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北师大版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Lesson 3 Stephen Hawking学案
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这是一份北师大版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Lesson 3 Stephen Hawking学案，共15页。
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.decline A．vi.出现，浮现
( )2.grandB．n.重力，引力
( )3.gravityC．n.意外收获，额外的好处；
奖金；红利
( )4.emergeD．adj. impressive and large r
imprtant
( )5.bnusE．v. a cntinuus decrease in the number
[答案] 1—5 EDBAC
B．短语匹配
( )1.cme int ne's mind
A．突然
( )2.ccur tB．尽管
( )3.by cincidenceC．某人突然想起
( )4.all f a suddenD．阻止……做某事
( )5.in spite fE．碰巧；巧合
( ) ding sth.
F．发生
[答案] 1—6 CFEABD
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．clueless adj. 一无所知的，一窍不通的
2．evaluatin n.评估，评价
3．vercme vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，
战胜
4．grand adj.宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的
5．theretical adj.理论的
Ⅰ.语境填词
eq \x(decline；gravity；vercme；bnus；grand)
1．The tw parties managed t vercme their differences n the issue.
2．The festival ended with a grand finale in Hyde Park.
3．The number f turists t the resrt declined by 10% last year.
4．He decided t quit his jb after getting the bnus．
5．Anything with strng gravity attracts ther things t it.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．What is the custm and usage in this emergence(emerge)?
2．Yet they seem t have been quite clueless(clue) abut what life was like belw stairs.
3．The evaluatin(evaluate) f cnduct invlves sme amunt f generalizatin.
4．We expect t see further imprvement(imprve) ver the cming year.
5．This ffer is subject t availability(available)．
1．On 14 March，2018，ne f the wrld's mst influential scientists，Stephen Hawking，died at his hme in England，aged 76.
2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一，斯蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。
2．In the early stages f his career，his illness gt wrse，but he was allwed t d research nly rather than teach，which was easier fr him.
职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。
3．Althugh Hawking's physical abilities declined ver decades，he never ceased his studies and he develped a number f new ideas abut black hles.
尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。
4．In The Grand Design (2010，with Lenard Mldinw)，Hawking argued that we shuld lk fr a different way t discver the deepest secrets f the universe.
在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。
5．And he believed this was because f the help he received frm his family and a large number f peple and rganisatins.
他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人的支持和许多人及机构的帮助。
课文助读
①influential scientists有影响力的科学家
②brilliant wrk杰出的工作
③in theretical physics and csmlgy在理论物理学和宇宙学方面
④vercme the challenges克服挑战
⑤ALS肌萎缩侧索硬化症
⑥muscle cntrl肌肉控制
⑦slwprgressing慢性的
⑧the Institute f Astrnmy in Cambridge剑桥天文研究所
⑨rather than而不是
⑩have an peratin 进行一次手术
⑪as a result结果
⑫speechgenerating equipment语音生成设备
⑬physical abilities 身体机能
⑭the“Big Bang”宇宙大爆炸
⑮a srt f 一种
⑯lead t 通向……
⑰A Brief Histry f Time：Frm the Big Bang t Black Hles《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》
⑱a simpler versin一个更简单的版本
⑲instead f而不是
⑳ne new explanatin一个新的解释
eq \(○,\s\up2(21))lk up朝上看
eq \(○,\s\up2(22))be curius 好奇
eq \(○,\s\up2(23))in spite f尽管
eq \(○,\s\up2(24)) ding sth.阻止……做某事
eq \(○,\s\up2(25))my expectatins我的期望
原文呈现
STEPHEN HAWKING
On 14 March，2018，ne f the wrld's mst influential scientists①，Stephen Hawking，died at his hme in England，aged 76.Hawking was famus，nt just fr his brilliant wrk② in theretical physics and csmlgy③，but als fr vercming the challenges④ f ALS⑤ (a disease that affects muscle cntrl⑥)．
Stephen Hawking was brn n 8 January，1942，in Oxfrd.He went t the University f Oxfrd t study physics in 1959.At the age f 21，when Hawking spent his first year at the University f Cambridge，physicians discvered he had a rare，slwprgressing⑦ frm f ALS.He was nly expected t live fr a few years.
Hawking later fund a jb at the Institute f Astrnmy in Cambridge⑧.In the early stages f his career，his illness gt wrse，but he was allwed t d research nly rather than⑨ teach，which was easier fr him[1]．In 1985，he had t have an peratinB10. As a result⑪，he lst his speech.Sn his dctrs develped a piece f speechgenerating equipment⑫ that allwed him t speak.Hwever，as his illness became wrse，he lst the use f his hands.
