专题10 2024年高考英语语法技巧

这是一份专题10 2024年高考英语语法技巧，共80页。试卷主要包含了强调句型，It 常用的固定搭配等内容，欢迎下载使用。
\l _Tc2217 第一章 名词性从句 PAGEREF _Tc2217 \h 2
\l _Tc16781 一． 主语从句 PAGEREF _Tc16781 \h 2
\l _Tc9765 二．宾语从句 PAGEREF _Tc9765 \h 4
\l _Tc15169 三. 表语从句 PAGEREF _Tc15169 \h 6
\l _Tc8500 四. 同位语从句 PAGEREF _Tc8500 \h 6
\l _Tc30131 名词性从句专项练习 PAGEREF _Tc30131 \h 7
\l _Tc17052 第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 PAGEREF _Tc17052 \h 9
\l _Tc9312 一、It用作实词 PAGEREF _Tc9312 \h 9
\l _Tc28301 二、It用作形式主语 PAGEREF _Tc28301 \h 9
\l _Tc9935 三、It作主语的句型 PAGEREF _Tc9935 \h 11
\l _Tc18972 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练 PAGEREF _Tc18972 \h 15
\l _Tc2729 第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 PAGEREF _Tc2729 \h 17
\l _Tc23958 一、并列复合句中的省略 PAGEREF _Tc23958 \h 17
\l _Tc11076 二、主从复合句中的省略 PAGEREF _Tc11076 \h 18
\l _Tc8777 三、简单句中的省略 PAGEREF _Tc8777 \h 20
\l _Tc17088 四、动词不定式省略，只保留t 的场合 PAGEREF _Tc17088 \h 21
\l _Tc8118 六．其他一些省略结构 PAGEREF _Tc8118 \h 22
\l _Tc8434 第四章 主谓一致 PAGEREF _Tc8434 \h 23
\l _Tc6994 (一) 语法一致原则: PAGEREF _Tc6994 \h 23
\l _Tc7847 (二) 内容一致原则: PAGEREF _Tc7847 \h 25
\l _Tc14135 (三) 就近原则 PAGEREF _Tc14135 \h 26
\l _Tc22538 主谓一致练习 PAGEREF _Tc22538 \h 26
\l _Tc32631 第五章 动词不定式 PAGEREF _Tc32631 \h 31
\l _Tc20275 1 不定式作宾语 PAGEREF _Tc20275 \h 31
\l _Tc8941 2. 不定式作补语 PAGEREF _Tc8941 \h 32
\l _Tc24609 3. 不定式作主语 PAGEREF _Tc24609 \h 34
\l _Tc15304 4. 不定式作表语 PAGEREF _Tc15304 \h 35
\l _Tc31164 第六章 倒装结构 PAGEREF _Tc31164 \h 44
\l _Tc27929 一 全部倒装 PAGEREF _Tc27929 \h 44
\l _Tc27524 二 部分倒装 PAGEREF _Tc27524 \h 45
\l _Tc1583 三 as, thugh 引导的倒装句 PAGEREF _Tc1583 \h 47
\l _Tc22041 四 其他部分倒装 PAGEREF _Tc22041 \h 47
\l _Tc8588 第七章 定语从句 PAGEREF _Tc8588 \h 48
\l _Tc31948 1 、关系代词引导的定语从句 PAGEREF _Tc31948 \h 48
\l _Tc9392 2 、关系副词引导的定语从句 PAGEREF _Tc9392 \h 50
\l _Tc26827 3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 PAGEREF _Tc26827 \h 51
\l _Tc28432 4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别 PAGEREF _Tc28432 \h 51
\l _Tc4786 定语从句语法专项练习习题精选 PAGEREF _Tc4786 \h 52
\l _Tc14832 第八章 被动语态 PAGEREF _Tc14832 \h 53
\l _Tc11641 一、语态概述 PAGEREF _Tc11641 \h 53
\l _Tc30723 二、被动语态的构成 PAGEREF _Tc30723 \h 54
\l _Tc17956 三、被动语态的用法 PAGEREF _Tc17956 \h 55
\l _Tc15092 第9讲祈使句 PAGEREF _Tc15092 \h 57
\l _Tc17821 一. 祈使句的句式特征 PAGEREF _Tc17821 \h 57
\l _Tc5701 二. 祈使句的肯定句式 PAGEREF _Tc5701 \h 57
\l _Tc3736 三. 祈使句的否定句式 PAGEREF _Tc3736 \h 58
\l _Tc29228 四. 祈使句的反意问句 PAGEREF _Tc29228 \h 59
\l _Tc32636 五. 祈使句的回答 PAGEREF _Tc32636 \h 60
\l _Tc5717 第十章感叹句 PAGEREF _Tc5717 \h 62
\l _Tc8352 第十一章疑问句 PAGEREF _Tc8352 \h 64
\l _Tc13232 第十二章 名词 PAGEREF _Tc13232 \h 65
第一章 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Nun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一． 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用wh/whm。例如：
a) It is a pity that yu didn’t g t see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It desn’t interest me whether yu succeed r nt. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c) It is in the mrning that the murder tk place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）
d) It is Jhn that brke the windw. 是Jhn打碎的窗户。（强调句型）
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an hnr that …非常荣幸
It is cmmn knwledge that …是常识
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reprted that… 据报道…
It has been prved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
（2）It is said /reprted…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit ur schl next week.
错误表达：That President Jiang will visit ur schl next week is said.
（3）It happens/ccurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It ccurred t him that he failed in the examinatin.
错误表达：That he failed in the examinatin ccurred t him.
（4）It desn’t matter hw/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It desn’t matter whether he is wrng r nt.
错误表达：Whether he is wrng r nt desn’t matter.
（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
a) What yu said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a cnslatin

二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that be jined the army. 我听说他参军了。
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
a) She did nt knw what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。
b) I wnder whether yu can change this nte fr me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She tld me that she wuld accept my invitatin. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。
2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upn hw well we can cperate with ne anther. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxius, aware, certain, cnfident, cnvinced, determined, glad, prud, surprised, wrried, srry, thankful, ashamed, disappinted, annyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, cntent 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she wuld get married next mnth. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allw, refuse, let, like, cause, frce, admire, cndemn, celebrate, dislike, lve, help, take, frgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：
正确表达：I admire their winning the match.
错误表达：I admire that they wn the match.
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, rder, accuse, refuse, impress, frgive, blame, denunce, advise, cngratulate等。例如：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an hnest man.
错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an hnest man.
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, cnsider, suppse, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I dn’t think this dress fits yu well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三. 表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, lk, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reasn is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The questin is whether we can make gd preparatin in such a shrt time.
2) This is why we can’t get the supprt f the peple.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the ther classes.
4) The reasn he is late fr schl is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decisin that the prisner wuld be set free surprised all the peple.
2) The rder that all the sldiers shuld stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He gt the news frm Mary that the sprts meeting was put ff.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he tld me is that Tm wuld g abrad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tm wuld g abrad is tld by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

名词性从句专项练习
1．____he des has nthing t d with me.
A. whatever B. N matter what C. That D. If
2. The manager came ver and asked the custmer hw____
A. did the quarrel came abut B .the quarrel had cme abut
C. had the quarrel cme abut D. had the quarrel cme abut
3. Energy is ____makes thing wrk..
A. what B. smething C. anything D. that
4. Infrmatin has been put frward ____ mre middle schl graduates will be admitted int universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
5. This is ___the Shenzhu V Spaceship landed.
A. there B. in which C. where D. when
6. They have n idea at all____.
A. where he has gne B. where did he g
C. which place has he gne D. where has he gne
7. The dctr did a lt t reduce the patient’s fear ____he wuld die f the disease.
A. that B. which C. f which D. f that
8. The rder came ___the sldiers ____the small village the next mrning.
A. that ;had t leave B. that; shuld leave
C. /; must leave D. when; shuld leave
9. ___is n pssibility ____Bb can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether
10. The questin came up at the meeting_____ we had enugh mney fr ur research.
A. that B. which C. whether D. if
11. Is _____he said really true?
A. that B. what C. why D. whether
12.____the meeting shuld last tw days r three days desn’t matter.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where
13. It wrried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. if C. that D. fr
14. ???_____mre cuntries can use natural energy in the future remains t be seen.
A. Whether B. This C. wh D. If
15.____he will g t wrk in a muntain village surprises all f us.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. If
16. ____yu dn’t like him is nne f my business.
A. What B. That C. Wh D. Hw
17.____all the inventins have in cmmn is ____they have succeeded.
A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what
18. ____appeared t me that he enjyed the fd very much.
A. What B. It C. All that D. That
19. It is widely ______that smking can cause cancer.
A. believed B. think C. say D. hped
20. ____caused the accident is still a cmplete mystery.
A. What B. That C. Hw D. Where
Keys:
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

