人教版高考英语一轮复习语法专题1第1讲动词的时态和语态课件
展开I am Li Fan,chairman f the Students’ Unin.I am writing①t draw yur attentin t sme imprper behaviur in ur campus:littering and scribbling.It has been making② ur schl dirty and unpleasant.I always feel③ ashamed whenever I see this.It is clearly nt apprpriate fr a student t litter and scribble abut.Last week,the Students’ Unin held④ a meeting t seek sme slutins t these prblems.We were having⑤ a heated discussin when ur headmaster came and jined us.After the meeting,the headmaster said that the schl had made⑥effrts t imprve this situatin and mre dustbins wuld be placed⑦ arund.Recently,the Students’ Unin has set⑧up specific rules against such behaviur.At the same time,all f us shuld develp gd habits and behave urselves.We believe that,with the jint effrts f bth teachers and students,ur schl will becme⑨ a mre enjyable place in the near future.
①是 时,结构为: 。 ②是 时,结构为: 。 ③是 时,结构为: 。 ④是 时,结构为: 。 ⑤是 时,结构为: 。 ⑥是 时,结构为: 。 ⑦是 语态,结构为: 。 ⑧是 时,结构为: 。 ⑨是 时,结构为: 。
am/is/are+现在分词
have/has been+现在分词
谓语动词为动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式
谓语动词用动词的过去式形式
was/were+现在分词
wuld be+过去分词
has/have+过去分词
考点1 动词的时态一、一般体(一)一般现在时1.一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词原形构成。be动词在第一人称单数后用am,第三人称单数后用is,其他人称后均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式为has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则如下:
2.一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与副词(词组)always,every time,nw and then,ccasinally,ften,seldm,never,smetimes,usually,every day/night等连用。On Mnday mrnings,it usually takes me an hur t drive t wrk thugh the actual distance is nly 20 miles.每个周一早晨我开车上班一般要花费一个小时,尽管实际距离只有20英里。
(2)如果主句用一般将来时,那么在时间、条件或让步状语从句中,可用一般现在时表示将来。The president hpes that the peple will be better ff when he quits.这位总统希望人们在他离任时更富有。(3)按时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作或事件。常见的动词(词组)有g,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,cme,take ff等。Lk at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes ff at 18:20.看看时刻表。快点儿吧!4026航班将在18:20起飞。
(二)一般过去时1.一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。规则动词的过去式的变化规则见下表:
2.一般过去时的用法(1)表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与ften,usually,seldm 等表示频率的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,与现在没有关系,常与yesterday,the ther day,last week,the day befre yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。A few mnths after he had arrived in China,Mr.Smith fell in lve with the peple and culture there.史密斯先生到中国几个月后就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。
(2)有些句子,虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语,但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或存在的状态,也要用一般过去时。常见的这类动词有knw,think,expect,want等。Edward,yu play s well.But I didn’t knw yu culd play the pian.爱德华,你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
小题快练 单句语法填空1.(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)As a little girl,I (wish) t be a zkeeper when I grew up. 2.(2023全国乙卷)The remarkable develpment f this city,which is cnsciusly designed t prtect the past while stepping int the mdern wrld, (mean) there is always smething new t discver here,and I culd be phtgraphing Beijing fr the next 50 years. 3.(2023浙江1月卷)The large siheyuan f these high-ranking fficials and wealthy businessmen ften (feature) beautifully carved and painted rf beams and pillars(柱子). 4.(2022全国乙卷)The chairman f the China Culture Prmtin Sciety (address) the pening ceremny.
二、 进行体(一)进行时的构成现在进行时由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成;过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成;将来进行时由“will/shall+be+现在分词”构成。现在分词的变化规则如下表:
(二)进行时的用法1.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。Tday we are facing a strange new wrld and we are all wndering what we are ging t d.我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界,并且我们都想知道我们将要做什么。(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,常见的动词有g,cme,leave,start, arrive,return等。Keep calm,please.I am arriving.请保持镇静,我马上就到。
2.过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time,at that mment,at this time yesterday,at ten ’clck yesterday等连用。He was writing a bk last year,but I dn’t knw if he has finished it.他去年在写一本书,但我不知道他是否已经完成了。(2)表示一个过去的动作正在进行时,另一个过去的动作发生了,常与并列连词when连用。Jack was wrking in the lab when the pwer cut ccurred.杰克正在实验室里工作,这时突然断电了。
3.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用,如this time tmrrw,at that time,frm 1:30 t 4:30 tmrrw等。Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 ’clck this afternn because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会议,因为她那时有一堂课。
小题快练 单句语法填空1.(2022新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Henry (fix) his car when he heard the screams. 2.That prmise may be years away frm realizatin but rapid typing enabled by biprinting at present (push) medical advances frward at pace. 3.Given grwing ppulatins,increasing wealth,and the spreading ppularity f natural remedies arund the wrld,the demand fr these medicines and remedies (rise) nw.