[1]but连接并列句；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰but后的句子。
Althugh Hawking's physical abilities⑬ declined ver decades，he never ceased his studies and he develped a number f new ideas abut black hles.Hawking believed that the birth f the universe (the “Big Bang”⑭) created many small black hles.His thery was that there was a srt f⑮ hle in the centre f a black hle[2]．This hle led t⑯ anther universe，cmpletely separate frm ur wn.
[2]that引导表语从句。
Hawking als wrte bks.His 1988 bk，A Brief Histry f Time：Frm the Big Bang t Black Hles⑰，sld ne cpy fr every 750 peple n Earth.Hwever，many peple culd nt really understand what he had written[3]．Therefre，Hawking decided t write a simpler versin⑱，A Briefer Histry f Time (2005)．
[3]what引导宾语从句，作understand的宾语。
In The Grand Design (2010，with Lenard Mldinw)，Hawking argued that we shuld lk fr a different way t discver the deepest secrets f the universe.Instead f⑲ trying t find ne big new explanatin⑳，scientists shuld put tgether all the ideas that they already have[4]．
[4]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词ideas。
At the pening f the Lndn 2012 Olympics，Hawking said t a TV audience f 900 millin peple：“Lk up㉑ at the stars and nt dwn at yur feet curius㉒.”
In spite f㉓ his disease，Hawking didn't cnsider himself an unlucky man.He said it had nt prevented him frm having㉔ a family，and being successful in his wrk.“My expectatins㉕ were reduced t zer when I was 21.Everything since then has been a bnus.” And he believed this was because f the help he received frm his family and a large number f peple and rganisatins[5]．
[5]省略which或that的定语从句，其先行词是help。
Fact File
WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE?
A black hle is a place in space where gravity is very strng.Anything that falls int it never cmes ut.Nthing can escape frm it，nt even light.As a result，it is impssible t see a black hle.
译文参考
斯蒂芬·霍金
2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一，斯蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。
1942年1月8日斯蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津，1959年进入牛津大学学习物理学。21岁那年，也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症，预言他只能再活几年。
后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了份工作。职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。1985年，他不得不动手术，结果丧失了说话能力。很快，医生为他开发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。但是，他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。
尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。霍金认为宇宙诞生时(即宇宙大爆炸)形成了许多小黑洞，在黑洞的中心还有一种洞，这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的世界完全分隔。
霍金还写书。1988年出版的《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》一书，地球上平均每750人便购买过一本。然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。因此，霍金决定写一个简化的版本，即《时间简史》(2005)。
在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。科学家们应该把他们已经有的想法汇集起来，而不是尝试寻找一个全新的解释。
在2012年伦敦奥运会开幕式上，霍金对9亿电视观众说：“仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。”
尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有阻碍他在工作中取得成功。“21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。从那以后，一切都是馈赠。”他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人的支持和许多人及机构的帮助。
事实档案
什么是黑洞？
黑洞是宇宙空间中引力极其强大的地方。落入黑洞的任何物质都不可能再出来。任何东西，包括光，都无法从黑洞中逃脱。因此，黑洞是无法直接观测到的。
速读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断以下句子提供的信息是正确(T)，还是错误(F)：
1．When Hawking studied at the University f Oxfrd，he was fund he had a rare，slwprgressing frm f ALS.( )
2．Hawking taught students when he wrked at the Institute f Astrnmy in Cambridge.( )
3．As time went by，Hawking culd nt speak and mve his hands.( )
4．When Hawking develped new ideas abut black hles，he stpped his wrk.( )
5．Hawking wrte the bk f The Grand Design n his wn.
( )
[答案] 1—5 FFTFF
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息：
A．what he had written
B．that there was a srt f hle in the centre f a black hle
C．when Hawking spent his first year at the University f Cambridge
D．that we shuld lk fr a different way t discver the deepest secrets f the universe
E．which was easier fr him
F．when he was 21
1．At the age f 21， ，physicians discvered he had a rare，slwprgressing frm f ALS.
2．In the early stages f his career，his illness gt wrse，but he was allwed t d research nly rather than teach， ．
3．His thery f the “Big Bang” was ．
4．Many peple culd nt really understand in A Brief Histry f Time：Frm the Big Bang t Black Hles.
5．In The Grand Design (2010，with Lenard Mldinw)，Hawking argued ．
[答案] 1—5 CEBAD
细读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．Make a speech t the audience.
2．Para.2B．His attitude t life.
3．Para.3C．His bks.
4．Para.4D．His birth and study.
