专题三 阅读理解 考法3 词意猜测题（教师版+学生版）---高考英语精选考点专项突破

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词义猜测
猜测词义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它要求考生不但要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。
考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义反义及上下文线索等确定词义。常见的设问方式有：
What des the underlined wrd “...” refer t/mean?
The underlined wrd “...”can be replaced by_______.
Which f the fllwing is clsest in meaning t the underlined?
What des the underlined wrd "it/them" in t?
Which f the fllwing wrds can take the place f the underlined wrd "..."
技巧1通过定义来猜测词义
本技巧适用于所猜生词或短语后有句子(往往用定语从句或同位语从句)对其下定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号、括号中的内容对其加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落就可以推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词为:be, mean, be cnsidered, t be, be called, define, represent, refer t, signify等。
【例】The schls are reluctant t take time ff----even teachers with tickets fr the England-Argentina game had truble getting the day ff.
What des the underlined wrd "reluctant" prbably mean?
A.Kind. B. Unwilling. C.Free. D. Careless.
【解析】根据破折号后的 even teachers with tickets fr the England-Argentina game had truble getting the day ff可知, 甚至手中有英格兰与阿根廷对决比赛的球票的教师们也很难有放假时间。由此可以推断出前面的“ reluctant'”一词意为“不情愿的”。故选B项。
技巧2 通过同位关系来猜测词义
构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也使用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号、括号或同位语。常用的信息词或表达有：r, similarly, als, that is t say, in ther wrds, namely, r ther, say等。
[天津2020年5月·C] There'' s als the added bnus that electric planes are just much mre pleasant t fly in. N lud engine nise, n smell f fuel, just envirnmentally friendly peace and quiet.
47. The expressin "added bnus"refers t the fact that electric planes____________.
A. give passengers mre pleasant views B. bring airlines mre financial benefits
C. ffer mre enjyable flying experiences D. cst less in maintenance than traditinal ne
【解析】根据画线词后that引导的同位语从句 electric planes are just much mre pleasant t fly in和后文中的 N lud engine nise, n smell f fuel, just envirnmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，电动飞机的航程更舒,因为没有发动机的噪音,没有燃油的味道,只有环保的宁静。由此可推知,
added bnus应指电动飞机带来的“额外的好处”，即给乘客带来更舒适的飞行体验。故选C项。
技巧3 通过转折或对比关系来猜测词义
如果一个句子或段落中有对两个事物或现象进行对比的描述，可以根据画线词的反义词猜测其词义。表示转折关系的词主要有but, hwever, therwise, thugh等；表示对比关系的标志性词语有 while, in cntrast, unlike, n the ther hand等。
[全国Ⅱ2020·C] The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late
1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
30. What des the underlined wrd "cllapsed" in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A.Bmed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable D. Crashed.
【解析】根据画线词前的 The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades可知，几十年来海狸鼠的数量都因毛皮交易而得到良好控制；再结合画线词后的… multiplied like crazy可知，后来海狸鼠又泛滥成灾，并可推断出造成这一现象的原因是毛皮交易市场生意惨淡，人们对海狸鼠毛皮的需求下降。由此可猜测,，cllapse的意思是“垮掉”，与 crash意义相近。A项意为“繁荣”;B项意为“发展成熟”;C项意为“维持稳定”。因此，A、B、C项均不符合语境。故选D项。
技巧4 通过因果关系来猜测词义
该方法是根据前后的因果关系来推断画线词或短语的意思。可由表示原因的句意推测出表示结果的句子中的某个词或短语的意思，即由因推果；也可由表示结果的句意推测出表示原因的句子中的某个词或短语的意思，即由果推因。表示因果关系的词有 because, since, s that, s/ …, therefre等。
【例】The hmeless peple may have becme jbless and then been unable t pay their rent and s n lnger have a rf ver their heads.
What des the underlined part in the text prbably mean?
A cap. B. A car. C. A hme. D. A cvering.
【解析】猜测画线部分意思的关键在于对“s”一词的理解。根据前文中的信息可知，那些无家可归的人们可能没了工作，从而无法支付房租；利用因果关系可知，无法支付
房租就会没有房子住，因此画线部分应是“房子；家”的意思。故选C项。
技巧5 通过文章中的举例来猜测词义
有时，作者为了使读者更好地理解文中的生词或短语，往往在这些词或短语后附加一些具体的例子，从而使读者更透彻地理解文章。所以，考生可依据词或短语后的例子猜测其含义。
【例】On the farm they mainly raise pultry, such as chickens,ducks and geese, fr their eggs and meat.
【解析】根据 such as后面列举的一系列例子可以推断出，句中的 pultry意为“家禽”
技巧6 通过上下文语境来猜测词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都与句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行符合逻辑的综合分析，并依此来推测词义，这是一种重要的阅读方法。
[全国Ⅲ2020·B]Yet“Apes” is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately.
One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment f animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n
mre than 2,000 prductins this year.
26. What des the underlined phrase "keeping tabs n"in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Listing cmpletely. B. Directing prfessinally. C. Prmting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
【解析】根据画线词前 which引导的定语从句可知，这一非营利性组织的职能是监督动物在电影拍摄等娱乐节目制作的过程中是如何被对待的。山此可推知，此处指今年这一组织正在密切关注2,000多个节目的制作过程。故可推断，画线部分意为“密切注意”。故选D项
技巧7 通过代词所指代的内容猜测词义
代词所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中。找到指代的内容后，把它放在代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。
[浙江2020年7月·B] Less traffic at9:37 am culd push it dwn t 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the
signals changes.
That is by design.
25. What des the underlined wrd "that" in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Increased length f green lights. B. Shrtened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing f traffic signals. D. Smth traffic flw n the rad.
【解析】That指代的应是前文中提到的事物，故根据第一段最后一句 Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes.可知，That指的是交通信号灯的时间可以灵活变动这件事，故选C项。
技巧8 通过构词法猜测词义
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以根据构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
(1)、根据前缀或后缀猜测词义。
如:前缀c-表示“共同;一起”；后缀-ise/-ize表示“使成为……；使…化”等。
D yu have any strng pinin n c-educatinal r single-sex schls?
【解析】根据词根 educatinal(教育的)，再结合前缀c-(共同；一起)，可以猜出c- educatinal的意思是“男女同校的”。
(2)、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义。
We live in a technlgical sciety where mst gds are mass-prduced by unskilled labr. Because f this, mst craft(手艺) n lnger exists.
【解析】根据合成词中的mass(大量的)和 prduce(生产)可推测，mass- prduced的意思是“大批生产的；规模生产的”。
(3)、根据单相关词性的含义猜测变换词性后新词的含义。
I had first knwn she was wrng. Her anxiety had cluded her judgment.
