verspending n their budgets, they’ll prbably need t adjust their buying habits and take steps t make their labs mre efficient.
Julien Sage, a cancer researcher and geneticist at Stanfrd University in Califrnia, estimates that lab supplies histrically accunt fr rughly 20%f his verall budget, but he says that the balance is shifting.
Withut significant bsts in funding t keep pace with inflatin, it’s up t scientists t find creative ways t diminish csts. One ptin is t rethink experimental design.
“It will prbably take mre than discunts frm lab-supply cmpanies t truly prtect scientists frm the impact f rising prices,” Sage says. “Unless smething is dne n a large scale t either stabilize csts r increase funding, science is likely t suffer. If yu have less mney, yu’re ging t have fewer peple r be less prductive, which means yu’re ging t have fewer grants (拨款) which means yu’re ging t have fewer peple. That’s prbably happening t a lt f labs these days, and the questin is: When is it ging t stp?”
13．Fr what did Olrunnisla visit sme labs in different places?
A．Seeing hw researchers struggle against inflatin.
B．Prving everyne has t face the rising price.
C．Learning abut the pressure f researchers.
D．Helping researchers vercme ecnmic difficulty.
14．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The cause f increasing lab csts.B．The effects f the rising lab csts.
C．The tugh chices f researchers.D．The ways f making labs efficient.
15．What des the underlined wrd “diminish” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Reduce.B．Calculate.C．Restre.D．Keep.
16．Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Scientists face many prblemsB．The price f gds is rising quickly
C．Labs have t tighten supplies budgetsD．Peple hld different pinins f price
Passage 5
（2023·河南·校联考模拟预测）The invasive (入侵的) species, als called intrduced species r freign species, is any nnnative species that significantly changes r damages the ecsystem it invades. Such species may arrive in new areas thrugh natural migratin, but they are ften intrduced by the activities f ther species. Human activities, such as thse invlved in glbal cmmerce and the pet trade, are cnsidered t be the mst cmmn ways in which invasive plants, animals, micrbes, and ther rganisms are transprted t new habitats.
Mst intrduced species d nt survive extended perids in new habitats, because they d nt pssess the necessary adaptatins t adjust t the challenges psed by their new surrundings. Sme intrduced species may becme invasive when they pssess a built-in cmpetitive advantage ver native species in invaded areas. They change native fd chains and in sme cases even get t the tp f the fd chains, which means the ecsystem lacks natural enemy capable f keeping them in check. Under these circumstances, new arrivals can get the chance t reprduce in large numbers.
The eclgical damage that tends t fllw such invasins ften reduces the ecsystem’s bidiversity and causes ecnmic harm t peple wh depend n the ecsystem’s bilgical resurces. Invasive species may be s gd at catching preys that victim ppulatins decline ver time, and many victim species die ut in the affected ecsystem. Other invasive species, in cntrast, may prevent native species frm btaining fd, living space, r ther resurces. Over time, invasive species can effectively replace native nes, ften frcing the lcalized extinctin f many native species. Invasive plants and animals may als serve as disease carriers that spread parasites (寄生虫) and viruses that may further d harm t the invaded area.
17．Hw d intrduced species mainly travel t a new place?
A．Thrugh natural reprductin.B．Thrugh natural migratin.
C．Thrugh human activities.D．Thugh scial interactins.
18．What happens t mst intrduced species in new habitats?
A．They becme extinct wrldwide.B．They survive frm any challenges.
C．They dminate the new wrld.D．They die ff in a shrt perid.
19．What des the underlined wrd “preys” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A．Creatures that are hunted and eaten.
B．Species that die ut in a new place.
C．Species at the tp f fd chains.
D．Creatures at the bttm f fd chains.
20．Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Invasive Species Arund the Wrld
B．Invasive Species and Their Impact
C．The Ways Invasive Species Spread
D．The Classificatin f Intrduced Species
Passage 6
（2023·浙江·校联考模拟预测）A grwing bdy f research suggests that the gut micrbime (消化道菌群) culd play a majr rle in a rising chrnic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is cmmnly called chrnic fatigue syndrme (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrintestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cgnitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty cncentrating, amng ther symptms. It ften fllws a viral infectin which can lead t a “disruptin” in a balanced gut ecsystem. Actually, an increasing number f Americans have been the sufferers since the utbreak f COVID-19.