5．Para.5E．His thery abut the birth f the
universe.
6．Para.6F．Stephen Hawking's death.
7．Para.7G．His wrk and his illness.
8．Para.8H．An advcacy in his bk：
The Grand Design.
[答案] 1—5 FDGEC 6—8 HAB
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．When did Hawking study in the University f Cambridge?
A．In 1942. B．In 1959.
C．In 1963. D．In 2005.
2．What did Hawking d when he wrked at the Institute f Astrnmy in Cambridge?
A．He taught students.
B．He did research.
C．He did research as well as taught students.
D．He fund ways t fight ALS.
3．Why did Hawking write A Briefer Histry f Time?
A．Because his bk sld s well.
B．Because he wanted t make peple understand his idea simply.
C．Because his thery was nt fully described.
D．Because his illness declined.
4．Accrding t the passage，which ne is NOT true?
A．Hawking wed his success t the help f thers.
B．Hawking thught scientists shuld put tgether all the ideas that they already have.
C．Hawking thught scientists shuld find ne big new explanatin t the secrets f the universe.
D．Hawking thught we peple shuld be curius.
[答案] 1—4 CBBC
Ⅲ.续写素材积累——表达观点看法
A．阅读课文中含有表达观点看法的语句
1．Hawking believed that the birth f the universe(the “Big Bang”) created many small black hles.
2．His thery was that there was a srt f hle in the centre f a black hle.
3．Hawking argued that we shuld lk fr a different way t discver the deepest secrets f the universe.
B．判断下列语句哪个不是表达观点看法的
never ceased his studies and he develped a number f new ideas abut black hles.
said t a TV audience f 900 millin peple：“Lk up at the stars and nt dwn at yur curius.”
3．In spite f his disease，Hawking didn't cnsider himself an unlucky man.
[答案] 1
1．emerge vi.出现，浮现→emergence n．出现；浮现
2．clue n．线索，情节vt.为……提供线索→clueless adj.一无所知的，一窍不通的
3．evaluate vt.评估，评价→evaluatin n．评估，评价
4．thery n．理论；学说→theretical adj.理论的
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点1) cme int ne's mind突然想起
[例]I hesitated t apply the wrd “vulnerable” t him but it came int my mind.
我不愿用“脆弱”这个词来形容他，但它却突然出现在我脑子里了。
[知识拓展]
absence f mind 出神，心不在焉
after ne's mind合……的心意
apply the mind t用心于……，专心于……
bear/keep sth. in mind把某事记在心里，记住
change ne's mind改变主意
cme t ne's mind想起
[即学即练] 完成句子
①Yu shuld bear/keep in mind the crrect prnunciatin f the wrds(记住单词的正确读音) while learning English.
②Frequent absence f mind in the class(课上经常心不在焉) made him fail in the exam.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点2) ccur t发生；突然想起
[例]The view f the case didn't ccur t me befre.
这种情况的观点以前我从未想到过。
[知识拓展]
ccur t sb. 某人突然想起
It ccurs t sb. t d sth.某人想起做某事
It ccurs t sb. that...某人突然想到……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It didn't ccur t me that there'd be a big festival n at the same time as my hliday.
②Only then did it ccur t me t ask abut her grades(我想起问问她的分数)．
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点3) emerge vi.出现；浮现
[例]New evidence emerged，vindicating him cmpletely.
新证据出现了，证明他完全是无辜的。
[知识拓展]
(1)emerge frm 出现，暴露(问题、意见等)
It emerged that...暴露，出现
(2)emergence n.出现；发生；露头
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He emerged frm the trial with his reputatin intact.
②D nt wrry abut change；challenge new emergence(emerge)．
③It emerged that her past behaviur was far frm irreprachable.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点4) by cincidence巧合地；碰巧地
[例]I have called yu several times，but yu were nt in by cincidence.
我给你打了好几次电话，但碰巧你都不在。
[知识拓展]
It is (nt) a cincidence that...
……(不)是巧合
cincident adj.巧合的，同时发生的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It's nt a cincidence that nne f the directrs are wmen.
②By a happy cincidence(碰巧运气好)，we arrived at exactly the same time.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点5) evaluatin n．评估；评价
[例]Evaluatin is standard practice fr all training arranged thrugh the schl.
对学校组织的所有培训进行评估是例行的做法。
[知识拓展]
(1)make an evaluatin f 对……评估/评价
(2)evaluate vt.评估；评价
evaluate sb. n...根据……评价某人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
The perfrmance can nly be evaluated n the basis f results.
