压轴题06 阅读理解CD篇（环境与保护类）-2024年高考英语压轴题专项训练（新高考通用）

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一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
1、时间的把控。
2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。
压轴题06 阅读理解C、D篇


说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。环境与保护类说明文通过描述环境污染的现状、成因，引导学生关注生活，激发考生的环保意识。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与比较法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如hwever, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。

06 环境保护类
1.（2024·河南·一模）
“The era f glbal warming has ended and the era f glbal biling has arrived,” the UN secretary general, Antni Guterres, said after scientists cnfirmed July 2023 was the wrld’s httest mnth n recrd.
“Humanity is in the ht seat,” Guterres tld a press cnference n Thursday. “Fr vast parts f Nrth America, Asia, Africa and Eurpe, it is a cruel summer. Fr the entire planet, it is a disaster. And fr scientists, it is clear that humans are t blame. Climate change is here, it is terrifying, and it is just the beginning. The era f glbal warming has ended; the era f glbal biling has arrived.”
Guterres urged pliticians t take swift actin. “The air is unbreathable, the heat is unbearable, and the level f fssil fuel prfits and climate inactin is unacceptable. Leaders must lead. N mre hesitancy, n mre excuses, and n mre waiting fr thers t mve first. There is simply n mre time fr that.”
“It is still pssible t limit glbal temperature rise t 1.5℃and avid the very wrst f climate change but nly with dramatic, immediate climate actin. We have seen sme prgress, but nne f this is ging far enugh r fast enugh. Accelerating temperatures demand accelerated actin.”
The WMO secretary general, Petteri Taalas, said, “The need t reduce greenhuse gas emissins is mre urgent than ever befre. Climate actin is nt a luxury but a must.”
Other climate scientists cnfirmed the findings. Karsten Haustein at Leipzig University fund the wrld was 1.5℃ htter in July 2023 than in the average July befre industrialisatin.
Marina Rmanell, a climate and health researcher at University Cllege Lndn, said, “We have data shwing hw the very fundatins f health are being undermined by climate change. But we still have time tday t turn the tide and t ensure a liveable future fr us and ur children.”
1．What made Guterres feel wrried?
A．Glbal ecnmy.B．Natural disasters.
C．Serius pllutin.D．Rising temperatures.
2．Why did Gutemes use the phrase “glbal biling”?
A．T appeal t quick actin.B．T change peple’s cncept.
C．T frighten the general public.D．T make his reprt vivid.
3．Hw des the authr develp the text?
A．By analyzing sme facts.B．By quting sme experts.
C．By ffering statistics.D．By giving explanatins.
4．What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A．Glbal Bailing: It Is Time t Act.
B．Glbal Biling: Wh Is t Blame?
C．Glbal Biling: It Isn’t That Serius
D．Glbal Bling: What Measure n Shuld Be Taken?
2.（23-24高三·浙江宁波·阶段练习）
Usain Blt burned abut 10kcal f energy t win his gld during the 200 metre spring final at the Olympic Games, which culd rughly pwer an ld 60W light bulb fr 11 minutes. If yu culd make use f all the pwer generated by all the athletes during the Games, yu wuld still be nwhere clse t reaching the 29.5 billin Watts cnsumed verall by the athletes, spectatrs and rganizers ver the event. We take sprt fr granted, but d we ever cnsider its cst t the planet?
Frm the water required t maintain the glf curse during The Masters turnament t the hundreds f flights it takes t bring ftball fans t a Wrld Cup, majr sprts events are nt helping much in the fight against glbal heating. What’s mre, there is a lack f recgnitin within sprt f its respnsibilities and little discussin abut pssible slutins.
This is strange, given that the effect wrks bth ways: the climate crisis is nt just affected by sprts, but it is already having a negative impact n many sprts. When ice-climber Will Gadd set ut t cnquer the wrld’s glaciers, he didn’t realize it wuld becme a race against climate change. “I thught glaciers are there frever.” When he arrived at the summit, Gadd was shcked: “The ice…wasn’t there. The things I planned t climb were gne.”
