专题05 定语从句（讲义）-2024年新高一英语暑假学习提升计划

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一.定语从句的定义
二.定语从句的种类
三.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
四.关系代词的用法
五.关系副词的用法
六．关系代词和关系副词的选用
七．as引导的定语从句
八．as引导的非限定性定语从句
九．介词+关系代词
一.定语从句的定义
在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词wh（宾格whm，所有格whse），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。
The by wh is wearing a black cat bught an iPd yesterday.
穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPd.
The ndles that/which my mther cked were delicius.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。
The schl where I learned jud was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。
I remember the day when ur band was frmed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。
I dn’t knw the reasn why she gt s angry this mrning.
我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。
说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是by，ndles，schl，day，reasn。
加下划线的部分为定语从句。
处在先行词和定语从句之间的wh，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系代词。
二.定语从句的种类
定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。
1.限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。
D yu knw the girl wh just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？
Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted t visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。
Her sister married a man (wh/whm/that) she met n a plane.
她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。
The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult perid f my life.
第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。
2.非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。
The ld wman,wh lives n her wn,has a cat fr cmpany.
那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。
Lri is ging t marry Mark,whm she des nt lve.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。
Beijing,which is the capital f China,is a very beautiful city.
中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。
三.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
四.关系代词的用法
在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
1.关系代词wh和whm的用法
两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。
1.基本用法
wh可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whm。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whm，即“介词+whm”。
Jhnny is a persn wh always has nvel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。
（关系代词wh在从句中作主语）
The girl wh wn the first prize is frm Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。
She is the girl wh/whm I will g t Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。
（关系代词在从句中作宾语，wh可以替whm）
The persn wh/whm yu just talked t is Mr.Depp.
=The persn t whm yu just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。
说明：因为把介词t提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whm，而不能用wh。
We’ll g t the hspital t see the patients,mst f whm are children.
我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。
2.只用wh而不用that的情况
在定语从句中wh和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用wh，而不能用that。
A.先行词是ne，nes和anyne时，宜用wh。
One wh has nthing t fear fr neself dares t tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。
The nes wh flatter me dn’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。
Anyne wh laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。
Anyne wh fails t finish the task given shuld be criticized.
任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。
B.先行词是thse时，宜用wh。
N wrds are strng enugh t express ur thanks t thse wh wrked hard t rescue survivrs in the earthquake.
对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。
C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用wh。
I met a girl in the street yesterday wh grew uup in western Yunnan prvince.
昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。
D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用wh。
The by that yu met last night is the grup leader wh studies very hard.
昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。
E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用wh。
There is a yung man wh wants t see yur father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。
There are many ld men wh are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。
There was a king wh was kind t his peple.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。
2.关系代词whse的用法
关系代词whse是关系代词wh的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whse指代物时，相当于f which。whse引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。
D yu knw Peter whse father happens t be wrking in yur cmpany?
=D yu knw Peter?His father happens t be wrking in yur cmpany.
你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。
The turist wanted t bk a rm whse windw faces suth.
=The turist wanted t bk a rm the windw f which faces suth.
=The turist wanted t bk a rm.The rm’s windw faces suth.
这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。
We went t see ur teacher Miss Styles,whse husband lst his life in the earthquake.
我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。
Xi’an,whse walls remain as gd as befre,is ne f the few cities with city walls.
西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。
3.关系代词that和which的用法
两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。
1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用
The new huse that/which I have just bught is abut six miles away.
我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。
They planted sme trees that/which didn’t need much water.
他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。
2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况
A.主句已有疑问句wh或which时
Which f the cars that are in frnt f the htel belngs t yu?
旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？
Wh is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？
B.先行词既有人又有物时
He talked abut the schls and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。
The bike and its rider that had run ver an ld man were taken t the plice statin.
撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。
C.先行词为all，much，few，little，smething，everything，anything，nthing，nne等不定代词时
It’s easy t d the repair.All that yu need is a hammer and sme nails.
做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。
We haven’t gt much that we can ffer yu.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。
I’d like t tell yu smething that will make yu surprised.