【解析】 clud作名词时，意为“云”，在句中作动词。分析语境可知，焦虑会影响一个人的判断，因此 clud在此表示“把……搞糊涂；模糊…”
技巧9 通过生活经验和生活常识猜测词义
英语阅读理解选择的素材具有时代性、新颖性和生活性的特点，尤其强调选择一些与学生生活息息相关的素材。因此生活经历或与日常生活有关的常识往往可以帮助考生更准确地猜测句中生词的含义。
[全国Ⅱ 2018 B] If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out
cmes a "sft-serve" creamy dessert, t be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
26. What is "a juicer" in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink C. A cntainer D. A machine.
【解析】根据画线词后的 feed in, Out cmes.及 they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine以及常识可知，juicer是一种机器，意为“榨汁机”，故选D项。 dessert意为“甜品” drink意为“饮料”; cntainer意为 容器”; machine意为“机器”
Passage 1
本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
（2022·全国新高考II卷真题）Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir,” said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne."
30．What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
A．Advice.B．Data.C．Tests.D．Laws.
【答案】 D
【解析】
词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，smething是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故smething指代的是法律。故选D。
Passage 2
本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balintn从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
（2022·全国高考甲卷真题）As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins (企鹅) lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career (职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. “I just decided I wanted t g,” she says. “I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus, I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
28．Which f the fllwing best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Try challenging things.B．Take a degree.
C．Bring back lst memries.D．Stick t a prmise.
【答案】 A
【解析】
词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步探索)”和“When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest (当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
Passage 3
本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
（2022·全国新高考I卷真题）The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing, It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
30．What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A．Imprve.B．Oppse.C．Begin.D．Evaluate.
【答案】 C
【解析】
词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“ne f the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilsn是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
Passage 1 （2022·江西·一模）
My hands were shaking uncntrllably. I tried incredibly hard t fcus n the wrds that I spent hurs putting dwn n paper. I tried t cnquer my fear f speaking in public n numerus ccasins thrughut my life. During cllege and at my first few jbs, I wuld get ridiculusly nervus when I had t give a presentatin r lead a meeting. Public speaking had been my nemesis fr as lng as I culd remember.
Then in my mid-thirties, I decided t jin the public speaking grup Tastmasters. At every meeting, we were rated and frced t cmpete with ther speakers fr an award. Yu wuld think that I wuld walk away frm these experiences as a plished speaker, but nthing seemed t wrk.
It wasn’t until recently, when science and scientific institutins were being attacked fr unfair reasns during the pandemic, that I decided I must speak ut. Science has made this cuntry a place where dreams cme true— this is why we all need t prtect science. In additin, as a science writer, I try t get readers t understand hw science is related t their daily lives.
S I ended up n that frightening stage n that sunny Saturday in April—Earth Day. Despite the bdy shakes and fear, I persevered. That day, I lked ut int the crwd f like-minded science supprters and I felt cmfrt.
Reaching that milestne gal f getting thrugh a speech truly changed me. At almst frty, I learned that passin can set ff a flame in my heart t d things I never dreamed pssible. The darkness that led t my speech is sure t lead t new pprtunities and adventures.
1．Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “nemesis” in Para. 1?
A．Advantage.B．Annyance.C．Preference.D．Cnfusin.
2．Hw did the authr behave abut public speaking after leaving Tastmasters?
A．He began t feel less wrried.B．He became a plished speaker.
C．He remained a shy speaker.D．Things became wrse fr him.
3．What made the authr want t speak ut n Earth Day?
A．It was a gd chance t learn science. B．He must rise up t defend his prfessin.
C．It was a prject rganized by Tastmasters. D．He culdn’t have peple attacking science.
4．What lessn did the authr draw frm his successful speech?
A．Passin can mtive us t achieve the unachievable. B．Any difficulty can be vercme with great effrt.
C．Science can lead us t make wnderful changes. D．Frustratin can be stepping stnes t success.
【答案】
1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文。作者一直以来害怕在公共场合发表演讲，一次偶然的机会，他决定为捍卫科学挺身而出发表演讲并从此战胜了自己。这让作者领悟到，激情能够燃起心中的火焰，让自己做到曾经不可能完成的事。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“During cllege and at my first few jbs, I wuld get ridiculusly nervus when I had t give a presentatin r lead a meeting.(在大学期间和我最初的几份工作中，当我必须做报告或主持会议时，我会感到异常紧张。)”可知，作者在大学期间和参加工作之初，都是不敢当众说话的态度，但是所以一到开会或者需要做公开演讲的时候就会紧张。由此可以推断划线词的含义是“让人恼火的事”。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“At every meeting, we were rated and frced t cmpete with ther speakers fr an award. Yu wuld think that I wuld walk away frm these experiences as a plished speaker, but nthing seemed t wrk.(在每次会议上，我们都被评分，被迫与其他演讲者竞争奖项。你可能会认为我在经历这些之后会成为一名出色的演说家，但这些经历似乎都不起作用。)”可知，作者参加很多比赛，但是仍然没有成为一个娴熟的演讲者。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It wasn't until recently, when science and scientific institutins were being attacked fr unfair reasns during the pandemic, that I decided I must speak ut. (直到最近，当科学和科学机构在大流行期间受到不公平的理由的攻击时，我才决定我必须发声。)”可知，因为自己所在国家的科学和科研机构受到言论攻击，这使作者要挺身而出捍卫科学。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“At almst frty, I learned that passin can set ff a flame in my heart t d things I never dreamed pssible. The darkness that led t my speech is sure t lead t new pprtunities and adventures.(在将近四十岁的时候，我明白了激情可以点燃我心中的火焰，去做我从未梦想过的事情。导致我演讲的黑暗一定会带来新的机会和冒险。)”可知，作者意识到激情能够燃烧内心的火焰，然自己做到曾经不可能完成的事情。故选A。
Passage 2 （2022·江西·金溪一中模拟预测）
British chip maker Walkers is being flded with mail deliveries f its wn packaging. An nline petitin (请愿) with mre than 312,000 signatures s far urges signers t mail their empty chip plastic bags t Walkers as an act f prtest against the bags’ nn-recyclable design.
As petitin rganizer Geraint Ashcrft explained, the majrity f chip packets, made frm metallized plastic, are nt recyclable and have been fund fully undamaged up t 33 years after cnsumptin. The UK alne cnsumes 6 billin bags f chips a year, and Walkers turns ut 11 millin bags daily. Ashcrft wrte, “At tday’s cnsumptin rate in 33 years’ time, there will be 200 billin packets either sent t landfill r plluting ur ceans. Many will be eaten by animals fish r birds leading t a slw death.”
Mailing the bags t Walkers is a way t hld the cmpany accuntable fr its packaging and t pressure it t cme up with a better design. Because Walkers has what’s knwn as a’Freepst’ address,the Ryal Mail pstal service is bligated (有义务的) t deliver anything that is addressed crrectly — even if it’s an empty chip bag. But it is cntrversial. Ryal Mail isn’t happy abut it,asking peple t put their chip bags in an envelpe t help with ease f delivery. Critics n Twitter questin the lgic f buying a prduct in rder t prtest against its prducer and suggest that giving up chips altgether wuld imprve ne’s health as well as the envirnment.
Walkers issued a statement n Wednesday, saying it will make its packaging plastic-free by 2025.“We have received sme returned packets and recgnized the effrts being made t bring the issue f packaging waste t ur attentin. The returned packets will be used in ur research as we wrk twards ur cmmitment f imprving the recyclability f ur packaging.”
5．Why d peple mail their empty chip bags t Walkers?
A．T make Walkers use them nce mre.B．T exchange them fr sme new chips.