②Many cmpanies make an annual evaluatin f their emplyees(对他们的员工每年作出评价)．
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点6) decline v．&n.衰退，下降，减少；谢绝，拒绝
[例]I ffered t give them a lift but they declined.
我主动邀请他们搭车，但他们婉言谢绝了。
[知识拓展]
(1)fall int (a) decline 开始衰退
be in decline处于下降、衰退中
n the decline在下坡路上；在衰退(减少)
(2)decline by下降了
decline t d sth.拒绝做某事
(3)increase n．&v.(反)增加
n the increase在增加
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①His interest in cmputer games is nw in decline.
②The number f turists t the resrt declined by 30% because f the terrrist attack last year.
③Their spkesman declined t cmment(cmment) n the allegatins.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点7) 阻止……
[例]The club's cnstitutin prevented wmen frm becming full members.
这个俱乐部的章程不允许女性成为正式会员。
[知识拓展]
prevent/stp...(frm) ding sth.
阻止……做某事
ding sth.阻止……做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Nthing culd stp us frm realising(realise) ur dream.
②300 tns f Peruvian manges were kept frm entering France.
eq \a\vs4\al(重点句式) nt als...
(教材原句P58) Hawking was famus，nt just fr his brilliant wrk in theretical physics and csmlgy，but als fr vercming the challenges f ALS (a disease that affects muscle cntrl)．
霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。
[句式分析]
本句中的 als...是nt als...结构，表示“不但……，而且……”，连接并列的原因状语。
[例1]She nt nly plays well，but als writes music.
她不仅很会演奏，而且还会作曲。
[例2]We g there nt nly in winter，but als in summer.
我们不仅冬天去那儿，而且夏天也去。
[知识拓展]
(1)当nt als...连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数原则上与其相近的主语保持一致。
(2) 为了强调，可将nt nly置于句首，此时其后的句子通常要用部分倒装的形式。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Nt nly the students but als their teacher is(be) enjying the film.
②Nt nly d they need clthing，but they are als shrt f water.
In the early stages f his career，his illness gt wrse，but he was allwed t d research nly rather than teach，which was easier fr him.
分析：本句是一个复合句，but连接并列句，表示转折；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面这个句子。
译文：职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He declined t give(give) any infrmatin n the Presidential electin.
2．They vercame(vercme) the natural disaster and even had a bumper harvest.
3．The first year prvides students with a sund theretical(thery) basis fr later study.
4．After rutine evaluatin(evaluate) he was appinted as a full prfessr.
5．We have fund sme drivers clueless(clue) as t the law.
6．The tw girls suddenly emerged frm amng the trees.Bth seemed t be calm and unhurt.
7．It is as well t bear in mind that laughter is a great releaser f tensin.
8．Nt nly did he speak English well，but he spke Japanese mre easily.
9．By cincidence，an actress came late that fateful day.
10．It suddenly ccurred t him that he shuld study fr the test.
Ⅱ.短语填空
cme t ne's mind；；in spite f；all f a sudden；ccur t；by cincidence
1．Lack f time prevented me frm writing t my parents.
2．It ccurs t me that this is a gd list fr hme，t.
3．By cincidence，Bb Dle and Newt Gingrich were n the mrning news prgrams.
4．He put his head in his hands and tried t remember his lines，but nthing came t his mind．
5．All f a sudden there was a terrific bang and a flash f smke.
6．In spite f what happened，he never lst the will t live.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Stephen Hawking was brn in 1942.He went t the University f Oxfrd t study physics in the age f 21，he 2.was diagnsed(diagnse) with ALS.In 1985，he had an 3.peratin(perate) and he lst his (badly) still，he lst the use f his hands.In 1988，A Brief Histry f Time：Frm the Big Bang t Black Hles was sld ne cpy fr every 750 peple n make(make) peple really understand what he had written，A Briefer Histry f Time was written.In The Grand Design，he argued we shuld lk fr a different way 6.t discver(discver) the universe and scientists shuld put tgether all the ideas 7.that/which they already have.At the 8.pening(pen) f the Lndn 2012 Olympics，he made a speech t a TV audience f 900 millin peple.He wed his success 9.t the help he received frm his family and a lt f peple and 10.rganisatins(rganise)．
教材
高考
1.Althugh Hawking's physical abilities declined ver decades，he never ceased his studies and he develped a number f new ideas abut black hles.
