专题07+动词时态+&+语态（讲练）-2024年中考英语二轮复习讲义+练习（全国通用）

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中考总复习一般分为三轮：
1、第一轮复习为基础知识的单元、章节复习。通过第一轮的复习，使学生系统掌握基础知识、基本技能和方法，形成明晰的知识网络和稳定的知识框架。
2、第二轮复习打破章节界限实行大单元、小综合、专题式复习。第二轮复习绝不是第一轮复习的压缩文档，而是一个知识点综合、巩固、完善、提高的过程。复习的主要任务及目标是：完成各部分知识的条 理，归纳，糅合，使各部分知识成为一个有机的整体。
3、第三轮复习是知识、能力深化巩固的阶段。复习资料的组织以中考题及模拟题为主，回扣教材，查缺补漏，进行强化训练。同时，要教给学生一些必备的应试技巧和方法，使学生有足够的自信从容地面对中考。
专题07 动词的时态和语态
复习动词时态复习，使学生掌握初中所学的七大时态的用法，构成。以及在实际语境中，书面表达中的运用。
考题主要在单项选择，语法选择，语法填空，选词填空中出现。当然书面表达中准确运用时态也会影响学生得分。动词的时态历来是中考题中考查的重头戏之一。测试重点放在根据特定语言环境区别使用一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时；一般现在时(过去时)与现在(过去)进行时；特定的时间状语中时态的使用；结合所获得的语言知识确定正确时态的能力等。综上所述，动词的时态在中考测试中的地位非常重要。因而考生在复习备考中必须对本专题引起足够的重视。
1.（2023·武汉） Jessica ________ every night befre her Chinese test and gt gd results.
A. studiesB. studiedC. has studiedD. will study
【答案】B
【解析】句意：杰西卡在语文考试前每天晚上都学习，并取得了好成绩。
考查动词时态。根据（语言环境）and以及gt 可知，空处与gt是并列关系，所以空处填动词过去式，故选B。
2. （2023·武汉）—Wh will talk abut the develpment f American cuntry music next week?
—I suggest Brad. He ________ in Nashville, the hme f cuntry music, since he was a child.
A. livesB. livedC. has livedD. will live
【答案】C
【解析】句意：——下周是谁将会谈论关于美国乡村音乐的发展？——我建议布拉德。他从小住在乡村音乐之都——纳什维尔。
考查现在完成时。根据“since he was a child.”可知，这里应用现在完成时。故选C。
3.（2023·安徽）— Jim, I’ve gt a prblem with my car. Culd yu help me?
— Srry, nt right nw. I ________ a shrt vide.
A. make B. have made C. am making D. was making
【答案】C
【解析】句意：——Jim，我的车出问题了。你能帮我吗？——对不起，现在不行。我正在做一个短视频。
考查动词时态。根据“Srry, nt right nw. I … a shrt vide”可知，现在正在制作短视频，用现在进行时表示正在进行的动作，故选C。
4. （2023·河北）I ________ ice skating this Sunday. D yu want t cme?
A. g B. went C. was ging D. will g
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这个星期天我要去滑冰。你想来吗？
考查时态。根据“D yu want t cme”可知动作还未发生，用一般将来时will d。故选D。
5. （2023·天津）While we ________ an English sng, sme visitrs came t ur class.
A. singB. will singC. were singingD. are singing
【答案】C
【解析】句意：当我们正在唱一首英文歌时，一些来访者来到我们班。
考查动词时态。根据“While”以及“sme visitrs came t ur class”可知此句是含有while的过去进行时：was/were ding，故选C。
现在完成时与一般过去时区别
一、单项选择
1. （2023·江苏南通）— My father and I ________ a lt f phts at the same place in the past ten years.
— Thse phts must be yur valuable memries.
A. have takenB. will takeC. takeD. were taking
2. （2023·江苏无锡）Hey, Aunt Jenny! It’s yu! I didn’t expect yu ________ ver. What a nice surprise!
A. had cmeB. have cmeC. wuld cmeD. will cme
3. （2023·江苏徐州） I saw Harry in February and I ________ him since then.
A. didn’t seeB. wn’t seeC. haven’t seenD. dn’t see
4. （2023·湖北孝感） — What d yu think f the nvel, Jurney t the West?
— It’s s exciting that I ________ it fr three times.
A. readB. will readC. have readD. was reading
5. （2023·北京）—Lucy, what are yu ding?
