压轴题05 阅读理解CD篇（观念、事理、现象类）（原卷版）-2024年高考英语压轴题专项训练（新高考通用）

这是一份压轴题05 阅读理解CD篇（观念、事理、现象类）（原卷版）-2024年高考英语压轴题专项训练（新高考通用），共10页。试卷主要包含了说明文的解题技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。


说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。观念事理现象类说明文阐述抽象事理、现象的成因、原理、本质、规律等内容。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与比较法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如hwever, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。

05 观念、事理、现象类
1.（2023·浙江·模拟预测）
A new study suggests that mindfulness educatin — lessns n techniques t calm the mind and bdy — can reduce the negative effects f stress and increase students’ ability t stay engaged, helping them stay n track academically and avid behavir prblems.
After finding that students wh self-reprted mindful habits perfrmed better n tests and had higher grades, researchers frm the Center fr Educatin Plicy Research at Harvard University wanted t knw if schl-based mindfulness training culd help mre students reap similar benefits.
They designed a study fcusing n sixth-graders in a Bstn schl. The study shwed that sixth-graders wh participated in an eight-week mindfulness were less stressed ut than their classmates wh hadn’t. Practicing mindfulness had helped imprve the ability t fcus in the mment, expanding students’ capacity t learn and regulate their emtins.
Fur times a week, instructrs frm Calmer Chice, a Massachusetts nnprfit specializing in mindfulness educatin, taught the grup techniques and led them thrugh practices, like fcusing n a rck fr a minute, then discussing when their mind wandered and refcused n the rck. Anther grup f sixth-graders tk cmputer cding during that time instead. The students were randmly assigned between the grups.
At the end f the eight weeks, the mindfulness grup reprted being less stressed than they had been befre the mindfulness educatin, and better able t practice self-cntrl. And their amygdalae, the part f the brain that cntrls emtin, respnded less t pictures f fearful faces than they did prir t the mindfulness wrk, suggesting their brains were less sensitive t negative stimuli, r, in ther wrds, that they were less likely t get stressed ut and lse fcus. The grup wh attended cding classes didn’t see the same benefits.
The findings suggest that the mindfulness instructin helped bst students’ attentin skills, as well as develp cping mechanisms fr stress. The researchers believe it culd be especially useful fr schls t supprt students suffering frm severe mental damage and ther adversities that trigger stress in the bdy, hurting students’ ability t succeed.
1．What was the purpse f the study?
A．T examine the techniques fr practicing mindfulness.
B．T study the effects f grup mindfulness training n students.
C．T see hw students help themselves t perfrm better n tests.
D．T understand why mindfulness training calms the mind and bdy.
2．Hw was the study cnducted?
A．By listing benefits f mindfulness educatin.
B．By scanning the brain t see hw it cntrls emtins.
C．By teaching different students different mindfulness skills.
D．By cmparing tw grups f students attending different classes.
3．What change tk place after the students practiced mindfulness wrk?
A．They felt easier t stay fcused.B．They were better at cmputer cding.
C．Their mind was wandering mre actively.D．Their brains were mre aware f negativity.
4．Wh are the mst pssible target readers f the passage?
A．Stressful parents.B．Mindful instructrs.
C．Emtinal students.D．Schl educatrs.
2.（2024·全国·二模）
Hallween candy culd be in fr a Califrnia big change. State lawmakers last mnth passed the Califrnia Fd Safety Act, which bans fur materials fund in ppular snacks and packaged fds - including candy crm and ther Hallween treats. Set t take effect in 2027, the ban will lead candy and fd prducers t change their frmulas fr prducts sld bth in Califrnia and elsewhere arund the cuntry.
The law bans the prductin and sale f sme materials, which are used in prcessed fds including kinds f instant ptates and sdas, as well as candies. The additives (添加剂) have been linked t increased risks f cancer and nervus system prblems, accrding t the Envirnmental Wrking Grup, which started the act, and are already banned in many ther cuntries.