Tw recent studies published in Cell Hst &Micrbe pint t changes in the micrbime as a pssible cause f CFS. Research grups at Clumbia University and the Jacksn Labratry perfrmed detailed analyses f the micrbes in stl (粪便) samples frm patients with CFS and cmpared them t healthy cntrls.
The tw grups fund similar bacteria species were less present in CFS patients cmpared t cntrl patients. They fcused n bacteria that prduce butyrate, a fatty acid invlved in regulating metablism and the immune system. “Butyrate plays several rles in directing the bdy’s respnse t infectins, while als prtecting the barrier between the intestine (肠) and the circulatry system, regulating genetic changes in cells, and mre,” says Brent Williams, lead authr n the Clumbia study. Williams and his clleagues extensively analyzed the rle f butyrate in CFS patients’ guts, even identifying a crrelatin between lw levels f bacteria that prduce this acid and mre severe symptms.
Parallel findings frm the Jacksn Labratry team suggest the bacteria that prduce butyrate culd be used t diagnse CFS. Previus research has identified micrbime issues in CFS patients, but the new findings help clarify which micrbes culd be related t the illness.
Mre research n butyrate-prducing bacteria and ther species identified in the studies is necessary t investigate these ptential bimarkers f CFS, the authrs say. If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria culd be used t diagnse the illness, which is currently identified based n symptms alne.
The findings additinally pint tward pssible treatments, such as prbitics r micrbime-fcused diet adjustments—thugh patients wh have been sick fr lng perids may require drugs that alleviate the damage dne t their metablism r immune system.
21．What d we knw abut CFS?
A．It is caused by COVID-19 nly.B．It is an illness with systemic symptms.
C．It breaks the balance f the gut ecsystem.D．The number f the infected is n the decrease.
22．Hw did the researcher carry ut the recent studies?
A．By cntrlling data.B．By identifying genes.
C．By analyzing samples.D．By cmparing symptms.
23．Which f the fllwing is NOT the significance f the recent researches?
A．Butyrate’s multiple functins are prmted.
B．Targeted gut micrbes may be used t diagnse CFS.
C．Certain micrbes respnsible fr CFS are narrwed dwn.
D．Prbitics supplement with drugs can be a treatment fr CFS.
24．What is the text mainly abut?
A．Gut micrbime may be the key t CFS.B．Micrbes help digest fd and aid absrptin.
C．Man’s gut is a rich, diverse trpical rainfrest.D．New methd fr diagnsing CFS are prvided.
Passage 7
（2023·山东日照·统考三模）A new wearable device that wraps arund yur finger like a plaster can harvest sweat while yu sleep and use it t generate electricity, accrding t the develpers frm University f Califrnia, San Die g.
Mst pwer prducing wearable device require wearers t perfrm intense exercise r depend n external surces such as sunlight r large changes in temperature. But the new strip uses a passive system t generate electricity frm sweat in yur fingertips, even if yu are sleeping r sitting cmpletely still. This is because the finger tips are the sweatiest part f the bdy. S, thanks t a smart spnge material, this can be cllected and prcessed by cnductrs.
The energy harvester prduced small amunts f electricity when the wearer presses dwn r starts t sweat, r frm light finger tapping. It des this by cnverting activities like typing, texting, r playing the pian int extra charge.
Finger tips have ne f the highest cncentratins f sweat grands in the bdy, with cach finger prducing between 100 and 1,000 times mre sweat than mst ther areas, accrding t the researchers.
C-first authr dctral student Mr. Bin said: “The reasn why we feel sweatier n ther parts f the bdy is that thse spts are nt well ventilated (通风的). By cntrast, the finger tips are always expsed t air, s the sweat evaprated as it cmes ut. S rather than letting it evaprate, we use ur device t cllect this sweat, and it can generate a significant amunt f energy.”
The device is equipped with electrical cnductrs r electrde (电极) made frm a carbn fam, which absrbs any finger sweat. Enzyme (酶) n the electrde then cause a chemical sweat mlecule t generate electricity.
The device nly stres up a little bit pwer at the mment, and wuld take abut three weeks f cnstant wear t pwer a smart phne, but the researchers hpe t increase capacity in future.
25．Hw is the new device different frm ther wearables?
A．It is cst-effective.B．It is harmless t skin.
