专题七 阅读理解 体裁03 说明文（教师版+学生版）---高考英语精选考点专项突破

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高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t_________.
A.freefrmanxiety B.anxius C.nervus D.happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely，nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that，fr it wasn’t his fault.通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But smetimes，n rain falls fr a lng，lng time. Then there is a dry perid，r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折号等来表示。
4.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，ranges，pineapples，ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，ccnuts和bananas，ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
5.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there，semi-cnscius，fr a few minutes.根据词根cnscius（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semicnscius词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drp指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出drplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput.Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想,比较,归纳,推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
Passage 1
（2022·全国高考乙卷真题）The Gvernment’s sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity (肥胖). It is believed that tday’s children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make £520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate £240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers’ effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
1．Why was the sugar tax intrduced?
A．T cllect mney fr schls.B．T imprve the quality f drinks.
C．T prtect children’s health.D．T encurage research in educatin.
2．Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?
A．They turned t verseas markets.B．They raised the prices f their prducts.
C．They cut dwn n their prductin.D．They reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
3．Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?
A．Mst alchlic drinks.B．Milk-based drinks.C．Fruit juices.D．Classic Cke.
4．What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A．It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B．It is a success stry.
C．It benefits manufacturers.D．It upsets custmers.
Passage 2
（2022·浙江·高考真题）The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there’s a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list. New researchers fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia in later life, and as they did, it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because it’s pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia. "
Fr the study, 191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted t measure their peak （最大值的） cardivascular capacity. The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level, r 120 watts r higher. A ttal f 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry; and 59 wmen were in the lw fitness categry, defined as a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less, r having their exercise tests stpped because f high bld pressure, chest pain r ther cardivascular prblems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades. During that time, 44 f the wmen develped dementia. Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia, cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
"Hwever, this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia, it nly shws an assciatin. Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant. " She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied, all f whm were frm Sweden, s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
5．What is n the ever-grwing list mentined in the first paragraph?
A．Psitive effects f ding exercises. B．Exercises suitable fr the middle-aged.
C．Experimental studies n diseases. D．Advantages f sprty wman ver man
6．Why did the researchers ask the wman t d bicycle exercise?
A．T predict their maximum heart rate. B．T assess their cardivascular capacity
C．T change their habits f wrking ut D．T detect their ptential health prblems
7．What d we knw abut Dr Hrder's study?
A．It aimed t find a cure fr dementia. B．Data cllectin was a lengthy prcess.
C．Sme participants withdrew frm it. D．The results were far frm satisfactry.
8．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent Dementia B．Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
C．Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp Dementia D．Biking Imprves Wmen's Cardivascular Fitness
Passage 3
（2021·全国新高考I卷真题） Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intelligence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
9．What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A．It can be measured by an IQ test.B．It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C．It includes a set f emtinal skills.D．It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
10．Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A．T explain a rule.B．T clarify a cncept.
C．T present a fact.D．T make a predictin.
11．What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A．Favrable.B．Intlerant.
C．Dubtful.D．Unclear.
12．What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A．Its appeal t the public.B．Expectatins fr future studies.
C．Its practical applicatin.D．Scientists with new perspectives.
Passage 4
（2021·全国新高考II卷真题）An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a prfessr at the University f Sydney, sees rbts as necessary given hw cattlemen are aging. He is building a fur-wheeled rbt that will run n slar and electric pwer. It will use cameras and sensrs t mnitr the animals. A cmputer system will analyze the vide t determine whether a cw is sick. Radi tags (标签) n the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass. That way, cattlemen will knw whether they need t mve their cattle t anther field fr nutritin purpses.
Machines have largely taken ver planting, watering and harvesting crps such as cm and wheat, but the mnitring f cattle has gne thrugh fewer changes.
Fr Texas cattleman Pete Bnds, it's increasingly difficult t find wrkers interested in watching cattle. But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse. Bnds, wh bught his first cattle almst 50 years ag, still has each f his cwbys inspect 300 r 400 cattle daily and lk fr signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see mre prmise in rbts. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft. Cattle tend t be kept in remte places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
13．What is a prblem with the cattle-raising industry?
A．Sil pllutin.B．Lack f wrkers.
C．Aging machines.D．Lw prfitability.
14．What will Sukkarieh's rbt be able t d?
A．Mnitr the quality f grass.B．Cure the diseased cattle.
