专题12 阅读理解说明文-五年（2020-2024）高考英语真题分类汇编（全国通用）（原卷版+解析版）

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专题12 阅读理解说明文
考点1 人与自我类说明文
【2022新课标II卷】
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in prcessing xygen as it used t be. In mst peple the first signs shw up in their 50s r early 60s. And amng peple wh dn’t exercise, the changes can start even sner.
“Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart. Frtunately fr thse in midlife, Levine is finding that even if yu haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape nw may help imprve yur aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected vlunteers aged between 45 and 64 wh did nt exercise much but were therwise healthy. Participants were randmly divided int tw grups. The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.
“We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine. “And the reasn they gt s much strnger and fitter was that their hearts culd nw fill a lt better and pump (泵送) a lt mre bld during exercise.” But the hearts f thse wh participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spt in life t start exercising, if yu haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-lds thrugh a yearlng exercise training prgram, and nthing happened t them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Gldberg, a spkeswman fr the American Heart Assciatin, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.
32. What des Levine want t explain by mentining the rubber band?
A. The right way f exercising.B. The causes f a heart attack.
C. The difficulty f keeping fit.D. The aging prcess f the heart.
33. In which aspect were the tw grups different in terms f research design?
A. Diet plan.B. Prfessinal backgrund.
C. Exercise type.D. Previus physical cnditin.
34. What des Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get yunger with aerbic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is mre suitable fr the yung.
C. It is never t late fr peple t start taking exercise.
D. The mre exercise we d, the strnger ur hearts get.
35. What des Dr. Nieca Gldberg suggest?
A. Making use f the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Cnducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpse f the study.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
32. D。推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
33. C。推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
34. A。细节理解题。根据第三段的“The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
35. C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
【2020全国I卷】
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转) and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
24. In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?
A. Building cnfidence.
B. Develping spatial skills.
C. Learning self-cntrl.
D. Gaining high-tech knwledge.
25. What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment?
A. Parents’ age.
B. Children’s imaginatin.
C. Parents’ educatin.
D. Child-parent relatinship.
26. Hw d by differ frm girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles mre ften.
B. They tend t talk less during the game.
C. They prefer t use mre spatial language.
D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd.
B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgist.
D. A teaching prgram.
【答案】24-27 BCDB
【导读】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24. B。细节理解题。根据第二段中…fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develp better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。
25. C。细节理解题。根据第二段( Levine说，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。
26. D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。
27. B。主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。
【2020全国I卷】
Returning t a bk yu’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There’s a welcme familiarity — but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship. But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It’s true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all abut the present. It’s abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually. The first, which I take t reading every spring is Ernest Hemingway’s A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard’s Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble (随笔) abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Pems, because petry. And because Crtazar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifs, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
24. Why des the authr like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relatinship.
B. It’s a windw t a whle new wrld.
C. It’s a substitute fr drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding f neself.
25. What d we knw abut the bk A Mveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief accunt f a trip.
B. It’s abut Hemingway’s life as a yung man.
C. It’s a recrd f a histric event.
D. It’s abut Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What des the underlined wrd “currency” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A. Debt.B. Reward.C. Allwance.D. Face value.
27. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A. He lves petry. . He’s an editr.C. He’s very ambitius. D. He teaches reading.
【答案】24-27 DBBA
【导读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24. D。推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.”和第二段“The beauty f rereading lies in that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present register. It is true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings.”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
25. B。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Mvable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。
26. B。词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。
27. A。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third bk is Juli Crtázar’s Save Twilight: selected pems, because petry.(第三本书是胡里奥•科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。
【2020全国I卷】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries (卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
28. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?
A. They must run lng distances.
B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.
D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It’s mre ppular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s mre effective in bdy building.
D. It’s less likely t cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Nrberg’s suggestin fr smene trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ pinins.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.
D. Ding regular exercises.
31. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective. C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
【答案】28-31 CDAB
【导读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28. C。细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact with the grund at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。
29. D。细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。
30. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Nrberg说的话“In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Nrberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。
31. B。推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。
【2020全国III卷】
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes (基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin - nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land," said Redney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. "We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders," Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin," said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.
B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.
D. Significance f fd selectin.
33. Where d the Bajau build their huses?
A. In valleys.B. Near rivers.C. On the beach.D. Off the cast.
34. Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?