一、2021年高考真题
1.（2021.6新高考1卷）Ging t Munt Huangshan reminds me f the ppular Beatle's sng "The Lng and Winding Rad". 1 is s breathtaking abut the experience is the ut-f-this-wrld scenes.
【答案】what
【解析】1： 考查名词性从句。分析题目，空格处无提示词。分子句子结构可知，_____is s breathing abut the experience 作 is 的主语，为主语从句。从句中缺少主语，指代事情；且空格位于句首。故填What。
2.（2021.3 天津卷）What puzzles Lily's friends is she always has s many crazy ideas.
A. whether B. why C. what D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查连接词词义辨析。句意：令Lily的朋友们感到困扰的是她为什么总是有这么多疯狂的想法。A. whether是否；B.why为什么；C. what什么； D.when什么时间，当……的时候。分析成分结构句子，该空需要一个表语从句的连接词。再结合句意可知，应该是朋友们不明白Lily 为什么有这么多疯狂的想法。所以本句为why引导的表语从句。故选：B。
二、2020年高考真题
1. （2020江苏高考真题）It is nt a prblem __________ we can win the battle; it’s just a matter f time.
A. whetherB. whyC. whenD. where
【答案】A
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题；这只是时间问题。A. whether是否；B. why为什么；C. when什么时候；D. where在哪里。根据下文it’s just a matter f time可知，此处指”我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题”，it是形式主语，whether引导的从句是真正的主语。故选A。
2. （2020天津高考真题）The student cmpleted this experiment t make cme true __________ Prfessr Jseph had said.
A. thatB. whatC. whenD. where
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：为了使约瑟夫教授所说的成为现实，这个学生完成了这个实验。_________ Prfessr Jseph had said作make的宾语从句，该从句中，空处在从句中作said的宾语，表示”……所说的话”，因此应用what引导该从句。故选B。
3. （2020浙江高考真题）Over thusands f years，they began t depend less n 57 culd be hunted r gathered frm the wild, and mre n animals they had raised and crps they had swn.
【答案】what
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子，宾语从句部分缺主语，所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意，此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。
三、2019年高考真题
1.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】25.Scientists have btained mre evidence ___________ plastic is finding its way int the human bdy.
A. whatB. thatC. whichD. where
【答案】B
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：科学家已经获得更多证据，塑料正在进入人们的体内。从句不缺句子成分，且与evidence指代的是同一事件，用that引导同位语从句。故选B。
2.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】While they are rare nrth f 88°,there is evidence ___61___ they range all the way acrss the Arctic, and as far suth as James Bay in Canada.
【答案】that
【解析】考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为there be句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解释说明中心词evidence的内容，故填that。
3.【2019·北京卷·语法填空】What students d at cllege seems t matter much mre than ___8___ they g.
【答案】where
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里（哪所大学）更重要。这里表达去哪所大学，表示地点，作状语。故用where。
四、2018年高考真题
1.【2018·北京】11. Withut his supprt, we wuldn’t be _________ we are nw.
A. hw B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：没有他的支持，我们是不会在现在这个位置的。hw表方式，when表时间，where表地点，why表原因。“_________ we are nw”是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，该处指我们所处的位置，故该从句应用where引导。C选项正确。
点睛：表语从句是指一个句子充当表语，通俗的说就是系动词be后面接一个句子。连接表语从句的连接词有that，what，wh，when，where，which，why，whether，hw等。
2.【2018·北京】15. This is _________ my father has taught me—t always face difficulties and hpe fr the best.
A. hw B. which C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：没有他的支持，我们是不会在现在这个位置的。hw表方式，when表时间，where表地点，why表原因。“_________ we are nw”是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，该处指我们所处的位置，故该从句应用where引导。C选项正确。
点睛：what是常见的名词性从句引导词之一，它除了引导从句作用之外，还在从句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。根据不同的语境，what可以表示不同的意思，例如“……的东西或事情”，“……的人或样子”等。
3.【2018·天津】9. The gld medal will be awarded ___________t wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whmever B. whereverC. whever D. whatever
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句连接词。句意：无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，金牌将授予他。分析句子可知，宾语从句中缺少主语，故用whever，表示“任何人，无论谁”。故选C。
点睛：分析句子可知，空格处做be awarded t的宾语，同时在后面的从句中做主语，再根据句意可知，这里主语指人，故用whever。
4.【2018·江苏】21. By bat is the nly way t get here, which is _______ we arrived.
A. where B. whenC. why D. hw
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：乘船是到达这里唯一的途径，这就是我们如何到达的。分析which引导的非限定性定语从句可知，后面为表语从句。分析句意可知，这里用连接副词hw引导表语从句，充当方式状语，表示“如何”。故选D。
点睛：本题考查表语。首先需要弄清句意及分析句子结构，然后根据前句By bat is the nly way t get here提示可知作方式状语，就不难选出正确答案。