C．Mve cattle t anther field.D．Predict weather changes.
15．Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
A．He wants t help them earn a living.B．He thinks men can d the jb better.
C．He is inexperienced in using rbts.D．He enjys the traditinal way f life.
16．Hw may rbts help with cattle watching accrding t Michael Kelsey?
A．Increase the value f cattle.B．Bring dwn the cst f labr.
C．Make the jb mre appealing.D．Keep cattle frm being stlen.
Passage 1 （2022·江西·一模）
Bilgical age might help determine yur quality f life as yu get lder, since yur cells and rgans have ages varying frm yur regular age. Many aging-research scientists believe that knwing yur bilgical age culd help yu pstpne r avid age-related illnesses, and better predict an individual’s lifespan (寿命). Other scientists argue that there’s n standard way t measure bilgical age. At the center f the debate are hpes that peple can extend their lives by changing their behavirs.
Since everybdy’s genes (基因) are different, tracking yur bilgical age culd help determine yur mst helpful habits and custmize them. Peple als can attempt t lwer their bilgical age thrugh ways f effectively managing stress.
Dr. Sinclair at Harvard is develping a bilgical-age test based n chemical changes n DNA．He plans t launch it with a new cmpany called Tally Health. Thugh criticized by ther scientists fr hyping the results f sme f his findings fr his business, he says that he desn’t verstate his research findings.
Inside Tracker, a persnalized-nutritin cmpany funded by scientists, calculates bilgical age by having users take bld tests and analyzing the samples fr marks f diseases. Thse wh test as lder than their years get recmmendatins t adjust diet, exercise and medicine.
Many ther health startups are ffering testing that claims t calculate bilgical age, smetimes with little scientific backing, and designing medicine aimed at bsting yuthfulness.
Stephen Rbert tested himself earlier this year with an at-hme bld test as an effrt t imprve his health at age 51. “I drink and smke,” he says, s he expected his bilgical age t be a lt lder than his calendar age. He says he was shcked when test results reprted his bilgical age was 24.
Grdan Lauc, prfessr f bichemistry and chief scientific fficer f GlycanAge, says the results make sense given Mr. Rbert’s genetics—lngevity runs in his family and lifestyle, which is likely less stressful.
1．What can peple d after knwing their bilgical ages?
A．Imprve their calendar ages t prevent diseases. B．Determine ways t effectively manage stress.
C．Get persnalized-nutritin plan t imprve health. D．Lengthen their lives by changing their cnduct.
2．Why did sme scientists criticize Dr. Sinclair?
A．He verstated his findings t make a prfit. B．His scientific research was far frm mature.
C．His cmpany let ut peple’s bilgical age. D．Bilgical-age test did harm t peple’s health.
3．What accunts fr Stephen’s yung bilgical age accrding t Grdan?
A．He manages stress in life successfully.B．He had gd nutritin at his childhd.
C．His family has a lng-life traditin.D．He has imprved his bilgical life.
4．Which f the fllwing can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Understand Yur Calendar Life and Stay Healthy B．Meet Yur Bilgical Age and Extend Yur Life
C．Imprve Yur Bilgical Age with Gd Habits D．Emply Bilgical Technlgy t Start Business
Passage 2 （2022·吉林·东北师大附中模拟预测）
Many f yu may have used Siri, a vice assistant f US tech cmpany Apple. Yu nly have t say “hey Siri” and it will answer t yur cmmand. Hwever, we may be sacrificing ur privacy t enjy this cnvenience.
Accrding t a recent reprt by the Guardian, Siri can be accidentally triggered(触发) and start recrding private cnversatins, such as discussins between dctrs and patients. Sme f these recrdings are then given t wrkers utside the cmpany t review. Apple claimed the data was used t help Siri imprve, but users were nt infrmed f this measure in the first place.
Apple’s Siri is nt the nly vice assistant t cme under fire. In 2018, Alexa, a vice assistant develped by US tech cmpany Amazn, recrded a private cnversatin between a cuple and sent it t a stranger withut their permissin.
These issues deepened cncerns that tech cmpanies are threatening users’ rights f privacy. Many peple have lng feared that tech cmpanies are listening and cllecting data frm private cnversatins, reprted Frbes. Using this data, third party cmpanies culd then paint an accurate picture f users’ habits and preferences in rder t serve them mre targeted advertisements, r even wrse, sell this private data.