Fd prducers and their lbbyists (说客) ppsed the law, arguing the cnclusin that the fur additives are unhealthy shuld be made by the Fd and Drug Administratin (FDA). They thught that evaluating the safety f fd materials and additives shuld rely n the scientific accuracy f the FDA．But fd safety advcates say the FDA has mved far t slwly in regulating fd chemicals. It’s unacceptable that the U.S. is s far behind the rest f the wrld when it cmes t fd safety.
Califrnia’s act made headlines this year as a “Skittles (彩虹糖) ban” that wuld wipe ppular candies ff Califrnia shelves. But supprters f the act said the intentin is simply t require changes in the materials, as has already happened in Eurpe. Perhaps the mst standing-ut material n Califrnia’s banned list is red dye N. 3. It is allwed nly in candied and ccktail cherries in the Eurpean Unin but mre than 3,000 prducts cntain the chemical in the U. S. The list includes items like frsted pretzels and scres f brand-name candies such as Peeps and Pez. It als includes items like fruit ccktail cups, prtein drinks, and ygurts.
5．Hw will Hallween candy in Califrnia change?
A．It will change its recipes.B．It will transfrm its shapes.
C．It will mve ut f Califrnia.D．It will disappear cmpletely.
6．What idea d fd prducers have against the act?
A．FDA’s cnclusin n the materials is wrng.
B．Fur materials are allwed all ver the wrld.
C．The materials’ safety needs t be reassessed.
D．FDA mves t fast in regulating fd chemicals.
7．What can we infer abut the act supprters’ request abut Skittles?
A．They demand a cmplete ban n Skittles.
B．They wish the “Skittles ban” t be headlines.
C．They want t apply Eurpean plicies t Skittles.
D．They hpe mre red dye N. 3 is used in Skittles.
8．What is the text mainly abut?
A．Califrnia candy ban.B．Fd safety in Califrnia.
C．The respnsibility f FDA．D．Change f Hallween Candy.
3.（23-24高三·辽宁朝阳·期末）
In an increasingly glbalized business wrld, cmpanies demand Human Resurces (HR) leaders wh can vercme cultural barriers t achieve key gals. This year, students in the Master f Human Resurces and Industrial Relatins (MHRIR) Prgram will get hands-n experience leading multicultural teams as they wrk tgether with peers (同辈) frm all crners f the glbe.
“Our students get firsthand experience n glbal teams, which helps them understand the challenges and the pprtunities they will face in the business wrld,” said MHRIR Prgram Directr Stacy Hve.
Elishka Crrea jined the prgram t explre hw HR leaders can help businesses grw quickly in the glbal marketplace. “Cmpanies appreciate diversity — nt nly in terms f prducts and markets, but the peple they hire — s that they can expand their business and reach custmers in different parts f the wrld,” she said. “When I g int an rganizatin, I’m nt nly ging t wrk with Indians r Americans, it’s ging t be a mix f peple. That trend is beginning t grw, s I think it’s very imprtant t appreciate peple frm different backgrunds.”
As they prgress thrugh the prgram, the students are discvering unexpected challenges as they wrk n prjects in diverse teams. Each cntributr brings a different apprach t slving prblems, cmmunicating, and challenging ne anther’s pinins.
Devin Rll, a student frm Nrth Dakta, appreciating the unique views his classmates share, said, “The benefits f having crss-cultural experiences g far beynd the classrm. Diverse teams and cmpanies utperfrm their cmpetitrs, and HR leaders act as a vital partner in acquiring and maintaining diversity in the wrkfrce.”
Many f the internatinal students in the prgram said they wuld return t their hme cuntries after graduatin and bring alng cnnectins t their classmates, wh wuld build careers (职业) in cuntries arund the wrld. They hpe t stay in tuch, and share their expert knwledge.
9．What is the aim f the prgram?
A．T help students t set clear gals.
B．T prvide jbs fr freign students.
C．T teach students t run their wn business.
D．T train students t build multicultural teams.
10．Which statement abut cultural diversity des Elishka Crrea prbably agree with?
A．It prevents scial advance.B．It makes it easy t hire peple.
C．It can help business grwth.D．It can put an end t the cnflict.
11．What des Devin Rll think f the effect f the prgram?