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America？
2.Hawking was famus，nt just fr his brilliant wrk in theretical physics and csmlgy，but als fr vercming the challenges f ALS (a disease that affects muscle cntrl)．
(2022·全国甲卷)Nt nly d they prvide abundant resurces and fd fr us, but they are als crucial fr the glbal climate develpment．
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.decline A．vi.出现，浮现
( )2.grandB．n.重力，引力
( )3.gravityC．n.意外收获，额外的好处；
奖金；红利
( )4.emergeD．adj. impressive and large r
imprtant
( )5.bnusE．v. a cntinuus decrease in the number
[答案] 1—5 EDBAC
B．短语匹配
( )1.cme int ne's mind
A．突然
( )2.ccur tB．尽管
( )3.by cincidenceC．某人突然想起
( )4.all f a suddenD．阻止……做某事
( )5.in spite fE．碰巧；巧合
( ) ding sth.
F．发生
[答案] 1—6 CFEABD
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．clueless adj. 一无所知的，一窍不通的
2．evaluatin n.评估，评价
3．vercme vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，
战胜
4．grand adj.宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的
5．theretical adj.理论的
Ⅰ.语境填词
eq \x(decline；gravity；vercme；bnus；grand)
1．The tw parties managed t vercme their differences n the issue.
2．The festival ended with a grand finale in Hyde Park.
3．The number f turists t the resrt declined by 10% last year.
4．He decided t quit his jb after getting the bnus．
5．Anything with strng gravity attracts ther things t it.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．What is the custm and usage in this emergence(emerge)?
2．Yet they seem t have been quite clueless(clue) abut what life was like belw stairs.
3．The evaluatin(evaluate) f cnduct invlves sme amunt f generalizatin.
4．We expect t see further imprvement(imprve) ver the cming year.
5．This ffer is subject t availability(available)．
1．On 14 March，2018，ne f the wrld's mst influential scientists，Stephen Hawking，died at his hme in England，aged 76.
2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一，斯蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。
2．In the early stages f his career，his illness gt wrse，but he was allwed t d research nly rather than teach，which was easier fr him.
职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。
3．Althugh Hawking's physical abilities declined ver decades，he never ceased his studies and he develped a number f new ideas abut black hles.
尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。
4．In The Grand Design (2010，with Lenard Mldinw)，Hawking argued that we shuld lk fr a different way t discver the deepest secrets f the universe.
在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。
5．And he believed this was because f the help he received frm his family and a large number f peple and rganisatins.
他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人的支持和许多人及机构的帮助。
课文助读
①influential scientists有影响力的科学家
②brilliant wrk杰出的工作
③in theretical physics and csmlgy在理论物理学和宇宙学方面
④vercme the challenges克服挑战
⑤ALS肌萎缩侧索硬化症
⑥muscle cntrl肌肉控制
⑦slwprgressing慢性的
⑧the Institute f Astrnmy in Cambridge剑桥天文研究所
⑨rather than而不是
⑩have an peratin 进行一次手术
⑪as a result结果
⑫speechgenerating equipment语音生成设备
⑬physical abilities 身体机能
⑭the“Big Bang”宇宙大爆炸
⑮a srt f 一种
⑯lead t 通向……
⑰A Brief Histry f Time：Frm the Big Bang t Black Hles《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》
⑱a simpler versin一个更简单的版本
⑲instead f而不是
⑳ne new explanatin一个新的解释
eq \(○,\s\up2(21))lk up朝上看
eq \(○,\s\up2(22))be curius 好奇
eq \(○,\s\up2(23))in spite f尽管
eq \(○,\s\up2(24)) ding sth.阻止……做某事
eq \(○,\s\up2(25))my expectatins我的期望
原文呈现
STEPHEN HAWKING
On 14 March，2018，ne f the wrld's mst influential scientists①，Stephen Hawking，died at his hme in England，aged 76.Hawking was famus，nt just fr his brilliant wrk② in theretical physics and csmlgy③，but als fr vercming the challenges④ f ALS⑤ (a disease that affects muscle cntrl⑥)．
Stephen Hawking was brn n 8 January，1942，in Oxfrd.He went t the University f Oxfrd t study physics in 1959.At the age f 21，when Hawking spent his first year at the University f Cambridge，physicians discvered he had a rare，slwprgressing⑦ frm f ALS.He was nly expected t live fr a few years.
Hawking later fund a jb at the Institute f Astrnmy in Cambridge⑧.In the early stages f his career，his illness gt wrse，but he was allwed t d research nly rather than⑨ teach，which was easier fr him[1]．In 1985，he had t have an peratinB10. As a result⑪，he lst his speech.Sn his dctrs develped a piece f speechgenerating equipment⑫ that allwed him t speak.Hwever，as his illness became wrse，he lst the use f his hands.
