2024北京高考冲刺英语大刷题之常考阅读理解部分（三）

这是一份2024北京高考冲刺英语大刷题之常考阅读理解部分（三），共26页。

(2022高二上·伽师期中) 阅读理解
Nw we are in a "glden age" f space-sample cllectin and explratin. Space agencies arund the wrld are busy cllecting, r planning t cllect, samples frm asterids（小行星），mns and planets and s n.
China's Chang'e-5 missin is the mst recent sample-return missin that has been successfully cmpleted. On Dec 17, 2020, the Chang'e-5 lunar prbe（探测器）returned hme and landed in the Inner Mnglia Autnmus Regin after weeks f space travel, China Daily reprted. This was the wrld's first lunar sample-return missin since 1976. The missin cllected 1,713 grams f samples f rcks and dust with the help f a drill and a mechanical（机械的）arm.
Anther space sample-return missin was cmpleted n Dec 6, 2020. Japan's Hayabusa-2 prbe returned a capsule t Earth cntaining valuable samples frm the asterid Ryugu. This was the secnd time asterid samples had ever been cllected and brught back t Earth. The first asterid samples were cllected by the riginal Hayabusa spacecraft back in 2010.
There will be mre such missins in the near future. NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, which cllected samples frm the asterid Bennu in Octber 2020, is expected t return t Earth in 2023. Russia's Lunar-25 missin is scheduled t launch t the mn in 2021 t cllect lunar samples.
"I cannt emphasize enugh hw valuable return samples are fr increasing ur understanding f the rigin and evlutin f ur slar system and ur place in the universe, and hw we came t be," said Ann Nguyen, a NASA planetary scientist
As fr the Chang'e-5 lunar samples, scientists will cnduct varius analyses, tests and experiments t determine the cmpsitin, structure and physical characteristics f the samples. This infrmatin will help t deepen ur knwledge abut the histry f the mn, as well as ur slar system as a whle.
（1） What d we knw abut the Chang'e-5 lunar prbe?
（2） What des the authr fcus n in paragraphs 3 and 4?
（3） Why d we cllect samples frm space accrding t Ann Nguyen?
（4） Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
(2)
(2023高二下·射洪期中) 阅读理解
The average bear, it seems, is getting ever smarter. First, it turned ut that at least ne can use a cmb. Nw it appears that sme can cunt, t.
Jennifer Vnk, f Oakland University, in Michigan, and Michael Beran, frm Gergia State University, set three American black bears the task f distinguishing between numerically larger and smaller grups f dts (点) n a cmputer screen. In return fr a fd reward ne bear, Brutus, wuld tuch the mre heavily dtted pattern with his nse. The thers, Bella and Dusty, wuld tuch the screen with their claws (爪子).
As the researchers reprt in Animal Behavir, the bears did best with patterns where the clured dts did nt mve and where mre f them als tk up a larger clured area. This culd be explained by the bears' distinguishing the different areas f clur rather than truly cunting the dts. Hwever, the three bears managed t pick ut the bigger number f dts even in pairs f patterns where fewer dts tk up a larger area.
Mving patterns, where each dt fllwed its wn path arund the screen, were mre f a challenge. But Brutus, at least, was nt defeated. He seemed t be cunting mbile dts even when the scientists tried t mislead him by mving the ttal clured area f the dts at the same time.
It is nt entirely surprising that bears shuld have a high degree f intelligence. They face a lt f challenges when trying t get fd. They are, hwever, always alne, and s d nt have the cmplex scial systems that cntribute t animal smarts. Perhaps, then, their maths skill develped because they cannt cunt n their friends fr help.
（1） What task did the scientists set fr the three bears?
（2） Fr the bears, the task was easier when__________.
（3） What may explain the bears' high degree f intelligence?
（4） What can be a suitable title fr the text?
(3)
(2023四下·增城期中) 阅读理解
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上)participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having" effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
（1） What is the recent study mainly abut?
（2） What des the underlined wrd "beanples" in paragraph 1 refer t?
（3） Why did the researchers hire the actr?
（4） On what basis d we "adjust the influence" accrding t the last paragraph?
(4)
(2022高一上·哈尔滨期末) 阅读理解
Fr thse wh can stmach it, wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first, accrding t a study f meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have lng knwn that meal timing affects perfrmance. Hwever, far less has been knwn abut hw meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
T find ut, British scientists cnducted a study. They first fund 10 verweight and inactive but therwise healthy yung men, whse lifestyles are, fr better and wrse, representative f thse f mst f us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metablic (新陈代谢的) rates and tk samples (样品) f their bld and fat tissue.