A. They culd walk n stilts all day.
B. They had a superb way f fishing.
C. They culd stay lng underwater.
D. They lived n bth land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea
B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methds f Genetic Research
D. The Wrld's Best Divers
32-35 BDCA
【导读】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32. B。推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knwledge f human evlutin.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法。
33. D。细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally live n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts in castal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the cast.(沿海)符合以上说法。
34. C。细节理解题。根据第三段的we were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilad感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They culd stay lng underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法。
35. A。主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptin-nt t air r t fd, but t the cean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题。
考点2 人与社会类说明文
【2024新课标II卷】
Given the astnishing ptential f AI t transfrm ur lives, we all need t take actin t deal with ur AI-pwered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan fr Living with Artificial Intelligence cmes in. This absrbing new bk by Catrina Campbell is a practical radmap addressing the challenges psed by the frthcming AI revlutin (变革).
In the wrng hands, such a bk culd prve as cmplicated t prcess as the cmputer cde (代码) that pwers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has mre than tw decades’ prfessinal experience translating the heady int the understandable. She writes frm the practical angle f a business persn rather than as an academic, making fr a guide which is highly accessible and infrmative and which, by the clse, will make yu feel almst as smart as AI.
As we sn cme t learn frm AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will becme mre capable, mving frm the current generatin f “narrw-AI” t Artificial General Intelligence. Frm there, Campbell says, will cme Artificial Dminant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set ut t raise awareness f AI and its future nw-several decades befre these develpments are expected t take place. She says it is essential that we keep cntrl f artificial intelligence, r risk being sidelined and perhaps even wrse.
Campbell’s pint is t wake up thse respnsible fr AI-the technlgy cmpanies and wrld leaders-s they are n the same page as all the experts currently develping it. She explains we are at a “tipping pint” in histry and must act nw t prevent an extinctin-level event fr humanity. We need t cnsider hw we want ur future with Al t pan ut. Such structured thinking, fllwed by glbal regulatin, will enable us t achieve greatness rather than ur dwnfall.
AI will affect us all, and if yu nly read ne bk n the subject, this is it.
32. What des the phrase “In the wrng hands” in paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. If read by smene prly educated.B. If reviewed by smene ill-intentined.
C. If written by smene less cmpetent.D. If translated by smene unacademic.
33. What is a feature f AI by Design accrding t the text?
A. It is packed with cmplex cdes.B. It adpts a dwn-t-earth writing style.
C. It prvides step-by-step instructins.D. It is intended fr AI prfessinals.
34. What des Campbell urge peple t d regarding AI develpment?
A. Observe existing regulatins n it.
B. Recnsider expert pinins abut it.
C. Make jint effrts t keep it under cntrl.
D. Learn frm prir experience t slw it dwn.
35. What is the authr’s purpse in writing the text?
A. T recmmend a bk n AI.B. T give a brief accunt f AI histry.
C. T clarify the definitin f AI.D. T hnr an utstanding AI expert.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catrina Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan fr Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
32.词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a bk culd prve as cmplicated t prcess as the cmputer cde (代码) that pwers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has mre than tw decades' prfessinal experience translating the heady int the understandable. She writes frm the practical angle f a business persn rather than as an academic, making fr a guide which is highly accessible and infrmative and which, by the clse, will make yu feel almst as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
33. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has mre than tw decades’ prfessinal experience translating the heady int the understandable. She writes frm the practical angle f a business persn rather than as an academic, making fr a guide which is highly accessible and infrmative and which, by the clse, will make yu feel almst as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。
34.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep cntrl f artificial intelligence, r risk being sidelined and perhaps even wrse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need t cnsider hw we want ur future with AI t pan ut. Such structured thinking, fllwed by glbal regulatin, will enable us t achieve greatness rather than ur dwnfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。
35. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astnishing ptential f AI t transfrm ur lives, we all need t take actin t deal with ur AI-pwered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan fr Living with Artificial Intelligence cmes in. This absrbing new bk by Catrina Campbell is a practical radmap addressing the challenges psed by the frthcming AI revlutin (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan fr Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if yu nly read ne bk n the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catrina Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan fr Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。
【2024全国甲卷】
The Saint Lukas train desn’t accept passengers—it accepts nly the sick. The Saint Lukas is ne f five gvernment-spnsred medical trains that travel t remte twns in central and eastern Russia. Each stp lasts an average f tw days, and during that time the dctrs and nurses n bard prvide rural(乡村)ppulatins with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptins.
