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考点一：非谓语动词的时态和语态　　非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(动词-ing形式和-ed形式),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。非谓语动词的时态语态一览表
1.主、被动形式非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间存在主谓、动宾关系。与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时, 用被动形式。※I gt a letter saying that I was admitted t a key university. ※The bridge t be built will be the lngest ne n this river.2.时间先后关系根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态:(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生, 用非谓语动词的一般式;(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前, 用非谓语动词的完成式。 ※Hearing the inspiring news, they all jumped with jy.※I seem t have invlved myself in smething I dn’t understand.
考点二：非谓语动词作主语、表语1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动词-ing形式和不定式。(1)动词-ing形式作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。※Listening t music is my sister’s hbby.※T d this is t cut the ft t fit the she.(2)it作形式主语, 代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动词-ing形式。常见句型有: It is/was n use/gd+ding sth.; It is/was nt f any use/gd+ding sth.; It is/was f little use/gd+ding sth.; It is/was useless ding sth.; It’s a waste f time ding sth.;It is/was+adj.+fr sb.+t d sth.等。※It was n use pretending that I had nt seen him, s I waved t him.※It is n gd trying that methd, because it wn’t wrk.※It is imprtant fr us t meet persnally althugh we have been in tuch in varius ways.
2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式和不定式。注意动词-ing形式作表语意为“令人感到……的”, 而过去分词作表语意为本身“感到……的”。※The aim f the festival is t increase awareness f Hindu culture and traditins.※At first she was terrified, then she pulled herself tgether.※The radiatin f nuclear bmbing is terrifying.
考点三：非谓语动词作宾语1.只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词和短语: suggest, imagine, mind, admit, practice, allw, risk, keep, keep n, avid, escape, enjy, cnsider, excuse, finish, miss, insist n, lk frward t, feel like, get dwn t, bject t等。2.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词:agree, intend/plan, demand, prmise, help, prepare, decide, refuse, chse, wish/hpe, want, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim,hesitate, happen等。
3.既可跟动词-ing形式又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语: remember,frget, regret, stp, g n, mean, start, begin, try等。如:※D yu remember being intrduced t ur president when yu visited ur schl last mnth?※I regret t infrm yu he died as a cnsequence f his injuries.
4.不定式作decide, knw, cnsider, frget, learn,remember, shw, understand, see, wnder, hear, find ut,explain, tell等动词或动词短语的宾语时, 前面常带引导词hw, what, whether, where, when, wh等。※The father wndered hw t answer his sn’s questin. 5.need, require, want作“需要”讲, deserve作“应受, 应得”讲时, 其后接动词-ing形式的主动形式表被动意义或不定式的被动结构。※This wrk needs ding/t be dne carefully. ※The by richly deserved punishing.6.固定句式d/have/其他动词+sth.+but/except(t) d sth.中的不定式用法。此结构要遵循前有实义动词d, but后则无t,反之则有t的原则。※I have nthing but praise fr the plice.※I have a lt f hmewrk every day, and I have n chice but t d it.
考点四：非谓语动词作宾语补足语1.“五看二听一感觉”的感官动词和短语(see, watch,bserve, ntice, lk at, hear, listen t, feel)后面的宾语补足语有三种常见的非谓语动词形式(d/ding/dne)。d表主动和完成(被动句中t还原),ding表主动或正在进行,dne表被动或完成。※I heard her singing an English sng when I passed by.※I didn’t ntice him get n the same bus.2.动词let, make, have, get, leave, keep, find后接非谓语动词形式作宾语补足语。※The teacher had us make up cnversatins during classes.※The teacher gt the students t lk up all the wrds they didn’t knw.
3.固定短语,如advise/allw/encurage/request/warn sb.t d sth.等。※The plice examined the cars and allwed them t g ahead. 4.with/withut复合结构常用形式:※With the teacher standing beside, she felt a bit uneasy.※With all the wrk finished , they went ut t play.※I can’t g ut with all these clthes t wash.