C．It required n exercise.D．It prduced electricity.
26．What des the underlined wrd “evaprate” in paragraph 5 mean?
A．Changes int a gas.B．Freezes in the air.
C．Drps t the grund.D．B c cmes bigger in amunt.
27．What is the disadvantage f the device?
A．It is extremely small in size.B．It is very difficult t perate.
C．It has a very limited pwer capacity.D．It relies much n temperature changes.
28．Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A．Sweats FingertipsB．Pwer frm Fingertips
C．An Electrical CnductrD．A Rechargeable Device
Passage 8
（2023·广东广州·广州六中校考三模）We ften find urselves struggling t cntrl ur thughts, but why is it s hard t stp ur minds wandering? Research fund ur thughts are less fcused and under less cntrl than we realize. In a 1996 study, participants reprted mre than 4,000 thughts daily, each lasting n mre than five secnds. In a 1987 study, peple perceived 22% f their thughts as strange, unacceptable r wrng. Then, is it pssible t avid unwanted thughts, whether it’s an upcming exam r an unpleasant cnversatin? The answer is: maybe.
In a 2022 study, the researchers shwed paid vlunteers a series f slides displaying different nuns. Each nun was repeated n five different slides. As they viewed the slides, the participants wrte dwn a wrd they assciated with each given nun — fr example, “rad” in respnse t “car.” Only the experimental grup were tld they wuldn’t get paid fr repeated wrds. With this methd, the researchers sught t create a situatin when smene experiences unwanted thughts.
When the experimental grup saw each nun fr a secnd time, they tk lnger than the cntrl grup t cme up with a new assciatin, suggesting their first respnse ppped int their mind befre they replaced it. Hwever, they gt quicker each time they viewed the same slide, indicating that their assciatin between the given wrd and their first respnse — the thught they were trying t avid — was weakening.
“We didn’t find evidence that peple can entirely avid unwanted thughts,” said research leader Isaac Fradkin. “But the results suggest that practice can help peple get better.”
Nt everyne agrees that a slideshw f randm wrds can tell hw peple stp emtinal thughts. Other research suggests that aviding thughts can backfire. When we d it, we’re sending ur brains a message. This effrt labels them as smething t be feared, making them mre pwerful.
In the end, it might make mre sense t take a mindful apprach. “We can allw these thughts t just be in ur minds, nt hlding nt them t tightly and nt trying t fight them,” said Fradkin.
29．What can we learn abut ur thughts frm paragraph 1?
A．Mst f ur thughts are valueless.
B．We tend t fcus mre n negative thughts.
C．Our thughts can ccur and disappear easily.
D．We can’t keep ur thughts fr ver five secnds.
30．Why were the experimental grup tld nt t repeat the related wrds?
A．T cllect mre assciatins.
B．T make the task mre challenging.
C．T create a cmpetitive atmsphere.
D．T set up a desired experimental cntext.
31．What des the underlined wrd “backfire” mean in paragraph 5?
A．Have an ppsite effect.B．Take back the wrng message.
C．Reveal hidden prblems.D．Cause a mental breakdwn.
32．What des Fradkin advise us t d with unwanted thughts?
A．Drive them away.B．Try t understand them.
C．Leave them alne.D．Learn t cntrl them.
Passage 9
（2023·江苏泰州·统考模拟预测）When yu enjy yur mrning cup f tea, yu are prbably nt aware that thse tea leaves can mean injury, r even death, fr Asian elephants wandering Indian tea gardens.
In the Indian state f Assam, grwing numbers f tea farms are destrying the Asian elephant’s habitats and endangering their ppulatin. Much f the frest land where tea is grwn in Assam is flat and thus farmers must dig drainage trenches r small channels t prevent water frm accumulating and hurting the plants. The trenches, hwever, can be death traps fr the elephants.
Since the elephants need t use tea plantatins as landmarks when traveling in frests, they almst unavidably have t mve thrugh the farms. Mrever, because there are fewer humans arund, pregnant females ften use tea-grwing areas as safe shelters t give birth. But baby elephants, still nt used t rugh grund may easily fall int the trenches and get hurt. Once injured, they might nt be able t climb ut. When mthers try t dig their babies ut, bth may be trapped in thick mud, even be killed. Furthermre, elephants are knwn t resist leaving their sick r dying behind, and a grup may stay at a trench with a trapped baby fr hurs, unwilling t mve n until all hpe is lst.