“Peple started queuing t make an appintment early in the mrning,” says Emile Ducke, a German phtgrapher wh traveled with the staff f the Saint Lukas fr a tw-week trip in Nvember thrugh the vast regins(区域)f Krasnyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serius need f mdernizatin. The gvernment has struggled t cme up with measures t address the prblem, particularly in the prer, rural areas east f the Vlga River, including arranging dctr’s appintments by vide chat and expanding financial aid prgrams t mtivate dctrs t practice medicine in remte parts f the cuntry like Krasnyarsk.
The annual arrival f the Saint Lukas is anther attempt t imprve the situatin. Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck(补给). Then it starts all ver again the next mnth. Mst statins wait abut a year between visits.
Dctrs see up t 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allws fr basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”
28. Hw is the Saint Lukas different frm ther trains?
A. It runs acrss cuntries.B. It reserves seats fr the senirs.
C. It functins as a hspital.D. It travels alng a river.
29. What can we infer frm paragraph 3 abut Krasnyarsk?
A. It is heavily ppulated.B. It ffers training fr dctrs.
C. It is a mdern city.D. It needs medical aid.
30. Hw lng can the Saint Lukas wrk with ne supply?
A. Abut a year.B. Abut ten mnths.
C. Abut tw mnths.D. Abut tw weeks.
31. What is Ducke’s attitude tward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.B. DubtfulC. Ambiguus.D. Cautius.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
28.细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is ne f five gvernment-spnsred medical trains that travel t remte twns in central and eastern Russia. Each stp lasts an average f tw days, and during that time the dctrs and nurses n bard prvide rural(乡村)ppulatins with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptins. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。
29.推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serius need f mdernizatin. The gvernment has struggled t cme up with measures t address the prblem, particularly in the prer, rural areas east f the Vlga River, including arranging dctr's appintments by vide chat and expanding financial aid prgrams t mtivate dctrs t practice medicine in remte parts f the cuntry like Krasnyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。
30.细节理解题，根据第四段“Fr 10 mnths every year, the train stps at abut eight statins ver tw weeks, befre returning t the reginal capital t refuel and restck (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。
31.推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the dctrs and their assistants wrking and living in such little space but still staying fcused and very cncerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance fr many rural peple t get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
【2024浙江1月卷】
The Stanfrd marshmallw (棉花糖) test was riginally cnducted by psychlgist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged fur t six at a nursery schl were placed in a rm. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed n a table. Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat. Then they were left alne in the rm. Fllw-up studies with the children later in life shwed a cnnect in between an ability t wait lng enugh t btain a secnd treat and varius frms f success.
As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld, and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value — a feeling f reward and satisfactin. But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.
A similar prcess is at wrk in ur respnse t infrmatin. Our frmative envirnment as a species was infrmatin-pr, s ur brains develped a mechanism that prized new infrmatin. But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment. We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin. Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
32. What did the children need t d t get a secnd treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examinatin alne.
B. Shw respect fr the researchers.
C. Share their treats with thers.
D. Delay eating fr fifteen minutes.
33. Accrding t paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calrie-pr wrld and ur gd appetites
B. the shrtage f sugar and ur nutritinal needs
C. the rich fd supply and ur unchanged brains
D. the tempting fds and ur effrts t keep fit
34. What des the authr suggest readers d?
A. Absrb new infrmatin readily.
B. Be selective infrmatin cnsumers.
C. Use diverse infrmatin surces.
D. Prtect the infrmatin envirnment.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Eat Less, Read Mre
B. The Bitter Truth abut Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better
D. The Marshmallw Test fr Grwnups
【答案】32. D33. C34. B35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
【2023新课标I卷】
The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
8. What is the bk aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Slving philsphical prblems.D. Prmting the use f a digital device.
9. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
10. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.
C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
11. What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A. Use them as needed.B. Recmmend them t friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B9. A10. C11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
8.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
9.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
10.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
【2023新课标I卷】
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
12. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
14. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
【2023新课标II卷】
Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
8. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
9. What are the selected artwrks abut?
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
10. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
11. What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
【答案】8. B9. C10. A11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
8.推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. (Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
9.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
10.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate t”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
【2023全国甲卷】
I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy (哲学).
That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege. Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard, r Cnfucius better than yu — and then try t explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy. It is nt an explanatin, but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext (背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut undestanding philsphy, is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr. Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry, and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding (解读) their messages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk. I encurage yu t take his ffer. It’s wrth yur time, even if time is smething we dn’t have a lt f.