C．T bject t Walkers’ plastic packaging.D．T appeal t peple fr nt using the bags.
6．What des the secnd paragraph mainly shw?
A．The harm f chip bags.B．The rganizatin f the petitin.
C．The prductin f plastic bags.D．The pinin f Geraint Ashcrft.
7．What is the underlined wrd“accuntable”in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Explainable.B．Respnsible.C．Essential.D．Anxius.
8．Hw des Walkers react t the campaign?
A．Dubtfully.B．Oppsitely.C．Cautiusly.D．Psitively.
【答案】
5．C 6．A 7．B 8．D
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在英国，人们把薯片包装盒寄回给薯片公司Walkers，抗议该公司用不能回收、难以降解的塑料包装盒。
5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“s far urges signers t mail their empty chip plastic bags t Walkers as an act f prtest against the bags’ nn-recyclable design.(到目前为止，呼吁签名者将他们的空芯片塑料袋邮寄给沃克斯，以抗议塑料袋不可回收的设计)”可知，人们把薯片塑料包装盒寄回Walkers是为了抗议该公司用不能回收，难以降解的塑料包装盒。故选C项。
6．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“the majrity f chip packets, made frm metallized plastic, nt recyclable and have been fund fully undamaged up t 33 years after cnsumptin.( 大多数薯片包装是由金属化塑料制成的，不可回收，在使用了33年后发现完全完好无损。)”以及“At tday’s cnsumptin rate in 33 years’ time, there will be 200 billin packets either sent t landfill r plluting ur ceans. Many will be eaten by animals, fish r birds leading t a slw death.(按照现在33年的消耗速度，将有2000亿个包裹被送往垃圾填埋场或污染我们的海洋。许多会被动物、鱼或鸟吃掉，导致缓慢死亡。)”可知，chip bags不能回收，难以降解，要么送到填埋场，要么污染海洋。这些都是chip bags的危害. 故选A项。
7．词义猜测题。根据该词后面内容“t pressure it t cme up with a better design，(给它施加压力而想出更好的设计。)”可知，把薯片塑料包装寄回到Walkers是让公司对它的包装负责任的一种方式。故选B项。
8．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容“Walkers issued a statement n Wednesday, saying it will make its packaging plastic-free by2025.(沃克尔斯公司周三发表声明称，到2025年，公司将不再使用塑料包装)”可知，Walkers对待这次运动的态度是积极的。故选D项。
Passage 3 （2022·四川省内江市第六中学模拟预测）
Famus fr its tlerance (宽容) as well as its narrw huses and brad canals (运河), Amsterdam is underging a change f attitude when it cmes t the millins f turists that cme t see it each year. Tlerance has reached its limits in the capital f Dutch, which is nw actively urging visitrs t head elsewhere.
Ellen van Ln, a partner at Dutch architectural firm OMA says, “We dn’t want t turn int a Venice. While turism earns the Dutch ecnmy arund 82 billin Eurs a year, the prblem we are currently facing is that Amsterdam is s lved by turists, we just have s many cming t the city.”
Netherlands turist fficials recently tk the decisin t stp advertising the cuntry as a turist destinatin. Their “Perspective 2030” reprt, published earlier this year, stated that the fcus will nw be n “destinatin management” rather than “destinatin prmting”. The dcument als describes the cuntry’s future strategy, acknwledging that Amsterdam’s livability will be severely influenced by “visitr verlad” if actin isn’t taken.
Slutins (解决办法) listed include wrking t discurage grups f visitrs by either limiting r cmpletely shutting dwn accmmdatin and entertainment prducts aimed at them, as well as spreading visitrs t ther parts f the Netherlands. Sme f these measures have already cme int play. Last year, the famus “I Amsterdam” sign was remved frm utside the Rijksmuseum, the city’s main art gallery. The tw-meter high letters have been mved t varius “lesser-knwn neighbrhds” in rder t entice travelers t leave the center f the city.
But will the measures being put in place be enugh t save it frm being damaged by its wn success? Like many ther lcals, Van Ln fears Amsterdam has lst its uniqueness frever. “The reasn turists cme here is that there’s smething in the character f Amsterdam they lve,” she explains. “But at a certain pint, when the number f turists is increasing and increasing, they actually kill what they lved in the first place.”
9．What des the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 indicate?
A．Amsterdam desn’t necessarily cpy Venice. B．Venice des mre prly than Amsterdam.
C．Amsterdam is mre ppular than Venice. D．Venice is suffering frm ver-turism.
10．Why did Amsterdam advise visitrs t head elsewhere?
A．T avid much spending n city management. B．T turn the fcus n destinatin prmting.
C．T prmte the develpment f ther areas. D．T reduce its pressure f mass visitrs.
11．What des the underlined wrd entice in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Prmise.B．Persuade.C．Infrm.D．Allw.
12．What’s Van Ln’s attitude t the measure?
A．Skeptical.B．Intlerant.C．Ambiguus.D．Psitive.
【答案】
9．D 10．D 11．B 12．A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述因为游客过多让阿姆斯特丹面临了很大的压力，因此当局采取了相应的措施。
9．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“While turism earns the Dutch ecnmy arund 82 billin Eurs a year, the prblem we are currently facing is that Amsterdam is s lved by turists, we just have s many cming t the city. (虽然旅游业每年为荷兰经济带来约820亿欧元的收入，但我们目前面临的问题是，阿姆斯特丹深受游客的喜爱，来这里的游客实在太多了)”，可知，虽然荷兰每年从旅游业上给经济带来了很大受益，但是却又承受了因为游客多而带来的问题。所以“We dn’t want t turn int a Venice. (我们不想变成威尼斯)”，言外之意是威尼斯正遭受旅游过度之苦。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“While turism earns the Dutch ecnmy arund 82 billin Eurs a year, the prblem we are currently facing is that Amsterdam is s lved by turists, we just have s many cming t the city. (虽然旅游业每年为荷兰经济带来约820亿欧元的收入，但我们目前面临的问题是，阿姆斯特丹深受游客的喜爱，来这里的游客实在太多了)”和第三段“Their “Perspective 2030” reprt, published earlier this year, stated that the fcus will nw be n “destinatin management” rather than “destinatin prmting”. The dcument als describes the cuntry's future strategy, acknwledging that Amsterdam's livability will be severely influenced by “visitr verlad” if actin isn't taken. (他们今年早些时候发布的“2030年展望”报告指出，现在的重点将是“目的地管理”，而不是“目的地推广”。该文件还描述了该国未来的战略，承认如果不采取行动，阿姆斯特丹的宜居性将受到“游客超载”的严重影响)”，可知，因为游客过多导致阿姆斯特丹面临了很多的压力。因此当局建议游客去别的地方以减少大量游客的压力。故选D。
11．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Last year, the famus “I Amsterdam” sign was remved frm utside the Rijksmuseum, the city's main art gallery. The tw-meter high letters have been mved t varius “lesser-knwn neighbrhds” in rder t entice travelers t leave the center f the city. (去年，著名的“I Amsterdam”标志被从该市主要美术馆Rijksmuseum外拆除。这两米高的字母已被转移到各种“鲜为人知的社区”，以便entice游客离开市中心)”，结合本段主要讲述阿姆斯特丹为了减轻过度旅游带来的压力的措施，可知这样做的目的是为了说服游客离开市中心。因此可以推断entice表示“说服”之意。Persuade“说服”符合题意。故选B。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But will the measures being put in place be enugh t save it frm being damaged by its wn success? Like many ther lcals, Van Ln fears Amsterdam has lst its uniqueness frever. “The reasn turists cme here is that there's smething in the character f Amsterdam they lve,” she explains. (但是，正在实施的措施是否足以使其免受自身成功的损害？和许多其他当地人一样，Van Ln担心阿姆斯特丹永远失去了它的独特性。她解释说：“游客来这里的原因是，他们喜欢阿姆斯特丹的特色。”)”，可知，Van Ln对此事表示担心。因此对于这些措施他表示怀疑的态度。Skeptical“怀疑的”符合题意。故选A。
Passage 4 （2022·青海海东·一模）
Legendary French fashin designer Pierre Cardin, ne f the first designers t capitalize n the business-side f fashin, becming a husehld name thanks t pwerful branding, has died at the age f 98.