[1]but连接并列句；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰but后的句子。
Althugh Hawking's physical abilities⑬ declined ver decades，he never ceased his studies and he develped a number f new ideas abut black hles.Hawking believed that the birth f the universe (the “Big Bang”⑭) created many small black hles.His thery was that there was a srt f⑮ hle in the centre f a black hle[2]．This hle led t⑯ anther universe，cmpletely separate frm ur wn.
[2]that引导表语从句。
Hawking als wrte bks.His 1988 bk，A Brief Histry f Time：Frm the Big Bang t Black Hles⑰，sld ne cpy fr every 750 peple n Earth.Hwever，many peple culd nt really understand what he had written[3]．Therefre，Hawking decided t write a simpler versin⑱，A Briefer Histry f Time (2005)．
[3]what引导宾语从句，作understand的宾语。
In The Grand Design (2010，with Lenard Mldinw)，Hawking argued that we shuld lk fr a different way t discver the deepest secrets f the universe.Instead f⑲ trying t find ne big new explanatin⑳，scientists shuld put tgether all the ideas that they already have[4]．
[4]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词ideas。
At the pening f the Lndn 2012 Olympics，Hawking said t a TV audience f 900 millin peple：“Lk up㉑ at the stars and nt dwn at yur feet curius㉒.”
In spite f㉓ his disease，Hawking didn't cnsider himself an unlucky man.He said it had nt prevented him frm having㉔ a family，and being successful in his wrk.“My expectatins㉕ were reduced t zer when I was 21.Everything since then has been a bnus.” And he believed this was because f the help he received frm his family and a large number f peple and rganisatins[5]．
[5]省略which或that的定语从句，其先行词是help。
Fact File
WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE?
A black hle is a place in space where gravity is very strng.Anything that falls int it never cmes ut.Nthing can escape frm it，nt even light.As a result，it is impssible t see a black hle.
译文参考
斯蒂芬·霍金
2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一，斯蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。
1942年1月8日斯蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津，1959年进入牛津大学学习物理学。21岁那年，也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症，预言他只能再活几年。
后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了份工作。职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。1985年，他不得不动手术，结果丧失了说话能力。很快，医生为他开发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。但是，他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。
尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。霍金认为宇宙诞生时(即宇宙大爆炸)形成了许多小黑洞，在黑洞的中心还有一种洞，这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的世界完全分隔。
霍金还写书。1988年出版的《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》一书，地球上平均每750人便购买过一本。然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。因此，霍金决定写一个简化的版本，即《时间简史》(2005)。
在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。科学家们应该把他们已经有的想法汇集起来，而不是尝试寻找一个全新的解释。
在2012年伦敦奥运会开幕式上，霍金对9亿电视观众说：“仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。”
尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有阻碍他在工作中取得成功。“21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。从那以后，一切都是馈赠。”他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人的支持和许多人及机构的帮助。
事实档案
什么是黑洞？
黑洞是宇宙空间中引力极其强大的地方。落入黑洞的任何物质都不可能再出来。任何东西，包括光，都无法从黑洞中逃脱。因此，黑洞是无法直接观测到的。
速读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断以下句子提供的信息是正确(T)，还是错误(F)：
1．When Hawking studied at the University f Oxfrd，he was fund he had a rare，slwprgressing frm f ALS.( )
2．Hawking taught students when he wrked at the Institute f Astrnmy in Cambridge.( )
3．As time went by，Hawking culd nt speak and mve his hands.( )
4．When Hawking develped new ideas abut black hles，he stpped his wrk.( )
5．Hawking wrte the bk f The Grand Design n his wn.
( )
[答案] 1—5 FFTFF
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息：
A．what he had written
B．that there was a srt f hle in the centre f a black hle
C．when Hawking spent his first year at the University f Cambridge
D．that we shuld lk fr a different way t discver the deepest secrets f the universe
E．which was easier fr him
F．when he was 21
1．At the age f 21， ，physicians discvered he had a rare，slwprgressing frm f ALS.
2．In the early stages f his career，his illness gt wrse，but he was allwed t d research nly rather than teach， ．
3．His thery f the “Big Bang” was ．
4．Many peple culd nt really understand in A Brief Histry f Time：Frm the Big Bang t Black Hles.
5．In The Grand Design (2010，with Lenard Mldinw)，Hawking argued ．
[答案] 1—5 CEBAD
细读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．Make a speech t the audience.
2．Para.2B．His attitude t life.
3．Para.3C．His bks.
4．Para.4D．His birth and study.
5．Para.5E．His thery abut the birth f the
universe.