2017年高考真题
1.【2017·北京】23. Every year, ______ makes the mst beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whever C. whmever D. whichever
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析：A. whatever 任何事 B. whever 任何人 C. whmever 任何人 D. whichever无论哪个。句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。空格所在部分是主语从句，缺少主语，用连接代词，根据意思可知是人获奖，故排除A、D，因为需要作主语，只能用主格代词wh+ever，故选B。
考点：考查连词。
2.【2017·北京】26. Jane mved aimlessly dwn the tree-lined street, nt knwing ______she was heading.
A. why B. where C. hw D. when
【答案】B
试题分析：A. why 为什么 B. where 在哪 C. hw 如何 D. when什么时候。句意：Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上，不知道她将去往何方，根据语境可知此处是表地点的，很容易就可选出答案B。
考点：考查连词。
3.【2017·江苏】26. We chse this htel because the price fr a night here is dwn t $20, half f _______ it used t charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. hw
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句的引导词。＂half f _________ it used t charge＂是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20；另外，f后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句的宾语，故选C。
【名师点睛】
这里容易误判为定语从句的“介词+关系代词”结构，需要注意的是，half f后面的价格是以前的价格。
如果是定语从句，那么half f后面的价格则是$20的一半，即$10，再结合“dwn t”可知，原来的价格
高于$20，因此不是定语从句。
介词f后跟宾语，因此这里是宾语从句，通过分析句子成分可知，宾语从句缺少宾语，因此用what引导。
4.【2017·天津】4. She asked me _______ I had returned the bks t the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
【答案】C
【解析】试题分析：句意：他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认。我还没有还。A.什么时候；B.在哪里；C是否；D.什么。根据句意，故选C
考点：考查宾语从句。
【名师点睛】本题是对宾语从句中连词的考查。对于宾语从句的连词的确定，首先确定连词的词义，然后根据句意判断出正确的连词，本句的句意很明显，确定为是否。
4.【2018·新课标II卷·短文改错】The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned ut t be very useful later in my life.
【答案】where改为when
【解析】考查宾语从句的连接词。句意：当我是个孩子的时候我父母教给我的纸牌游戏在我日后的生活中证明非常有用。宾语从句连接词并不是表示地点状语，而是时间状语。故把where改为when。
第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
"It" 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：
一、It用作实词
表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……
二、It用作形式主语
替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式主语的常见句型：
1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为
(1) It be adj. (fr sb.) t d sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, pssible, impssible, likely, unlikely, right, wrng, imprtant, unimprtant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, plite, implite, clear, bvius, certain, suitable, prper, fit, useful, useless, dangerus…
例 It is illegal (fr a teenager) t drive a car withut a license.
(2) It be adj. f sb. t d sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, cnsiderate, thughtful, thughtless, careful, careless, silly, flish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.
例 It's kind f yu t help me with the prblem.
(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型
It's n gd/use ding…
It's (well)wrth ding…
It's (well)wrth ne's while ding/t d…
It's (well)wrth while ding/ t d
例 It's n use crying ver spilt milk.
2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型
(1) It is + nun +从句
例 It is n secret that the president wants t have a secnd term at ffice.
(2) It is adj. +clause
It's surprising that… (shuld)………竟然……
It's a pity/shame that…(shuld)………竟然……
例 It's imprtant that yu shuld aplgize t her fr yur rudeness.(=It's f much imprtance that yu shuld aplgize t her fr yur rudeness.)
(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause
It+surprise/delight/interest/disappint/wrry/disturb/anny/amaze
/bther/cncern/frighten/please/anger sb. that…
例 It wrried me that she drve s fast.(= It was wrrying that she drve s fast.)
(4) It verb (t sb.) that…= sb/sth verb t d
(verb = appear, seem, cme abut, emerge, fllw, chance, happen, ccur, transpire, turn ut , wrk ut)
例 It (s) happened/chanced that they were ut.(= They happened/chanced t be ut.)
(5) It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is t d
(verb=say, reprt, think, believe, hpe, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, knw）
例 It is said that the cuple have gtten divrced.(=The cuple are said t have gtten divrced.)
(6) It is v-ed that … (shuld)…
(verb=demand, request, require, rder, suggest, advise, recmmend
例 It is suggested that they shuld begin with the third questin.
三、It作主语的句型
1. It takes sb. … t d…(=sb takes…t d…)某人用多长时间做某事
例 It tk the men a week t mend ur rf.(= The men tk a week t mend ur rf.)
2. It's (just)(un)like sb. t d…（不）像某人做某事的风格
例 It was (just) like him t think f helping us.
3. It's (abut/high) time that… shuld /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了
例 It's(abut/high) time that we shuld take actin.
4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了
例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.
5. It is/has been… since …cntinuus v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了
例 It's 10 years that he lived here
6. It was(nt)… befre…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了
例 It was nt lng befre they arrived.
四、It 作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式宾语的常见句型：
1. verb+ it+ adj./nun (fr/f) t d/clause (verb=think, believe, suppse, cnsider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it hard fr yu t d the task n yur wn./I think it hard that yu'll d the task n yur wn.
2. verb+it+adj./nun (ne's) ding (adj.=useless/wrth/wrthwhile)(nun=n use/n gd/wrth ne's while/a waste f time/mney/energy/wrds) (verb=think, believe, suppse, cnsider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I'll make it wrth yur while telling me abut his secret.
3. verb+it+ imprtant/unimprtant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (shuld)…
verb+it+f much/great/n/little imprtance that…(shuld)…
(verb=think, believe, suppse, cnsider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it imprtant that yu (shuld) attendthe cnference.
4. verb + it+ as+ nun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例 The lecturer takes it as encuraging when s many students attend his lecture.
5. v. +it + prep. + that…
we it t sb. that…把…归功于…
leave it t sb that…把…留给某人去做
take it fr granted that …想当然
keep it in mind that…
例 Dn't bther t arrange anything. Just leave it t me t srt ut.
6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjy, like, lve, dislike, resent, hate, dn't mind, be fnd f, feel like, see t 宾语从句紧跟it之后
例 I hate it yu can swim s well and I can't.
7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）
例 I'm fr it that yu will fllw their advice.
五、强调句型
It is/was+被强调部分+ that(wh)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用wh。
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
例 When was it that he changed his mind t take part in the activity？
2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句
例 It was because he was ill that he didn't cme t schl yesterday.
3. 在强调nt … until结构时必须把nt与until一起放到被强调的位置上
例 It was nt until she tk ff her dark glasses that I realized she was my brther.
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别
例 It was at 7 'clck that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)
It was 7 'clck when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)
六、It 常用的固定搭配
1. make it
(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
例 It's hard t make it t the tp in shw business.
(2).在口语中相当于fix the date fr,表示“约定好时间”
例 —Shall we meet next week?
—OK. We just make it next Saturday.
2. as it is
(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”
例 We had planed t finish the task tday, but as it is we prbably wn't finish it until next week.
(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”
例 Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were 相当于as ne might say, that is t say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”
例 He is, as it were, a mdern Sherlck Hlmes.
4. if it weren't fr…/if it hadn't been fr…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于withut, r but fr, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……”
例 If it weren't fr Tm, I wuldn't be alive tday.
5. that's it
(1). 相当于That's all. That's s much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”
例 Yu can have ne mre sweet, and that's it.
(2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例 — I guess the key t the prblem is thechice “A”
—That's it.
6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/sclded fr ding sth. wrng. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”
例 We'll really catch it frm ur teacher if we're late fr class again.
7. have it
(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”
例 Rumur has it that they are getting divrced.
(2).相当于get t knw smething,表示“了解，知道，获悉”
例 I had it frm Jhn that she was ging abrad.
8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified fr, 表示“具有成功的条件”
例 Yu can take it frm me that yur daughter has what it takes t be a star.
9. s it seems / appears.
10. Keep at it! (Dn't give up!)相当于g n,表示“继续做，不放弃”
例 My teacher asked me t keep at it.
11. G it! (G n!) 拼命干, 莽撞
12. Nw yu have dne it! (Yu have dne sth. wrng.)
13. Nw yu'll catch it! (Yu'll be punished.)
14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”
例 As it happened, they were ut.
15. As it turned ut,…在口语中，相当于it was fund t be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”
例 As it turned ut, his statement was false.
16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于althugh it may nt be wrth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例 Yu can brrw my exam ntebk, such as it is.
17. Take it/things easy. 相当于Dn't wrry r dn't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”
例 Take it easy! He will d it well.
18. Take it frm me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”
例 Yu can take it frm me that he will make it this time.
19. Fr what it is wrth…在口语中，相当于althugh I'm nt sure it's f value, 表示“不管其价值如何”
例 Here is the article I prmise yu, fr what it's wrth.
20. Wrth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”
例 Dn't hesitate abut it! It's wrth it.
21. Believe it r nt.表示“信不信由你”
例 Believe it r nt, Tm is getting married t Mary next Sunday.
22. Take it r leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例 That is my last ffer. Yu can take it r leave it.
23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”
例 —Are yu ging t the cuntryside fr hliday?
—It/That all depends.
24. It's up t sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”
例 —Shall we g ut fr dinner?
—It's up t yu.

“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练
1. Was it during the Secnd Wrld War_____ he died?
A.that B.while C.in which D.then (88)
2. Is ____ necessary t cmplete the design befre Natinal Day?
A.this B.that C.it D.he (89)
3. I dn't think ____ pssible t master a freign language withut much memry wrk.
A.this B.that C.its D.it (91)
4.Des ______ matter if he can't finish the jb n time?
A.this B.that C.he D.it (91)
5. It was nt _____ she tk ff her glasses _____ I realized she was a famus film star.
A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then (92)
6. I was disappinted with the film. I had expected ______ t be much better.
A.that B.this C.ne D.it (93)
7. It was nt until 1920 ______ regular radi bradcasts began.
A.while B.which C.that D.since (94)
8. ______is a fact that English is being accepted as an internatinal language.
A.There B.This C.That D.It (95)
9. It was nly when I reread this pems recently _____ I began t appreciate their beauty.
A.until B.that C.then D.s (97)
10. I hate_____when peple talk with their muths full.
A.it B.that C.these D.them (98)
11. It is the ability t d the jb _____ matters nt where yu cme frm r what yu are.
A.ne B.that C.what D.it (2000)
12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004)
A. this B. that C. it D. ne
13. —D yu like ___ here?
—Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way f life. Everything is s nice.(全国卷)
A. this B. These C. That D. it
14. We needed a new cupbard fr the kitchen. S Peter made ___ frm sme wd. (全国卷)
A. it B. One C. Himself D. anther
15. The freign Minister said, " _____ ur hpe that the tw sides will wrk twards peace."(2004北京)
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
16. _____ is reprted in the newspaper, talks between the tw cuntries are making prgress. (2004北京)
A. It B. As C. That D. What
17. — Hw ften d yu eat ut?(2004, 天津)
— ________, but usually nce a week.
A. Have n idea B. It depends C. As usual D. Generally speaking
18. We wanted t get hme befre dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed. (2004浙江卷)
A. make ut B. turn ut C. g n D. cme up
19. — What d yu want t d next? We have half an hur until the basketball game.
—________. Whatever yu want t d is fine with me.
A. It just depends B. It's up t yu C. All right D. Glad t hear that
20. It was ____ back hme after the experiment.
A. nt until midnight did he g
B. until midnight that he didn't g
C. nt until midnight that he went
D. until midnight when he didn't g
KEYS:
1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象
在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：

一、并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：
a) The by picked up a cin in the rad and (the by ) handed it t a pliceman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b) Yur advice made me happy but(yur advice made) Tm angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c) Tm must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)ding her hmewrk. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。
d) Ga Xiumin was brn in 1959 and Fu Bia (was brn) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主从复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,befre, after , till, until, nce等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由thugh , althugh ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as thugh 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：
1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1) 连词（as, as if , nce）+ 名词; (2) 连词（ thugh, whether , when）+形容词；(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语；(4) 连词(when , while , thugh )+ 现在分词； (5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,nce ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词； (6) 连词(as if ,as thugh ) + 不定式。如：
a) Once (he was)a wrker ,Pang Lng nw becmes a famus singer .庞龙曾经是个工 人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b) Wrk hard when (yu are) yung ,r yu'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。
c) He lked everywhere as if (he was)in search f smething .他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
d) While (he was) hlding talks with President Hu Jinta ,US President Gerge W. Bush thanked China fr its imprtant rle in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e) The exhibitin is mre interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gld medallist hurdler Liu Xiang pened his lips as if (he were) t speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意：
1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：
Her father tld her t be careful when (she was)crssing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时 ，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：
Unless (it is) necessary ,yu'd better nt refer t the dictinary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。
2．定语从句中的省略
1） 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whm 可以省略；如：
Is this reasn (that) he explained at the meeting fr his carelessness in his wrk?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whm 不可以省略。试比较：
Tm (whm) yu saw yesterday fell ill.( whm可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tm , whm yu saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whm不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。
2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：
a) This is the first time (when/that)he had truble with the bss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。
b) He wants t find a gd place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “glden week ”hliday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c) Culd yu tell us the reasn (why/that)he was s unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？
3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 hw 来引导 ，应该用that 或 in which ，或将它们全部省略。如：
I dn't like the way (that/in which) yu laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3．宾语从句中的省略
1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：
a) I think (that) the refrm f the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secessin law had been passed and that President Hu Jinta had signed a presidential rder 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2）由 which , when ,where , hw,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：
a) I knw that NBA star Ya Ming will cme t ur city but I dn’t knw when (he will cme t ur city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
b) He wants t mve abrad but his parents wnders why (he wants t mve abrad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4．在与suggest ,request ,rder ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“shuld +动词原形”，shuld可以省略。如：
Chirac, President f the Republic f France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (shuld) last lng in varius frms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：
(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t g t Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：
—Why were yu absent frm schl last Friday ?—(I was absent frm schl)Because my mther was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。