Pierre Cardin was brn in a small twn in nrtheast Italy in 1922. In rder t escape festival, his family-was frced t mve t France tw years later.
When he was yung, he began t step int fashin in Paris, where he wrked n the cstumes f Jack Ccteau’s film versin f “Beauty and the Beast”. Fur years later, at the age f 28, Cardin funded his wn fashin brand, first designing theater cstumes, then mving int have cuture(高级女式时装业) in 1953.
In the1960s, Cardin cmbined his interest in space explratin with a fascinatin fr technical fabrics by creating the grundbreaking space age unisex(男女皆宜的) cllectins.
Displaying an early business talent, Cardin was amng the first freign designers t pen shps in Japan, China and Russia. He pineered mdern branding by lending his name t a variety f prducts. including perfumes, watches, cigarettes and even frying pans—raising eyebrws in the traditinal fashin wrld and earning serius mney that he invested in real estate(房地产).
One f his utstanding garments, a pink dress cmprised f mlded 3D shapes and made frm a father f his wn creatin, was famusly wrn by actress Lauren Bacall in 1968.
Bth f Cardin’s hme cuntries ffered him recgnitin: In 1987, Italy named him a Grand Officer f the Order f Merit f the Italian Republic, while in 1991, France made him an Officer f the Legin q Hnur. The same year, UNESCO made the designer a gdwill ambassadr.
13．What des the underlined part “capitalize n” mean in Paragraph 1?
A．Write in capital letters.B．Draw advantages frm.
C．Supply with capital.D．Estimate the value f.
14．What d yu knw abut Pierre Cardin accrding t the passage?
A．He funded his wn fashin brand in 1968.
B．He gave his name t a variety f prducts in 1953.
C．He created the grundbreaking space age unisex cllectins.
D．He designed a green dress cmprised f mlded 3D shapes.
15．What made Pierre Cardin recgnized by his mtherlands?
A．His cntributin.B．His characters.C．His design.D．His achievements.
16．What is the best title fr this passage?
A．Pierre Cardin, a gdwill ambassadr B．Pierre Cardin, a legendary French fashin designer
C．Pierre Cardin, an Officer f the Legin f Hnur D．Pierre Cardin, a Grand Officer f the Order f Merit
【答案】
13．B 14．C 15．D 16．B
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了时尚界的传奇人物：皮尔·卡丹。他让高档时装走进老百姓的生活，他的商业帝国遍布世界各地，他的名字注定无法被遗忘。
13．词义猜测题。根据划线词下文“becming a husehld name thanks t pwerful branding(凭借强大的品牌效应成为家喻户晓的名字。)”以及划线单词后的“the business-side f fashin(时装商业化)”可知，他是利用了时装商业化，并让自己成为家喻户晓的名字。选项A“Write in capital letters. (用大写字母书写)”；选项B“Draw advantages frm. (从……中获益；充分利用)”；选项C“Supply with capital. (提供资本)”；选项D“Estimate the value f. (估计……的价值)”。故选B。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段“In the1960s, Cardin cmbined his interest in space explratin with a fascinatin fr technical fabrics by creating the grundbreaking space age unisex(男女皆宜的) cllectins.(20世纪60年代，卡丹将自己对太空探索的兴趣与对技术面料的迷恋结合起来，创造了开创性的太空时代男女通用系列。)”可知，他设计出了开创性的中性化太空服系列。故选C。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Bth f Cardin’s hme cuntries ffered him recgnitin: In 1987, Italy named him a Grand Officer f the Order f Merit f the Italian Republic, while in 1991, France made him an Officer f the Legin q Hnur.(卡丹的两个祖国都对他给予了承认:1987年，意大利授予他意大利共和国勋章，1991年，法国授予他荣誉军团勋章。)”及全文内容可知，皮尔·卡丹是时尚界的传奇人物，他让高档服装走进老百姓的生活，他的商业帝国遍及世界各地，所以他的祖国是因为他的成就而认可他。故选D。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Legendary French fashin designer Pierre Cardin, ne f the first designers t capitalize n the business-side f fashin, becming a husehld name thanks t pwerful branding, has died at the age f 98.(法国传奇时装设计师皮尔·卡丹去世，享年98岁。皮尔·卡丹是第一批利用时装商业化的设计师之一，凭借强大的品牌效应成为家喻户晓的名字。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍的是法国传奇时装设计师皮尔·卡丹的生平事迹以及成就。所以“Pierre Cardin, a legendary French fashin designer(皮尔卡丹，法国传奇时装设计师)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。
Passage 5 （2022·吉林吉林·模拟预测）
N business wuld welcme being cmpared t gambling (赌博). Yet that is what is happening t makers f vide games. Fr years parents have cmplained that their children are “addicted” t their vide games and smartphnes. Tday, hwever, even mre dctrs are using the term. On January 1 this year, “gaming disrder”— in which games are played uncntrllably, despite causing harm — gained recgnitin frm the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO).
Are games really addictive? Psychlgists have different pinins. Thse wh dn’t think s say that this is just anther mral panic. Similar warnings have been given abut televisin, rck’n’rll, jazz, cmic bks, nvels and even crsswrd puzzles, but it turns ut that they are nt as harmful as expected.
Hwever, supprters argue that games develpers have the mtivatin and the means t design their prducts t make them extremely attractive. Fr ne thing, the business-mdel has changed. In the ld days games were bught nce and fr all. But these days, games are free and mney is earned frm purchases f in-game gds, which ties playtime directly t revenue (收益). Fr anther, games-makers cmbine psychlgical thery and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphnes and mdern vide game machines use their permanent Internet cnnectins t send gameplay data back t develpers. In this way prducts are cnstantly adjusted t encurage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are knwn as “whales”, a term that riginated in casins (赌场).
The gaming industry shuld realize that, in the real wrld, it has a prblem, and that prblem is grwing. Nw that gaming addictin cmes with an fficial WHO recgnitin, diagnses will becme mre cmmn. Anyway, being put tgether with gambling in the public mind, whether it is fairly r nt, will nt d the industry any gd.
17．What d we knw frm Paragraph 1?
A．It is nt suitable t cmpare vide games t gambling.