6．Para.6F．Stephen Hawking's death.
7．Para.7G．His wrk and his illness.
8．Para.8H．An advcacy in his bk：
The Grand Design.
[答案] 1—5 FDGEC 6—8 HAB
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．When did Hawking study in the University f Cambridge?
A．In 1942. B．In 1959.
C．In 1963. D．In 2005.
2．What did Hawking d when he wrked at the Institute f Astrnmy in Cambridge?
A．He taught students.
B．He did research.
C．He did research as well as taught students.
D．He fund ways t fight ALS.
3．Why did Hawking write A Briefer Histry f Time?
A．Because his bk sld s well.
B．Because he wanted t make peple understand his idea simply.
C．Because his thery was nt fully described.
D．Because his illness declined.
4．Accrding t the passage，which ne is NOT true?
A．Hawking wed his success t the help f thers.
B．Hawking thught scientists shuld put tgether all the ideas that they already have.
C．Hawking thught scientists shuld find ne big new explanatin t the secrets f the universe.
D．Hawking thught we peple shuld be curius.
[答案] 1—4 CBBC
Ⅲ.续写素材积累——表达观点看法
A．阅读课文中含有表达观点看法的语句
1．Hawking believed that the birth f the universe(the “Big Bang”) created many small black hles.
2．His thery was that there was a srt f hle in the centre f a black hle.
3．Hawking argued that we shuld lk fr a different way t discver the deepest secrets f the universe.
B．判断下列语句哪个不是表达观点看法的
never ceased his studies and he develped a number f new ideas abut black hles.
said t a TV audience f 900 millin peple：“Lk up at the stars and nt dwn at yur curius.”
3．In spite f his disease，Hawking didn't cnsider himself an unlucky man.
[答案] 1
1．emerge vi.出现，浮现→emergence n．出现；浮现
2．clue n．线索，情节vt.为……提供线索→clueless adj.一无所知的，一窍不通的
3．evaluate vt.评估，评价→evaluatin n．评估，评价
4．thery n．理论；学说→theretical adj.理论的
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点1) cme int ne's mind突然想起
[例]I hesitated t apply the wrd “vulnerable” t him but it came int my mind.
我不愿用“脆弱”这个词来形容他，但它却突然出现在我脑子里了。
[知识拓展]
absence f mind 出神，心不在焉
after ne's mind合……的心意
apply the mind t用心于……，专心于……
bear/keep sth. in mind把某事记在心里，记住
change ne's mind改变主意
cme t ne's mind想起
[即学即练] 完成句子
①Yu shuld bear/keep in mind the crrect prnunciatin f the wrds(记住单词的正确读音) while learning English.
②Frequent absence f mind in the class(课上经常心不在焉) made him fail in the exam.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点2) ccur t发生；突然想起
[例]The view f the case didn't ccur t me befre.
这种情况的观点以前我从未想到过。
[知识拓展]
ccur t sb. 某人突然想起
It ccurs t sb. t d sth.某人想起做某事
It ccurs t sb. that...某人突然想到……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It didn't ccur t me that there'd be a big festival n at the same time as my hliday.
②Only then did it ccur t me t ask abut her grades(我想起问问她的分数)．
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点3) emerge vi.出现；浮现
[例]New evidence emerged，vindicating him cmpletely.
新证据出现了，证明他完全是无辜的。
[知识拓展]
(1)emerge frm 出现，暴露(问题、意见等)
It emerged that...暴露，出现
(2)emergence n.出现；发生；露头
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He emerged frm the trial with his reputatin intact.
②D nt wrry abut change；challenge new emergence(emerge)．
③It emerged that her past behaviur was far frm irreprachable.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点4) by cincidence巧合地；碰巧地
[例]I have called yu several times，but yu were nt in by cincidence.
我给你打了好几次电话，但碰巧你都不在。
[知识拓展]
It is (nt) a cincidence that...
……(不)是巧合
cincident adj.巧合的，同时发生的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It's nt a cincidence that nne f the directrs are wmen.
②By a happy cincidence(碰巧运气好)，we arrived at exactly the same time.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点5) evaluatin n．评估；评价
[例]Evaluatin is standard practice fr all training arranged thrugh the schl.
对学校组织的所有培训进行评估是例行的做法。
[知识拓展]
(1)make an evaluatin f 对……评估/评价
(2)evaluate vt.评估；评价
evaluate sb. n...根据……评价某人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
The perfrmance can nly be evaluated n the basis f results.
②Many cmpanies make an annual evaluatin f their emplyees(对他们的员工每年作出评价)．
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点6) decline v．&n.衰退，下降，减少；谢绝，拒绝
[例]I ffered t give them a lift but they declined.