4.Dn’t call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tmrrw.I (have) my English class then. 5.When they arrived at Cheng’s place,the gatekeeper said the master (take) a nap.
will be having
三、将来体(一)一般将来时1.一般将来时的构成一般将来时由“shall/will+动词原形”构成。
2.一般将来时的用法(1)表示从现在看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语tmrrw,next year,in+一段时间等连用。The students have been wrking hard n their lessns and they will be rewarded with success in the future.学生们一直在刻苦学习功课,他们将来会得到成功的回报。(2)“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。—What time is it?——几点了?—I have n idea.But just a minute,I will check it fr yu.——我不知道。但是你稍等一下,我给你查查。
3.其他表示“将来”的结构及用法(1)“be ging t+动词原形”表示按计划或打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Lk! Dark cluds are gathering.It is ging t rain sn,I think.瞧!乌云正在聚集。 我想快要下雨了。(2)“be t+动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作;也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。Yu are t hand in yur papers by 10 ’clck.你们必须在10点前上交试卷。(3)“be abut t+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事,该结构不与表示具体时间的状语连用。The train is abut t start.火车就要开了。
(二)过去将来时1.过去将来时的构成过去将来时由“wuld+动词原形”构成。2.过去将来时的用法(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将来(仍然是过去时间)要发生的动作或呈现的状态。He said that he wuld never return.他说他决不回来。
(2)表示过去的某种习惯性行为。Whenever we had truble,he wuld cme t help us.每当我们遇到困难时,他总会来帮助我们。(3)表示强烈意愿。I lve my dg and I wuld never part frm him.我爱我的狗,决不愿和它分离。
小题快练 单句语法填空1.Hwever,experts believe that a cashless sciety des nt mean that cash (disappear) cmpletely. 2.Albert Einstein was brn in 1879,as a child,few peple guessed that he (be) a famus scientist whse theries wuld change the wrld. 3.If yu give up in winter,yu (miss) the hpe f spring, the beauty f summer,and the harvest f autumn in yur life.
will disappear
wuld be/was ging t be
四、完成体(一)现在完成时(1)表示说话时已经完成的动作,但这个动作对现在仍有影响。常与already, just,yet等时间状语连用。The manager has just left.If nly yu had cme a mment earlier.经理刚走,你要是能早来一会儿就好了。
(2)表示动作发生在过去,但一直延续至今(可能还要延续下去)。常与since+时间点,fr+时间段等时间状语连用。His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了好评。(3)在条件、时间等状语从句中,可用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。I’ll give my pinin when I have read the bk thrugh.我读完了这本书就会告诉你我的意见。
(二)过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句),但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。When walking dwn the street,I came acrss David,whm I hadn’t seen fr years.当沿街散步的时候,我遇见了多年未见的戴维。(2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态,常用的时间状语有befre,by that time,by the end f,by the time等。By the end f June they had treated ver 10,000 patients.到六月底他们已治疗了一万多名病人。
(3)表示“希望、打算、认为”的动词(如hpe,want,expect,think,mean,wish, plan,intend)用过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的愿望或计划。I had hped t send Peter a gift t cngratulate him n his marriage,but I culdn’t manage it.我本希望送给彼得一份礼物以祝贺他结婚,但我没能做到。
常使用完成时的句型(1)This/It/That is the+序数词+time+that sb has/have dne sth.This/It/That was the+序数词+time+that sb had dne sth.这/那是某人第几次做某事。(2)It/This is/was the+形容词最高级+名词+(that)定语从句,从句中的谓语动词用现在/过去完成时。(3)It is/has been+一段时间+since sb did sth.It was/had been+一段时间+since sb had dne sth.自从某人做某事以来多久了。(4)在句型 中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。Hardly had I gt hme when the rain pured dwn.我刚到家,雨就倾盆而下。
(三) 现在完成进行时1.现在完成进行时的构成现在完成进行时由“have/has+been+v.-ing”构成。2.现在完成进行时的用法(1)常用来表示动作开始于过去某个时间,一直持续到现在并且可能会继续进行下去。—Yu are a great swimmer.——你游泳很棒。—Thanks.It’s because I have been practising a lt these days.——谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。I’m very tired.I have been crrecting the students’ papers all the mrning.我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this mrning,but there’s n answer.今天早上我给他打了很多次电话,但都没有回应。