Glbal heating is nticeable in ther sprts. Amy Steel played prfessinal netball until she suffered frm heatstrke after playing in 39℃ cnditins and unfrtunately, the damage was permanent. Nt nly that, but extreme weather events made mre frequent as a result f glbal heating mean sprting events are mre ften delayed r canceled. This has cst sprt billins in ptential earnings.
Yet sprt can be a pwerful mtivatr: it can unite whle natins behind its teams. Culd sprt have a rle t play in driving climate awareness? Will Gadd and Amy Steel are amng many athletes wh think s? One thing is certain. Sprt must put climate change at the tp f its agenda and decarbnize at a Usain Blt-like pace t make a difference.
5．What is the main fcus f the first paragraph?
A．Why d sprts events cnsume energy?
B．Hw much pwer d athletes generate?
C．What is the energy impact f sprts events?
D．Hw did Blt cntribute t the envirnment?
6．Why des the writer use Will Gadd and Amy Steel as examples?
A．They initiated ec-friendly sprts practices.
B．They sustained permanent injuries in sprts.
C．They fell victim t climate-related incidents.
D．They achieved recrd-breaking perfrmances.
7．What effect f glbal heating n sprts is mentined in the text?
A．Stricter facility restrictins.B．Substantial financial lsses.
C．Higher athlete training standards.D．Prlnged utdr sprts seasns.
8．What can be a suitable title fr the text?.
A．Sprts in the Climate Crisis
B．Athletes against Glbal Heating
C．The Impact f Climate Change n Sprt
D．The Envirnmental Cst f Outdr Sprts
3.（23-24高三下·浙江·阶段练习）
Plastic is everywhere, frm the Arctic ice t vital rgans in the human bdy. In fact, previus estimates suggest that the average persn swallws a credit card-wrth f micrscpic plastic particles(颗粒) every week. But new research shws that this culd actually be an understatement.
Micrplastics are plastics smaller than 5 millimeters, fund in industrial waste, beauty prducts, and frmed during the degradatin f larger plastic pieces. Over time, they break dwn int even smaller nanplastics. These tiny particles can pass thrugh ur intestines and lungs int ur bldstreams, reaching vital rgans like the heart and brain.
While the idea f eating plastic is unsettling in itself, the majr cncern here is that these plastic particles cntain chemicals that can interrupt ur bdy’s natural release f hrmnes, ptentially increasing ur risk f reprductive disrders and certain cancers. They can als carry txins(毒素) n their surface like heavy metals.
In the past, researchers have shwn bttled water can cntain tens f thusands f identifiable plastic fragments in a single cntainer. Hwever, until recently, nly the larger micrplastics were detectable with available measuring tls, leaving the area f nanplastics largely a mystery.
Using Raman micrscpy (显微镜学), capable f detecting particles dwn t the size f a flu virus, the team measured an average f 240, 000 particles f plastic per liter f bttled water, 90 percent f which were nanplastics, a revelatin 10 t 100 times larger than previus estimates.
These plastics likely riginate frm the bttle material, filters used t “purify” the water, and the surce water itself. “It is nt ttally unexpected t find s much f this stuff, ” the study’s lead authr, Clumbia graduate student Naixin Qian, said in a statement. His team hpes t expand their research int tap water and ther water surces t better infrm ur expsure t these ptentially dangerus particles. “The idea is that the smaller things get, the mre f them I reveal, ” he added.
9．What is the primary fcus f the new research?
A．The presence f plastic particles.B．The use f plastic in everyday prducts.
C．The detectin methds fr micrplastics.D．The ptential risks f nanplastics t human.
10．What is the advantage f Raman micrscpy?
A．Finding the surce f plastic particles.B．Helping t cure the deadly flu virus.
C．Detecting the smaller plastic particles.D．Imprving the quality f bttled water.
11．Why will the team expand their research int tap water?
A．T fcus n areas with higher plastic pllutin.
B．T be aware f the dangerus particles in daily life.
C．T further measure the types f particles in tap water.
D．T detect the smaller plastic particles in industrial areas.
12．What is Qian’s attitude twards his research?
A．Skeptical.B．Objective.C．Cnservative.D．Psitive.