—I ________ a mdel ship.
A. makeB. madeC. am makingD. was making
6. （2023·北京）The Shenzhu-15 astrnauts ________ t Earth safely n June 4, 2023.
A. returnB. returnedC. will returnD. have returned
7. （2023·北京）If yu g t the cncert with us tmrrw, yu ________ a great time there.
A. haveB. hadC. will haveD. have had
8. （2023·北京）Eric ________ many things since he became interested in science.
A. is learningB. was learningC. will learnD. has learned
9. （2023·江西）—What’s that nise, Tm?
—Oh, sme children ________ in the yard.
A. playB. are playingC. playedD. will play
10. （2023·天津）While we ________ an English sng, sme visitrs came t ur class.
A. singB. will singC. were singingD. are singing
11.---Hurry up! ---One mment. I ______ my e-mail and then I’m ready t g.
A. readB. am readingC. was readingD. have read
12.---I’ve never seen Mr. Taylr befre.
---Dn’t wrry. I ______ him t yu befre the meeting.
A. will intrduceB. intrducedC. have intrducedD. had intrduced
13.–Linda, Dad has finished his wrk and we ___________ t the gym t pick yu up.
-Thank yu, Mum.
A. driveB. drveC. have drivenD. are driving
14.—D yu knw if he_______ t play ftball with us?
—I think he will cme if he ______ free tmrrw.
A. cmes; is B. cmes; will be C. will cme; is D. will cme; will be
15. –Uncle Sam said he ____________ my birthday party, but he never shwed up.
- That’s Uncle Sam. He frgets everything!
A. will attend B. wuld attend C. has attended D. had attended
16.The student tld me that he _______ the exam _______.
A. has had; yesterday B. had; the day befre yesterday
C. had had; the day befre D. had had; yesterday
17. —Hell! May I speak t Kate?
—Srry, she isn’t in. She ________ ping-png utside.
A. is playingB. playsC. playedD. will play
18. （2022·湖北武汉中考） —I dn’t think sixteen-year-lds shuld be allwed t drive.
—I ________. It’s nt safe.
A. agreeB. agreedC. will agreeD. had agreed
19. The chief engineer annunced that they ________ a space lab n the space statin arund the end f 2022.
A. have builtB. had builtC. will buildD. wuld build
20. —May I speak t Wang Li?
—Srry, she is nt at hme. She ________ since last mnth.
A. leftB. has leftC. has been awayD. went away
21．（2023·江苏连云港二模）They didn’t ntice me cme in because they ________ cmputer games.
A．playB．are playingC．were playing D．have played
22．（2023·河北石家庄一模）I ________ a cld. I am nt feeling well nw.
A．catchB．have caughtC．will catchD．was catching
23．（2023·上海静安二模）Many peple ________ busily in that building at eight yesterday evening.
A．are wrkingB．were wrkingC．has wrkedD．had wrked
24．（2023·上海普陀·统考二模）The by ________ and shwed us a rw f white teeth.
A．laughB．laughedC．laughsD．is laughing
25．（2023·河北衡水一模）Well, everyne ________ taking the ntes. Nw let’s g n ur class.
A．finishedB．has finishedC．was finishingD．will finish
26．（2023·辽宁沈阳一模）—When did yu __________ the new watch?
—Well, I __________ it fr tw weeks.
A．have bught; have hadB．bught; have bught
C．buy; have hadD．buy; bught
27．（2023·河北沧州·统考一模）Jack ________ the yard when I passed by.
A．cleanedB．is cleaningC．was cleaning D．cleans
28．（2023·湖北十堰一模）— Yu lk pretty busy, hw cme?
— We ________ fr an ffice party nw.
A．prepareB．have preparedC．are preparingD．were preparing
29.Students in Grade Nine ____________a maths exam at this time yesterday.
A. takeB. are taking C. were takingD. have taken
30.---Hurry up! ---One mment. I ______ my e-mail and then I’m ready t g.
A. readB. am readingC. was readingD. have read
31.---I’ve never seen Mr. Taylr befre.
---Dn’t wrry. I ______ him t yu befre the meeting.
A. will intrduceB. intrducedC. have intrducedD. had intrduced
32．I ______ up at 6:30 every mrning.
A. get B. gt C. will get D. gets
33.Mst f my gd friends ________ when I ________ at the party.
A. left; had arrivedB. had left; arrived
C. left; arrivedD. had left; had arrived
34.When he was in the shp, he fund he ________ his wallet.