Despite this risk, the ppularity f vice assistant seems t be unstppable. Accrding t a reprt by Ovum, a Lndn-based research firm, there will be almst as many vice assistants n the planet as peple by 2021. “In the near future, everything frm yur lighting t yur air-cnditining t yur refrigeratr, yur cffee maker, and even yur tilet culd be wired t a system cntrlled by vice,” cmmented The Atlantic. Clin Hrgan wrte n the blg site Medium that he believed peple’s daily lives will sn becme a surce f data. “The sunds f ur hmes, the symphny f life—laughing, crying, talking, shuting, sitting in silence—will n lnger be cnsidered memries, but data,” he wrte.
T deal with the issue, Blake Mrgan, reprter fr The Atlantic, believed that the answer is transparency. “All cmpanies need t have messaging ready t explain t custmers what they d with private data,” she wrte n The Atlantic.
Daniel Blair, CEO f a virtual reality startup in Canada, tld CBC News that peple can change settings and limit hw ften the device is active in yur hme, and d sme research befre buying a device.
5．Why are users wrried abut the use f the vice assistants?
A．The tech cmpany didn’t tell the users hw they wrk. B．Their huses will be cntrlled by vice assistants.
C．The assistants will turn their daily lives int data. D．Their private data may be cllected and abused.
6．The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 can be replaced by ________.
A．be n fireB．be criticizedC．be praisedD．be ut f date
7．What shuld the cmpanies d t prtect the users’ privacy?
A．Infrm the users f hw they deal with the data.
B．Remve the assistants frm the users’ devices.
C．Change the settings and limit the use f the assistants.
D．D sme research n whether the users like the assistants.
8．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the passage?
A．Vice assistant: a future fashin B．Vice assistant: a private data defender
C．Vice assistant: a ptential privacy threat D．Vice assistant: an efficient huse-keeper
Passage 3 （2022·重庆一中模拟预测）
Envirnmental restratin prjects in Shaanxi prvince! Qinling Muntains were nt cnducted in a timely manner, a central gvernment inspectin team has revealed, urging prvincial gvernment departments t better shulder their envirnmental prtectin respnsibilities.
The Qinling Muntains are a gegraphically imprtant nrth-suth bundary in China and hme t mre than 2, 600 plant species and 300 animal species including giant pandas. In the last cuple f decades, the Qinling Muntains have attracted many investment prjects due t their rich natural and histrical resurces, dtting the area with hundreds f small cal and mineral mines, which led t serius damage t the lcal envirnment.
In December 2019, the prvincial gvernment banned all explring and mining activities in key prtected areas f the muntains and tld enterprises already established there t gradually leave. “After 169 mining cmpanies departed, envirnmental restratin was cnducted slwly, “the inspectin team tld the prvincial gvernment. “The target f restring 1,000 hectares f abandned mines by 2020 has yet t be achieved.”
It said 64 tailings pnds in the area have nt been clsed as required, while the sil and rcks remved frm sme abandned mines are illegally ccupying nearby frests r grassland. The inspectin team als nted ther envirnmental prblems in Shaanxi, such as the illegal us f undergrund water and pllutin alng the Yellw River due t the imprper treatment f pllutant discharges frm nearby mines and factries.
“The prvincial gvernment shuld maintain a firm attitude t safeguard Qinling, the bi-safety barrier in nrthern China, and put envirnmental prtectin wrk int practice, “the team said. It als stressed the imprtant rle envirnmental prtectin alng the Yellw River plays in the cuntry’s high-quality develpment and urged the prvincial gvernment t better perfrm its duties in prtecting water resurces.
9．What is a majr cause f the envirnmental prblem in Qinling Muntain?
A．Massive mining activities.B．Pr gegraphical cnditins.
C．Illegal discharge f pllutants.D．Imprper use f undergrund water.
10．What has been dne t help slve the prblem?
A．Remving sil and rcks.B．Banning investment prjects.
C．Departing mining cmpanies.D．Limiting pllutant discharges.
11．Hw can the prcess f restratin be described?
A．Effective but slw.B．Timely and efficient.
C．Illegal and unreliable.D．Cstly but successful.
12．What is the text mainly abut?
A．The imprtance f wildlife cnservatin.B．An intrductin t an ec-friendly plicy.
C．An expectatin fr lcal ecnmic develpment.D．The measures n prvincial muntain restratin.