三、简单句中的省略
1．省略主语
1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：
(Yu) Open the dr, please. 请开一下门。
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：
a) (I) Thank yu fr yur help 谢谢你的帮助。
b) (It)Desn’t matter.没关系。
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：
a) (There is) N smking. 禁止抽烟
b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ？
c) (Yu cme)This way please.请这边走。
d) (Will yu) Have a smke ? 抽烟吗 ？
3．省略宾语 如：
—D yu knw Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I dn’t knw (him.) 我不认识他
4．省略表语 如：
—Are yu thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？ Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的，我是。
5．同时省略几个成分 如：
a) —Are yu feeling better nw? 你觉得好些了吗 ？—(I am feeling ) Much better (nw) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Gd luck (t yu) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。
四、动词不定式省略，只保留t 的场合
1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：lve, like, care, wish, hpe, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , blige , advise , persuade , agree , want , affrd , frget , remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— Yu shuld have thanked her befre yu left . —I meant t ,but when I was leaving I culdn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）
b) Yu can d it this way if yu like t .如果你想做，你可以这么做。
2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, frce, persuade, wish, allw, permit , frbid ,expect, rder ,warn 等。如 ：
a) The by wanted t ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mther tld him nt t. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)
b) She wants t cme but her parents wn’t allw her t (cme). 她想来，可是她父母不让。
3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxius , willing , ready 等。如：
— I will be away n a business trip .Culd yu mind lking after my cat ? — Nt at all.I wuld be happy t (lk after yur cat). —我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。
4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able t, be ging t, have t, ught t, used t等。如：
He desn’t like fish but he used t 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。
五、动词不定式t 的省略
1．主语部分有t d ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去t。如：
The nly thing yu have t d is press the buttn.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 d时，不定式通常省去t. 如：
He said that Chen Shuibian had nthing t d except push a pr-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。
3．主语部分暗含t d，表语中的不定式通常省去t。如：
All I want (t d) is g t schl and study hard .我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。
4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：
It is easier t say than t d . 说起来容易，做起来难。
5．在wuld rather…than… 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略. 如：
I wuld rather stay at hme than g t see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
6．在see ,watch ,ntice ,hear, listen t ,lk at ,feel ,have, make, let ,bserve 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号t；why (nt) d 结构 中, 不定式不带t。如：
a) I saw her enter the rm. 我看见她进入了房间
b) Why nt jin us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？
六．其他一些省略结构
1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2．What和 hw引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：
a) What a wnderful victry (it is ) fr Tm ! 这对Tm来说是个多么大的胜利呀！
b) Hw beautiful (it is ) t be treated like a nrmal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章 主谓一致
主谓一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is ging abrad. They are playing ftball. 可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.
(一) 语法一致原则:
即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:
1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , alng with, tgether with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, n less than, rather than(而不是), including, in additin t 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.
N ne except tw servants was late fr the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。
2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如:
The pet and writer has cme. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tls. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)
用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and frk(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:
Serving the peple is my great happiness.
为人民服务是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll g ut fr an uting has been decided.
我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或n修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.
Every by and every girl likes t g swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.
N teacher and n student was absent frm the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.
Each man and (each) wman is asked t help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
5. each f + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:
Each f us has smething t say. 我们每个人都有话要说。
6. 若主语中有mre than ne 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但mre+复数名词+than ne做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:
Many a by likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.
Mre than ne student was late. 不只一个学生迟到
Mre persns than ne cme t help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。
7. nne 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:
Nne f us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。
Nne f this wrries me. 这事一点不使我着急。
8. 名词如: trusers, scissrs, clthes, gds, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:
His clthes are gd. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair f , 谓语一般用单数.如:
A pair f glasses is n the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, ecnmics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night ; 以及The United Natins 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10. “a +名词+and a half “, “ne and a half + 名词”, “the number f + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:
Only ne and a half apples is left n the table.
注意: ne r tw + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:
One r tw places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。
(二) 内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, mst, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:
The rest f the bikes are n sale tday. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。
60%f the apple was eaten by little by. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。
Mst f the apples were rtten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Mst f the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part f , a lt f , lts f , ne f , a number f , plenty f等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:
A part f the textbks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
A part f the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3. 加减乘除用单数.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。
4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:
Ten miles is a gd distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。
5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括plice , peple, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:
The British plice have nly very limited pwers.
(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clthing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, cmmittee, gvernment, family, enemy, grup, party, team, public 等.如:
The cmmittee has/have decided t dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。
6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原则
1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:
Here cmes the bus 公共汽车来了.
Here is a pen and sme pieces f paper fr yu. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。
Where is yur wife and children t stay while yu are away?
你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？
2. 用连词r, r, neither….nr, nt nly….but als 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如：
Neither the students nr the teacher knws anything abut it 学生和老师都不知道这事.
He r yu have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意: ne f +复数名词+wh/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如：
Mary is ne f thse peple wh keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The nly ne f +复数名词+ wh/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。
Mary is the nly ne f thse peple wh keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。
主谓一致练习
1. Abut 60 percent f the students _____ frm the suth, the rest f them _____ frm the nrth and freign cuntries.
A. are/is B. are/are C. is/are D. are
2. Half f the wrkers here _____ under 30 _____.
A. is/years B. are/year ld C. is/years ld D. are/years f age
3. Nw Tm with his classmates _____ ftball n the playgrund.
A. play B. are playing C. plays D. is playing
4. The number f pages in this dictinary _____ abut tw thusand.
A. are B. has C. have D. is
5. Thirty dllars _____ t expensive.
A. are B. is C. were D. be
6. The audience _____ s large that n seat was left unccupied in the great hall.
A. is B. are C. was D. has
7. The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting nw.
A. are speaking B. is speaking C. were making a speech D. have a speech
8. "If anybdy _____, please put dwn _____ name," said the teacher t the mnitr.
A. wants t buy the bk/his B. want t buy the bk/their
C. will buy the bk/ne's D. wants t have the bk bught/her
9. Nthing but ne desk and six chairs _____ in the rm.
A. are B. is stayed C. is D. are left
10. Having arrived at the statin, _____.
A. it was fund that the train had left &nb, sp; B. th, e trai, n had left
C. the train was fund left D. he fund that the train had left
11. Between the tw rads _____ a TV twer called "Skyscraper Twer".
A. stands B. standing C. which stands D. stand
12. Either f yu _____ ging there tnight.
A. will B. was C. is D. are
13. Yu as well _____ right.
A. I are B. I am C. as I am D. as I are
14. All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.
A. are B. is C. were D. was
15. -- Shall I wait here fr three hurs?
--Yes. Three hurs ___, __ t, , , , , wait fr such a dctr.
A. are nt very lng fr yu B. is nt lng enugh f, , , , , r yu
C. was nt lng enugh fr yu D. will be t lng fr yu
16. Where t get the materials and hw t get them _____ at the meeting.
A. have nt discussed B. have nt been discussed
C. has nt discussed D. has nt been discussed
17. I tk mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very imprtant fr me t make further research in this field.
A. what is B. they are C. this D. which are
18. Every student and every teacher _____.
A. are ging t attend the meeting B. have attended the meeting
C. has attended the meeting D. is attended the meeting
19. Three furths f the bread _____ by Bb, and the rest f the bread _____ left n the table.
A. was eaten/were B. were eaten/was C. were eaten/were D. was eaten/was
20. This pair f shes _____.
A. is her B. is hers C. are hers D. are her
21.There ______ n life n the mn.
A. is said t have B. are said t have C. is said t be D. are said t be
22.A grup f ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the ft f the hill
A. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps grasses leaves
C. sheep; grass leaf D. sheeps grass leafs
23.My family raise a lt f _______, including tw______.
A. cattles cws B. cws cattle C. cattle cws D. cw, cattles
24.What he says and what he des_______.
A. des nt agree B. d nt agree C. des nt agree with D. nt agree
25.The by and the girl each ______ tys.
A. have their wn B. has their wn C. have her wn D. has her wn
26.She is the nly ne amng the ______ writers wh ______stries fr children.
A. wman, writes B. wmen write C. wmen writes D. wman write
27.The railway statin is ______frm ur schl.
A. tw hur`s drive B. tw hurs` drive C. tw hur drive D. tw hurs drive
28.Mike and Jhn`s ______.
A. father is a teacher B. fathers are teachers
C. father are teachers D. fathers are teacher
29.A great deal f talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem t be aimless.
A. is ccurred B. are ccurred C. ccurs D. ccur
30._______ the classrm needs t be cleaned.
A. Either the ffices r B. The ffices and C. Bth the ffice and D. The ffice and
31.Three-furths f the hmewrk ______tday.
A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished
32.Mre than 60 percent f the wrld’s radi prgrammes ______in England.
A. is B. was C. are D. be
33. ______wrk has been dne t imprve the peple`s living standard
A.A great deal f B.A great many C.A large number f D.Many
34.The rest f the magazines ______ within half an hur.
A.is sld ut B.are sld ut C.was sld ut D.were sld ut
35.There ______ a lt f sugar in the jar.
A. has B.have C.is D.are
36. “All ______present and all ______ging n well”, ur mnitr said.
A.is is B.are, are C.are is D.is are
37.Yesterday the League secretary and mnitr ______ asked t make a speech at the meeting.
A.is B.was C.are D.were.
38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.
A.are studying B.have studied C.studies D.study
39.The rich______ nt always happy.
A.are B.is C.will D.may
40. ______can be dne ______dne.
A.All, have been B.All that ,have been C.All has D.All that ,has been
41.Either f the plans ______equally dangerus.
A.are B.is C.has D.have
42.The plice ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.
A.is searching B.were searching fr
C.are searching D.was searching fr
43.Yur trusers ______dirty, yu must have______ washed.
A.is it B.are it C.are them D.is them
44.The Olympic games ______held every fur ______.
A.is years B.are years C.is year D.are year
45.He is the ly ne f the students wh______elected.
A.are B.have C.has D.is
46. ______a gd enugh price fr this bk
A.Tw yuans are B.Tw yuan are C.Tw yuans is D.Tw yuan is
47.N bird and n beast ______in the lnely island
A.are seen B.is seen C.see D.sees
48.Every means ______prevent the water frm______
A.are used t plluting B. get used t plluting
C.is used t , plluted D.is used t ,being plluted
49.Each f the ______in the ship.
A.passenger has his wn rm B. passengers have their wn rm
C.passenger have their wn rm D.sengers has his wn rm
50.What we need ______gd textbks.
A.is B.are C.have D.has
51.What yu said just nw______t d with the matter we are discussing.
A.have smething B.has smething C.had smething D.was smething
52.Either yur parents r yur elder brther ______t attend the meeting tmrrw.
A.is B.are C.are ging D.have
53.Neither f the nvels which ______ppular with us ______been translated int Chinese.
A.are has B.are have C.is have D.is has
54.Every by and every girl ______t attend the evening party.
A.wish B.wishes C.hpe D.are hping
55._______ has been dne.
A.nety—nine percents f the wrk B. Half f what he prmised
C. Tw-fifths f the articles D. Three quarter f the business
答案：
1-5 BDDDB 6-10 ABACD 11-15 ACDAB 16-20 DBCDB
21-25 CACBA 26-30CBACA 31-35 BCADC 36-40CBCAD
41-45 BBCBD 46-50 DBDDB 51-55 BAABB