A. lstB. has lst
C. had lstD. wuld lse
35.By the end f last week, she __________ in the west f China fr tw mnths helping the hmeless children.
A. will stayB. has stayedC. wuld stayD. had stayed
36.—Did yu see Mrs. Lee in the meeting rm?
—N. When I gt there, she ________ anther meeting.
A. had left frB. had left t
C. was leaving frD. was leaving t
37.—Yu didn’t watch the mvie?
—Yes, but by the time I ______ t the cinema, the mvie ______ fr several minutes.
A. gt; has begunB. gt; had been n
C. gt; had begunD. gt; has been n
38.—It's ten years since we came here
—Hw time flies! We ________ in China fr s lng.
A. wrkB. wrked C. will wrk D. have wrked
39.Students in Grade Nine ____________a maths exam at this time yesterday.
A. takeB. are taking C. were takingD. have taken
40.Amn ____________ his ship in a big strm when a giant fish came ut f the sea.
A. will sailB. is sailingC. was sailingD. has sailed
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. A serius car accident ________ (happen) in this street last Sunday.
2. —What will the weather be like this cming Saturday?
—I hpe it ________ (be) a fine day fr ur picnic! I can't wait!
3. —D yu like junk fd，Linda?
—That's my favrite. The mre junk fd I ________ (have)，the happier I ________ (be).
4. —What did yur mther say abut this?
—She ________ (say) that she ________ (try) her best t help me with my English next term.
5. —Dn't get ff the bus until it ________ (stp)，Tm.
—I wn't，Dad. Dn't wrry abut me.
6. —Is yur father a dctr?
—Yes，he is. He ________ (wrk) in the Children's Hspital.
7. —I called yu yesterday evening，but there was n answer.
—Oh，I'm srry. I _____ (have) dinner at my friend's at that time.
8. I ________ (nt read) the bk Little Wmen yet，but I'll let yu read it first
9.I (nt hear) frm my friend since he mved t Shanghai.
10.This nvel is very interesting. My brther (read) it three times.
11. When the drbell rang, I (chat) happily with my grandma n the phne.
12.My father (buy) the car five years ag.
13. By the end f last year, I ____________(be) t the West Hill Farm three times.
14. Mm____________(g) ut fr sme exercise by the time I gt up.
15. We ________________(paint) the huse befre we mved in.
动词语态
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。本专题目的是要完全掌握被动语态的构成，能在语境中正确判断被动语态使用及时态变化。熟练掌握中考的考向及解题方法及思路。
被动语态在中考中一般以单项选择题，语法选择，选词填空，完成句子出现在中考的试卷中。各省市主要考查一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，含情态动词的被动语态。考查的难点就是要判断是否要使用被动语态，这是历来学生出错的地方。判断的方法就是掌握动作的执行者和承受着这一概念。
1.（2023·广州·语法选择）This little ne ____ Little Six. He was weak and quiet.
A. calledB. was callingC. was calledD. were called
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这只小鸟被叫做小六。
called称呼，过去式；was calling正在叫；was called被叫做，主语是第一人称或单数；were called被叫做，主语是第二人称或复数。此处“This little ne”与“call”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，主语是单数。故选C。
2. （2023·广州·完成句子） 我希望有一天我的绘画作品会在美术馆展出。
I hpe ne day my art wrks ________ ________ ________ in the art gallery.
【答案】will be shwn
【解析】根据中英文对照可知，shw表示“展出”，是动词，和主语之间是被动关系，结合“I hpe ne day”可知，句子应用一般将来时的被动语态：will be dne。故填will；be；shwn。
3. （2023·湖北鄂州） —What language ________ in Germany?
—Mst peple speak German, but many can speak English, t.
A. speak B. is spken C. is speaking D. speaks
【答案】B
【解析】句意：——在德国说哪种语言？——大多数人会说德语，但也有很多人会说英语。
考查一般现在时的被动语态。句子应用一般现在时，句子主语language与动词speak存在逻辑上的被动关系，则句子采用一般现在时的被动语态，其谓语结构为：am/is/are+过去分词。故选B。
4. （2023·安徽）Cmputers have had a great influence n learning methds since they ________ int schls.