Passage 4 （2022·重庆一中模拟预测）
Scial media giant Meta (frmerly Facebk) says it has created a supercmputer that it expects t be the wrld’s fastest when it is cmpleted later this year. Meta has recently annunced that the supercmputer is currently perating and calls it the AI Research SuperCluster, r RSC．
Meta hpes RSC will help build entirely new AI systems that can, fr example, pwer real-time vice translatin t large grups f peple, each speaking a different language. Such an peratin fits with Meta’s stated gal f develping technlgies t build a future “metaverse”, a term used t describe a nn-physical wrld. Meta’s CEO Mark Zuckerberg says, “I believe the metaverse, a highly virtual wrld where peple in the wrld gather t scialize, play, and wrk is the next chapter fr the Internet.” Such a system requires very pwerful cmputers. The supercmputer will be able t deal with written infrmatin, images and vides that are in hundreds f different languages, up t 20 times faster than current systems.
Meta said with access t “real-wrld examples” frm its scial platfrms, its supercmputer will train new AI t recgnize different kinds f cntent and perfrm actins examining huge amunts f data. It added that data used will be encrypted befre entering the training prcess t ensure that it is nt accessible withut authrity.
Nw, Meta still uses a cmbinatin f humans and AI t identify and remve, what it cnsiders, harmful cntent and misinfrmatin. Sme critics say the cmpany is nt ding enugh t blck bad cntent. It has als face gvernment examinatin ver its business methds and users’ privacy in the United States and Eurpe. But the cmpany believes its supercmputer will be helpful in “its first pririty — n threatening users’ infrmatin security while appraching harmful cntent.”
13．What can we infer abut the metaverse in Paragraph 2?
A．The metaverse is designed t escape frm life fr fun.
B．Meta’s CEO Mark Zuckerberg created the metaverse.
C．Current technlgy is nt sufficient fr the metaverse.
D．The metaverse will replace the Internet in the next step.
14．What can take the place f the underlined wrd “encrypted” in Paragraph 3?
A．Recrded.B．Prcessed.C．Acquired.D．Exchanged.
15．What is the majr cncern fr Meta when dealing with harmful cntent?
A．The remval f bad cntent.B．The identificatin f infrmatin.
C．The prtectin f users’ privacy.D．The cmbinatin f humans and AI.
16．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．RSC: a faster way t deal with data. B．Meta: a cmpany dedicated t the metaverse.
C．Meta: a scial media platfrm t train new AI.D．RSC: Meta’ fastest supercmputer in the wrld.
Passage 5 （2022·重庆一中模拟预测）
Hannah Leszyeski was weeks away frm having a baby, and the nly furniture she had in her apartment was a baby bed with a hle in it. One year befre, at age 18, she had aged ut f fster care, having been in the system since she was fur when her single mther was n lnger able t care fr her. Thugh as a cllege student, she received a schlarship frm a state prgram that helps frmer fster care kids attending cllege, still, things such as furniture just weren’t in her budget.
Then she learned abut Chair-ity, a nnprfit frmed by 23-year-ld Maria Paparella. The rganizatin prvides furniture and husehld gds t yung adults wh have left fster care. Leszyeski wasn’t hme when the furniture arrived, but when she walked int her apartment with her tw-day-ld baby by, she gasped with delight. In the nce empty apartment std a full kitchen set, a bed, a dresser and tw end tables. Leszyeski recalls, “I was already stressed ut abut being a single mther. It relieved me a lt.”
Paparella first became aware f fster care in elementary schl when her parents were cnsidering adpting a child. The plan didn’t wrk ut, but Paparella ften fund herself thinking abut that girl. “I’m really clse with my family, and I just culdn’t imagine being cmpletely n my wn at 18, “she says. Trying t understand what aging ut lked like, the idea f “mving int an apartment and nt having a bed t sleep n” pulled at her heartstrings.
Tday, as wrd has gtten ut, Chair-ity has given furniture t nearly 200 yung adults and has receive dnatins frm peple wh have bught new furniture and want t get rid f their ld pieces and peple wh are mving. Paparella’s cnvinced these cntributins give the recipients hpe and a sense f security. Leszyeski agrees. “It makes me feel like I’m n different than ther parents. My whle life, I’ve felt abnrmal, “she says. Nw, “I feel nrmal.”
17．Why was Leszyeski unable t affrd the furniture?
A．Because she didn’t wrk hard enugh.B．Because she didn’t ask her mther fr help.