28. Wh pened the dr t philsphy fr the authr?
A. Fucault.B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jstein Gaarder.D. A cllege teacher.
29. Why des the authr list great philsphers in paragraph 4?
A. T cmpare Weiner with them.
B. T give examples f great wrks.
C. T praise their writing skills.
D. T help readers understand Weiners bk.
30. What des the authr like abut The Scrates Express?
A. Its views n histry are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied t daily life.
C. It includes cmments frm readers.
D. It leaves an pen ending.
31. What des the authr think f Weiners bk?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitius.
C. Serius and hard t fllw.
D. Humrus and straightfrward.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. B 31. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书The Scrates Express唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了The Scrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段“I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jstein Gaarder的《 Sphie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jstein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。
29.推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext (背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书。故选D。
30.细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, mre than a bk abut undestanding philsphy, is a bk abur learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢The Scrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选B。
31.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philspical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，根据最后一段中“The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. (The Scrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，Weiners的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。
【2023全国乙卷】
What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
28. What d peple usually think f British fd?
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
29. Which best describes ckery prgramme n British TV?
A. Authritative.B. Creative.
C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
31. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
【答案】28. A 29. D 30. D 31. B
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段的“What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。
29.推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。
30.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。
31.推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。
【2022新课标I卷】
The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing, It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpse f the prject?
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes.
B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research.
D. T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
29. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.
B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.
D. She has develped a strng persnality.
30. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.
C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
【答案】28 D29. B30. C31. A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
28. D。推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
29. B。推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
30. C。词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“ne f the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilsn是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
31. A。推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩•刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
【2022新课标I卷】
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.
B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】32. D33. C34. A35. C
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
32. D。细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D。
33. C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。
34. A。主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A。
35. C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Mran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Mran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C。
【2022新课标II卷】
Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir,” said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne."
28. Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective.B. Unnecessary.
C. Incnsistent.D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?
A. Where a driver came frm.B. Whether a driver used their phne.
C. Hw fast a driver was ging.D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. Advice.B. Data.C. Tests.D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. T Drive r Nt t Drive? Think Befre Yu Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer
C. New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generatin Cell Phne: The Textalyzer.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. D 31. B
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
28. A。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
29. B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
30. D。词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，smething是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故smething指代的是法律。故选D。
31. B。主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because peple are driving mre.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
【2020新课标卷】
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上)participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
32. What is the recent study mainly abut?
A. Fd safety.B. Mvie viewership.
C. Cnsumer demand.D. Eating behavir.
33. What des the underlined wrd “beanples” in paragraph 1 refer t?
A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persns.
C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persns.
34. Why did the researchers hire the actr?
A. T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B. T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C. T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D. T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
35. On what basis d we “adjust the influence” accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Hw hungry we are.B. Hw slim we want t be.
C Hw we perceive thers.D. Hw we feel abut the fd.
【答案】32. D 33. D 34. A 35. C
【导读】这是一篇说明文。根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。
32. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
33. 词义猜测题。根据前半句“And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanples with big appetites。由cntrary t可推断出，画线词和heavier peple（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier peple正好相反。故选D。
34. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I’ll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I’ll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
考点3 人与自然类说明文
【2024新课标I卷】
In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds. Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area, a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
“With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin,” said Barnabas Daru, wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences. “These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?”
Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage. Mrever, these data are biased and favr certain regins, time perids, and species. This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby. These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?
“Quite a lt,” Daru explained. “Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places – and even species – that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”
32. What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?
A. They are becming utdated.B. They are mstly in electrnic frm.
C. They are limited in number.D. They are used fr public exhibitin.
33. What des Daru’s study fcus n?
A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.
C. Observatinal data.D. Mbile applicatins.
34. What has led t the biases accrding t the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Pr quality f upladed pictures.
C. Imprper way f sampling.D. Unreliable data cllectin devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps?
A. Review data frm certain areas. B. Hire experts t check the recrds.
C. Cnfirm the identity f the users.D. Give guidance t citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places — and even species — that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
【2024新课标I卷】
We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
28. What can be learned abut BMF frm paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety f fd.B. It requires day-t-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-t-table distance.D. It relies n farmer’s markets.
29. What infrmatin des the cnvenient app ffer?
A. Real-time weather changes.B. Current cnditin f the plants.
C. Chemical pllutants in the sil.D. Availability f pre-seeded pds.
30. What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A. They have a great passin fr sprts.
B. They are devted t cmmunity service.
C. They are fnd f sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
31. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths.B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence.D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
29.细节理解题。根据第三段“Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。
30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
31.主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
【2024全国甲卷】
Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音)that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
24. What can be learned abut cats' mewing frm the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.B. It's taught by mther cats.