Then, n tw separate mrning visits t the scientists' lab, each man walked fr an hur at an average speed that, in thery shuld allw his bdy t rely mainly n fat fr fuel. Befre ne f these wrkuts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised n a cmpletely empty stmach after a lng vernight fast (禁食). On the ther ccasin, they ate a rich mrning meal abut tw hurs befre they started walking.
Just befre and an hur after each wrkut, the scientists tk additinal samples f the men's bld and fat tissue.
Then they cmpared the samples. There were cnsiderable differences. Mst bviusly, the men displayed lwer bld sugar levels at the start f their wrkuts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned mre fat during walks n an empty stmach than when they had eaten first. On the ther hand, they burned slightly mre calries (卡路里), n average, during the wrkut after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the mst significant, the researchers fund. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending n whether smene had eaten r nt befre walking. Many f these genes prduce prteins (蛋白质) that can imprve bld sugar regulatin and insulin (胰岛素) levels thrughut the bdy and s are assciated with imprved metablic health. These genes were much mre active when the men had fasted befre exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implicatin f these results is that t gain the greatest health benefits frm exercise, it may be wise t skip eating first.
（1） The underlined expressin "stmach it" in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means "______".
（2） Why were the 10 peple chsen fr the experiment?
（3） What happened t thse wh ate breakfast befre exercise?
（4） What culd be learned frm the research?
(5)
(2023高三上·福田月考) 阅读理解
I was in the middle f the Amazn (亚马逊) with my wife, wh was there as a medical researcher. We flew n a small plane t a faraway village. We did nt speak the lcal language, did nt knw the custms, and mre ften than nt, did nt entirely recgnize the fd. We culd nt have felt mre freign.
We were raised n bks and cmputers, highways and cell phnes, but nw we were living in a village withut running water r electricity It was easy fr us t g t sleep at the end f the day feeling a little misunderstd.
Then ne perfect Amaznian evening, with mnkeys calling frm beynd the village green, we played sccer. I am nt gd at sccer, but that evening it was wnderful. Everyne knew the rules. We all spke the same language f passes and shts. We understd ne anther perfectly. As darkness came ver the field and the match ended, the gal keeper, Juan, walked ver t me and said in a matter-f-fact way, "In yur hme, d yu have a mn t?" I was surprised.
After I explained t Juan that yes, we did have a mn and yes, it was very similar t his, I felt a srt f awe (敬畏) at the pssibilities that existed in his wrld. In Juan's wrld, each village culd have its wn mn. In Juan's wrld. the unknwn and undiscvered was vast and marvelus. Anything was pssible.
In ur sciety, we knw that Earth has nly ne mn. We have lked at ur planet frm every angle and fund all f the wildest things left t find. I can, frm my cmputer at hme, pull up satellite images f Juan's village. There are n mre cntinents and n mre mns t search fr, little left t discver. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thught abut Juan's questin, I was nt sure hw much mre we culd really rule ut. I am, in part, an ant bilgist, s my thughts turned t what we knw abut insect life and I knew that much in the wrld f insects remains unknwn. Hw much, thugh? Hw ignrant (无知的) are we? The questin f what we knw and d nt knw cnstantly bthered me.
I began cllecting newspaper articles abut new species, new mnkey, new spider…, and n and n they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a secnd drawer fr mre general discveries: new cave system discvered with dzens f nameless species, fur hundred species f bacteria fund in the human stmach. The secnd drawer began t fill and as it did I wndered whether there were bigger discveries ut there, nt just species, but life that depends n things thught t be useless, life even withut DNA. I started a third drawer fr these big discveries. It fills mre slwly, but all the same, it fills.
In lking int the stries f bilgical discvery, I als began t find smething else, a cllectin f scientists, usually brilliant ccasinally half-mad, wh made the discveries. Thse scientists very ften see the same things that ther scientists see, but they pay mre attentin t them, and they fcus n them t the pint f exhaustin (穷尽), and at the risk f the ridicule f their peers. In lking fr the stries f discvery, I fund the stries f these peple and hw their lives changed ur view f the wrld.
We are repeatedly willing t imagine we have fund mst f what is left t discver. We used t think that insects were the smallest rganisms (生物), and that nthing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when smething new turns up, mre ften than nt, we d nt even knw its name.
（1） Hw did the authr feel n his arrival in the Amazn?
（2） What made that Amaznian evening wnderful?
（3） Why was the authr surprised at Juan's questin abut the mn?
（4） What was the authr's initial purpse f cllecting newspaper articles?
