译林版高中英语选择性必修第二册UNIT3教学知识细解码学案

这是一份译林版高中英语选择性必修第二册UNIT3教学知识细解码学案，共13页。
1．chemist n．药剂师，药商；化学家→chemistry n．化学→chemical adj.化学的 n．化学制品2．specialize vi.专门研究(或从事), 专攻→specialist n．专科医生；专家3．affect vt.影响；侵袭，使感染； 深深打动→affection n．钟爱4．identify vt.找到，发现；确认， 认出；显示，说明身份→identification n．鉴定；识别→identity n．身份；共性；本质→identical adj.相同的5．relate vi. & vt. 联系，使有联系； 叙述，讲述→relation n．关联，关系→relationship n．关系6．delete vt.删去，删除→deletion n．删除7．restore vt.恢复；修复；使复原， 使复位→restoration n．恢复8．restrict vt.限制，限定；束缚， 妨碍；约束，管束 →restriction n．限制→restrictive adj.限制的9．prohibit vt.(尤指以法令)禁止； 使不可能→prohibition n．禁令；禁止10．resistance n. 抵抗力；抵制，反对； 抵抗，反抗 →resist vt.抵制；抵抗→resistant adj.抵制的；有抵抗力的1．affect vt. 影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动①These viruses affect children and are highly infectious.侵袭，使感染②The change is unlikely to affect many people. 影响③I was deeply affected by the film. 深深打动2．contract vt. 感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n. 合同，合约①These clauses form part of the contract between buyer and seller. 合同，合约②Several computer engineers have been contracted to the finance department. 与……订立合同③There is so far no report on school children contracting the virus in schools. 感染疾病3．pace n. 发生的速度，节奏；步速；快节奏 vi.& vt. 来回踱步，走来走去；确定速度，调整节奏①We encourage all students to work at their own pace. 节奏②He'd only gone a few paces before he stopped again. 步伐③As they waited，Kravis paced the room nervously. 来回踱步④He'll have to learn to pace himself in this job. 调整节奏 eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点1) 　affect vt. 影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动[例]As a matter of fact，your opinion will not affect my decision.事实上，你的意见不会影响我的决定。[归纳拓展](1)be greatly/deeply affected by 被……深深打动be affected with a high fever 发高烧(2)effect n. 作用；影响have an effect/influence on 对……产生影响[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①Affected(affect) with a high fever，he continued with his work.②Some people's feeling can be greatly affected by the weather.③我们想知道这药对人们的健康是否有影响。We want to know whether the drug affects/has an effect/influence on people's health. eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点2) 　contract vt. 感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n. 合同，合约[例]Many dangerous diseases which are rare in China are quite commonly contracted in Tanzania.很多在中国罕见的危险疾病在坦桑尼亚容易感染上。[归纳拓展](1)sign a contract 签订合同keep a contract 遵守或履行合同make a contract with 与……签订合同(2)contract in 承诺参加contract out 包出(某事项或某工程)；拒绝参加contract to do sth. 签订合同做某事[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①How many of the companies have contracted in so far?②I don't want to be associated with your scheme; I'm contracting out．③I have come to make a contract with you for the business under discussion.④他们已立约承建一条穿越非洲的铁路。They have contracted to build a railway across Africa. eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点3) 　arise vi.(arose，arisen)发生，出现；(由……)引起，(因……)产生[例]While I have only listed two of each，there are obviously many other situations that can arise.虽然我只列出了其中的两种，但显然还有许多其他可能出现的情况。[归纳拓展]arise from＝arise out of 由……引起/产生；从……中产生arise from one's chair/seat 从椅子/座位上站起来[名师点津]　arise为不及物动词，表示“出现，发生”时，主语一般为argument，difficulty，misunderstanding，problem，quarrel，trouble等抽象名词，无被动语态。[辨析比较]　raise，rise，arise[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①As is known to all，emotional or mental problems can arise from a physical cause.②A number of high buildings have arisen (arise)where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.③随着越来越多的人出国旅游，自然会出现各种各样的问题。As more and more people travel abroad，it's natural that various problems will arise． eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点4) 　restrict vt. 限制，限定；束缚，妨碍；约束，管束[例]We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce.作为个人，我们也可以通过限制生活中产生的二氧化碳量来减少我们的“碳足迹”。[归纳拓展](1)restrict...to... 把……限制/限定……(2)restriction n. 限制；约束impose/place a restriction on sth. 