我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。
D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pllutin.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。
Plly is the mst direct yung wman that I have ever cme acrss.
波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。
E.先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。
The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind t becme a directr.
莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。
F.先行词有the very，the nly，the same，any，few，little，n，all，ne f等词修饰时
This is the very rm that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。
Li Ming is the nly ne that wants t be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。
The nly thing that we can d is t give yu sme mney.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。
G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that
Edisn built up a factry which prduced things that had never been seen befre.
爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。
3.只用which而不用that的情况
A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that
（正）The fish,which I bught this mrning,is very fresh.
（误）The fish,that I bught this mrning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。
My huse,which I bught tw years ag,has gt a lvely garden.
我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。
Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybdy in the ffice.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。
注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。
Helen was much kinder t her yungest sn than t the thers,which,f curse,made the thers envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。
说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。
The factry prduces half a millin pairs f shes every year,mst f which are sld abrad.
这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。
补充：which前常用nne/neither/mst/bth/each/all/a little f等词修饰。
Lndn,which is the capital f the UK,is a very beautiful city.
英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that
I was put in a psitin in which I had t accept I was less imprtant.
我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。
This is the htel in which yu will stay.
=This is the htel (which/that) yu will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。
说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。
C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which
Let me shw yu the nvel that I brrwed frm the library which was newly pen.
让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
4.关系代词which和that的用法总结
单句语法填空
1．After each cycle f trading, cmpanies ________ have leftver carbn allwances (限额) can sell them t thers.
2．The letter was ne f the earliest dcuments n recrd ________ mentined tfu in the West.
3．What makes smething a sprt? Traditinal definitins usually included sme physical activities ________ shw athletic ability r strength.
4．The character “three” is shaped like a bk, ________ represents the lng histrical traditin f Rng Ba Zhai.
5．Instead f an ecnmy f the typical take-make-dispse mdel, ChpValue seeks t create ne ________ transfrms waste int a usable resurce.
五.关系副词的用法
关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
1.关系副词where的用法
由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，rm等，where在从句中作地点状语。
①The htel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。
②We stayed there/at the htel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。
③=①+②The htel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。
先行词 定语从句
（where在从句中代替there或at the htel，作地点状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述
The htel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
=The htel at which we stayed was very clean.
I gt t the stage where I wasn’t cping any mre.
=I gt t the stage (which/that) I wasn’t cping with any mre.
=I gt t the stage with which I wasn’t cping any mre.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。
This is the huse where I was brn.这就是我出生的那所房子。
2.关系副词when的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never frget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。
先行词 定语从句
（when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never frget the time during which we first met.
The date (when/that) he jined the ANC Yuth League was August 5th.
他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。
注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。
3.关系副词why的用法
由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reasn的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。
The reasn why I gt a jb was that I wrked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。
先行词 定语从句
（why在从句中代替reasn，作原因状语）
补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reasn (that/fr) which I gt a jb was that I wrked hard.
The reasn why she was late was that she missed her plane.
=The reasn (that) she was late was that she missed her plane.
注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reasn，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。
=The reasn fr which she was late was that she missed her plane.
她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。
Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reasn why she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reasn (that) she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reasn fr which she left.
艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。
The reasn why I’m calling yu is t invite yu t a party.
=The reasn (that) I’m calling yu is t invite yu t a party.
=The reasn fr which I’m calling yu is t invite yu t a party.
我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。
补充：带reasn的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型
定语从句“The reasn why/that...”或“ reasn why/that...”
I knw the reasn why she studies s well.我知道她学习好的原因。
表语从句“The reasn is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了）
The reasn is that he is always careless in his wrk.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。
单句语法填空
1．The reasn ________ this traditinal flatbread happening t be ppular amng the ethnic grups here lies in its being easy t bake, stre and transprt.
2．Wherever yu g in Xinjiang, whether nrth r suth f the Tianshan Muntains, yu'll ntice small stands ________sme crispy and delicius nang is sld.
3．The gvernment has als intrduced a new prpsal in rder t limit the amunt f after-schl educatin kids can attend, especially during hlidays and festivals, ________ kids shuld be having fun.