考点五：非谓语动词作定语1.动词不定式作定语(1)动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后, 与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。※He was the last ne t leave schl yesterday.(主谓关系)※She has a lt f wrk t d in the mrning.(动宾关系)点津: 动词不定式既可用主动形式也可用被动形式,但其含义有所不同。试比较:※D yu have anything t buy?(动作的执行者是“你”)※D yu have anything t be bught?(动作的执行者是“我”或“别人”)
(2)当名词或代词被序数词、形容词最高级、the last、 the nly等修饰,且非谓语动词与其逻辑主语为主谓关系时,常用动词不定式作定语。※The best place t catch fish n a canal is clse t a lck. (3)当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时,常用不定式作后置定语,且不定式常用主动形式。常见的此类名词有ability,chance,idea,attempt,plan,way,pprtunity等。※We shuld develp the students’ ability t slve prblems.点津: 在作定语的动词不定式中,如果其中的动词是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词。但是如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way等,不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省去。 ※Wuld yu please give me sme paper t write n?※The shpping mall is a gd place t g.
2.动词-ing形式作定语当动词与被修饰的名词之间为主谓关系或用来表示被修饰的名词的用途时, 用动词-ing形式。※The child standing ver there is my brther.点津: 被修饰的名词与修饰词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时, 用动词-ing形式的被动形式作定语, 表示该动作的被动和进行。※The huse being built ver there will be ur new library.3.动词-ed形式作定语动词-ed形式作定语,分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。※The bk written by M Yan is very ppular.点津: 作定语的非谓语动词的分词形式为ding和dne,ding表示正在进行; dne表示已经完成。biling water正在沸腾的水　biled water开水
考点六：非谓语动词作状语1.动词不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。(1)作目的状语, 有时用in rder t或s as t,但s as t不用于句首。※(2019·江苏高考) T enjy the cnvenience f digital payment, many senir citizens started t use smart phnes.※In rder t catch the train, she hurried thrugh her wrk.(2)作结果状语,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,常用结构enugh t, t, , nly t等。※Yu’re ld enugh t travel n the train by yurself.※He was s flish as t leave his car unlcked.
(3)作原因状语, 此时常与表示情感的形容词连用, 如glad, happy, frightened, surprised等。※He was surprised t find his rm thrughly cleaned and everything arranged in perfect rder.点津: 动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, gd, fit, cmfrtable等后面作状语,构成“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。※The materials are sft and cmfrtable t wear.
2.动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式作状语, 常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。※We hear f wmen wh run away, leaving behind their hmes and families. ※(2020·天津高考)The dancer’s incredible perfrmance had the audience n its feet clapping fr 10 minutes at the end f the shw.点津: 动词不定式作结果状语时, 常表示意想不到的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时, 常表示自然而然的结果。※He hurried t the statin,nly t find the train had left.
3.动词-ed形式作状语(1)动词-ed形式作状语, 分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。※(2020·江苏高考)Technlgical innvatins, cmbined with gd marketing, will prmte the sales f these prducts.(2)某些动词-ed形式已经形容词化, 且往往用于一些系表结构中, 此时这些动词-ed形式既不表示被动, 也不表示完成, 而表示一种状态, 如lst(迷路的), seated(坐着的), hidden(隐藏的), lst/absrbed in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着……的), tired f(对……感到厌倦的)等。※He hid his face in his hands again, lst in his wn thughts.※He was a big man in his frties, smartly dressed in a suit and tie.点津: 有部分分词或不定式短语作状语,其动词形式的选择不受上下文的影响,这种结构称为独立成分。常用的有cnsidering ... (鉴于,考虑到); generally speaking(总的来说); judging by/frm ...(从……来看,依据……来判断);suppsing that ... (假定……); prviding that... (假定……);given that...(鉴于,由于……)。
4.独立主格结构(1)独立主格结构的特点: a.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;b.独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系; c.独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。 (2)独立主格结构的构成:　名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。※Every mrning the ld man walks in the park, his pet dg fllwing him alng(=and his pet dg fllws him alng).※She std there, her eyes lking upward int the sky and her hands crssed n her breast.