（5） Hw did thse brilliant scientists make great discveries?
（6） What culd be the mst suitable title fr the passage?
(6)
(2021高一上·江川期中) 阅读理解
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents' incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
"The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转)and translate shapes," Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
（1） In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?
（2） What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment？
（3） Hw d by differ frm girls in puzzle play?
（4） What is the text mainly abut?
(7)
(2020高三上·大庆期中) 阅读理解
Cmmunities acrss the wrld are starting t ban facial recgnitin technlgies. The effrts are well intentined, but banning facial recgnitin is the wrng way t fight against mdern surveillance (监视) .Generally, mdern mass surveillance has three brad cmpnents: identificatin, crrelatin and discriminatin.
Facial recgnitin is a technlgy that can be used t identify peple withut their cnsent. Once we are identified, the data abut wh we are and what we are ding can be crrelated with ther data. This might be mvement data, which can be used t "fllw" us as we mve thrughut ur day. It can be purchasing data, Internet brwsing data, r data abut wh we talk t via email r text. It might be data abut ur incme, ethnicity, lifestyle, prfessin and interests. There is an entire industry f data brkers wh make a living by selling ur data withut ur cnsent.
It's nt just that they knw wh we are; it's that they crrelate what they knw abut us t create prfiles abut wh we are and what ur interests are. The whle purpse f this prcess is fr cmpanies t treat individuals differently. We are shwn different ads n the Internet and receive different ffers fr credit cards. In the future, we might be treated differently when we walk int a stre, just as we currently are when we visit websites.
It desn't matter which technlgy is used t identify peple. What's imprtant is that we can be cnsistently identified ver time. We might be cmpletely annymus (匿名的) in a system that uses unique ckies t track us as we brwse the Internet, but the same prcess f crrelatin and discriminatin still ccurs.
Regulating this system means addressing all three steps f the prcess. A ban n facial recgnitin wn't make any difference. The prblem is that we are being identified withut ur knwledge r cnsent, and sciety needs rules abut when that is permissible.
Similarly, we need rules abut hw ur data can be cmbined with ther data, and then bught and sld withut ur knwledge r cnsent. The data brker industry is almst entirely unregulated nw. Reasnable laws wuld prevent the wrst f their abuses.
Finally, we need better rules abut when and hw it is permissible fr cmpanies t discriminate. Discriminatin based n prtected characteristics like race and gender is already illegal, but thse rules are ineffectual against the current technlgies f surveillance and cntrl. When peple can be identified and their data crrelated at a speed and scale previusly unseen, we need new rules.
Tday, facial recgnitin technlgies are receiving the frce f the tech backlash (抵制) ,but fcusing n them misses the pint. We need t have a serius cnversatin abut all the technlgies f identificatin, crrelatin and discriminatin, and decide hw much we want t be spied n and what srts f influence we want them t have ver ur lives.
（1） Accrding t Para. 2, with facial recgnitin .
（2） We can learn frm the passage that .
（3） The underlined part "the pint" in the last paragraph prbably refers t .
（4） The authr wrte this passage t .
(8)
(2021·锦州模拟) 阅读理解
There's ne easy thing yu can d every day t live lnger and happier, accrding t a recent study, and it has nthing t d with diet, exercise, r cutting ut bad habits.
A review f nearly 150 studies with mre than 300,000 participants fund that having active scial circles decreases yur chances f dying by 50 percent, regardless f age, gender r medical histry. "When we're scial, we live lnger." Dr. Kelli Harding nted, "Lneliness is mre f a risk factr t health than ther knwn risk factrs, like high bld pressure and besity."
The findings are written up in Dr. Harding's new bk，The Rabbit Effect, which is abut hw kindness, rather than laughter, may be the best medicine. The bk gets its title frm a famus 1978 study f the relatinship between chlesterl (胆固醇) and heart health in rabbits. Researchers accidentally discvered that thse rabbits that received the mst affectin frm their human handlers lived much lnger than the thers.
We live in a wrld where mst f ur scial interactins happen thrugh ur phnes. But t get the health benefits f a mre active scial circle, yu dn't have t thrw away yur device and jin a bk club. Mre casual interactins with neighbrs, shp wners, and thers yu meet every day can d the trick. Increasingly，thse relatinships can start nline. That's where Nextdr cmes in. The stated purpse f the cmpany is "t cultivate a kinder wrld where everyne has a neighbrhd they can depend n".
When asked fr advice n ne thing yu can d t live lnger and happier, Dr. Harding said it perfectly, "Be kind. It's actually pretty amazing hw much each persn can make the wrld a better, kinder, healthier place. It really takes very little and yu never knw the impact yu have n smebdy."