A．It is predictable.B．It is shrt-lived.C．It is unidentifiable.D．It is far-reaching.
12．What d many students expect t d after graduatin accrding t the text?
A．Wrk fr the university.B．Keep clsely cnnected.
C．Stay in their hme cuntries.D．Refrm teaching methds.
4.（2023·全国·单元测试）
“We are running ut f space and the nly places t g t are ther wrlds... Spreading ut may be the nly thing that saves us frm urselves. I’m cnvinced that humans need t leave the earth.” These are the wrds f the famus scientist Stephen Hawking, spken at a science festival in Nrway in 2017, a year befre his death.
Hawking was nt alne in this view. Many experts feel that the nly way fr humanity t last far int the future is t clnise (移民于) ther planets. That way, if a terrible disease, nuclear war r sme ther disasters strike the earth, civilisatin as we knw it wuld still have a chance. Mars is ne f the mst attractive destinatins. NASA, the United Arab Emirates, the private cmpany SpaceX, and the rganisatin Mars One all have plans t send humans there. “Either we spread the earth t ther planets, r we risk ging extinct,” SpaceX funder Eln Musk said at a cnference in 2013.
But nt everyne agrees that clnising Mars r any ther planet is such a great plan. The mst cmmn argument against ging is that it’s just t expensive r dangerus. It will take huge amunts f mney and ther resurces just t get peple there,let alne set up a place fr them t live. It’s nt even clear if humans culd survive n Mars. One f the biggest dangers is its deadly radiatin that ruins the planet.
Maybe all the time and mney peple wuld pur int a Mars missin wuld be better spent n mre urgent prjects here n Earth, like dealing with pverty r climate change. Sme experts argue that handling a prblem like an asterid (小行星) strike r a disease utbreak while staying here n Earth wuld be much easier and less expensive than surviving n a new planet.
In additin, mving t a new planet culd harm r destry anything that already lives there. Mars seems uninhabitable, but micr-rganisms culd exist n Mars. Human visitrs may destry these lives r permanently change r damage the Martian envirnment. Sme feel that’s t much f a risk t take.
13．Why did the authr mentin NASA, the United Arab Emirates, SpaceX and Mars One?
A．T stress the risk f dying ut n Earth.
B．T prvide evidence fr Hawking’s thery.
C．T shw grwing intentin f mving t Mars.
D．T explain the advanced technlgy in astrnmy.
14．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．It is cstly and risky t clnise Mars.
B．Civilisatin is difficult t maintain n Earth.
C．Pverty is the mst urgent prblem t handle.
D．All the time and mney shuld be spent n Earth.
15．What des the underlined wrd “uninhabitable” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Nt steady t keep.
B．Nt fit t live n.
C．Nt easy t apprach.
D．Nt safe t set ft n.
16．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Mars, Our Future Planet
B．Mving t a New Planet
C．Shuld We Clnise Mars?
D．Stay Hme r Outer Space?
5.（23-24高三·北京大兴·期中）
Belw are several things that will have happened by the mid-pint f this century bth fr the gd and bad.
Right nw, peple are fcused n AI ptentially causing jb lsses but the reality culd be far wrse. Gerge Stakhv said, “By 2050, AI will have prfundly(深刻地) reshaped the wrld. There is a dark AI future where thse wh cntrl AI will gain huge pwer, while 99 percent f the ppulatin will be disenfranchised(剥夺权利) .The AI lrds will cntrl the wrld’s data and turn the rest f us int their serfs. The alternative is a bright AI scenari, where everyne benefits frm AI thrugh better healthcare, faster transprt and less pllutin.”
Futurist and frmer Ggle engineer Ray Kurzweil says that peple will merge with machines by 2025. In an event he describes as the “Singularity”, Kurzweil predicts that by 2045, peple will cnnect their brains t machines. “I have set a date fr the Singularity in 2045, which is when we will increase ur effective intelligence a billinfld by merging with the intelligence we have created.”