对某事实行限制(3)restricted adj. 受限制的，受约束的(4)restrictive adj. 限制(性)的，限定(性)的[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①The supply of electric power to Madrid and neighbouring districts has to be restricted (restrict).②Many members think the rules were too restrictive (restrict).③We must place restrictions (restrict)on private companies.④以后我们会把班级规模限定在20人。In future we will restrict class sizes to 20 students. eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点5) 　prohibit vt. (尤指以法令)禁止；使不可能[例]In fact，some pesticides like DDT have been prohibited in most countries because of the damage they cause to people and the environment.实际上，大多数国家都禁止使用诸如DDT之类的农药，因为它们会对人和环境造成破坏。[归纳拓展](1) eq \b\lc\ \rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(prohibit sb.from doing sth.,prohibit sb.'s doing sth.)) 禁止某人做某事prohibit (doing)sth. 禁止(做)某事(2)prohibition n. 禁止；禁令a prohibition against/on... ……的禁令[即学即练]　单句语法填空/句型转换①It was the bad weather that prohibited their going (go)to the science museum.②The environmental group is demanding a complete prohibition (prohibit)against the hunting of whales.③The high cost of equipment prohibits many people from taking up this sport.④Some people think that it's necessary to keep people from using mobile phones in some places.→Some people think that it's necessary to prohibit people's using mobile phones in some places.→Some people think that it's necessary to prohibit people from using mobile phones in some places. eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点6) 　resistance n. 抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗[例]As they suppose，there has been a lot of resistance to this plan.正如他们所料想的那样，这项计划遭到了很多人的反对。[归纳拓展](1)resist vi.&vt. 抵制；反抗；抵挡resist doing sth. 反对做某事can't resist doing sth.＝can't help doing sth. 忍不住做某事(2)resistant adj. 抵抗的；有抵抗力的be resistant to sth. 对某物有抵抗力[名师点津]　resist表示“忍住”时常与表示否定意义的can't/can hardly/be not able to等连用；resist 后接动词­ing形式，不接不定式。[即学即练]　单句语法填空/句型转换①She couldn't resist showing (show)off her new skirt the moment she entered the classroom.②Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water.③We should do exercise to build up resistance (resist)to disease.④The little girl couldn't help asking her parents to buy the beautiful skirt.→The little girl couldn't resist asking her parents to buy the beautiful skirt. eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点7) 　characteristic n. 特征，特点adj. 典型的，独特的[例]One characteristic of hybrids is that they usually attain a higher yield than conventional crops.杂交作物的一个特点是它们的产量通常比传统作物高。[归纳拓展]character n. 品格，品质；特征，特性； (小说、戏剧中的)人物，角色； (汉)字，字体；性格in character 符合某人的性格out of character 不符合某人的性格[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①It was entirely in character for Rechel to put her baby first.②I can't believe she lied to me — it seems so out of character.③Different states of America have different characteristics (characteristic)，that is to say，America is a land of diversity.④人类第一个独特的特征就是与其他动物相比，人类的大脑特别大。The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点8) 　put sth.in place 放在正确位置，准备就绪[例]You'd better put things back in place.Otherwise，it will be difficult to find them.你最好把东西放在适当的位置，否则将很难找到它们。[归纳拓展]in place 在适当的位置；适当in place of 代替；取代in the first place 首先；第一点out of place 不在适当位置；不合适[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①Some of these books are out of place，making the whole room messy.②Because Susan was in France at that time，her youngest sister took up the prize in place of her.③To find them easily，you'd better put your books in place.④现在塑料经常被用来代替木料或金属。Plastics are now often used in place of wood or metal． eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点9) 　debate vt.& vi. 讨论，辩论；仔细考虑，思考 n. 讨论，争论；辩论[例]We must debate the question with the rest of the members.我们必须和其他成员讨论这个问题。[归纳拓展]have/hold a debate about/over/on 举行关于……的讨论under debate 在讨论中；在辩论中beyond/without debate 无可争议debate with sb.about/over sth. 