Is there pssibility fr elephants t live in harmny with the bming tea business? Elephant Friendly Tea is an rganizatin that takes the initiative t make it pssible. The rganizatin encurages cnsumers t chse brands that take an active part in elephants prtectin, and has established a certificatin prgram t reward tea grwers wh are ding it right. Until nw, nly smaller tea brands have been certified, but awareness is grwing. The rganizatin believes that peple may be encuraged t buy elephant-friendly brands when they knw mre abut the risk tea can cause t these endangered animals.
33．Why d farmers in Assam dig trenches?
A．T trap elephants.B．T mark bundaries.
C．T prtect tea trees.D．T expand tea farms.
34．What can we say abut baby elephants?
A．They get stuck by the sharp branches f the tea trees.
B．They have difficulty mving arund the uneven fields.
C．They might miss the landmarks while travelling in frests.
D．They fail t find a safe shelter when climbing ut f trenches.
35．What des “it” underlined in the last paragraph refer t?
A．Encuraging cnsumers t chse high-quality brands.
B．Rewarding tea grwers fr prtecting the envirnment.
C．Prmting elephant-friendly trenches and rganizatins.
D．Creating a win-win situatin fr elephants and tea farms.
36．Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．The Trenches Pse Threats t Elephants
B．Habitat Lss Affects Endangered Animals
C．Grwth f Tea Gardens Benefits Plantatin
D．Farms Spnsr Envirnmental Organizatins
Passage 10
（2023·山东聊城·统考三模）Researchers at Nrth Carlina State University are prpsing an additinal white traffic light that will act as a sign t human drivers and passengers that they shuld fllw the lead f self-driving vehicles mving thrugh intersectins (十字路口).
Driving is fundamentally changing. In the future, human drivers will be sharing the rad with autnmus vehicles. The transitin t autnmus vehicles is prgressing with each passing year and humans are n lnger the nly nes sitting behind an autmbile’s steering wheel. This makes it urgent fr traffic lights with a furth clr t becme a reality.
The white traffic light wuld be equipped with wireless Bluetth technlgy and wuld engage when the number f autnmus vehicles driving n the rad at any given time exceeds a certain threshld (阈值). Autnmus vehicles wuld be in cmmunicatin with each ther and with the traffic lights at intersectins, within a certain range. Any human drivers in the mix wuld be infrmed t fllw the lead f the vehicle in frnt f them via the white light: stp if it stps, cntinue if it cntinues.
In simulatin mdels, autnmus vehicles were shwn t imprve traffic flw n their wn. The higher the percentage f autnmus vehicles at an intersectin, the faster the traffic mved, with imprvements f abut 40 t 99 percent in terms f ttal delay reductins pssible. “The white light can be used t crdinate (协调) traffic in any situatin invlving autnmus vehicles and tells human drivers what’s ging n, s that they knw what they are suppsed t d as they apprach the intersectin,” says civil engineer Ali Hajbabaie.
As an example, mst recently, Tesla’s prblematic full-self-driving vehicles have been at the frefrnt f public criticism after a car crashed int a fire truck. Cnsequently, the ptential risks linked t autnmus driving are what made Nrth Carlina State University researchers suggest adding a furth clr t traffic lights in the cming years.
37．What des the underlined wrd “This” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Strict traffic rules.
B．The upgrade f rad system.
C．Increasing autnmus vehicles.
D．The high cst f self-driving technlgy.
38．What des paragraph 3 mainly tell us abut the white traffic light?
A．Its signal meaning.B．Its wrking principle.
C．Its cmplex database.D．Its ptential applicatins.
39．What des Ali Hajbabaie cnvey in his wrds?
A．The white traffic light can help imprve the flw f traffic.
B．Autnmus vehicles are ptential threats t rad safety.
C．It is difficult fr elderly drivers t adapt t white traffic lights.
D．Peple had t be trained befre driving n the rads with white traffic lights.
40．Why des the authr mentin the example f Tesla in the last paragraph?
A．T stress the ppularity f driverless vehicles.
B．T prve the necessity f adding white traffic lights.
C．T call n the public t pay clse attentin t rad safety.
D．T present the hidden dangers f using white traffic lights.