4.（2024·贵州·二模）
Many f the negative impacts humans have n the envirnment are visible t the naked eye. Trash washes up n ur beaches, the ice caps are visibly shrinking, and smg darkens ur skies. But sme envirnmental threat, such as micrplastics, are nearly invisible.
The U. S. Natinal Oceanic & Atmspheric Administratin classifies micrplastics as any piece f plastic less than five millimeters. Sme are as small as three micrns—half the size f a red bld cell. This cmes frm a variety f surces, including the micrbeads fund in csmetics, paint, tire dust, industrial waste, and clthing.
These tiny fragments can becme fixed in animals’ tissue thrugh taking fd r breathing. Varius marine species, such as depsit-feeding lugwrms, are shwn t have micrplastics in their intestinal tracts (肠道). The prductin and dispsal f micrplastics, amng ther unaware actins by humans, have played a significant rle in bsting the wrsening f marine ecsystems. But micrplastics are nt just a prblem fr marine life. Humans are cnsuming them t, smetimes thrugh eating seafd cntaining micrplastics.
Micrplastics als run uncntrllably in drinking water. A 2017 investigatin by Orb Media, which lked at tap water samples frm ver a dzen cuntries, fund that 83 percent f the samples were cntaminated with plastic fibers. Once taken, mst f the micrplastics stay in ur systems frever, and little is knwn abut their lng term impact n ur health.
Micrplastic pllutin is nt an easy prblem t deal with, but there are small changes that yu can make t reduce yur cntributin t the prblem. One strategy is t stp fibers befre they enter the wastewater stream. Patagnia annunced that it will sell the Guppy Friend, a bag that yu can place clthing in befre tssing it int the wash, which will prevent the fibers frm being flushed away. Yu can als avid buying any facial scrubs (面部磨砂膏) that use plastic micrbeads. Lastly, yu can reduce yur plastic cnsumptin and waste altgether by buying reusable water bttles and grcery bags, and being sure t always recycle any plastics yu cme acrss.
13．Why did the authr mentin the negative impacts visible t the naked eye?
A．T blame peple fr their behavirs
B．T shw the ntable threats n earth.
C．T stress the urgency f eclgy prtectin.
D．T intrduce the hidden dangers f micrplastics.
14．What d we knw abut micrplastics accrding t the passage?
A．They are s small that can be ignred.B．They are prduced by human deliberately.
C．They have a lasting effect n peple’s bdy.D．They gain attentin fr the bad influence.
15．What is the purpse f the last paragraph?
A．T prmte the sales f a new type f bag.
B．T give ways t reduce micrplastic presence.
C．T tell hw t reduce waste and cnsumptin.
D．T state the difficulties f decreasing micrplastics.
16．Which statement is cnsistent with the idea cnveyed in this passage?
A．Many hands make light wrk.B．Cnstant drpping wears the stne.
C．Actins speak luder than wrds.D．Practice makes perfect.
5.（23-24高三下·山东·开学考试）
D yu knw hw much India struggles t gather the waste plastic water bttles? Accrding t a Central Pllutin Cntrl Bard (CPCB) reprt frm 2012, India generates 15, 000 tnnes f plastics a day, f which the gathered nes nly achieve 60%. The trashed-but-nt-gathered plastic waste leads t land and water pllutin. psing serius threat t the envirnment.
After seeing that, Ankur Chawla, a drink expert, undertk research t find a slutin, after which he realised the biggest prblem the cuntry faced was dispsing f plastic waste. T address it, he wanted t cme up with a slutin where they d nt add t the prblem f waste. Frtunately, Ankur was nt alne. He met Bhrigu Seth wh was int green farming. Bth f them fund that they shared a cmmn gal and it didn’t take lng fr them t draft a plan f actin. It is estimated that ver 90 percent f aluminium(铝) drink cans in India are recycled. Instead, 70 percent f the cans are manufactured thrugh recycled waste. After ging thrugh challenges at hand, the pair made up their minds.