C．Because she saved all her mney fr schl.D．Because she had n family member t rely n.
18．Wh was the rganizatin funded fr?
A．Ex-fster yung adults.B．Pr family with n jbs.
C．Single parents with children.D．Hard-wrking cllege students.
19．What d the underlined wrds “pulled at her heartstrings” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Added t her interest.B．Brught her great surprise.
C．Made her feel really srry.D．Helped build up her cnfidence.
20．Hw des Leszyeski feel nw?
A．Mved.B．Secure.C．Excited.D．Cheerful.
Passage 6 （2022·陕西西安·一模）
It is generally acknwledged that a time-ut, a methd f checking misbehavir by remving the child frm his r her current situatin fr a few minutes f quiet time, is bad fr children’s emtinal and behaviral health. Hwever, a new study suggests that despite always getting criticized, the cmmn disciplinary (纪律的) strategy isn’t linked t harmful effects n children.
Researchers cmpared emtinal and behaviral health between kids whse parents reprted using time-uts and thse wh didn’t ver a rughly eight-year perid. The result: n difference. There was n assciatin between reprted use f time-uts and negative symptms in later childhd, including anxiety, depressin, internalizing r externalizing prblems, aggressin, rule-breaking behavir, r self-cntrl, accrding t the findings in Jurnal f Develpmental and Behaviral Pediatrics (儿科学).
“Parents are cnstantly questining whether they are ding the right thing fr their children. Unfrtunately the first place many parents g fr advice is the Internet — nt a medical prvider. There is a lt f cnflicting infrmatin n the Web that isn’t accurate,” says lead authr Rachel Knight, PhD, pediatric psychlgist at University f Michigan C．S. Mtt Children’s Hspital. “In fact, they may nt be aware that time-ut is ne f the child discipline strategies currently recmmended by American Academy f Pediatrics.”
Further studies are needed t cntinue evaluating specific claims made against time-uts and bth their shrt-term and lng-term effects acrss different ppulatins and ages. Experts als need t find mre effective ways t cmmunicate evidence-based infrmatin t parents.
“As we further ur understanding abut hw different parenting strategies affect children, we need t present findings in an easily digestible and accessible way fr the public,” she als says, “Our gal is t clear up miscnceptins and prmte the use f the highly effective, evidence-based strategies that will best guide parents and families.”
21．What d peple generally think f a time-ut?
A．It has negative effects n children.
B．It is an ineffective way f punishment.
C．It is a methd t assess children’s misbehavir.
D．It has nthing t d with harmful effects n children.
22．What can be inferred frm Knight’s wrds in the third paragraph?
A．Mst yung parents lack medical knwledge. B．Sme infrmatin n the Internet needs regulating.
C．She is cncerned abut the veruse f time-uts. D．The mre time-uts are used, the better children behave.
23．What is the target f Knight’s further research?
A．T recmmend sme effective strategies t parents.
B．T remve peple’s misunderstanding abut time-uts.
C．T appeal t gvernment t regulate infrmatin n the Net.
D．T warn parents f getting evidence-based infrmatin frm experts.
24．What’s the best title fr the text?
A．Hw Parents Use Time-ut Crrectly
B．Time-uts Bad fr Children’s Behaviral Health
C．Sme Highly Effective Strategies t Guide Parents
D．Time-uts Nt Assciated with Negative Effects n Children
Passage 7 （2022·吉林长春·模拟预测）
Landslides f ash, gas and rck that flw ut dwnhill during vlcanic eruptins may be even mre dangerus than scientists had realized.
Labratry and field measurements shw pulses f high pressure frm within these slides, knwn as pyrclastic (火山碎屑的) flws. Thse pressures can be far strnger, and mre destructive, than disaster evaluatins typically assume. “It’s nt a small difference,” says Cert Lube, a vlcanlgist at Massey University in Palmerstn Nrth, New Zealand. Cnventinal disaster evaluatins might suggest a certain flw will nly burst windws, but he says, “When actually, the pressures are s strng, they knck dwn the walls f the building.”
Pyrclastic flws are the deadliest vlcanic disaster, in part because f the pressures they cause. Due t their vilent nature, researchers ften have t evaluate average pressures in the flws using cmputer simulatins (模拟) based n measurements f gelgic depsits left by past flws.