C. It's hard t interpret.D. It's getting luder with age.
25. Hw des a pet cat assess different situatins?
A. By listening fr sunds.B. By tuching familiar bjects.
C. By checking n smells.D. By cmmunicating with ther cats.
26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up ntch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perfrm apprpriately.B. Mve faster.
C. Act strangely.D. D better.
27. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart CatB. Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur CatD. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D 27. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。
24.细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther’s attentin and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
25.细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。
26.词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a ntch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
27.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Yur Cat’s Behavir(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。
【2024浙江1月卷】
On September 7, 1991, the cstliest hailstrm (花暴) in Canadian histry hit Calgary’s suthern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes. But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.
Nrman Stienwand, wh farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings n this issue fr years “Basically, the prvincial gvernment is letting the insurance cmpanies prtect the Calgary-Edmntn urban area frm hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drught risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail prject is managed by Terry Krauss, a clud physicist wh wrks fr Weather Mdificatin Inc. f Farg, Nrth Dakta. “We affect nly a very small percentage f the ttal misture in the air, s we cannt be cusing drught.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the misture dwnwind by creating wetter grund.”
One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”
Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.
28. What des the prject aim t d?
A. Cnserve misture in the sil.
B. Prevent the frmatin f hailstnes.
C. Frecast disastrus hailstrms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29. Wh are ppsed t the prject?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.
B. Managers f insurance cmpanies.
C. Prvincial gvernment fficials.
D. Residents f Calgary and Edmntn
30. Why des Dr. Dswell mentin the trnades he saw in 1999?
A. T cmpare different kinds f seeding methds.
B. T illustrate the develpment f big hailstrms.
C. T indicate a pssible danger f clud seeding.
D. T shw the link between strms and misture.
31. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have prved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The dubt abut clud seeding has disappeared.
D. Clud-seeding cmpanies will cntinue t exist.
【答案】28. B29. A30. C31. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a grup f insurance cmpanies have spent abut $2millin per year n the Alberta Hail Suppressin Prject. Airplanes seed threatening strm cells with a chemical t make small ice crystals fall as rain befre they can grw int dangerus hailstnes.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。
29.细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — dwnwind f the hail prject flights — wrry that precius misture (水分) is being stlen frm their thirsty land by the clud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。
30.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One dubter abut the safety f clud seeding is Chuck Dswell, a research scientist wh just retired frm the University f Oklahma. “In 1999, I persnally saw significant trnades (龙卷风) frm frm a seeded strm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Dswell says. “Des clud seeding create killer strms r reduce misture dwnwind? N ne really knws, f curse, but the seeding ges n.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。
31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree f dubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it wuld be wise t stp clud seeding.” In practice, dubt has had the ppsite effect. Due t the lack f scientific prf cncerning their impacts, n ne has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against clud-seeding cmpanies. Hence, private climate engineering can prceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。
【2023新课标II卷】
As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
12. What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular.
B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated.
D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
13. Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?
A. T cmpare different types f park-gers.
B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park.
D. T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
14. What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
15. What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A. Language study.
B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin.
D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
12.细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
13.推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
【2023全国甲卷】
Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the turists frm arund the wrld that fld int Yellwstne Natinal Park what they mst hpe t see, and their answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range,” says bear bilgist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range int places where they haven’t been seen in a century r mre, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half f the U.S. was full f grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rugh number f 50,000 r mre living alngside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries f cruel and cntinuus hunting by settlers, 600 t 800 grizzlies remained n a mere 2 percent f their frmer range in the Nrthern Rckies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviusly, if precautins (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,“ says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
32. Hw d Americans lk at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in peple.
B. They shuld be kept in natinal parks.
C. They are f high scientific value.
D. They are a symbl f American culture.
33. What has helped the increase f the grizzly ppulatin?
A. The Eurpean settlers’ behavir.
B. The expansin f bears’ range.
C. The prtectin by law since 1975.
D. The supprt f Native Americans.
34. What has stpped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service frm delisting grizzlies?
A. The ppsitin f cnservatin grups.
B. The successful cmeback f grizzlies.
C. The vice f the bilgists.
D. The lcal farmers’ advcates.
35. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.
B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C. A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.
D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。
33.推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Tday, there are abut 2, 000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviusly, if precautins aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,“ says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
【2023浙江1月卷】
Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A. The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B. The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C. The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D. The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33. What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A. Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B. Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C. Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D. Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A. T cnserve pllinatrs.B. T restrict slar develpment.