B．Parents cmplain abut their children’s addictin t gambling.
C．Mre dctrs are against the use f the term “addicted”.
D．Gaming addictin was fficially recgnized as a disease.
18．What des the underlined wrds “mral panic” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Wrng judgment n hw harmful smething is. B．Truble caused by smene’s immral behavir.
C．Scial prgress caused by science and technlgy. D．Panic due t the gap between the rich and the pr.
19．What d games develpers d t make games attractive?
A．They dn’t charge players fr in-game gds. B．They adjust prducts based n received data.
C．They keep players’ vide game machines updated. D．They reward big spenders with a unique title.
20．In the last paragraph, the authr aims t ______.
A．ffer a suggestinB．make a predictin
C．give a warningD．put frward a slutin
【答案】
17．D 18．A 19．B 20．C
【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇提到世卫组织把游戏成瘾列为一种疾病，就“游戏真的会让人上瘾吗”这个问题，介绍了心理学家们给出的不同的观点，作者也对此发表了忠告。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“On January 1 this year, ‘gaming disrder’— in which games are played uncntrllably, despite causing harm — gained recgnitin frm the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO). (今年1月1日，‘游戏障碍’（这病）得到了世界卫生组织的认可。‘游戏障碍’指的是尽管会造成伤害，但仍无法控制地玩游戏)”可知， 游戏上瘾被权威机构WHO认定为疾病。故选D项。
18．词句猜测题。根据前一句“Are games really addictive? Psychlgists have different pinins. (游戏真的会让人上瘾吗？)”，划线词所在句“Thse wh dn’t think s say that this is just anther mral panic. (那些不这么认为的人说，这只是又一次mral panic。)”，其中anther指代众多类似当中的另外一个，根据下一句“Similar warnings have been given abut televisin, rck’n’rll, jazz, cmic bks, nvels and even crsswrd puzzles, but it turns ut that they are nt as harmful as expected. (对于电视、摇滚乐、爵士乐、漫画书、小说，甚至是填字游戏，人们也给出了类似的警告，但事实证明，它们并没有人们想象的那么有害。)”可知，当以上提及的电视、摇滚乐等出现在人们视野的时候，人们都认为它们对人类是有害的，并因此发出要抵制这些东西的警告，但是事实证明它们没有预想的那么有害，属于一场虚惊，只不过是人们的mral panic，可表达为“道德恐慌”，与A项“Wrng judgment n hw harmful smething is. (对某物危害性的错误判断。)”。故选A项。
19．细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句“Hwever, supprters argue that games develpers have the mtivatin and the means t design their prducts t make them extremely attractive. (然而，支持者认为，游戏开发者有动机和手段来设计他们的产品，使其具有极大的吸引力。)”，以及第五、六、七句“Fr anther, games-makers cmbine psychlgical thery and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphnes and mdern vide game machines use their permanent Internet cnnectins t send gameplay data back t develpers. In this way prducts are cnstantly adjusted t encurage players’ spending. (另一方面，游戏开发者将心理学理论和数据结合起来，这有助于他们最大化游戏时间。智能手机和现代电子游戏机使用它们的永久互联网连接将游戏玩法数据传回给开发者。通过这种方式，游戏会不断调整产品以鼓励玩家消费。)”可知，游戏开发者不但掌握游戏者心理，还实时掌握着游戏者的游戏数据，并根据这些数据对游戏进行调整，使游戏有新鲜感，使游戏者玩得停不下手。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段的第一句“The gaming industry shuld realize that, in the real wrld, it has a prblem, and that prblem is grwing. (游戏行业应该意识到，在现实世界中，它存在一个问题，而且这个问题正在加剧。)”，以及最后一句“Anyway, being put tgether with gambling in the public mind, whether it is fairly r nt, will nt d the industry any gd. (无论如何，在公众的心目中与赌博放在一起，无论公平与否，都不会给这个行业带来任何好处。)”可推知，作者在最后一段中向游戏业发出了警示：在现实世界中，游戏行业有着持续的问题，且人们将它与赌博业相提并论，这对这个行业发展无益。故选C项。
Passage 6 （2022·山东·济南市历城第二中学模拟预测）
Wang Jiapeng, 41, is an inspiratinal figure wh keeps encuraging peple t be the architect f their wn life.
In 1993, as a result f an air crash, he was paralyzed frm the waist dwn and he had t underg five years f rehabilitatin(康复). But Wang never ceased explring the pssibilities f his bdy.
The winter f 1998 saw the 17-year-ld regain smething that he thught he had lst frever——the exhilaratin f skiing n a snw-cvered slpe, abut tw kilmeters lng with a drp f hundreds f meters.
After tw weeks f intense training, in March 1999, Wang participated in the Ridderrennet, r the Knight’s Race ——an annual crss-cuntry ski race fr the visually and physically challenged——held in Nrway. He wn tw gld medals.
Dreaming f ging back t schl, Wang taught himself at the rehabilitatin center, despite his demanding physical schedule. T imprve his memry, which was als damaged by a brain injury caused by the accident, he recited English wrds repeatedly until he culd remember them by heart. With extrardinary perseverance and slid faith in himself, he passed the exam and went t Nrway t attend UWC Red Crss Nrdic, a life-changing experience as he put it, befre cmpleting his undergraduate and pstgraduate studies in ecnmics at the University f Osl.
There, he develped anther dream, that f setting up a UWC schl n the Chinese mainland t intrduce an inclusive, intercultural learning envirnment and prmte mutual understanding between yungsters frm varius cultures.
S far, the schl has welcmed mre than 1,700 students and graduates frm 124 cuntries and regins. It had prvided a ttal schlarship f 280 millin yuan ($44 millin) fr arund 700 students by 2021, including thse with physical challenges r frm disadvantaged backgrunds.
“Lve and educatin are tw pwerful frces in this wrld. T me, they can remve the physical and psychlgical barriers in life,” Wang says.
21．What des the underlined wrd “exhilaratin” in paragraph 3 mean？
A．Excitement.B．Fear.C．Satisfactin.D．Bredm.
22．What happened when Wang Jiapeng was 12 years ld?
A．He began t practice skiing again.B．He cmpleted pstgraduate studies.
C．He participated in the Ridderrennet.D．He met with an air crash.
23．What can we knw abut the UWC schl Wang Jiapeng set up?
A．It was set up when he was at university.
B．It prmtes understanding between yuth frm Nrway.
C．It attracts students frm almst all arund the wrld.
D．It nly welcmes thse with physical challenges.
24．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Where there is a will, there is a way.B．Educatin is the key t success.
C．Rse presented, smell remains.D．Ups and dwns make ne strng.