六．关系代词和关系副词的选用
对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。
①This is the cllege (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。
②This is the cllege where I studied three years ag.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the cllege，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the cllege。
①I’ll never frget the day (that/which) we spent tgether.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。
②I’ll never frget the day when I gt married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。
说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语n the way。
七．as引导的定语从句
as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。
1.as引导的限定性定语从句
和the 的用法
意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the 意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。
We have fund such materials as are used in their factry.（as在从句中作主语）
我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。
I seldm give my students such a difficult prblem as they cannt wrk ut.
我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语）
The result is nt the same as they had expected.（as在从句中作宾语）
结果和他们预想的不一样。
比较：the 和the
两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。
He is reading the same bk that yu bught yesterday.他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。
He is reading the same bk as yu bught yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。
（指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本）
This is the same pen that I lst.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。
This is the same (kind/type/srt f) pen as I lst.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。
（指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支）
2.such as...的用法
such as...中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。
This bk is nt such as I expect.这不是一本我所盼望的书。
He tld me f his experience such as I had never had befre.
他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。
I have nt many,but I will send yu such as I have.我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。
补充：such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如：They bught a lt f fruit,such as apples,ranges,etc.
他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。
八．as引导的非限定性定语从句
as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。
She is very careful,as her wrk shws.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。
As we knw,smking is harmful t ne’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is ften the case,we have wrked ut the prductin plan.
像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。
比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别
as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。
He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。
which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。
As is reprted in the newspapers,talks between the tw cuntries are making prgress.
=Talks between the tw cuntries,as is reprted in the newspapers,are making prgress.
正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。
九．介词+关系代词
句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词
简单句①The prfessr gave a lecture t us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。
简单句②I culdn’t understand the meaning f the lecture cmpletely.
我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
合成为定语从句③=①+②The prfessr gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning f which I culdn’t understand cmpletely. 名词+介词+关系代词
那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。
简单句①There are arund 400 students in ur grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。
简单句②Mst f us are frm the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。
合成为定语从句③=①+②There are arund 400 students in ur grade,mst f whm are frm the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。
单句语法填空
1．Prject Hpe, launched by the China Yuth Develpment Fundatin in 1989, is cmmitted t sending pr children t schls, and has made a difference in the lives f 6 millin students frm pr families natinwide ver the past three decades, amng ________ is Su.
2．Nwadays an increasing number f peple in varius parts f China have begun t celebrate their flwer festival again, sme f ________， dressed in hanfu, a type f traditinal Chinese cstume, perfrm a series f ceremnies.
3．Last year, Cambridge University Library annunced that tw f Charles Darwin's ntebks had been missing frm their cllectin, ne f ________ cntains Darwin's “Tree f Life” sketch.
使用定语从句需注意的事项
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。
Is he the man wh/that wants t see yu?他就是想见你的那个人吗？
B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。
As is usual,he came t schl late this mrning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。
Liquid water changes t vapr,which is called evapratin.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。
C.先行词为“ne f the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。
Freddy is ne f the students wh want t be diplmats in ur class.
弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。
D.先行词为“the nly ne f the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。
He is the nly ne f the students wh has been a winner f schlarship fr three years.
他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。
2.what和hw不能用于定语从句中
A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。
（正）Tell me anything (that) yu knw.
（正）Tell me what yu knw.告诉我你所知道的一切。
说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。
（误）Tell me anything what yu knw.
B.hw不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。
（正）This is the way (that/in which) that by wrked ut the prblem.
（正）This is hw that by wrked ut the prblem.（hw引导表语从句）
（误）This is the way hw that by wrked ut the prblem.
这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。
3.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1.关系代词的省略
A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。
Jane Hasek,wh was my frmer English teacher,retired last year.
简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。
Srry,I frget t bring the magazine (which/that) yu want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略）
C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。
（正）This is the gvernment building in which my father wrks.
（正）This is the gvernment building (which/that) my father wrks in.
（误）This is the gvernment building in my father wrks.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。
D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。
There’s nthing (that) I can d abut it.对此我毫无办法。
2.关系副词的省略
A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。
She lived in Nagya fr a cuple f years,where she taught Chinese.