第五章 动词不定式
1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
affrd, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bther, care, chse, cme, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavr, hpe, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, lng, mean, manage, ffer, ught, plan, prepare, pretend, prmise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
The driver failed t see the ther car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen t knw the answer t yur questin. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2) 动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, chse, expect, hate, help intend like, lve, need prefer, prepare, prmise, want, wish
I like t keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like yu t keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want t speak t Tm. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want yu t speak t Tm. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ t
decide, knw, cnsider frget, learn, remember, shw, understand, see, wnder, hear, find ut, explain, tell
Please shw us hw t d that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are s many kinds f tape-recrders n sale that I can't make up my mind which t buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意
疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The questin is hw t put it int practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2. 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(t d)
advise, allw, appint, believe, cause, challenge, cmmand, cmpel, cnsider, declare, drive, enable, encurage, find, frbid, frce, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, infrm, instruct, invite, judge, knw, like, rder, permit, persuade, remind, reprt, request, require, select, send, state, suppse, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn
a.Father will nt allw us t play n the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b.We believe him t be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带t 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I fund him lying n the grund.
I fund it imprtant t learn.
I fund that t learn English is imprtant.
典型例题
The next mrning she fund the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) t + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
acknwledge, believe, cnsider, think, declare(声称), discver, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, knw, prve, see(理解), shw, suppse, take(以为), understand
We cnsider Tm t be ne f the best students in ur class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally cnsidered ___ the first cmputer.
A. t invent B. inventing C. t have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由cnsider t d sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) t be +形容词
seem, appear, be said, be suppsed, be believed, be thught, be knwn, be reprted, hpe, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The bk is believed t be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, lve, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there t be s many peple there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意
有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, cnsider.
We regard Tm as ur best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary tk him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
3. 不定式作主语
1) It's easy (fr me) t d that. 我做这事太容易了。
easy, difficult, hard, imprtant, pssible, impssible, cmfrtable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, t much, t little, nt enugh
It's s nice t hear yur vice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary fr yu t lck the car when yu d nt use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind f yu t help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, flish, thughtful, thughtless, brave, cnsiderate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
It was silly f us t believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish f him nt t give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意
1) 其他系动词如，lk，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… t…的句型
(对)T see is t believe. 百闻不如一见。(错)It is t believe t see.
It's fr sb.和 It's f sb.
1) fr sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impssible等：
It's very hard fr him t study tw languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2) f sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如gd, kind, nice, clever, flish, right。
It's very nice f yu t help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
fr 与f 的辨别方法
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用f，不通则用fr。如：Yu are nice. (通顺，所以应用f)。He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用fr。)
4. 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My wrk is t clean the rm every day.
His dream is t be a dctr.
5. 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lt f wrk t d.
S he made sme candles t give light.
6. 不定式作状语
1) 目的状语
T… nly t (仅仅为了), in rder t, s as t, s(such)… as t… (如此……以便……)
He ran s fast as t catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I cme here nly t say gd-bye t yu. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2) 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said t make yu angry.
He searched the rm nly t find nthing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad t see yu.
典型例题
The chair lks rather hard, but in fact it is very cmfrtable t ___.
A. sit B. sit n C. be seat D. be sat n
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
用作介词的t
t 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, t 在下面的用法中是第二种，即t+ 名词/动名词：admit t承认，cnfess t承认，be accustmed t 习惯于，be used t 习惯于，stick t 坚持，turn t开始，着手于，devte neself t 献身于，be devted t 致力于， lk frward t 盼望，pay attentin t
注意
省t 的动词不定式

1) 情态动词 ( 除ught 外，ught t)：
2) 使役动词 let, have, make：
3) 感官动词 see, watch, lk at, ntice , bserve, hear, listen t, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略t。