At Massey University in Palmerstn Nrth, New Zealand, researchers freed mixtures f ht rck, ash and gas dwn a channel t cpy vlcanic landslides knwn as pyrclastic flws. These pyrclastic flws have an inner rhythm (节奏) that makes them especially destructive. T directly study the inner wrkings f these frces f nature, Lube and clleagues reprduced smaller versins f the flws in experiments, measuring the destructive pwer. That let the team calculate the pressures inside the flws. The researchers als analyzed the first measurements f pressures in natural flws, cllected in 2019, when pyrclastic flws burst frm the Whakaari vlcan and swallwed a set f sensrs.
T the researchers’ surprise, pressures in the flws shk rhythmically. These pressure pulses wuld successively damage barriers like blws frm an electric drill, Lube says. The pulses smetimes smashed mre than three times as hard as the average pressure evaluates typically suggested by cnventinal simulatins.
25．Why d researchers use cmputers t simulate pyrclastic flws?
A．T find ut their inner rhythm.B．T evaluate their vilent nature.
C．T figure ut their average pressures.D．T cpy the scene f vlcanic landslides.
26．What des the furth paragraph fcus n?
A．Hw t prepare simulatin experiment. B．Hw t carry ut the simulatin experiment.
C．Why t cnduct the simulatin experiment. D．Why t measure the inner rhythm f pyrclastic flws.
27．What dcs the underlined wrd “smashed” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A．Crashed.B．Bmbed.C．Cnflicted.D．Increased.
28．What’s the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．A Well-knwn LandslideB．The Deadliest Vlcanic Disaster
C．Mre Destructive Pyrclastic FlwsD．A Pyrclastic Flws Simulatin Experiment
Passage 8 （2022·湖北·武汉市第十二中学模拟预测）
Libraries are rmantic places. The rmance is that f reading, and the wealth f human imagining and learning that is cntained in them. Access t the knwledge and literary art petry, fictin, drama)in a library is precius -and particularly valuable t yung minds and peple f any age with an interest in educatin.
It wuld be hard t find anyne wh actively disapprves f libraries. But when it cmes t reality, Britain’s libraries are n less slid grund. The number f bks brrwed in the year ending in March.2021 was 72.9m,dwn 56%n the previus year. Physical visits als cllapsed, frm 214.6m t 59.7m.
Of curse, this is the behaviur that ne wuld expect during a pandemic. Many libraries were clsed during this perid, while peple were discuraged frm unnecessary mixing. Bk sales climbed t their highest in a decade in 2021, which suggests that sme frmer users f libraries may have bught bks instead.
Private libraries at hme, whether large cllectins r single bkshelves, appear t be develping well. But the hpe must be that visits and lans at public libraries will sn return t their frmer level t. Like any ther service, libraries need users. And while bksellers might in ne sense be regarded as cmpetitrs, in fact the vast majrity f thse invlved in the trade, frm publishers t pets, are library lvers.
This has smething t d with the rmantic idea f the reader as explrer, with every bk a dr t a new stre f feeling r understanding. But it als invlves the recgnitin that if bks are t frm part f ur life, there must be space in public fr them. Bks can be treasured pssessins, but there is als smething special abut a cpy that arrives in yur hands having passed thrugh thse f thers -and that will g n being passed between strangers wh share yur curisity.
29．What has happened t British libraries?
A．They have been in a bad state.B．They have becme rmantic places.
C．They have gt great appeal fr artists.D．They have suffered great lss f users.
30．What has led t the hme library bm in Britain?
A．Peple avid clse cntact in public.B．Many libraries have been pulled dwn.
C．Peple have access t affrdable bks.D．Mre peple disapprve f public libraries.
31．What des the authr try t cnvey in the last paragraph?
A．Bks are persnal belngings.B．Libraries are a paradise fr adventurers.
C．Bks shuld be attached imprtance t.D．Libraries cntribute t human cnnectin.
32．What is the main idea f the text?
A．Libraries will fade ut f stage.B．Libraries will hld a prmising future.
C．Bksellers benefit frm libraries’ cllapse.D．The pandemic has bsted British bk sales.
Passage 9 （2022·河南·模拟预测）
The US space agency NASA has revealed an astnishing picture revealing new secrets f the Earth’s hme galaxy (星系), the Milky Way. The sun is just ne f hundreds f billins f stars that frm the huge shape f ur galaxy. Our slar system sits in an utlying regin but the new image fcuses n the centre f the Milky Way, a “nisy” area because f all the crwded stars. Light frm this regin takes abut 26,000 years t reach Earth. Fr cmparisn, light takes just eight minutes t reach us frm the sun.