和某人谈论某事debate sth.with sb. 和某人辩论某事[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①It is a fact without/beyond debate that the employment pressure of graduates is heavy.②Last week our class held a debate on/about/over whether Senior 3 students should attend sports activities.③We're just debating (debate)what to do next.④昨天他和父亲就这个问题展开了辩论。He debated with his father about/over the question yesterday. eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点10) 　without doubt 毫无疑问，的确[例]This meeting has been，without doubt，one of the most useful we have had so far.这无疑是我们迄今为止最有用的一次会议。[归纳拓展](1)beyond doubt 毫无疑问，的确in doubt 不确定；不肯定no doubt 无疑；确实地There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问……(2)doubtful adj. 可疑的，有疑问的；有问题的； 不确定的[名师点津]　(1)doubt作动词时：①在肯定句中接whether/if引导的宾语从句。②在否定句、疑问句中后跟that引导的宾语从句。(2)doubt作名词时：①在肯定句中接whether引导的同位语从句。②在否定句中用that引导同位语从句。[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①There is no doubt that more and more people prefer shopping online nowadays.②There is some doubt whether/if he will pass the final exam.③我怀疑他是否会反对这一想法。I doubt whether/if/I have some doubt whether he will be opposed to the idea. eq \a\vs4\al(重点句式1) 　过去分词(短语)作后置定语(教材原句P30)Our own personal genome carries all the information needed to make us grow and develop.我们自己的个人基因组携带着使我们成长和发展所需的所有信息。[句式分析]　needed是过去分词作后置定语，修饰information。[例1]The trees blown down in the storm have been moved off the road.那些在暴风雨中被刮倒的树木已经被清除出路面了。[例2]She is sweeping up the fallen leaves on the ground.她正在打扫地上的落叶。[归纳拓展](1)过去分词(短语)作定语，与所修饰词语之间通常存在被动关系，少数过去分词也可表示完成，不表被动。(2)单个过去分词作定语往往前置，过去分词短语作定语须后置。用作定语的过去分词(短语)在意思上与一个定语从句相似。[即学即练]　单句语法填空/句型转换①The company made (make)up of 15 small factories is facing a serious financial crisis.②The audience，deeply affected (affect)，warmly applauded for a long time.③We must keep a secret of the things being discussed (discuss)here.④Most of the people who were invited to attend the party were famous scientists.→Most of the people invited to attend the party were famous scientists. eq \a\vs4\al(重点句式2) 　疑问词＋不定式(教材原句P31)As the technology continues to develop at a fast pace，however，questions arise about how to use it appropriately.然而，随着这一技术不断迅速发展，出现了如何合理使用它的问题。[句式分析]　how to use it appropriately为“疑问词＋不定式”结构，在句中作介词about的宾语。[例1]The question many students are puzzled about is how to study English well.很多学生困惑的问题是怎样学好英语。[例2]Seeing such a crowd of audience below the stage，he was too nervous to know what to say.看到舞台下有那么多的观众，他紧张得不知道说什么。[归纳拓展]whether，what，which，whom，who，where，when，how等加不定式构成的结构在句中起名词作用，可以作主语、表语和宾语。(1)在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中，不定式必须用主动式而不能用被动式。(2)why后加不定式时，省略不定式to。(3)whether后可接不定式，而if不可以。[即学即练]　单句语法填空/句型转换①When and where to hold(hold)the meeting remains to be discussed further.②Why not discover (discover)what you enjoy and do that?③I don't know whether to accept it or not.④The boy is too young to know what he should do in trouble.→The boy is too young to know what to do in trouble. eq \a\vs4\al(重点句式3) 　动名词短语作主语(教材原句P33)Scientists say that locating these sixteen genetic markers will greatly improve their understanding of how genes affect lifespans.科学家说，定位这16个遗传标记将大大提高他们对基因如何影响寿命的理解。[句式分析]　locating these sixteen genetic markers为动名词短语，在句中作主语。[例1]Speaking in public is a challenge to a lot of people.对于很多人来说，公众演讲是一个挑战。[例2]It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.独居而不和他人来往没有好处。[归纳拓展]动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It's a waste of time doing...；It's no use/good doing...；It is useless doing...等中。[名师点津]　不定式、动名词都可作主语，但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子①Knowing (know)basic first­aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.②Being surrounded (surround)by beautiful green mountains and located at the foot of Mount Lu makes it a famous tourist attraction.③Scientists have discovered that staying (stay)in the cold could help us lose weight.