注意
在被动语态中则t 不能省掉。
I saw him dance. =He was seen t dance.
The bss made them wrk the whle night.=They were made t wrk the whle night.
4) wuld rather，had better：
5) Why… / why nt…：
6) help 可带t，也可不带t, help sb (t) d sth：
7) but和except：but前是动词d时，后面出现的动词用不带t的动词不定式。
8) 由and, r和than连接的两个不定式，第二个t 可以省去：
9) 通常在discver, imagine, suppse, think, understand等词后，可以省去t be：He is suppsed (t be) nice. 他应该是个好人。举例：He wants t mve t France and marry the girl. He wants t d nthing but g ut. 比较：He wants t d nthing but g ut. He wants t believe anything but t take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually g there by train.
---- Why nt ___ by bat fr a change?
A. t try ging B. trying t g C. t try and g D. try ging
答案：D. why nt 后面接不带t 的不定式，因此选D。
2) Paul desn't have t be made ___. He always wrks hard.
A. learn B. t learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带t 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，t 不可省略。
动词不定式的否定式
Tell him nt t shut the windw…
She pretended nt t see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1) Tell him ___ the windw.
A. t shut nt B. nt t shut C. t nt shut D. nt shut
答案：B。 tell sb t d sth 的否定形式为tell sb nt t d sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. nt t see B. nt seeing C. t nt see D. having nt seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend nt t d sth.。
3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never t drive B. t never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb t d sth. 的否定形式为warn sb nt t d sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The by wanted t ride his bicycle in the street，but his mther tld him ____.
A. nt t B. nt t d C. nt d it D. d nt t
答案：A。nt t 为nt t d it 的省略形式。可以只用t这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词d后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ ily fd after the peratin.
A. t eat n B. eating nt C. nt t eat D. nt eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned nt t d。
不定式的特殊句型t…t…
1) t…t 太…以至于…
He is t excited t speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help yu ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the bx is t heavy fr yu t carry it, but thank yu all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在t前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， t 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。
It's never t late t mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。
3) 当t 前面有nly, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm nly t pleased t be able t help yu. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but t eager t get hme. 他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型s as t
1) 表示目的；它的否定式是s as nt t d。
Tm kept quiet abut the accident s as nt t lse his jb. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
G in quietly s as nt t wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) s kind as t ---劳驾
Wuld yu be s kind as t tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
不定式的特殊句型Why nt
"Why nt +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如：Why nt take a hliday? 干吗不去度假?
不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 t d t be dne
进行式 t be ding
完成式 t have dne t have been dne
完成进行式 t have been ding
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems t knw this.
I hpe t see yu again. = I hpe that I'll see yu again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm srry t have given yu s much truble.
He seems t have caught a cld.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems t be eating smething.
4) 完成进行时：
She is knwn t have been wreaking n the prblem fr many years.
动名词与不定式
1) 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
stp t d stp ding
frget t d frget ding
remember t d remember ding
cease t d cease ding
try t d try ding
g n t d g n ding
afraid t d afraid ding
interested t d interested ding
mean t d mean ding
regret t d regret ding
begin/start t d begin/start ding
特殊词精讲
stp ding/t d
stp t d 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stp ding 停止做某事。
They stp t smke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stp smking. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the tp f the hill and stpped ___ n a big rck by the side f the path.
A. t have rested B. resting C. t rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stp t d sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stp ding sth.不正确。
stp ding/t d
frget ding/t d
frget t d 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
frget ding 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the ffice is stil n. He frgt t turn it ff. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He frgt turning the light ff. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)
Dn't frget t cme tmrrw. 别忘了明天来。(t cme动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the ffice is still n.
---- Oh, I frgt___.
A. turning it ff B. turn it ff C. t turn it ff D. having turned it ff
答案：C。由the light is still n 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用frget t d sth.
而frget ding sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
remember ding/t d
remember t d 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember ding 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember t g t the pst ffice after schl. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Dn't yu remember seeing the man befre? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
regret ding/t d
regret t d 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)
regret ding 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret t have t d this, but I have n chice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I dn't regret telling her what I thught. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---Yu were brave enugh t raise bjectins at the meeting.
---Well, nw I regret ___ that.
A. t d B. t be ding C. t have dne D. having dne
答案：D。regret having dne sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret t d sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
cease ding/t d
cease t d 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease ding 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。
That department has ceased t exist frever. 那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting fr a mment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
try ding/t d
try t d 努力，企图做某事。
try ding 试验，试着做某事。
Yu must try t be mre careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
g n ding/t d
g n t d 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
g n ding 继续做原来做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went n t d his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
G n ding the ther exercise after yu have finished this ne. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
be afraid ding/t d
be afraid t d 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；
be afraid f ding 担心出现ding的状况、结果。 ding 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。
She was afraid t step further in grass because she was afraid f being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid t wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid f waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
be interested ding/t d
interested t d 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
interested in ding 对某种想法感兴趣，ding 通常为想法。
I shall be interested t knw what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in wrking in Switzerland. D yu have any idea abut that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
mean t ding/t d
mean t d 打算、想
mean ding 意味着
I mean t g, but my father wuld nt allw me t. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
T raise wage means increasing purchasing pwer. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
begin(start) ding/t d
begin / start t d sth
begin / start ding sth.
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用ding.
Hw ld were yu when yu first started playing the pian? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式t d
I was beginning t get angry. 我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接knw, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式t d。
I begin t understand the truth. 我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
It began t melt.
感官动词 + ding/t d
感官动词 see, watch, bserve, ntice, lk at, hear, listen t, smell, taste, feel + d 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ding 表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him wrk in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
I saw him wrking in the garden yesterday. (强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up frm childhd.
A. grw B. grew C. was grwing D. t grw
答案：A. 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb d sth 的句型。
2) The missing by was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. t be playing C. play D. t play
答案：A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. ding sth句型。
第六章 倒装结构
一 全部倒装
全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1. here, there, nw, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, cme, g, lie, run。例如：
1) There ges the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。
2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了
3) Here is yur letter. 这是你的信。
2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：
1) Out rushed a missile frm under the bmber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。
2) Ahead sat an ld wman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：
1) Here he cmes. 他来了。
2) Away they went. 他们走了。
二 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词d, des或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如n, nt, never, seldm, little, hardly, at n time, in n way, nt until… 等。例如：
1) Never have I seen such a perfrmance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。
2) Nwhere will yu find the answer t this questin. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。
3) Nt until the child fell asleep did the mther leave the rm. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
注意：当Nt until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：
1) I have never seen such a perfrmance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
2) The mther didn't leave the rm until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
2. 带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： nt , never , seldm , scarcely , barely , little , at n time , nt nly , nt nce , under n cnditin , hardly … when , n sner …than …等。例如：
1) Nt nly did he refuse the gift, he als severely criticized the sender. 他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
2) Hardly had she gne ut when a student came t visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。
3) N sner had she gne ut than a student came t visit her. 她刚要走时一个学生来看她。
注意：只有当Nt nly… but als连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Nt nly… but als仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：
Nt nly yu but als I am fnd f music. 我和你都喜欢音乐。
3. 表示"也"、"也不" 的s, neither, nr放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：
1) Tm can speak French. S can Jack. Tm能说法语，我也能。
2) If yu wn't g, neither will I. 如果你不去，我也不去。
注意： 当s引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：
1) Tm asked me t g t play ftball and s I did. Tm让我去踢足球，我去了。
2) ---It's raining hard. ---S it is. ---雨下得很大。 ---的确很大。

4. nly放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。例如：

Only in this way, can yu learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he cme t the meeting. 他被请了三次才来开会。
注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriusly ill, des he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。

三 as, thugh 引导的倒装句
as / thugh引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词；2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able t d the wrk satisfactrily. 尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。
注意: 让步状语从句中，有thugh，althugh时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 thugh 和yet可连用。

四 其他部分倒装
1. s… that 句型中的s 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
S frightened was he that he did nt dare t mve an inch. 他害怕得动都不敢动。
2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
May yu all be happy. 望大家开心愉快。
3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, shuld等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, shuld 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：
Were I yu, I wuld try it again. 如果我是你，我就再试一次。


第七章 定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：wh, whm, whse, that, which, as。
关系副词有：when, where, why, hw。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1 、关系代词引导的定语从句
1) wh, whm, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man wh/that wants t see yu?（wh/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whm/ that I saw yesterday.（whm/that在从句中作宾语）
2) whse 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同f which互换），例如：
Please pass me the bk whse (f which) cver is green.
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prsperity which / that had never been seen befre appears in the cuntryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) yu are carrying is abut t cme unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Wh 都可以指人，其用法区别：
不用that的情况：
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is fur hundred years ld, is very famus here.
b) 介词后不能用
We depend n the land frm which we get ur fd.
c) 多用wh 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend wh helps yu in time f need is a real friend.
②先行词为thse, peple 时
Thse wh were either fls r unfit fr their ffices culd nt see the clth.
③先行词为all, anyne, nes, ne 指人时
One wh desn't wrk hard will never succeed in his wrk.
④在There be句型中
There is a stranger wh wants t see yu.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will cme tmrrw wh will teach yu German.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用wh，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student wh was praised at the meeting is the mnitr that is very mdest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher wh is always ready t help thers and wh enjys what he des.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词，如：anything, nthing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply f il.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stlen t the plice.
b)先行词有the nly, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl ut f the water.
c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
The first English bk that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.
d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
He talked abut the teachers and schls that he visited.
e)当主句是以wh 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。
Wh is the persn that is standing at the gate.
f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is nt the man that he used t be.
2 、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why, hw的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are ccasins when (n which) ne must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was brn.
Is this the reasn why (fr which) he refused ur ffer?
I'm surprised the way hw (by which) he wrks ut the prblem.
注意：
①在非限制性定语从句中，"介词+ which"结构不能代替关系副词。
如：They set up a state fr their wn , where they wuld be free t keep Negres as slaves.
②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。
Is this the bk which (that) she was lking fr?
3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句
She has written a bk , the name f which I have frgtten.
There are fifty-five students in ur class , all f whm are wrking hard.
There are five cntinents in the wrld , the largest f which is Asia.
4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we knw, smking is harmful t ne's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very imprtant t us.
as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。
As is knw, smking is harmful t ne's health.
用法区别：
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all knw, he never smkes.
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppse 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。
She succeeded in her ding the research wrk , as we expected.
(4)As 的用法 the same… as; such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I shuld like t use the same tl as is used here.
We shuld have such a dictinary as he is using.