The researchers use the data cllected by tw telescpes that see the sky in ways that are very different frm the visible light ur eyes can see t frm the new image. Mst f the data cmes frm 370 different pictures taken ver the past 20 years by NASA’s Chandra X Observatry. This satellite telescpe detects X-rays ut in space. X-rays are a frm f radiatin that is sent ut when vilent events heat matter t temperatures f millins f degrees. Other data cmes frm the MeerKAT telescpe in Suth Africa, which can detect radi waves frm space. These waves have much less energy than X-rays. They are usually prduced by cler material, such as huge cluds f gas between the stars.
The brightest surces include neutrn stars which are the cres f huge stars that ran ut f fuel and cllapsed t city-sized balls f super ht matter. Many neutrn stars and black hles jet ut gases that appear in the picture as purple streaks (斑纹). Pwerful magnetic fields in the area cause the jets t bend as they get further frm their surce. Astrnmer Dr Daniel Wang, wh has wrked n the image ver the past year, said the new picture described “a vilent r energetic ecsystem”.
33．What can be learned abut the Milky Way?
A．The center f it remains unknwn. B．The sun isn’t lcated in the center f it.
C．Its center is very peaceful. D．Its center features fewer stars.
34．What’s paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The cllectin f space data. B．The functin f the MeerKAT telescpe.
C．The differences f space waves. D．The frmatin f the new image.
35．What can we knw abut the gases jetted ut by the black hle?
A．They will absrb surrunding materials. B．They will frm super big matter.
C．They get bent if away frm their surce. D．They are likely t explde when superheated.
36．What may be the best title fr the text?
A．Our galaxy’s vilent heartB．An attempt t travel in uter space
C．Radi waves frm uter spaceD．Stars’ purple streaks
Passage 10 （2022·福建厦门·模拟预测）
Our planet is hme t many radiactive substances-nt just in is gelgic innards but als in its hspitals, at its industrial sites and in its fd prcessing plants. In Clrad, fr instance, 27 buildings huse scary-sunding chemical elements such as cesium 137 and cbalt 60. These materials are nt there fr risky purpses, thugh. They play a part in cancer treatment, bld irradiatin, medical and fd sterilizatin, structure and equipment testing, gelgic explratin, etc.
The radiactive material is nt always bad in a black and-white way: it can be a useful tl. The rays given ff by cesium and cbalt can kill germs multiplying in yur meat and make yur apples last lnger. Radigraphic instruments can detect, say, cracks in a city’s pipes in a similar way t an x-ray picking up a hairline fracture in yur knee. A practice called “well lgging” uses sealed radiactive surces t map the gelgy f hles il seekers drill int the earth. And f curse, radiatin is key t cancer treatment.
The risk arises because the same radiactive material that is beneficial culd als be stlen r misplaced and find its way int trafficking rings r dirty bmbs. It might als barn wrkers if smething accidentally ges wrng during a nrmal nine-t-five day. In 2017 alne, accrding t a reprt frm the James Martin Center fr Nnprliferatin Studies, there were 171 “incidents f nuclear r ther radiactive materials utside f regulatry cntrl” based n pen surce reprts, 104 f which happened in the U.S.
An initiative called RadSecure 100 was launched t remve and better secure energetic material in 100 U.S. cities. “Where is the mst high-risk material lcated arund the mst peple?” says Emily Adams, deputy directr f a dmestic prgram in the Office f Radilgical Security. “And that’s hw we gt ur 100.”
37．What message des the authr seem t cnvey in paragraph 1?
A．Radiactive substances can warm ur planet.
B．Fd prcessing des harm t wrkers in plants.
C．The radiactive material is basically everywhere.
D．It’s hard t remve scary-sunding elements in buildings.
38．Why des the authr mentin “well lgging” in paragraph 2?
A．T make a summary.B．T raise a questin.
C．T prvide a cntrast.D．T supprt an idea.
39．What is RadSecure 100 intended fr?
A．Making use f energetic substances.B．Ensuring safety f the radiactive material.
C．Warning peple f the mst high-risk materialD．Prtecting the Office f Radilgical Security.
40．What is the writer’s attitude twards the radiactive material?
A．Pessimistic.B．Objective.C．Disapprval.D．Carefree.语篇
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讲述分贝对人影响
甲卷
议论文
论述“谁是天才”