她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。
B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reasn后面的关系副词why也可以省略。
This is the plane (where) we first met tw years ag.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。
He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。
补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the mment等。
Tell me the reasn (why) yur brther was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。
5.定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定
that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。
The news (that) yu tld me last week is nt true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任tld的宾语。）
The news that the leader will cme here is nt true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。）
2.根据意思来判断
在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。
The news that yu tld me last week is nt true.
→（误）The news is that yu tld me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
（因为the news不能等于yu tld me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。）
The news that the leader will cme here is nt true.
→（正）The news is that the leader will cme here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。
（句子成立，所以是同位语从句。）
3.根据that前的名词判断
同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，infrmatin，rder，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。
一.单句语法填空
1．The app des this by mnitring their time ________the users g t sleep, which means that yu will feel less sleepy when yu wake up every mrning.
2．The six greatest 18th-century carved marble (大理石) sculptures in the East Sculpture Hall ________ sustained the mst damage will receive cnservatin treatment.
3．An additinal reasn ________ it can be s desirable is that it tends t cme frm resurces that are free.
4．In the US, Diane Ott Whealy and her husband funded Heritage Farm, a place ________ peple can stre and trade seeds.
5．This stry abut self-respect and self-lve, ________ characters are Chinese, is set in Eurpe.
6．The first space launch led t the first human space flight, ________ led t the first mnwalk.
7．The Duble Ninth Festival is als a time ________ the chrysanthemum (菊花) blms.
8．Gig wrkers, ften referred t as independent cntractrs (承包人) r temprary wrkers, are thse such as delivery drivers and nline sales hsts ________ ften enter int cntracts with n-demand cmpanies t prvide services fr their clients.
9．By the time f the Ming Dynasty, peple culd use the abacus in additin, subtractin, multiplicatin and divisin, ________ were widely used fr calculating the weight, amunt, space and vlume.
10．Shaxian snacks is a shining example f Chinese fd chain brands, ________ mst likely include fds such as steamed dumplings, ndles and huntun.
二．语篇填空
A girl wh has a gift fr drawing
I went t an exhibitin last mnth, 1 I admired a lt f wnderful paintings. Mary, 2 drawings were shwn at the exhibitin, is a mdel student 3 is ften praised fr her gd wrk at schl. As sn as we gt int the exhibitin hall 4 the paintings were n shw, ur eyes were caught by a very large picture 5 was hung n the wall in frnt f us. The hrse 6 was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real hrse. The man 7 was riding n it lked like a living man. It was the best picture 8 I had ever seen, and I shuld say Mary is the best yung painter 9 I have ever heard f. Hwever, yu will be quite mistaken if yu think that Mary was brn a gd painter. One f her teachers tld me that it had taken Mary thusands f hurs t learn and practise drawing befre she became the best yung painter 10 has ever been heard f in her hmetwn. But if yu say that she has learned t be s gd at drawing nly by wrking hard at it, I will certainly agree with yu.
目录
考点聚焦：核心考点，有的放矢
重点速记：知识点和关键点梳理，查漏补缺
牛刀小试：知识点和关键点训练，能力提升
学以致用：提升专练，全面突破
限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句
与先行词关系密切
（删掉后影响整个意思的表达）
与先行词关系不密切
（是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达）
不用逗号隔开
一般使用逗号隔开
可用关系代词that
不可用关系代词that
关系代词可以省略
（that，wh，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略）
关系代词不可以省略
关系代词可以替代
（whm作宾语可用wh或that替代）
关系代词不能替代
读时不停顿
读时停顿，用降调
只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。
可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。
先行词
在从句中作主语
在从句中作宾语
在从句中作定语
指代人
wh/that
whm/wh/that
whse
指代物
which/that
which/that
whse/f which
which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别
which
①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分
②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which”
that
不能用于上述两种情况
先行词
关系副词
关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分
指地点
where
地点状语
指时间
when
时间状语
指原因
why
原因状语
as we knw正如我们所知
as is ften the case像通常那样
as has been said befre如上所述
as is reprted正如报道的那样
as is well knwn众所周知
as was expected正如预料的那样