【答案】
21．A 22．D 23．C 24．A
【解析】
本文属于记叙文。王嘉鹏12岁时空难中幸存，受了重伤。但生活的重击不能阻挡他前进的脚步，5年后勇夺滑雪冠军，还自学考入名校，在中国创建了一所UWC学校。
【详解】
21.词句猜测题。根据第三段的“The winter f 1998 saw the 17-year-ld regain smething that he thught he had lst frever——the exhilaratin f skiing n a snw-cvered slpe, abut tw kilmeters lng with a drp f hundreds f meters.(1998年的冬天，这位17岁的少年重拾了他以为已经永远失去的东西——在积雪覆盖的山坡上滑雪的exhilaratin，山坡长约两公里，落差数百米)”根据在山坡长约两公里，落差数百米的山坡上滑雪，可知这是很兴奋的事，即划线词意为“兴奋”与excitement同义。故选A项。
22.细节理解题。根据第三段“The winter f 1998 saw the 17-year-ld regain smething that he thught he had lst frever(1998年的冬天，这位17岁的少年重拾了他以为已经永远失去的东西)”可知，1998年他是17岁可推知12岁时是1993年，通过第二段“In 1993, as a result f an air crash, he was paralyzed frm the waist dwn and he had t underg five years f rehabilitatin. (1993年，由于一次空难，他腰部以下瘫痪，必须接受5年的康复治疗)”可知，1993年的时候他遇见了空难。即王嘉鹏12岁遭遇了空难。故选D项。
23.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“S far, the schl has welcmed mre than 1,700 students and graduates frm 124 cuntries and regins. (目前，学院已接待了来自124个国家和地区的1700多名学生和毕业生)”可知，学院吸引了几乎来自世界各地的学生。故选C项。
24.推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了王嘉鹏12岁时空难中幸存，受了重伤。但生活的重击不能阻挡他前进的脚步，5年后勇夺滑雪冠军，还自学考入名校，在中国创建了一所UWC学校。由此推知，通过这篇文章我们学到了“有志者事竟成”这个道理。故选A项。
Passage 7 （2022·上海杨浦·二模）
Parents, teachers and caregivers have lng suspected the magic f strytelling t calm kids. Researchers have nw quantified the bilgical and emtinal benefits f a well-tld tale.
“We knw that narrative has the pwer t transprt us t anther wrld,” says Guilherme Brckingtn frm Brazil’s Federal University. “Earlier research suggested that stries help children prcess and regulate their emtins — but this was mstly cnducted in a labratry, with subjects answering questins while lying inside functinal MRI machines. There are few studies n bilgical and psychlgical effects f strytelling in a mre cmmnplace hspital setting.”
S investigatrs wrking in several Brazilian hspitals split a ttal f 81 patients aged 4 t 11 int tw grups, matching them with strytellers wh had a decade f hspital experience. In ne grup, the stryteller led each child in playing a riddle game. In the ther, yungsters chse bks and listened as the stryteller read them alud. Befre and after these sessins, the researchers tk spit samples frm each child, then asked them t reprt their pain levels and cnducted a free-assciatin wrd quiz.
Children in bth grups benefited measurably frm the interactins; they shwed lwer levels f crtisl — the stress-related hrmne and higher levels f xytcin, which is ften described as a feel-gd hrmne. Yet kids in the strytelling grup benefited significantly mre: their crtisl levels were a quarter f thse in the riddle grup, and their xytcin levels were nearly twice as high. Thse wh heard stries als reprted pain levels drpping almst twice as much as thse in the riddle grup, and they used mre psitive wrds t describe their hspital stay.
The study demnstrates that playing games r simply interacting with smene can relax kids and imprve their utlk but that hearing stries has an especially dramatic effect. The researchers “really tried t cntrl the scial interactin cmpnent f the stryteller, which I think was the key,” says Raymnd Mar, a psychlgist at Yrk University wh was nt invlved in the new research.
Next, the investigatrs plan t study hw lng these effects last, alng with strytelling’s ptential benefits t kids with particular illnesses such as cancer. Fr nw Brckingtn says the results indicate strytelling is a lw-cst and extremely efficient way t help imprve health utcmes in a variety f settings. Mar agrees. “It’s very prmising and scalable,” he says, “and pssibly generalizable.”
25．What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A．The effects f stry-telling n children. B．The limitatins f the earlier research.
C．The methds used in earlier studies. D．The majr breakthrughs achieved s far.
26．The underlined wrd “scalable” in the last paragraph is clsest in meaning t _________.
A．accessibleB．cmparableC．adjustableD．readable
27．Which f the fllwing is TRUE abut the study cnducted in Brazilian hspitals?
A．It measured participants’ bld levels. B．It divided subjects int grups f 81.
C．It quantified the benefits f stry-telling. D．It cmpared impact f tw types f stry-telling.
28．The cnclusin drawn frm the study is that ________.
A．listening t stries reduces pain and stress in hspitalized kids
B．interacting with thers imprves sick kids’ mental sharpness
C．stry telling has ptential benefits fr kids with cancers
D．riddle guessing is as effective as strytelling in helping sick kids
【答案】
25．B 26．A 27．C 28．A
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究人员现在已经量化了一个讲得好的故事在生理和情感上的好处。
25．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“Earlier research suggested that stries help children prcess and regulate their emtins — but this was mstly cnducted in a labratry, with subjects answering questins while lying inside functinal MRI machines. There are few studies n bilgical and psychlgical effects f strytelling in a mre cmmnplace hspital setting.(早些时候的研究表明，故事有助于儿童处理和调节他们的情绪——但这主要是在实验室中进行的，受试者躺在功能性核磁共振成像仪里回答问题。很少有关于在更常见的医院环境中讲故事对生物和心理影响的研究。)”可知，第二段主要讲的是早期研究的局限性。故选B。
26．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“the results indicate strytelling is a lw-cst and extremely efficient way t help imprve health utcmes in a variety f settings(研究结果表明，讲故事是一种低成本且极其有效的方法，可以帮助改善各种环境下的健康状况)”可知，这种方法是可行的，可使用的，scalable和accessible(可使用的)意思相近，故选A。
27．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Children in bth grups benefited measurably frm the interactins; they shwed lwer levels f crtisl — the stress-related hrmne and higher levels f xytcin, which is ften described as a feel-gd hrmne. Yet kids in the strytelling grup benefited significantly mre: their crtisl levels were a quarter f thse in the riddle grup, and their xytcin levels were nearly twice as high.(两组儿童都从互动中获益；他们的皮质醇（一种与压力相关的激素）水平较低，而催产素（一种常被描述为让人感觉良好的激素）水平较高。然而，讲故事组的孩子明显受益更多：他们的皮质醇水平是谜语组的四分之一，催产素水平几乎是谜语组的两倍。)”可知，巴西医院进行的研究量化了讲故事的好处。故选C。
28．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Thse wh heard stries als reprted pain levels drpping almst twice as much as thse in the riddle grup, and they used mre psitive wrds t describe their hspital stay.(那些听故事的人报告的疼痛水平下降幅度几乎是听谜语的人的两倍，而且他们使用了更积极的词汇来描述他们的住院情况。)”和倒数第二段的“The study demnstrates that playing games r simply interacting with smene can relax kids and imprve their utlk but that hearing stries has an especially dramatic effect.(该研究表明，玩游戏或与人互动可以让孩子放松，改善他们的人生观，但听故事的效果尤其显著。)”可知，这项研究得出的结论是听故事可以减轻住院儿童的痛苦和压力，故选A。
Passage 8 （2022·吉林·长春市第十七中学模拟预测）
Hw des ur brain knw that “this” fllws “that”? The sequencing f events that takes place in ur head — with ne thing cming after anther — may have smething t d with s-called time cells recently discvered in the human hippcampus (海马结构).