A. intrduceB. intrducedC. are intrducedD. were intrduced
【答案】D
【解析】句意：自从计算机被引入学校以来，它们对学习方法产生了很大的影响。
考查时态和语态。since引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主语“they”指代“Cmputers”，与谓语动词intrduce“引进”之间是动宾关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态（were dne）。故选D。
一：被动语态的定义
?英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。在主动语态时，句子的主语是这个动作的执行者；在被动语态时，句子的主语是这个动作的承受者。如：
They built this huse. 他们建造了这座房子。
主语they是built这个动作的执行者，动词用主动语态。
The huse was built by them. 这座房子是由他们建造的。
主语the huse是built这个动作的承受者，动词用被动语态。
1 “be +（及物动词的）过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式。be有人称、数和时态的变化。
以动词d为例，几种常用时态的主动语态和被动语态的结构形式如下：
二：被动语态的构成
This kind f machine is made in Guangzhu.
这种机器是广州制造的。
The cmputer was stlen.那台电脑被偷了。
A new rad is being built utside my huse.
我家门口正在修一条新路。
The man was being questined by the plice.
这个人当时正在被警察盘问。
Yur wallet has been fund. 你的钱夹已经找到了。
Yur watch will be repaired. 你的表将会被修理好。
2 被动语态的否定句和疑问句。
(1) 被动语态的否定句在be后加nt。如：
The sng is nt liked by yung peple. 这首歌不受年轻人喜爱。
(2) 被动语态的疑问句将be提至主语前。如：
Is Chinese used nly in China? 汉语只在中国使用吗？
— Are these cmputers made in the USA? 这些电脑是美国制造的吗？
— Yes, they are. 是的。 N, they aren’t. 不，不是的。
动词语态训练
1.（2023·江苏徐州）The Mnkey King is a traditinal Chinese character. It ________ by peple f all ages.
A. is lvedB. was lvedC. will lveD. is lving
2（2023·江苏连云港）While everyne ________ the cmics page, I picked up a cpy t see what was s funny.
A. is laughing atB. laughed atC. laughs atD. was laughing at
3.（2023·江苏镇江）When I was a pupil, sme f my pcket mney ________ t buy cmic bks.
A. useB. is usedC. usedD. was used
4.（2023·黑龙江牡丹市）The 19th Asian Games ________ in Hangzhu frm September 23 t Octber 8, 2023.
A. was heldB. will hldC. will be held
5.（2023·吉林） —The envirnment f this twn is better nw.
—That’s because lts f trees ________ here many years ag.
A. are plantedB. were plantedC. will be planted
6.（2023·大连）The Qatar Wrld Cup ________ frm Nvember 21 t December 18 last year.
A. hldsB. heldC. was heldD. is held
7.（2023·山东滨州） —Can he get the first prize in the race?
—He ________ s, but he has just hurt his leg. It’s impssible nw.
A. will expect t dB. is expected ding
C. has expected dingD. was expected t d
8.（2023·） Hu Yi ________ magic medicine fr shting dwn the nine suns, then Pang Meng tried t steal it.
A. givesB. has givenC. gaveD. was given
9. — What shuld we d first if we want t develp ur village?
— First f all, a new rad ______, I think.
A. must build B. has t build C. must be built D. has built
10. This English sng _________ by the girls after class.
A. ften sings B. ften sang C. is ften sang D. is ften sung
11. Attentin, please! All the mbile phnes ____ during the meeting.
A. must be kept ff B. are keeping ff
C. kept ff D. have kept ff
12.Many f the stars ______ because they are far away frm us.
A. may nt see B. needn’t see
C. can nt be seen D. mustn’t be seen
13.— Lily, will yu g t Jenny’s birthday party this Saturday?
— I’m nt sure. Because I _______ s far.
have invited B. wasn’t invited
C. haven’t been invited D. will be invited
14．—Oh, yur rm is t dirty, Mike!
—Srry, Mum. It ___ _yesterday. I frgt t d it.
A. didn’t clean B. isn’t cleaned C. was cleaned D. wasn’t cleaned
15．﹣Excuse me，sir，smking _____ in the gas statin．
﹣Oh，I'm awfully srry．
A．desn't allwB．is allwed
C．aren't allwedD．isn't allwed
16．（2023·江苏宿迁三模）—Ww! All the bread in this stre ________.
—Yes. The bread there always ________.
A．sells ut; tastes wellB．sells ut; is tasted gd
C．is sld ut; is tasted wellD．is sld ut; tastes gd
17．（2023·江苏宿迁三模）—May I watch Running Man 3 this Friday evening, mm?
—Of curse, if yur hmewrk ________ by then.
