压轴题04 阅读理解CD篇（动物、植物类）（原卷版）-2024年高考英语压轴题专项训练（新高考通用）

这是一份压轴题04 阅读理解CD篇（动物、植物类）（原卷版）-2024年高考英语压轴题专项训练（新高考通用），共10页。试卷主要包含了说明文的解题技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。


说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。动物植物类文章多用描述法、问题与历史文化背景等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明动植物在不同的历史时期或地点, 数目的变化及原因、动植物的习性等。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与对策法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如hwever, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。

04 动物、植物类
1.（23-24高三下·山东·阶段练习）
Manatees — ften called sea cws — are an anmaly in the animal kingdm. Neither predatr nr prey, these peaceable creatures, which can grw t 13 feet and weigh mre than 2,000 punds, are evlutinarily devid f aggressin. Crystal River — “Manatee Capital f the Wrld” — is the epicenter f their presence and recvery.
Yet despite sme gains, manatees still face grave threats. Three-quarters f Flrida’s 22 millin peple live alng the cast, many in prime manatee habitat, where the strain f human-presence has degraded the state’s enchanted springs, waterways, and wetlands. In Indian River Lagn, fr example, an imprtant manatee habitat alng Flrida’s densely ppulated east cast, decades f human waste, sediment frm real estate develpment, and fertilizers frm lawns and farms have cluded the water. That has killed seagrass, manatees’ main fd surce there. Mre than a thusand manatees have died in the lagn during the past tw years.
What peple dn’t understand is the need t help supprt them in waterways. That means restring seagrass beds and freshwater aquatic vegetatin, the basis f their existence and f the verall health f Flrida’s waters. Steps t reverse the damage started small. Neighbrs gathered with rakes, scping up algae by hand. Irnically, it was Save Crystal River — the grup envirnmentalists had ppsed during their fight ver the manatee’s endangered status — that spearheaded the restratin f aquatic vegetatin. With funding frm the state gvernment, Save Crystal River hired Sea& Shreline, an aquatic restratin firm, t remve the waste and replant the river bttm with eelgrass, which grws lng, ribbn like leaves.
While the prspect f replanting the entire river was daunting, after vacuuming mre than 300 millin punds f detritus and planting sme 350,000 individual eelgrass pds by hand, the grups have flipped the river back t an ecsystem n lnger dminated by algae.
Instead f spending the few shrt winter mnths in Crystal River befre heading back ut int the Gulf f Mexic t graze, sme manatees nw linger here year-rund, enjying fat times. Aerial surveys frm January 2022 revealed the highest number f manatees ever recrded in these waters — mre than a thusand in Kings Bay alne.
1．What is a feature f manatees?
A．They are gentle animals.B．They feed n small creatures.
C．They are slightly aggressive.D．They lk cute fr their shape.
2．What is the main reasn fr manatees’ decline?
A．Climate change.B．Habitat lss.
C．Lw fd supply.D．Human activities.
3．Hw did Save Crystal River help imprve manatees’ endangered situatin?
A．By remving wastes frm the river.
B．By raising funds frm the gvernment.
C．By replanting algae in the river bttm.
D．By refining manatees’ living surrundings.
4．What can we learn abut manatees frm the last paragraph?
A．They enjy the cld winter f Mexic.
B．They remain in Manatee Capital fr lng.
C．They head twards the warmer waters during winter.
D．They have the largest ppulatin ever recrded glbally.
2.（2024·山西晋中·模拟预测）
Sleep-deprived human parents knw the value f a quick nap, but it turns ut chinstrap penguins have us all beat. When nesting, these Antarctic birds take fur-secnd-lng “micr- sleeps”, a strategy that allws parents t keep cnstant watch ver weak eggs and chicks, all while having 11 hurs f ttal sleep a day, accrding t a new study.
Like ther penguins, chinstrap parents take turns guarding the nest. While ne bird prtects the chicks, the partner finds fd at sea. Then the penguins trade places. Fr tw mnths between egg laying and fledging(羽化) , it’s a series f nnstp demands.
T study hw penguins manage t accmplish all this and get the necessary sleep, Lee, a leader researcher, first stuck bilggers, small battery-pwered devices, t the backs f 14 nesting penguins f bth sexes. This device functins like a smart-watch, measuring physical activity, pulse, and the cean depths f fraging birds.