（1） What d we knw abut The Rabbit Effect?
（2） What's the purpse f Nextdr?
（3） What des the underlined phrase "d the trick" in Paragraph 4 mean?
（4） What can be inferred frm Dr. Harding's wrds in the last paragraph?
(9)
(2020高三上·启东月考) 阅读理解
Befre the end f the year, emplyees at Ubiquitus Energy, a cmpany in Redwd City, Calif, will gather in a windw-lined cnference rm t stare tward the future. That's because their new glass windws will ffer mre than an amazing view f the Nrth Califrnia landscape. They will als be able t pwer the cmpany's lights, cmputers and air cnditiners.
Several years in the making, Ubiquitus' energy-prducing glass is a remarkable technlgical achievement. Its pwer lies in the layers f rganic plymers (聚合物) between sheets f glass. As light enters the windw, the flw f electrns between the plymer layers creates an electric current, which is then cllected by tiny wires in the glass.
"It's srt f like a transparent cmputer display run in reverse (反过来) ," says Veeral Hardev, directr f business develpment at Ubiquitus Energy. "Instead f electricity being shuttled t different pints in a display t light them up, light is prducing electricity t be shuttled ut f different pints in the windw."
Right nw the windws prduce abut a third as much electricity frm a given amunt f sunlight as the typical slar cells used in rf panels (板) .These windws, abut half as transparent as rdinary glass, dn't wrk as well as transparent nes. Hardev says the cmpany is likely t imprve the transparency significantly. As fr the lwer utput f electricity, he ntes that windws can cver a much greater surface area than a rf, s numerus windws will prduce a surprisingly larger amunt f electricity than the prductin frm a rftp full f higher-efficiency slar panels. "Yu culd d bth." says Hardev. "But yu'll get mre frm the windws. The biggest challenge, he adds, is increasing the windws frm less than tw square feet currently t abut 50 square feet."
（1） What makes the new glass windws special?
（2） What is Hardev trying t explain in Paragraph 3?
（3） What can affect pwer prductin accrding t the passage?
（4） Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?
(10)
(2023七下·期末) 阅读理解
The brain has a pwerful ability t remember and cnnect events separated in time. And nw, in that new study in mice published in Neurn, scientists at Clumbia's Zuckerman Institute have cast light n hw the brain can frm lasting links.
The hippcampus—a small, seahrse-shaped regin buried deep in the brain—is an imprtant headquarters fr learning and memry. Previus experiments in mice shwed that disruptin (中断) t the hippcampus leaves the animals with truble learning t assciate tw events separated by tens f secnds.
“The traditinal view has been that cells in the hippcampus keep up a level f cntinuus activity t assciate such events,” said Dr. Ahmed, c-first authr f the study. “Turning these cells ff wuld thus disrupt learning.”
T test this view, the researchers imaged parts f the hippcampus f mice as the animals were expsed t tw different stimuli (刺激物): a neutral (神经的) sund fllwed by a small but unpleasant puff f air. A fifteen-secnd delay separated the tw events. The scientists repeated this experiment acrss several trials. Over time, the mice learned t assciate the sund with the sn-t-fllw puff f air. Using advanced micrscpy, they recrded the activity f thusands f neurns (神经元) , a type f brain cell, in the animals' hippcampus ver the curse f each trial fr many days.
“We expected t see cntinuus neural activity that lasted during the fifteen-secnd gap, an indicatin f the hippcampus at wrk linking the auditry sund and the air puff,” said cmputatinal neurscientist Stefan Fusi, PhD. “But when we began t analyze the data, we saw n such activity.” Instead, the neural activity recrded during the fifteen-secnd time gap was sparse (稀少的). Only a small number f neurns wrked, and they did s seemingly at randm.
T understand activity, they had t shift the way they analyzed data and use tls designed t make sense f randm prcesses. Finally, the researchers discvered a cmplex pattern in the randmness: a style f mental cmputing that seems t be a remarkably efficient way that neurns stre infrmatin.
“We were happy t see that the brain desn't maintain nging activity ver all these secnds because that's nt the mst efficient way t stre infrmatin,” said Dr. Ahmed. “The brain seems t have a mre efficient way t build this bridge.”
In additin t helping t map the circuitry invlved in assciative learning, these findings als prvide a starting pint t mre deeply explre disrders, such as panic and pst-traumatic stress disrder.
（1） What can we learn abut the hippcampus?
（2） The new study in mice indicates that ______.
（3） Frm the last tw paragraphs, we can infer that the findings ______.