A．will be finishedB．finishesC．will finish D．is finished
18．（2023·河北廊坊二模）The letter ________ in French. I can’t read it.
A．writeB．will writeC．is writtenD．will be written
19．（2023·山东菏泽二模）— Culd I ride an electric bicycle t schl, Mr. Wang?
— N, yu ________. Students under the age f 16 ________ t ride electric bicycles.
A．can’t；dn’t allwB．can’t；aren’t allwedC．culdn’t；shuldn’t allw
20．（2023·江苏泰州二模）—Hw exciting! The 19th Asian Games ________ in Hangzhu in September 2023.
—Yes, I can’t wait t watch the Games.
A．hldsB．is hldingC．was heldD．will be held
二、 用所给单词的适当时态和语态填空(综合训练题，本题更能检测学生语言运用能力。)
1. The student ___________(clean) the classrm nw.
2. Light ____________(travel) much faster than sund.
3. Our teacher said that she _______________ (assign) mre hmewrk if we did bad in the exams.
4.I _______________ (see) a wnderful film last night.
5. The students ___________ (have) a medical examinatin next mnth.
6. Many stries ________________________ (write) by the writer last year.
7. Yesterday we _______________________ (play) ftball after schl.
8. A yung man ften _________________ (ask) me sme difficult questins.
9. A wnderful party _______________________ (give) t him next week.
10. Mther ___________________ (tell) me a stry every night.
11. Rice _____________________(plant) in China.
12. Tm ___________________(use) cmputer every Saturday.
13. Maths ____________________(teach) by Mr. Chen in ur class.
14. English ____________________(speak) all ver the wrld.
15. The film ____________________ (shw) last night.
16. We ________________(paint) the huse befre we mved in.
17.Befre I repaired my bike, my mther (buy) a new ne fr me.
18.Great changes _________ (take) place in ur cuntry during the past 20 years.
19. The bk written by M Yan _______(translate)in 2014.
20.Peple (build) The bridge ver the river three years ag.
21. I _____________ (see) the film three times.
22. His parents __________ (stay) in the cuntryside fr ver 50 days.
23. Sarah ______________ (brrw) five bks frm the library three days ag.
24. Sarah __________ (keep) the bks since three days ag.
25 David __________ (be) interested in music when he was yung.
26 David __________ (be) interested in music since he was yung.
27.These papers _________ (nt write) yet.
28.The wrk __________ (finish) in tw hurs.
29. The rm _________(lk) very clean, it ___________(clean).
30.By the time he was 26 years ld, he and his partners (build) a successful fashin cmpany.
31. They ______________ (practise ) singing at that time
32. While he _____________ ( read ) , he _________ ( listen ) t the music yesterday.
33. She prmised t help him and _________ (give)him three glden apples.
34.A new rad _________(build) near my schl next year.
35. She and I _______ （take）a walk tgether every evening.
36.My aunt is a writer. She _______ (write)mre than ten bks since 2000.
37.The train _________(arrive) already. When _______ it ________(arrive)? I dn’t knw.
38.It _______________ ( rain ) when I went ut yesterday.
39. He wanted t knw if it ___________(rain) tmrrw. If it____________(rain) tmrrw, he ________(visit) his friends.
40.He __________(stay)here t study French in 2022. He _________(stay) here t study French since 2022.
三、完成句子
1. 为了进一步美化校园，下个月会在学校种很多树。
Next mnth many trees _________ __________ __________ in ur schl t make it mre beautiful.
2. 在中国，到处都有人打羽毛球。
In China, badmintn ____________ ___________ everywhere.
3. 下一周，格林先生将被邀请做一个有关语言学习的讲座。
Mr. Green _________ __________ __________ t give a speech n language learning next week.
4. 这种自行车是在上海生产的。
This kind f bike _____________ ___________ in Shanghai.
5. 所有的信件都必须放在这个绿色纸箱内。
All the letters ___________ __________ ___________ in this green paper bx.
6. Lk! The lights __________ __________ ____________ ____________.
7. 你的卧室必须马上打扫干净。
Yur bedrm _______ ______ ________ right nw.
8. 这项工作可以下周完成。
The wrk _______ _______ _________ next week.
9.禁止带宠物入内。
Pets _______ _________ __________ int the building.