Next, the team humanely arrested each f the penguins, attaching the devices temprarily int their skull t measure brain activity. When an animal is awake, the brain cnstantly buzzes with activity. During sleep, hwever, brain waves slw dwn and stretch ut. When Lee started reviewing the data, he was surprised t discver the birds, slept in fur-secnd intervals thrughut the day and night while lking after their eggs r chicks.
“In bth humans and penguins, micr-sleeps ccur during times f exhaustin, yet nesting chinstrap penguins seem t have a near-exclusive reliance n it,” Cirelli, anther scientist, says. Studying sleep in natural envirnments is difficult, s “the simple fact that they were able t recrd data in these cnditins is incredible. ”
While the data is cnvincing, Cirelli ntes that the researchers nly studied the penguins during nesting perids, making it impssible t tell if the birds micr-sleep when they’re nt parenting. The ther challenge is understanding hw micr-sleep impacts the brains and bdies f the pen-guins. Sleep deprivatin in humans causes a range f health prblems, and it’s nt clear whether penguins experience this, t.
5．When d the birds have micr-sleeps?
A．When they lay eggs.B．When they hunt fr fd.
C．When they care fr babies.D．When they exchange places.
6．What is the bilgger?
A．A charger.B．A smart-watch.
C．A sleep mnitrD．A safety alarm.
7．What des Cirelli mean in the last but ne paragraph?
A．The micr-sleep study is successful.B．Chinstrap penguins sleep mre than human.
C．The data frm the micr-sleep study is simple.D．Chinstrap penguins rely entirely n micr-sleep.
8．What is prbably cntinued with the text?
A．Effects and ccurrence f micr-sleep.B．Shrt-term strategies fr tired bird parents.
C．Prblems caused by lack f sleep in humans.D．Appraches f chinstrap penguins’ parenting.
3.（2024·湖南娄底·一模）
The speedy lizard (蜥蜴) was mving quickly acrss the tabletp when suddenly ne ft hit a slippery spt. It just made a split-secnd adjustment as it mved nward. Afterward, its mvements, recrded with Hllywd-style mtin-capture technlgy, were played back in slw mtin.
This is the lab f Tnia Hsieh, a Temple University bilgist wh studies life n the mve. The gal f the lizard study is t use the animals as a mdel fr humans, t figure ut better ways t prevent falls amng the aged. The scientists are using tw species — the frilled dragn and the brwn basilisk — that share an unusual characteristic with humans: the ability t run n tw legs.
If the scientists can figure ut hw these lizards remain upright in different situatins, they hpe sme f the lessns can be used t guide human treatment.
The lizards run n a tabletp cvered with sandpaper except fr ne slippery spt in the middle: a square f pster bard cvered with cntact paper.
In the lab recently, the scientists filmed ne f the frilled dragns in actin and played it back at slw speed n a cmputer screen, the lizard’s mvements reduced t a series f clred dts n a gray backgrund. At the mment the lizard stepped n the cntact paper, its left ft slid t the side, and its upper bdy twisted in the ppsite directin. It barely seemed t lse its balance.
Culd sme clue in thse clred dts be used t imprve stability in lder adults? Every year, thusands f lder, adults die frm injuries sustained in falls.
The wrk is still nging, but early indicatins are that. tendns (肌腱) in the lizards’ feet play . a key rle in balance, acting as springs that cunteract (抵消) small changes in the surface. It’s a valuable first line f defense that kicks in even befre the brain has time t react, Hsieh said.
If the scientists can figure ut what factrs are mst imprtant in keeping the lizards upright, perhaps smene can wrk ut strategies t enhance thse factrs in peple.
“I think this is a great first step,” said Hsieh.
9．What made the scientists decide t cnduct the lizard study?
A．Their curisity abut running lizards.
B．Their cncern fr lizard cnservatin.
C．The characteristics f different lizards.
D．The similarity between lizards and humans.
10．Why was cntact paper used in the lizard study?
A．T recrd the lizard’s mvements.B．T prvide stability fr the lizard.
C．T make the lizard lse its balance.D．T limit the lizard’s running speed.
11．Hw des Hsieh feel abut the lizard study?