我主动邀请他们搭车，但他们婉言谢绝了。
[知识拓展]
(1)fall int (a) decline 开始衰退
be in decline处于下降、衰退中
n the decline在下坡路上；在衰退(减少)
(2)decline by下降了
decline t d sth.拒绝做某事
(3)increase n．&v.(反)增加
n the increase在增加
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①His interest in cmputer games is nw in decline.
②The number f turists t the resrt declined by 30% because f the terrrist attack last year.
③Their spkesman declined t cmment(cmment) n the allegatins.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点7) 阻止……
[例]The club's cnstitutin prevented wmen frm becming full members.
这个俱乐部的章程不允许女性成为正式会员。
[知识拓展]
prevent/stp...(frm) ding sth.
阻止……做某事
ding sth.阻止……做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Nthing culd stp us frm realising(realise) ur dream.
②300 tns f Peruvian manges were kept frm entering France.
eq \a\vs4\al(重点句式) nt als...
(教材原句P58) Hawking was famus，nt just fr his brilliant wrk in theretical physics and csmlgy，but als fr vercming the challenges f ALS (a disease that affects muscle cntrl)．
霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。
[句式分析]
本句中的 als...是nt als...结构，表示“不但……，而且……”，连接并列的原因状语。
[例1]She nt nly plays well，but als writes music.
她不仅很会演奏，而且还会作曲。
[例2]We g there nt nly in winter，but als in summer.
我们不仅冬天去那儿，而且夏天也去。
[知识拓展]
(1)当nt als...连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数原则上与其相近的主语保持一致。
(2) 为了强调，可将nt nly置于句首，此时其后的句子通常要用部分倒装的形式。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Nt nly the students but als their teacher is(be) enjying the film.
②Nt nly d they need clthing，but they are als shrt f water.
In the early stages f his career，his illness gt wrse，but he was allwed t d research nly rather than teach，which was easier fr him.
分析：本句是一个复合句，but连接并列句，表示转折；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面这个句子。
译文：职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He declined t give(give) any infrmatin n the Presidential electin.
2．They vercame(vercme) the natural disaster and even had a bumper harvest.
3．The first year prvides students with a sund theretical(thery) basis fr later study.
4．After rutine evaluatin(evaluate) he was appinted as a full prfessr.
5．We have fund sme drivers clueless(clue) as t the law.
6．The tw girls suddenly emerged frm amng the trees.Bth seemed t be calm and unhurt.
7．It is as well t bear in mind that laughter is a great releaser f tensin.
8．Nt nly did he speak English well，but he spke Japanese mre easily.
9．By cincidence，an actress came late that fateful day.
10．It suddenly ccurred t him that he shuld study fr the test.
Ⅱ.短语填空
cme t ne's mind；；in spite f；all f a sudden；ccur t；by cincidence
1．Lack f time prevented me frm writing t my parents.
2．It ccurs t me that this is a gd list fr hme，t.
3．By cincidence，Bb Dle and Newt Gingrich were n the mrning news prgrams.
4．He put his head in his hands and tried t remember his lines，but nthing came t his mind．
5．All f a sudden there was a terrific bang and a flash f smke.
6．In spite f what happened，he never lst the will t live.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Stephen Hawking was brn in 1942.He went t the University f Oxfrd t study physics in the age f 21，he 2.was diagnsed(diagnse) with ALS.In 1985，he had an 3.peratin(perate) and he lst his (badly) still，he lst the use f his hands.In 1988，A Brief Histry f Time：Frm the Big Bang t Black Hles was sld ne cpy fr every 750 peple n make(make) peple really understand what he had written，A Briefer Histry f Time was written.In The Grand Design，he argued we shuld lk fr a different way 6.t discver(discver) the universe and scientists shuld put tgether all the ideas 7.that/which they already have.At the 8.pening(pen) f the Lndn 2012 Olympics，he made a speech t a TV audience f 900 millin peple.He wed his success 9.t the help he received frm his family and a lt f peple and 10.rganisatins(rganise)．
教材
高考
1.Althugh Hawking's physical abilities declined ver decades，he never ceased his studies and he develped a number f new ideas abut black hles.
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America？
2.Hawking was famus，nt just fr his brilliant wrk in theretical physics and csmlgy，but als fr vercming the challenges f ALS (a disease that affects muscle cntrl)．
(2022·全国甲卷)Nt nly d they prvide abundant resurces and fd fr us, but they are als crucial fr the glbal climate develpment．
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