Alien-hunting astrnmer Seth Shstak bet fellw astrnmers that we shuld find aliens within tw dzen years. That means we culd be in cntact with ET by 2036. Shstak has since dubled dwn n his predictin, saying that newer measurements suggest there culd be billins f Earth-like wrlds. That means if the Earth is the nly place with life, it’s like a winner in a lttery where the dds are a billin t ne. That may be the strngest argument fr life in space.
Saring humidity (湿度) and heat will lead t heatwaves where it is almst impssible fr humans t survive utdrs in areas including Suth Asia, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea. By 2070, this will als be true in areas f Brazil and China. “Wet bulb” temperatures refer t cnditins where temperature and humidity are high, making it hard t survive utdrs. Humans can survive temperatures f up t 50℃ when humidity is lw, but in high humidity, humans cannt survive because there is n way t cl dwn by sweating. Even extremely strng and fit peple die within hurs. Large areas f the Earth might be uninhabitable.
17．What is the dark AI future accrding t Gerge Stakhv?
A．AI will hld pwer ver humans.
B．Humans will earn a basic lw wage.
C．Humans will have t serve as AI’s masters.
D．AI will becme the wner f the Earth.
18．What is Shstak’s attitude twards the existence f aliens?
A．Dubtful.B．Apprving.C．Cautius.D．Negative.
19．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．Heatwaves ccur in mst areas in the wrld.
B．High humidity causes peple t sweat a lt.
C．Huge areas f the Earth might be uninhabitable.
D．Peple can’t live in lw humidity fr a lng time.
6.（2023·河南·模拟预测）
“Frm wearing silly clthes t hlding funny ceremnies, such seemingly bizarre rituals (仪式) can be seen everywhere, and mst f them d nt seem t serve any bvius purpse,” Dimitris Xygalatas writes at the beginning f his new bk Rituals: Hw Seemingly Senseless Acts Make Life Wrth Living.
Then why are humans still in lve with such rituals?
Sme f them are intended t unify the participants. The gse steps practised by the sldiers all arund the wrld area great example. When we all perfrm the same actins in a predictable way, as rituals ften require, it can create a sense f tgetherness and cperatin, which maybe a matter f life and death in the face f danger.
Many rituals riginated when humans started living in ever bigger grups, which expsed them t all kinds f vilence, disasters and diseases. T prevent such risks frm ccurring, humans created varius rituals. In regins where vilence was cmmn and the threat f disaster and disease was high, scieties tended t emphasize strict ritualized behavirs, such as bdy-washing and sexual purity. Of curse, nt all f them were effective because they didn’t always understand what was causing the risks they were trying t cntrl.
Mst f the rituals just prvide psychlgical cmfrt. Earlier this mnth, peple arund the wrld participated in ne f humankind’s largest gathering t celebrate the New Year. The rituals included firewrks, gifts as well as sme practices unique t specific cultures, such as cking black-eyed peas and greens in the sutheastern United States, r eating a grape with each midnight clck strike in Spain. In the face f uncertainty, such rituals give the participants sme kind f cntrl, which helps bst cnfidence and reduce anxiety.
Hwever, the variety f rituals can als separate peple, particularly when the valued practices f ne culture strike anther as strange and can nt be clearly explained. “S here’s the surprising lessn we have t learn frm such seemingly senseless rituals: D in Rme as the Rmans d since wrking isn’t the real pint,” cncludes Dimitris Xygalatas.
20．What des the underlined wrd “bizarre” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Difficult.B．Strange.C．Wnderful.D．Effective.
21．Which ritual just prvides psychlgical cmfrt?
A．Stressing pure sexual relatinship.B．Practising gse steps in the army.
C．Eating grapes n New Year’s Eve.D．Washing hands befre religius rituals.
22．What is Dimitris Xygalatas’ advice cncerning the rituals?
A．Respecting them.B．Just fllwing the effective nes.
C．Reducing the variety.D．Intrducing better replacements.
23．What is the authr’s purpse in writing the text?
A．T argue against Dimitris Xygalatas.B．T review a recently published bk.
C．T shw the side effects f sme rituals.D．T explain the rigins and impacts f rituals.
命题预测
分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理现象类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。
从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法
推理判断题
标题归纳题
细节理解题
词义猜测题