④不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。It is no use/It is useless complaining without taking action.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．He specializes in chemistry and has made a number of new discoveries.2．He believes students ultimately (ultimate) learn more and encourages them to form study groups.3．This disease is surprisingly difficult to catch as most people have natural resistance (resist) to it.4．The swimming club is open to families in the neighborhood without restriction (restrict). 5．All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with my homework. 6．Without appropriate software, a computer would be a mere box.7．The heavy rain has damaged our school playground and it will be restored (restore) tomorrow.8．For safety's sake, it is best to delete (delete) traces of personal information produced online.9．We should always bear in mind that in the past many traffic accidents arose (arise) from drunk driving.10．Eventually, laws were passed guaranteeing workers fair wages and working hours and prohibiting (prohibit) child labor.Ⅱ.短语填空serve as；wrestle with；to one's advantage；without doubt；arise from；by means of；figure out；identify...as...1．We are warned that accidents often arise from carelessness.2．I want to know whether you have figured out how much the trip will cost.3．During World War Ⅱ， when London was bombed, many underground stations served as bomb shelters.4．He will try his best to help them by means of his traditional medical knowledge.5．Without doubt，the number of jobs in information technology will multiply.6．I have already spent two hours wrestling with my maths homework.7．The bodies were identified as those of two suspected drug dealers the other day.8．In fact, I believed you would see how greatly it was to your advantage to do business with me.Ⅲ.课文语法填空A biologist is giving a lecture about the new possibilities genome editing can bring. He is very eager to share his 1. (excite) with us. Genes play 2. important role in shaping our lives because they decide everything of us, 3. (range) from the colour of our eyes to our talent. A genome, the complete set of genes inside a cell, carries the information influencing our 4. (grow), development, health and even lifestyle. Since genes are 5. (relate) to certain diseases, geneticists believe gene editing is an effective way 6. (treat) and prevent them. It can change, correct, delete 7. replace specific parts of the genetic material, which will be 8. (benefit) to different types of the disabled.Despite many advantages, we should take appropriate control of this technology, otherwise it would lead 9. moral issues. Although there exist some debates, genome editing is still one of the greatest 10. (invent) in the history of science, yet we should try to adopt it wisely.[答案]　1.excitement　2.an　3.ranging　4.growth　5．related　6.to treat　7.or　8.beneficial　9.to　10.inventionsraise vt.(raised，raised)有使物体达到其应有的高度的含义， 意为“举起；提高；提出；饲养；养育；筹集；种植”rise vi.(rose，risen)说明主语自身移向较高位置，常用于日/月/云/雾/烟/蒸汽/温度/物价等，无被动语态arise vi.(arose，arisen)主语一般为抽象名词，意为“(现象，问题，困难等)出现；发生”教材高考1.A dentist specializes in the care of people's teeth.(2021·天津卷)Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts.2.It also contains information that helps determine our lifespan and affects our chances of contracting certain diseases.(2021·全国乙卷)Indeed, the researchers found that face­to­face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet....3.Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases, as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention.(2021·浙江卷)This happened over and over, but we soon learned to identify different grasses like cockleburs...(2021·全国乙卷)Due to the growing popularity of environmentally­related and adventure travel, various types of trips...(2021·全国乙卷)Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源)of plastic pollution...