A．It’s imprtant fr lizards.B．It has been a great success.
C．It needs mre assistance.D．It shws great prmise.
12．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Running like LizardsB．Learning frm Lizards
C．Keeping Yur BalanceD．Develping Yur Ptential
4.（2024·山西·模拟预测）
Cruching n all furs n Widdybank Fell in Teesdale, Margaret Bradshaw, a 97-year-ld btanist, calls ut the names f sme rare plants. This part f the uplands is a seemingly empty landscape, heavily grazed (吃草) by sheep, but it hides btanical treasures that have been here fr mre than 10,000 years. Sme f the plants can’t be fund anywhere else in the UK and —until Bradshaw arrived n the scene—many were unaccunted fr.
Bradshaw is the chief caretaker f sme f the cuntry’s rarest flwers. She has spent seven decades studying the unique flra (植物群) f Teesdale, in the nrth f England. Althugh nce they were widespread in Britain, nw nly a few remain, and 28 species are threatened with extinctin.
Bradshaw has just written a 288-page bk n the subject, Teesdale’s Special Flra: Places, Plants and Peple, published as part f the Princetn Wild Guides series.The Teesdale fra is celebrated because it is a mix f alpine-arctic (高寒的) flwers and suthern Eurpean species; nwhere else in Britain d they all grw tgether.
Nw, thugh, the area’s unique features are under threat. Bradshaw has been recrding rare
plants here since the early 1950s and has witnessed great declines. Since the 1960s, plant abundance has drpped by 54%n average. Sme have essentially disappeared, such as the dwarf milkwrt, dwn by 98%, and the hary whitlw-grass, dwn by 100%.
She says, “We’ve gt varius buildings in the cuntry—Stnehenge, Durham Cathedral, and thers; if they were falling apart, there wuld be grups and mney helping stp it, because peple wuld say we can’t let this happen. “These flwers’ cmmunities are much lder, and in sme respects they are mre beautiful.
The main reasn fr the decline f these plants is an unusual ne—nt enugh sheep. The number f sheep n the areas had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed t be vergrazed. Bradshaw says while sme upland areas are damaged by sheep, reducing grazing n Teesdale has been devastating. Lnger grass vershadws the delicate flwers, taking away the light they need t grw.
13．Why is the flra in Teesdale unique?
A．It is site-specific.
B．There is a bk abut it.
C．It is under strict prtectin.
D．There are many sheep feeding n it.
14．Why are sme buildings mentined in paragraph 5?
A．T recmmend ppular turist attractins.
B．T recgnize their histric value.
C．T draw attentin t the flra in Teesdale.
D．T praise the cnservatin effrts.
15．What is the main threat t the flra in Teesdale?
A．Overgrazing in upland areas.
B．Reduced sheep ppulatin.
C．Respnse t climate change.
D．Lack f enugh shadws.
16．What des the underlined wrd “devastating” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Innvative.B．Satisfying
C．ChallengingD．Destructive
5.（2024高三下·海南·学业考试）
“A mth (飞蛾) t a flame” is ften used t indicate an inescapable attractin, yet it is a strange example f animal behavir that cntinues t cnfuse peple tday. Scientists have raised a number f theries ver the years t explain why. One hlds that insects flying at night are fllwing their nature t fly tward the brightest spt in their field f visin, which they mistake fr the sky. Anther suggests that insects are trying t warm themselves with the heat prduced by the light. The mst ppular thery, thugh, is that insects are cnfusing lights with the mn r ther celestial bdies (天体) that they nrmally use t navigate (导航).
T find ut the real reasn, the team carried ut a first set f experiments in an insect flight area. The researchers used eight high-speed infrared (红外线) cameras equipped with mtin-capture technlgies t track 30 insects frm three mth and tw dragnfly species. They als flew lab-raised insects frm six different insect rders that were t small fr mtin-capture technlgy, including fruit flies and hneybees, t make sure different insects all shwed similar respnses t light. Wrking with c-authr Pabl Allen f the Cuncil n Internatinal Educatinal Exchange in Mnteverde, Csta Rica, the researchers put heavy cameras, lights and tripds in tw field sites t gather behaviral data frm insects in the wild.