定语从句语法专项练习习题精选
用适当的关系词填空：
1. I still remember the night _______I first came t the huse.
2. I'll never frget the day________ we met each ther last week.
3. Mr Black is ging t Beijing in Octber, _______is the best seasn there.
4. I will never frget the days _______I spent with yur family.
5. I'll never frget the last day______ we spent tgether.
6. This is the schl ______I used t study.
7. D yu still remember the place______ we visited last week?
8. D yu still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibitin?
9. Have yu ever been t Hangzhu,_____is famus fr the West Lake?
10. Have yu ever bee t Hangzhu, ______lies the West Lake?
11. Tm will g t Shanghai,______live his tw brthers.
12. I live in Beijing,____is the capital f China.
13. There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.
14. It is the third time ______yu have made the same mistake.
15. It was in the street _____I met Jhn yesterday.
16. It was abut 600 years ag____the first clck with a face and an hur hand was made.
17. The mment _____I saw yu, I recgnized(认出)yu.
18. This is the very nvel abut____we've talked s much.
19. This is the way____he did it.
20. Wh is the student _____was late fr schl tday?
21. Wh _____knws him wants t make friends with him?
22. What else was there in my brther____yu didn't like?
23. He lives in the rm____windw faces t the suth.
24. He lives in the rm, the windw_____faces t the suth.
25. This is Mr. Jhn fr____sn I brught a bk yesterday.
26. This is Mr. Jhn fr_____I bught a bk yesterday.
27. This is the hur_____the place is always full f wmen and children.
28. And there is ne pint ______I'd like yur advice.
29. Winter is the time f year______the days are shrt and nights are lng.
30. I hpe yu will find this valley a beautiful place____yu may spend yur weekend.
KEYS:
1. when 2. when 3. which 4. that/which 5. that
6. where 7. that/which 8. where 9. which 10. where
11. where 12. which 13. when 14. that 15. that
16. that 17. (that) 18. which 19. (that/in which) 20.that
21.that 22 that 23.whse 24. f which 25. whse
26. whm 27. when 28. that 29. that 30. where
一、2021年高考真题
1.（2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空）
BMI is an internatinally recgnized measurement tl 2 gives an indicatin f whether smene is a healthy weight.
【答案】that 或 which
【解析】考查关系代词。句意：BMI是全球公认的表示体重是否处于健康状态的测量工具。分析句子结构可知gives an indicatin f whether smene is a healthy weight.是BMI is an internatinally recgnized measurement tl的定语从句，先行词为tl, 故答案为that/which。
2.（2021.3 天津卷 单选）
At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands artists demnstrate their skills and teach the visitrs.
A.where B.which C. that D. when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意︰在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分结构可知，stands作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故选：A。
3.（2021.3 天津卷 单选）
William Hastie nce suggested that histry infrms us f past mistakes we can learn withut repeating them.
A. frm which B. in which C. with whm D. fr whm
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意︰威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子成分结构可知，past mistakes为先行词，"we can learn withut repeating them" 为定语从句，从句中的谓语动词为can learn。由此可知，此处讲述的是要从过去的错误中学习，固定短语：learn frm"从……中学习”，所以应用frm which引导定语从句。故选：A。
二、2020年高考真题
1. （2020江苏高考真题）Many lessns are nw available nline, frm __________ students can chse fr free.
A. whseB. whichC. whenD. whm
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessns，关系词在从句中做介词frm的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。故选B。
2. （2020天津高考真题）Dr. Rwan, __________ secretary resigned tw weeks ag, has had t d all his wn typing.
A. whseB. f whmC. f whichD. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned tw weeks ag是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rwan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr. Rwan’s ”，表示“……的” ，应用关系代词whse引导该从句，故选A。
5. （2020新课标Ⅲ卷高考真题）In ancient China lived an artist 61 paintings were almst lifelike.
【答案】whse
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whse。故填whse。
三、2019年高考真题
1.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】 21.We have entered int an age _______ dreams have the best chance f cming true.
A. whichB. whatC. whenD. that
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。 故选C。
2.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】11.Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.
A. whyB. whereC. whichD. what
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，故选B。
3.【2019·新课标I卷·短文改错】One afternn where I was in primary schl, I was walking by the schl playgrund.
【答案】One afternn I was in primary schl, I was walking by the schl playgrund.
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词ne afternn表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。
4.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】Nw Irene Astbury wrks frm 9am t 5pm daily at the pet shp in Macclesfield， ___62___ she pened with her late husband Les.
【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shp，在非限制性定语从句中作pened一词的宾语，故用which。
5.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring fr these animals.
【答案】wh
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填wh。
6.【2019·新课标III卷·短文改错】 In the cafe, custmers will enjy themselves in the histrical envirnment what is created fr them.
【答案】
In the cafe, custmers will enjy themselves in the histrical envirnment is created fr them.
【解析】本句考查定语从句。先行词envirnment 在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故 把what改为that/which。
7.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】On the edge f the jacket, there is a piece f clth ___58___gives ff light in the dark.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是clth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。
8.【2019·北京卷·语法填空】What students d at cllege seems t matter much mre than ___8___ they g.
【答案】where
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里（哪所大学）更重要。这里表达去哪所大学，表示地点，作状语。故用where。
9.【2019·北京卷·语法填空】The students benefitting mst frm cllege are thse ___9___ are ttally engaged(参与)in academic life.
【答案】wh/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are ttally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词thse，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填wh或that。
四、2018年高考真题
1.【2018·北京】5. She and her family bicycle t wrk, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. wh C. as D. that
【答案】A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
点睛：非限制性定语从句即可修饰主句的一部分，也可以修饰整个主句。其引导词的选择和限制性定语从句的判断规则一致，即：第一、找准先行词；第二、看先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。需要注意的是，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2.【2018·天津】2. Kae, _________sister I shared a rm with when we were at cllege, has gne t wrk in Australia.
A. whm B. thatC. whse D. her
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whse。故选C。
点睛：本题考查定语从句。定语从句是高考重点考查知识之一，分析定语从句需抓住两点：1.找准先行词；2.看先行词在从句中所作的成分。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。
3.【2018·江苏】23. Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest f the wrld are n the same starting line.
A. that B. whereC. which D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。
点睛：本题考查定语从句。定语从句是高考重点考查知识之一，分析定语从句需抓住两点：1.找准先行词。2.看先行词在从句中所作的成分。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。
4.【2018·新课标I卷·语法填空】Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 66 shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all causes (cause).
【答案】that或which
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。
4.【2018·新课标I卷·短文改错】They als had a small pnd which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lt by selling the fish.
【答案】 which改成in which或where
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pnd是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
5.【2018·新课标II卷·语法填空】The Chinese Ministry f Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the gvernment _started_ (start) a sil-testing prgram ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recmmendatins t farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use drpped by 7.7 millin tns.
【答案】that或which
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代prgram并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。
6.【2018·新课标II卷·语法填空】Many westerners 57 cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap it can be t eat ut.
【答案】that或wh
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词wh/that引导，故填wh/that。
2017年高考真题
1.【2017·北京卷】31. The little prblems ______ we meet in ur daily lives may be inspiratins fr great inventins.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
【答案】A
【解析】试题分析：句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。______ we meet in ur daily lives是定语从句，从句缺少宾语，先行词是prblems，用that。
考点：考查定语从句。
【名师点睛】
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词（wh, whm, whse, that, which, as 等）和关系副词（when, where, why等）。
1. 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
eg. An architect is a persn wh / that designs huses and buildings.
The city where / in which I was brn is n the new railway line.
2. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可省略（非限定性定语从句中不可省略）。
e.g. I find it difficult t cperate with thse wh always stick t their wn pinins.
I find it difficult t cperate with the ne wh always sticks t his wn pinin.
The suit (which / that ) the tailr made fr me desn’t fit me.
3. 非限定性定语从句中，关系词均不可省略。注意关系代词that, 关系副词why, 不可用于非限定性定语从句。
4. 作介词宾语的关系代词
在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whm用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that。
e.g. The man with whm yu shk hands just nw is head f ur department.
Mrs. Nye, with whm yu shk hands just nw, is head f ur department.
The rm in which my family live used t be a garage.
2.【2017·江苏】28. In 1963 the UN set up the Wrld Fd Prgramme, ne f _______ purpses is t relieve wrldwide starvatin.
A. which B. it’s C. whse D. whm
【答案】C
【解析】
试题分析：考查定语从句。先行词是“the Wrld Fd Prgramme”，“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是……，
whse在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purpses，故选C。句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，
其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。
考点：考查定语从句
3.【2017·天津】9. My eldest sn, _______ wrk takes him all ver the wrld, is in New Yrk at the mment.
A. that B. whse C. his D. wh
【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析：本句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是My eldest sn, 根据句意和空后名词确定引导词在从句中作定语，选项中只有whse修饰名词作定语。故选B。
考点：考查定语从句。
【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whm, as， wh在句中做主语，宾语，表语;whse做定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。