Befre taking the next step. bth c-funders visited five-star htels and tk samples f water in aluminium cans, asking them whether they wuld give it a sht if smething like that cmes in the market. The pair received an verwhelmingly psitive respnse. They then determined t launch Respnsible Whatr, natural spring water drink packed in an aluminium can t slve the prblem f waste plastic water bttles.
As ne f India’s first natural spring water drink, Respnsible Whatr ffered an envirnmentally friendly and endlessly recyclable aluminium can. It’s a nn-alchlic drink that was launched with a visin fr an ec-friendly future and an agenda t reduce single-use plastic pllutin.
Ging frward, Ankur and Bhrigu aim t cperate with airprts and ecmmerce gates which wuld help them in directly reaching the hmes f high netwrth individuals (HNIs). They als plan t tie up with crprate firms and cinema halls and jin hands with NGOs that are fighting fr the cnservatin f beaches and ceans.
17．What inspired Ankur t cnduct his research?
A．Plastics remained the majr bttle material.
B．Uncllected plastics caused severe pllutin.
C．Plastics accunted fr mst f the daily waste.
D．The amunt f plastic waste was beynd cntrl.
18．What was Ankur and Bhrigu’s slutin t the prblem?
A．Creating a new packaging design.B．Develping an alternative t plastics.
C．Launching a rubbish srting prgram.D．Increasing the recycling f plastic cans.
19．What was Respnsible Whatr aimed at?
A．Remving plastic pllutin.B．Prmting aluminium cans.
C．Advertising nn-alchlic drinks.D．Advcating a sustainable apprach.
20．Hw d Ankur and Bhrigu plan t expand their market?
A．By cperating with NHIs.B．By intrducing new prducts.
C．By targeting prfitable NGOs.D．By establishing diverse channels.
6.（23-24高三·河北石家庄·阶段练习）
Haze (薄雾) and smke frm hundreds f Canadian wildfires cvered mst f the US Nrtheast fr a secnd day — Wednesday, with New Yrk City experiencing the wrld’s wrst air quality ver the last tw days.
New Yrk, the Big Apple became the Big Orange by midday Wednesday as the sky ver the natin’s largest city fell int a deep hazy range. Streets in Manhattan are like what they were like during the pandemic (流行病) as residents again wre masks and cared fr warnings frm health fficials abut the impact f PM2.5, which can lead t respiratry (呼吸的) illnesses.
New Yrk Gvernr Kathy Hchul said n Wednesday that the state was making ne millin N95 masks available t the public. Apprximately 400,000 N95 masks wuld be distributed at New Yrk state parks, and at subway statins and ther lcatins in New Yrk City, Hchul said at a press briefing. An additinal 600,000 masks wuld be made available at Hmeland Security stckpiles (囤聚的物资) fr lcal gvernments t pick up, she said.
Hchul called the pr air quality “a very serius, dangerus situatin”. She recmmended that peple acrss the state cancel utdr activities. “Simply stay indrs. Outdrs is dangerus in just abut every part f ur state,” the gvernr said. Officials at the briefing said they had been mnitring any ptential rise in respiratry illnesses r health issues due t the pr air quality.
The city’s air was mre plluted than all the wrld’s majr cities n Wednesday mrning, accrding t data frm Swiss technlgy cmpany IQAir. Dubai and Delhi came in secnd and third, respectively. Mike Hardiman, a staff in the Natinal Weather Service, tld The New Yrk Times the city “smells like cigars”.
21．Why d peple wear masks in New Yrk?
A．Because f health cncern.B．Because f the pandemic.
C．Because f fficials’ demand.D．Because f their habits.
22．What message des Paragraph 3 cnvey?
A．New Yrk has gd welfare system.B．N95 masks can settle the crisis.
C．The public’s supprt is vital.D．The gvernment tk measures t handle the issue.
23．What kind f activity might Hchul recmmend?
A．Camping.B．Ding husewrk.
C．Fishing.D．Climbing muntains.
24．What des Mike Hardiman mean by saying the city “smells like cigars”?
A．The city is plluted by cigars.B．Cigars have very gd smell.
C．The air quality in the city is terrible.D．There are t many smkers in the city.
命题预测
分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。
从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法
推理判断题
标题归纳题
细节理解题
词义猜测题