C. T diversify the ecnmy.D. T ensure the supply f energy.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB. Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Slar Farms: A New Develpment
【答案】32. B33. C34. A35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
【2022全国甲卷】
Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (线索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
24. Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?
A. By fllwing instructins.B. By using a tl.
C. By turning the bx arund.D. By remving the lid.
25. Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?
A. Using a key t unlck a dr.B. Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C. Putting a ball int a rund hle.D. Gruping tys f different shapes.
26. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?
A. Hw far they are able t see.B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters
24-27 BCDD
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
24. B。事实细节题 根据第一段中的第二句 Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. 以及该段最后两句 ... the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut. 可知，凤头鹦鹉在笼子里使用工具很熟练，给它们形状不同的“钥匙”以供选择，插入正确的“钥匙”就能把盒子里的坚果取出来。
25. C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
26. D。推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues, r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
27. D。主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Cffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
【2020全国I卷】
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy (MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse, even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. “We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants grw(发光) in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by, is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn tree int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future, the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源) —such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).
Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
33. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water.
B. T change cmpsitins f plants.
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【答案】32-35 DACC
【导读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32. D。主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。
33. A。细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensrs printed n their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。
34. C。细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。
35. C。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accunts fr abut 7%f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。
【2020全国II卷】
When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (时装) enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species(物种). It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us." says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check fr decades，but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashin. Mrgan says，“T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them—I think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She is trying t cme up with a label t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
28. What is the purpse f the fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn?
A. T prmte guilt-free fur.
B. T expand the fashin market.
C. T intrduce a new brand.
D. T celebrate a winter hliday.
29. Why are scientists cncerned abut nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecsystem seriusly.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt lcal cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed. B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abut wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?
A. It’s frmal.B. It’s risky.
C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditinal.
【答案】28-31 AADB
【导读】本文是说明文。介绍美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示担忧。
28. A。推理判断题。根据第二段得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。
29. A。推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡。
30. D。词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词cllapsed 是和crashed倒闭的意思最相近。
31. B。推理判断题。根据第二段得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。
考点
五年考情（2020-2024）
命题趋势
考点1 人与自我类说明文
（5年5考）
2022新课标II卷—体育锻炼有利于心脏;
2020全国I卷—孩子玩智力玩具的研究;
2020全国I卷—重新阅读的体会;
2020全国I卷—竞走运动利与弊；
2020全国III卷—人类进化适应海洋生活。
1.说明文选材通常是科技领域的最新科研成果(介绍最新科技、重大成就、新产品、新工艺等)；人们比较关心的社会问题和令人好奇的自然现象；以及人文地理、风土人情等等。
2.题型涉及到：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题。其中以细节理解题和推理判断题为主。
3.结构上看，说明文总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上分五种结构：总分式结构；并列式结构；对照式结构；递进式结构；连贯式结构。
4.说明文常见的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与图表、比较与比喻和分析与综合等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清文章结构是解题的关键之一。
5.如果文章有标题那首先就要抓住文章的标题明确说明对象或是关注文章主题句、各段首末句明确说明对象；其次可抓住文章的结构归纳说明对象。一般说明文往往都会围绕一个主要问题或内容进行说明，而有的说明文则需要我们把小说明点归纳起来，构成全文的说明对象。
6. 破解长难句：学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。
考点2 人与社会类说明文
（5年13考）
2024新课标II卷—人工智能安全发展;
2024全国甲卷—医疗列车巡回服务;
2024浙江1月卷—棉花糖测试的背后;
2023新课标I卷—极简生活方式;
2023新课标I卷—群体智慧效应;
2023新课标II卷—纸质书籍和阅读;
2023新课标II卷—保护城市野生生态;
2023全国甲卷—书评；
2023全国乙卷—电视烹饪节目影响；
2022新课标I卷—改善老年人孤独项目；
2022新课标I卷—饮食影响语言发展；
2022新课标II卷—软件应对司机分神；
2020新课标卷—影响食物摄入量因素.
考点3 人与自然类说明文
（5年9考）
2024新课标I卷—科学记录生物多样性；
2024新课标I卷—巴比伦微农场
2024全国甲卷—对猫的行为研究；
2024浙江1月卷—农民担心冰雹计划；
2023全国甲卷—保护灰熊新问题；
2023浙江1月卷—太阳能农场；
2022全国甲卷—凤头鹦鹉会识别形状；
2020全国I卷—绿植能代替点灯吗
2020全国II卷—妙用海狸鼠；