A team led by Leila Reddy, a neurscience researcher at the French Natinal Center fr Scientific Research, sught t understand hw human neurns (神经元) in the hippcampus represent time infrmatin during a series f learning steps t uncver the functining f time cells in the brain.
In the first experiment, the study participants were firstly presented with a sequence f five t seven pictures f different peple r scenes in a predetermined rder that was repeated multiple times. The researchers discvered that, ver the curse f 60 repetitins f the entire sequence, all f the time-sensitive neurns were stimulated at specific mments in intervals between quizzes, n matter which image was shwn.
A secnd experiment fllwed the same design, except that, after the sequence was repeated fr a fixed number f times, a black screen was shwn fr 10 secnds, a gap interval that was intended t act as a distractin. The participants were quizzed abut the rder f the images in the sequence while the electrical activity frm individual cells in their brain was recrded. Sme neurns were fired at ne mment, crrespnding t a particular image. Others did s at anther mment fr a different image. Time cells crrespnding t a specific image still switched n during the 10-secnd gaps in which n image was shwn. These gaps appeared t help subjects remember mre pictures and their crrect rder. During the gap perids, abut 27 percent f the time cells were activated.
“The activity f these cells is present thrughut the trial, prviding a timestamp fr an event.” Yet the fact that these cells als represent the cntent f ur memry (the “what” as well as the “when”) makes things mre cmplex, a c-researcher Matthew Self explains. “We dn’t fully understand hw the memry is encded,” he says, “but the activity pattern acrss the hippcampus appears t prvide us with bth the timestamp and the cntents f the experience at the same time.”
29．Why did Reddy’s team study time cells in the human hippcampus?
A．T reveal hw time cells wrk.B．T figure ut the functin f neurns.
C．T understand the structure f time cells.D．T evaluate the accuracy f time infrmatin.
30．What des the underlined wrd “fired” mean in Paragraph 4?
A．Arranged.B．Sht.C．Replaced.D．Excited.
31．What can we learn frm the experiments?
A．The gaps played a rle in subjects’ memry. B．All neurns were active thrughut the intervals.
C．The pictures were shwn t the subjects randmly. D．Time cells switched ff with n images being presented.
32．What d we knw abut the activity pattern acrss the hippcampus?
A．It gives us an idea f hw memries are encded.
B．It can give us the rder and the cntents f memry.
C．It has the ptential t make the brain mre cmplex.
D．It may present nt nly the event rder but als the time perid.
【答案】
29．A 30．D 31．A 32．B
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，该研究旨在揭示时间细胞的功能，科学人员认为人类大脑中事件发生的顺序应该和时间细胞有关。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段“A team led by Leila Reddy, a neurscience researcher at the French Natinal Center fr Scientific Research, sught t understand hw human neurns(神经元) in the hippcampus represent time infrmatin during a series f learning steps t uncver the functining f time cells in the brain.(法国国家科学研究中心的神经科学研究员Leila Reddy领导的一个团队，试图了解人类海马状突起中的神经元在一系列学习步骤中是如何代表时间信息的，以揭示大脑中时间细胞的功能。)”可知，其目的是揭示时间细胞是如何运作的。故选A。
30．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Time cells crrespnding t a specific image still switched n during the 10-secnd gaps in which n image was shwn.(在没有图像显示的10秒间隔内，特定图像对应的时间细胞仍处于开启状态。)”中的“still”可知，一些神经元在某一时刻被激活。选项A“Arranged (安排)”；选项B“Sht (发射)”；选项C“Replaced (取代)”；选项D“Excited (激发)”。故选D。
31．细节理解题。根据第四段“These gaps appeared t help subjects remember mre pictures and their crrect rder.(这些间隔似乎有助于受试者记住更多的图片和正确的顺序。)”可知，这些间隔对于受试者的记忆起到了一定的作用。故选A。
32．推理判断题。根据最后一段““We dn’t fully understand hw the memry is encded,” he says, “but the activity pattern acrss the hippcampus appears t prvide us with bth the timestamp and the cntents f the experience at the same time.”(“我们还不能完全理解记忆是如何编码的，”他说，“但海马体的活动模式似乎同时为我们提供了时间戳和经历的内容。”)”可推断，海马体的活动模式既让我们了解了一段记忆的顺序又了解了其内容。故选B。
Passage 9 （2022·山东·德州市教育科学研究院三模）
While facial recgnitin technlgy cntinues t prmte many aspects f human life, it's nw being applied t aid the prtectin f giant pandas, Xinhua News Agency reprted n 6 January 2022.
A nature reserve has built an AI-enabled vide mnitring system t better prtect giant pandas. Installed with 300 infrared (红外线) cameras, the mnitring system helps ensure the health and safety f 110 wild giant pandas there. It was put int peratin tw years ag, and has captured numerus phts and vides f pandas engaged in activities such as eating, resting and fighting fr mates. It prvides scientific data t help us grasp pandas’ living cnditins and establish cnservatin strategies. Mre imprtantly, it achieves real-time mnitring f the reserve s that we can discern the threats t the wildlife as early as pssible.
A recent study fund the facial recgnitin system can autmatically recgnize varius wild animals caught in infrared cameras, allwing researchers t cllect data n giant pandas while staying indrs. It's shwn that by equipping the AI-aided system t retain the filed phts f giant pandas, we btain a 98% success rate fr species recgnitin. Its success rate f recgnizing ther wild animals can tp 80%. In 2021 alne, this mnitring system captured 2, 896 phts f giant pandas and ther rare animals and filmed 3,218 secnds f ftage, shwcasing the reserve's sund eclgical envirnment as well as a gradual rise in panda ppulatin there.
Head f the reserve's administratin, Liu Xingming, said researchers used the system nt nly t bserve the dynamics and health f the giant panda ppulatin but als t learn abut changes in the natural surrundings f their habitat. “The mnitring system has enabled systematic, scientific, and intelligent cnservatin f wildlife,” he added. “Hwever, it is expected t be further imprved and ptimized in the near future.”
33．What des the underlined wrd “discern” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Slve.B．Pse.C．Attach.D．Detect.
34．What can be inferred abut the new technlgy frm the study?
A．It precisely recgnizes any species.B．It makes panda ppulatin rise rapidly.
C．It cntributes t species data cllectin.D．It understands pandas' facial appearance.
35．What is Liu Xingming's attitude t the facial recgnitin mnitring system?
A．Critical.B．Objective.
C．Ambiguus.D．Cnservative.