The team was able t cnfirm that insects were nt beelining t the light but rather circling it as they tilted (倾斜) in an attempt t turn their backs tward it. This behavir, knwn as a “drsal light respnse”, nrmally helps insects t remain in an unchanging path f flight that is prperly lined t the hrizn (地平线). Artificial light that arrives frm a pint surce causes them t fly in unpredictable patterns as they try t turn their backs t what they are mistaking fr the sky.
Nw research might have finally slved the mystery mentined first: artificial light cnfuses insects’ ability t turn themselves t the hrizn, cnfusing their sense f what is up and dwn and causing them t fly in circles.
17．Which thery abut a mth t a flame is accepted by mst peple?
A．They fllw their nature t fly.B．They are blind t artificial light.
C．They mistake artificial light fr celestial bdies.D．They are attracted by the warmth f artificial light.
18．What’s the authr’s purpse in using the figures in paragraph 2?
A．T shw the study is cmprehensive.B．T intrduce the purpse f the study.
C．T estimate the cst f the research.D．T stress the challenge faced by the researchers.
19．What des the underlined wrd “beelining” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Flying slwly.B．Sticking.C．Respnding.D．Ging straight.
20．What benefit can insects get frm “drsal light respnse”?
A．They can fly beynd the hrizn.B．They can fllw a steady flight path.
C．They can turn their backs tward lights.D．They can circle the light surce upside dwn.
6.（23-24高三·河南·阶段练习）
When lightning caused fires arund Califrnia’s Big Basin Redwds State Park nrth f Santa Cruz in August 2020, the fire spread quickly. Mild fires strike castal redwd (红杉) frests abut every decade. The giant trees resist burning thanks t the bark (树皮), up t abut 30 centimetres thick at the base, which cntains acids. Their branches and needles are nrmally beynd the reach f flames. But this time flames sht thrugh the tp f 100-metre-tall trees, burning the needles. “It was shcking,” says Drew Peltier, a tree expert at Nrthern Arizna University. “It really seemed like mst f the trees were ging t die.”
Yet many f them lived. In a paper published yesterday in Nature Plants, Peltier and his clleagues help explain why: The survivrs use lng-held energy reserves—sugars that had been made frm sunlight decades earlier—and pured them int buds (芽) that had been lying drmant (休眠的) under the bar k fr centuries.
“This is ne f thse papers that challenges ur previus knwledge n tree grwth,” says Adrian Rcha, an ecsystem eclgist at the University f Ntre Dame. “It is amazing t learn that carbn taken up decades ag can be used t sustain its grwth int the future.” The findings suggest redwds have the tls t cpe with big fires driven by climate change, Rcha says. Still, it’s unclear whether the trees culd cpe with the regular inferns that might ccur under a warmer climate envirnment.
The fire in 2020 was s intense that even the tp branches f many trees burned and their ability t phtsynthesize (光合作用) went up in smke alng with their pine needles. Trees phtsynthesize t create sugars and ther carbhydrates (碳水化合物), which prvide the energy they need t grw and repair tissue. Trees d stre sme f this energy, which they can call n during a drught r after a fire. Althugh the redwds have spruted (长出) new grwth, Peltier and ther frest experts wnder hw the trees will cpe with far less energy frm phtsynthesis, given that it will be years befre they grw as many needles as they had befre the fire. “They’re alive, but I wuld be a little cncerned fr them in the future.”
21．What’s special abut this big fire fr castal redwd frests in 2020?
A．It burnt the tp f the trees.B．It was very clse t the last fire.
C．It resisted burning effectively.D．It caused relatively minr damage.
22．Why did redwds survive in the big fire?
A．Sugars prtected their barks.B．Energy reserves prmted the grwth f buds.
C．They gt used t ht climate.D．They tk in much carbn t resist fire.
23．What des the underlined wrd “inferns” in the third paragraph mean?
A．Unpredictable disasters.B．Changeable climate.
C．Terrible envirnment.D．Uncntrllable fires.
24．Why des Peltier wrry abut the survival f redwds?
A．Their tissues can’t be repaired.B．They can’t save energy anymre.
C．Their energy saved is nt sufficient.D．They grw t slwly.
命题预测
分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。
从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法
推理判断题
标题归纳题
细节理解题
词义猜测题