10已经买了好多水果和零食。
A lt f fruit and snacks _______ _______ _______.一 、一般现在
定义
(常涉及现在)表示现在经常反复发生的或习惯性的动作或状态;还可用来描述真理
谓语构成
am/is/are；d/des
时间状语
always, usually, ften, smetimes, seldm, hardly, never，every year，nce a day，twice a week，three times a mnth，n Sundays等
举例
Jacb is/isn’t a sailr. 雅各布是/不是一个海员。
She sings/desn’t sing well. 她唱得好/不好。
二、一般过去时
定义
(常涉及过去)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态；也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作
谓语构成
was/were； did； culd； wuld…
时间状语
yesterday， last night， in 1990， tw days ag, ften， always等
举例
Mike was/wasn’t silent.迈克是/不是不爱说话。
三、现在进行时
定义
(常涉及现在某一时刻)表示(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作；也可表示现阶段一直或反复进行的动作
谓语构成
is/am/are ding
时间状语
nw，at the mment，lk，listen，these days，at present，frm tw t five等
举例
I am/am nt standing n the Grand Canyn nw. 我正/没有站在大峡谷上。
Lk! He is playing ftball.看！他正在踢足球。
四、过去进行时
定义
(常涉及过去某一时刻)表示过去某个时间点或过去某时间段正在进行的动作
谓语构成
was/were ding
时间状语
at nine last night， at that time＝then， at this time yesterday， this mrning， the whle mrning， all day yesterday，when/while引导的时间状语从句等
举例
I was/was nt lking at Victria Falls at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候我正/没有看到维多利亚瀑布。
He brke his arm when/while he was riding the mtrbike.他骑摩托车的时候折断了胳膊。
五、现在完成时
定义
(涉及过去、现在、有可能到将来)表示始于过去、持续至今的动作或状态，并可能继续下去；也可以表示过去发生或已完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果
谓语构成
have/has dne
时间状语
fr(＋时段)，since(＋表过去的时间点)，already， yet， just， befre， recently， still， lately， these years， just， up t nw， s far， in/ver/during the last/past few mnths等
举例
She has/hasn’t lived here fr five years.她住/没住这儿五年了。
Have yu seen it yet?你还没看见吗？
—Wuld yu like t have dinner with me?你愿意和我们一起共进晚餐吗？
—Thanks, but I’ve had it already.谢谢，我已经吃过晚饭了。
Angel has been dead fr 2 days. 安杰尔死了两天了。
六、一般将来时
定义
(涉及将来) 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事
谓语构成
will/shall d； is/am/are ging t d； am/is/are ding
时间状语
tmrrw， sn，next year/week/mnth，in a few days，in the future，smetime，含有when或if的复合句等
举例
We’re ging t meet utside the schl gate sn.
我们不久将在学校门口会合。
They wn’t have a meeting tmrrw. 他们明天没有会议。
There are ging t be tw parties this Saturday. = There will be tw parties this Saturday.
这个星期六将有两个派对。
七、去完成时
定义
一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表示“过去的过去”)，那么发生在先的事情的动词须用过去完成时。这个过去的时间可用befre等介词短语构成一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过上下文给出暗示。
谓语构成
“had +过去分词”
时间状语
by then，by that time，by the end f，befre 2012，by the time等。
用在tld，said，knew，heard，thught等动词后的宾语从句中。也可用在状语从句中
此时，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先用过去完成时；发生在后用一般过
去时。
举例
By then he had learned English fr fur years.
到那时，他已学习英语四年了。
She said (that) she had never been t Paris.
她说她从来没去过巴黎。
现在完成时
一般过去时
时态范畴
现在时态,过去的动作对现在造成的影响
过去时态，过去动作，与现在无关
例句
Li Lei has read the bk．
（说明李雷了解那本书的内容）
Yesterday l went t the z.
（仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关）
时间状语
already，yet，still，just，s far，in the last( past)，befre，ever，never，since+时间点，fr+时间段
ag，yesterday，last，in 2000，just nw
例句
Have yu ever picked flwers in a park?
你们曾在公园里摘过花吗？
Father bught that watch ten years ag. 爸爸十年前买了那块手表。
时态
主动语态
被动语态
一般现在时
d / des
am / is / are dne
一般过去时
did
was / were dne
现在进行时
am / is / are ding
am / is / are being dne
过去进行时
was / were ding
was / were being dne
一般将来时
will / shall d
will / shall be dne
现在完成时
has / have dne
has / have been dne
过去完成时
had dne
had been dne
过去将来时
shuld / wuld d
shuld / wuld be dne