36．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Panda Facial Recgnitin Using Database B．Functins f Facial Recgnitin Technlgy
C．AI Technlgy fr Better Panda Prtectin D．A Breakthrugh in Vide Mnitring System
【答案】
33．D 34．C 35．B 36．C
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人脸识别技术对保护大熊猫的作用和前景。
33．词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前半句“it achieves real-time mnitring f the reserve(实现了保护区的实时监测)”可知，对保护区的实时监测可以帮助发现野生动物面临的威胁，所以discern是“发现”的意思。故选D。
34．推理判断题。根据第三段“A recent study fund the facial recgnitin system can autmatically recgnize varius wild animals caught in infrared cameras, allwing researchers t cllect data n giant pandas while staying indrs.(最近的一项研究发现，面部识别系统可以自动识别红外摄像机捕捉到的各种野生动物，让研究人员在室内收集大熊猫的数据。)”可知，从这项研究中可以推断出关于这项新技术有助于物种数据收集。故选C。
35．推理判断题。根据最后一段““The mnitring system has enabled systematic, scientific, and intelligent cnservatin f wildlife,” he added. “Hwever, it is expected t be further imprved and ptimized in the near future.”( 他补充说：“该监测系统使野生动物得到了系统、科学和智能的保护。”“不过，预计在不久的将来，它会得到进一步的改进和优化。”)”可知，他对这项技术的赞许和期望。可推断，刘兴明对人脸识别监测系统的态度是客观的。故选B。
36．主旨大意题。根据第一段“While facial recgnitin technlgy cntinues t prmte many aspects f human life, it's nw being applied t aid the prtectin f giant pandas, Xinhua News Agency reprted n 6 January 2022.(据新华社2022年1月6日报道，在人脸识别技术继续促进人类生活的许多方面的同时，它现在正被用于帮助保护大熊猫。)”及全文可知，文章主要讲述了人脸识别技术对保护大熊猫的作用和前景。所以“AI Technlgy fr Better Panda Prtectin(人工智能技术更好地保护熊猫)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。
Passage 10 （2022·湖北·黄冈中学模拟预测）
In 1965 three fathers in Washingtn State faced a prblem familiar t many parents in 2022: hw t keep their restless children entertained. They threw tgether wden paddles (乒乓球拍), a badmintn net, and a perfrated (有孔的) plastic ball. The sprt “pickleball” was brn, getting its name – accrding t ne stry – frm a dg named Pickle, wh kept running away with the ball.
Tday pickleball, which is a mix f tennis, badmintn and ping png, is the fastest-grwing sprt in America. In the five years t the end f 2019, pickleball participatin grew by mre than 7%, while Americans’ verall activity level stayed flat. Nw, the sprt has picked up mre swing thanks t COVID 19. Last March, when gyms clsed, prtable (便携的) pickleball nets temprarily sld ut. “It’s a trend.” says Derek Heil, an emplyee at Dick’s Sprting Gds in Dallas, wh has seen a sales spike fr pickleball equipment ver the last year. Players set up curts, which are half the size f tennis curts, in driveways.
The 3.5 millin Americans wh play pickleball are abut ne-tenth the number wh play glf and ne-fifth the number wh play tennis. Yet there are reasns t bet n the sprt’s spread. Like many utdr activities, pickleball is scial, but it is easier t learn than tennis and faster and less expensive than glf. Cuntry clubs and recreatin centers are changing sme f their tennis curts int pickleball curts t meet demand. The mre places there are t play, the mre players will try the sprt.
Hping t predict where the ball is ging t land, prducers f tennis racquets (球拍) are starting t make pickleball kit t. “Pickleball is viewed as an pprtunity,” says Stu Upsn f USA Pickleball, the sprt’s natinal gverning bdy. As mre peple take up the sprt, demand fr televised matches and spnsrships will increase. Mr. Upsn expects that ne day pickleball will becme an Olympic sprt, althugh that may be a lng sht.
37．What can we say abut the sprt pickleball?
A．It was named after a restless child.B．It was used t entertain dgs.
C．It was invented by accident.D．It was seen as a threat t tennis.
38．What des the underlined wrd “spike” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Technique.B．Increase.C．Target.D．Cycle.
39．What can be inferred frm the passage?
A．Pickleball has achieved its dminance in sprts market in America.
B．Playing pickleball was the mst ppular sprt in the US during the quarantine.
C．American’s participatin in sprts except pickleball decreased frm 2015-2019.
D．Pickleball is the first chice fr peple t scialize.
40．What’s the passage mainly abut?
A．Great ppularity f pickleball in America. B．The develpment f pickleball in America.
C．The influence f pickleball n peple’s lives. D．The future f pickleball in the Olympics.
【答案】
37．C 38．B 39．C 40．B
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了匹克球运动是如何发明的以及这项运动在美国快速发展的原因和未来的发展趋势。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段的句子“In 1965 three fathers in Washingtn State faced a prblem familiar t many parents in 2022: hw t keep their restless children entertained. They threw tgether wden paddles (乒乓球拍), a badmintn net, and a perfrated (有孔的) plastic ball. The sprt “pickleball” was brn（1965年，华盛顿州的三位父亲面临着许多父母在2022年都很熟悉的问题:如何让不安分的孩子开心。 他们把乒乓球拍,羽毛球网和有孔的塑料球组合到一起。 ‘匹克球’这项运动由此诞生了。）”可知，匹克球是几个父亲为了娱乐孩子们而发明的，所以这项运动的发明是很偶然的。故选C项。
38．词义猜测题。由第二段的句子“In the five years t the end f 2019, pickleball participatin grew by mre than 7%（在截至2019年底的五年里，匹克球的参与人数增长了7%以上）”和“Last March, when gyms clsed, prtable pickleball nets temprarily sld ut.（去年3月,当健身房关闭时,便携式的匹克球网暂时卖完了。）”可知，匹克球运动的参与人数增长很快，有时球网会卖光。所以运动品店的员工Derek Heil应该是看到了匹克球运动设备在销量上的增长。故选B项。
39．推理判断题。由第二段的句子“In the five years t the end f 2019, pickleball participatin grew by mre than 7%, while Americans’ verall activity level stayed flat.（在截至2019年底的五年里，匹克球的参与人数增长了7%以上，而美国人的总体活动水平保持不变。）”可知，在2015至2019这五年时间里，在美国人的总体活动水平保持不变的情况下，美国人参加匹克球运动的人数增加了7%还多，所以美国人参加其它运动的人数相对一定会下降。故选C项。
40．主旨大意题。文章第一段主要介绍了匹克球运动是如何产生的。第二段用数字“grew by mre than 7%（增长多于7%）”和一个例子“prtable pickleball nets temprarily sld ut.（便携式的匹克球网暂时卖光）”说明这项运动在美国发展很快。第三段分析了匹克球快速发展的原因“ Like many utdr activities, pickleball is scial, but it is easier t learn than tennis and faster and less expensive than glf. （像许多户外活动一样，匹克球是一种社交活动，但它比网球更容易学，比学高尔夫更快，更便宜）”。最后一段是对匹克球运动发展的预测“As mre peple take up the sprt, demand fr televised matches and spnsrships will increase. Mr. Upsn expects that ne day pickleball will becme an Olympic sprt, althugh that may be a lng sht.（随着越来越多的人参加这项运动，对电视转播比赛和赞助的需求将会增加。 厄普森预计，有一天匹克球会成为奥运会的一项比赛项目，尽管这可能是一个渺茫的机会）”。根据文章的各段的主要内容可知，这篇文章主要是介绍匹克球运动在美国的发展。故选B项。
新高考卷
全国卷
2022
2021
2022
2021
卷I
卷II
卷I
卷II
乙卷
甲卷
乙卷
甲卷
细节理解题
6
7
8
8
8
8
6
5
推理判断题
7
5
5
5
5
3
6
8
词义猜测题
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
主旨大意题
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1