【点津】现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:现在完成时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成,体现动作的结果;现在完成进行时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行,甚至仍将继续。I’ve read Jurney t the West.我已经读过《西游记》了。(已经完成)I have been reading Jurney t the West these days.这些天我一直在读《西游记》。(仍在进行甚至仍将继续)
小题快练 单句语法填空1.On a website called N Fly Climate Sci,fr example,rughly 200 academics—many f them are climate scientists— (prmise) t fly as little as pssible since the effrt started tw years ag. 2.(2021浙江卷)It desn’t impress like Gerge Washingtn’s plantatin n the Ptmac,but Lincln’s hme in dwntwn Springfield,Illinis, (prve) irresistible t visitrs since it pened t the the time Dale was a senir,he (win) every tp hnr in (run) smthly since 2020,as the wrld is facing the impact f the peace.
have prmised
has prved/prven
has run/has been running
考点2 动词的语态一、各种时态的被动语态形式(以 d为例)
After schl we went t the reading rm t d sme reading,nly t be tld that it was being decrated.(过去进行时的被动语态)放学后,我们去阅览室看书,结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。【点津】(1)含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态,由“情态动词(can,may,must,have t 等)+be+dne”构成;(2)含有be ging t,be t,used t,be abut t等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态,其构成为“be ging t(be t,used t,be abut t)+be+dne”。
二、主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况英语中有很多动词,如clean,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表示被动意义,主语通常是物;在这种情况下,常常和easily,well等副词连用。This kind f clth cleans easily.这种布料容易清洗。【点津】(1)主动语态表被动意义强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。(2)感官动词feel,sund,taste,lk 等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构,无被动形式。
(3)在need,want,require,deserve,bear 等动词,wrth 等形容词的后面,动词-ing形式用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。(4)在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+动词不定式”中,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,imprtant, impssible,pleasant,interesting等。The prblem is difficult t wrk ut.这个问题很难解决。(可看作省略了fr me)(5)be t rent/blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。Wh is t blame fr the mistake?谁应为这个错误承担责任?
小题快练 单句语法填空1.(2023全国乙卷)Having visited several times ver the last 10 years,I (amaze) by the c-existence f ld and new,and hw a city was able t keep such a rich heritage(遗产) while cnstantly grwing. 2.(2023全国甲卷)Carsn prves that a simple literary frm that has been passed dwn thrugh the ages can still (emply) tday t draw attentin t imprtant truths. 3.(2021浙江卷)When the huse was built,it was much smaller than it is tday. Mary’s niece wrte,“The little hme (paint)white.” 4.Als,Grain Rain (celebrate) by fishing villages in the castal areas f nrthern China.
was painted
is celebrated
【例1】 On Mndays and Fridays,she wrked at a cllege giving students guidance s that they culd have a gd chice f career.On Tuesdays and Thursdays she helped ut as a vlunteer t give first aid t peple withut hmes.And n weekends she (teach) lcal kids wh needed extra help with their schlwrk. 分析:解本题时要运用语境综合判断法。根据上文“On Mndays and Fridays,she wrked at a cllege giving students guidance s that they culd have a gd chice f career.On Tuesdays and Thursdays she helped ut as a vlunteer t give first aid t peple withut hmes.”中的谓语动词可知此处应用一般过去时。
【例2】 In the last 10 years r s,hwever,Traditinal Chinese Medicine (TCM) (get) mre ppular all ver the wrld. 分析:考查时态。解本题时要运用时间状语判断法。根据时间状语“In the last 10 years r s”可知,本句应用现在完成时。
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