第八章 被动语态
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：
English is spken by many peple.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如：
He pened the dr.他开了门。(主动句)
The dr was pened.门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught
一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：have／has been＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
记忆歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。
注意：区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构
be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
1 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:The glass is brken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构) The glass was brken by the by.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态)
2 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态)The dr is lcked.门锁着。(系表结构)The dr has already/just been lcked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态)The shp is pened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构) The shp is pened at 8 a.m. everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态)
3 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
三、被动语态的用法
1 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：
1) Sme new cmputers were stlen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
2) This bk was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。
2 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：
1) This bk was written by him.这本书是他写的。
2) Eight hurs per day fr sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
记忆歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
1 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2 把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主 动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。
3 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：
1) All the peple laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all peple.
2) They make the bikes in the factry.= The bikes are madeby themin the factry.
记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带t的情态动词变成被动语态后“t”仍要保留。
记忆歌诀：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带t要保留。例如：
1) We can repair this watch in tw days. = This watch can be repaired in tw days.
2) Yu ught t take it away. = It ught t be taken away.
3) They shuld d it at nce. = It shuld be dne at nce


第9讲祈使句
一. 祈使句的句式特征
祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般没有主语，但根据其句意，实际上是省略了主语yu。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的语气更加缓和, 或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。例如：
Keep ff the grass!勿踩草地！
Put the bxes in the small rm.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。
二. 祈使句的肯定句式
祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型：
1. 行为动词原形＋其他成分。例如：
Make sentences after the mdel.根据例句造句。
2. Be动词＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）。例如：
Be careful when crssing the street.过马路时要小心。
3. Let, ＋宾语＋动词原, 形＋, 其他, 成分, 。例如：
Let him g back nw.让他现在回去吧。
三. 祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Dn’t或Never，一般分为以下四种类型：
1. 在祈使句的肯定句式前加Dn’t，构成“Dn’t＋行为动词原形＋其他成分”。例如：
Dn’t say that again!别再那样说了！
2. 在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Dn’t，构成“Dn’t be＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）”。例如：Dn’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词nt不可置于be之后。
3. Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种：（1）Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前加Dn’t，也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加nt。（2）如果以Let’s开头的祈使句，必须在Let’s后加nt。例如：
Dn’t let me g with her tmrrw. ＝Let me nt g with her tmrrw.
不要让我明天跟她一起去。
Let’s nt tell her the truth whenever we meet her.
无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。
4. 在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“N＋名词/V-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：
NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照！
四. 祈使句的反意问句
祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式：
1. 祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用will yu；表示邀请、劝说时，用wn’t yu。例如：
Be sure t write t us, will yu?你一定要给我们写信，好吗？
Cme t have dinner with us this evening, wn’t yu?
今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗？
2. 祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用will yu。例如：
Dn’t smke in the meeting rm, will yu?
不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？
3. Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will yu。例如：
Let the by g first, will yu?让个那男孩先走，好吗？
Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?
晚饭后我们去散步，好吗？
五. 祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或wn’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是“形式一致”，即Yes与will保持一致；N与wn’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；N是“是”的意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如：
--- Dn’t g ut, please. It’s raining heavily utside.
请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
---- Yes, I will. I have t meet my brther at the airprt.
不行，我得去机场接我弟弟。
六. 祈使句与陈述句的并列使用
祈使句后接陈述句时，须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时，要用并列连词and来连接；如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时，要用并列连词r来连接。例如：
Leave it with me and I will see what I can d.
把它留给我吧，我想想有没有办法。
Hurry up, r we’ll be late.
快点，否则我们要迟到了。
七. 祈使句与条件状语从句的连用
祈使句与条件状语从句连用时，条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：
Tell him t make a phne call t me if he cmes here tmrrw.
如果他明天来这儿的话，叫他给我来个电话。
八. 祈使句的强调形式
祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词D（D在句中无意义）。例如：
D shut up!快住口！
九. 特殊形式的祈使句
在英语中，有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句，而是以一个名词短语来充当，且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上，这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：
Mre water and the yung trees culdn’t have died. ＝If yu had given them mre water, the yung trees culdn’t have died.
如果你给那些小树多浇点水，他们就不会死了。
十. 运用祈使句的误区
祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练习或测试中，如果稍不留神，就会出错。因此，要认真审题，认真分析句子结构，并根据上下文语境，作出正确判断。例如：
___________ yur cmpsitin carefully, sme spelling mistakes can be avided.
A. Having checkedB. Check
C. If yu checkD. T check
析：如果空白处选填B（Check）项，则视为祈使句，但后一分句前没有并列连接词and连接；如选A或D项（分词或不定式），句中逻辑主语sme spelling mistakes又不能执行这个动作，故均不符合句子结构。因此，只有C项（条件状语从句）符合句子结构及句意。



第十章感叹句
感叹句：一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用"what"和"hw"引导，"what"和"hw"与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。
感叹词 修饰对象 感叹部分 主语 谓语+其他！
Hw（副词） 修饰形容词 Hw nice
Hw nice a girl the girl
she is!
is!
修饰副词 Hw well
Hw hard the by
the wrkers Is swimming!
are wrking!
修饰动词 Hw
=what the flwers
Hw
=hw fast She
she
he
he Lves the flwers!
lves!
runs!
runs!
What（形容词） 修饰单数可数名词 What a nice girl
=Hw nice a girl Jenny
Jenny Was!
was!
修饰复数可数名词 What nice girls They Were!
修饰不可数名词 What fine weather
what dirty water It
he Is!
drank!

感叹句的特殊形式
感叹句还可由陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词组及单词构成。例如：
There was n face shwing!
He’s such a nice by!
The Great Wall is a magnificent building!
Isn’t it snwing heavily!
Wnderful!
Nnsense!
Happy New Year t yu!
Cheer!

第十一章疑问句
疑问句（Interrgative Sentence） ：
定义：表达疑问（亦即发问）或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例：
Is he a friend f yur brther's?
（他是你哥哥的朋友吗？——发问）
Can yu d this fr me?
（你能替我做这件事吗？——请求）
疑问句的句末必须使用问号（Questin mark）“？”来标示问句的结束。
疑问句：可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。
种类 特征 语调 举例 回答
一般疑问句 系+主+表+？
助动词+主+动+？ 升调 Are yu frm Lndn?
D yu speak Russian? 用yes, n回答
特殊疑问句 疑问词+系+表+？
疑问词+助+主+动+？ 降调 Hw are yu feeling?
When will yu get there? 直接回答，不用yes或n
选择疑问句 一般问句：系+主+表+…r…？
助+主+动+…r…？ Or前升调。Or后降调 Is he tall r shrt?
Des he stay hme r g there? 直接回答问句中一个，不用yes, n
特殊问句：疑问词+系+主+…r…？ 第一部分用降调，第二部分r 前升调，r后降调 Which is bigger, the sun r the mn?
Wh runs faster, Tm r Peter? 选一个答案，不用yes, n
反意疑问句 陈述部分肯定：陈述，助（系）+nt+主？ 陈述部分用降调，一问部分用升调 It is raining, isn’t it?
Yu did it, didn’t yu? 答案肯定时用yes，否定时用n
陈述部分否定：否定陈述句，助（系）+主+？ 如对陈述肯定，可用降调 It isn’t fine, is it?
They haven’t cme, have they?
否定疑问句 系+nt+主+表？
助+nt+主+动+？ 表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调 Aren’t they beautiful?
Wn’t yu cme in fr a minute?

第十二章 名词
在英语中，名词用以表示人或事物的名称，是各级各类考试的热点之一，主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化，而且有普通名词和专有名词之分，还有用法独待的所有格形式。

1.名词复数的规则变化

情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/; bk---bks bag---bags car----cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词
加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches
以ce,se,ze,
(d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

2.名词复数的不规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。
如： tw Marys the Henrys mnkey---mnkeys
hliday---hlidays
比较： 层楼：strey ---streys stry---stries
2) 以 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： pht---phts pian---pians
radi---radis z---zs；
b. 加es，如：ptat--ptates tmat--tmates
c. 均可，如：zer---zers / zeres
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs rf---rfs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wlf---wlves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可数名词数的表示方法
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较：Cake is a kind f fd. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
This factry prduces steel. (不可数) We need varius steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
Our cuntry is famus fr tea. Tw teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
我国因茶叶而闻名。
2） 抽象名词有时也可数。
fur freedms 四大自由 the fur mdernizatins四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如： a glass f water 一杯水 a piece f advice 一条建议

4.定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有例外。
1) 用复数作定语。 如：
sprts meeting 运动会 students reading-rm 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌
the freign languages schl外语学校
2) man, wman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如：men wrkers wmen teachers gentlemen fficials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：gds train (货车) arms prduce 武器生产
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如：tw-dzen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）
a ten-mile walk 十里路
tw-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
5.不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese tw Chinese
俄国人 the Russians a Russian tw Russians
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss tw Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian tw Australians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian tw Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek tw Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman tw Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese tw Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American tw Americans
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian tw Canadians
印度人 the Indians an Indian tw Indians
英国人 the English an Englishman tw Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede tw Swedes
德国人 the Germans a Germans tw Germans

6.名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's bk。名词所有格的规则如下：
1）单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the by's bag 男孩的书包，men's rm 男厕所。
2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the wrkers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+f +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title f the sng 歌的名字。
4）在表示店铺或教堂名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：Jhn's and Mary's rm（两间） Jhn and Mary's rm（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：