语法填空题考法1.三种非谓语动词作状语的基本区别(1)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系, 且正在进行, 要想到用现在分词形式(ding); (2)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系, 且表完成, 要想到用过去分词形式(dne);(3)若非谓语动词表将来的动作, 作状语表示目的, 在喜怒哀乐的形容词后作原因或意料之外的结果等, 要想到用不定式形式(t d)。
2.掌握非谓语动词的句型公式It’s+形容词+(fr/f sb.+) t d sth.; It’s n gd/use/pleasure ding sth.; find/think/believe/cnsider+it+ adj.+t d sth.。3.牢记用动名词或不定式作宾语的动词4.巧辨谓语动词和非谓语动词(1)一个句子无论是主句还是从句, 必须要有谓语, 一般空格所在的句子中无其他动词, 则填谓语动词。谓语动词要考虑时态、语态、主谓一致等;(2)若句中找到了谓语动词, 而又找不到连词(并列连词或从句连词)时, 则所给动词一定用作非谓语动词。非谓语动词需要确定是-ing 形式、过去分词形式还是不定式形式。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2021·全国甲卷)After ________(spend) sme time lking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time fr sme actin.2.(2021·全国甲卷)It is pssible _______(walk) r bike the entire 14 kilmeters. 3.(2021·全国乙卷)Minimize the impact f _______(visit) the place.4.(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷)I was upset t learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, ________(think) it is fd.5.(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷 )I decided t d smething _________(educate) peple abut this prblem. 6.(2021·北京高考 )There has been a dramatic rise in the number f extreme weather events ver the past 20 years, ______(cause) largely by rising glbal temperatures, accrding t a new reprt frm the United Natins.
Ⅱ.语篇语法填空　　At just 17,US singer Billie Eilish will kick ff her first wrld tur in March in Orland, Flrida, US.But Eilish’s 1.__________(late) tur is special.It embdies(体现)a 2.__________(grw) industry trend:ec-friendly turing. 　　Accrding t perfrming arts research firm,Julie’s Bicycle, the tw main surces f tur emissins were audience travel and venue pllutants.It als 3.__________(reveal) that in 2010,live music generated 405,000 tns f greenhuse gas emissins in the UK alne. 
　　In a bid 4.__________(fight) this trend,many artists have adpted green turing methds, 5.__________(include) the use f lcal catering, smaller prductin crews, renewable energy surces and energy-efficient stage lighting.Als,stars such 6.__________ Shawn Mendes and Cldplay have partnered with Reverb—a nnprfit rganizatin that 7.__________(wrk) with musicians t reduce the 8.__________(envirnment) impact f their turs. 　　Speaking t talk shw hst Jimmy Kimmel, Eilish said she wants her upcming wrld-tur t be as green as pssible.“ 9.__________ there’s n plastic straws(塑料吸管)allwed,the fans will bring their wn water bttles.” The trend f green turing shws the value 10.__________ perfrmers place n being ec-friendly. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了绿色巡演的趋势。
1.【解析】latest。考查形容词的最高级。句意:“艾利什最近的巡回演出很特别。latest最新的,最近的。故填latest。2.【解析】grwing。考查形容词。a grwing industry trend“一种不断增强的行业趋势”。故填grwing。3.【解析】revealed。 考查谓语动词的时态。根据前面句子的谓语动词were可知本段介绍过去发生的事,故此处用一般过去时。故填revealed。4.【解析】t fight。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处用动词不定式作目的状语。故填t fight。
5.【解析】including。考查非谓语动词。本句前面已有谓语动词have adpted,所以要填非谓语形式,由于空处与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系,故填including。6.【解析】as。考查介词。such as 是固定搭配。故填as。7.【解析】wrks。考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知用一般现在时,关系代词that代指rganizatin,故定语从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填wrks。8.【解析】envirnmental。考查形容词。 修饰名词impact要用形容词。故填envirnmental。